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Background: OCTN1 belongs to the SLC22 family, which includes transporters for cationic, zwitterionic, and anionic substrates. OCTN1 function and role in cells are still poorly understood. Not only cations, such as TEA, but also zwitterions, such as carnitine and ergothioneine, figure among transported molecules., Methods: In this work, we carried out transport assays measuring [ 14 C]-TEA and [ 3 H]-Carnitine in proteoliposomes reconstituted with the recombinant human OCTN1 in the presence of Na + or other cations. The homology model of OCTN1 was built using the structure of OCT3 as a template for docking analysis., Results: TEA and carnitine did not inhibit each other. Moreover, carnitine uptake was not affected by the presence of Na + and TEBA, whereas TEA was strongly inhibited by both compounds. Computational data revealed that TEA, Na + , and carnitine can interact with E381 in the OCTN1 substrate site. Differently from TEA, in the presence of Na + , carnitine is still able to interact with the binding site via R469., Conclusions: The lack of mutual inhibition of the two prototype substrates, the different effect of Na + and TEBA on their transport reaction, together with the computational analysis supports the existence of two transport pathways for cations and zwitterions., General Significance: The results shed new light on the transport mechanisms of OCTN1, helping to get further insights into the structure/function relationships. The described results correlate well with previous and very recent findings on the polyspecificity of the OCT group of transporters belonging to the same family., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Cesare Indiveri reports financial support was provided by Government of Italy Ministry of Education University and Research., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

LAT1 (SLC7A5) is one of the most studied membrane transporters due to its relevance to physiology in supplying essential amino acids to brain and fetus, and to pathology being linked to nervous or embryo alterations; moreover, LAT1 over-expression is always associated with cancer development. Thus, LAT1 is exploited as a pro-drug vehicle and as a target for anti-cancer therapy. We here report the identification of a new substrate with pathophysiological implications, i.e., Cu-histidinate, and an unconventional uniport mechanism exploited for the Cu-histidinate transport. Crystals of the monomeric species Cu(His) 2 were obtained in our experimental conditions and the actual transport of the complex was evaluated by a combined strategy of bioinformatics, site-directed mutagenesis, radiolabeled transport, and mass spectrometry analysis. The LAT1-mediated transport of Cu(His) 2 may have profound implications for both the treatment of copper dysmetabolism diseases, such as the rare Menkes disease, and of cancer as an alternative to platinum-based therapies., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2023 The Authors.)

The large Amino Acid Transporter 1 (LAT1) is an interesting target in drug discovery since this transporter is overexpressed in several human cancers. Furthermore, due to its location in the blood-brain barrier (BBB), LAT1 is interesting for delivering pro-drugs to the brain. In this work, we focused on defining the transport cycle of LAT1 using an in silico approach. So far, studies of the interaction of LAT1 with substrates and inhibitors have not considered that the transporter must undergo at least four different conformations to complete the transport cycle. We built outward-open and inward-occluded conformations of LAT1 using an optimized homology modelling procedure. We used these 3D models and the cryo-EM structures in outward-occluded and inward-open conformations to define the substrate/protein interaction during the transport cycle. We found that the binding scores for the substrate depend on the conformation, with the occluded states as the crucial steps affecting the substrate affinity. Finally, we analyzed the interaction of JPH203, a high-affinity inhibitor of LAT1. The results indicate that conformational states must be considered for in silico analyses and early-stage drug discovery. The two built models, together with the available cryo-EM 3D structures, provide important information on the LAT1 transport cycle, which could be used to speed up the identification of potential inhibitors through in silico screening.