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17 pages; International audience; In biogeography, the similarity distance decay (SDD) relationship refers to the decrease in compositional similarity between communities with geographical distance. Although representing one of the most widely used relationships in biogeography, a review of the literature reveals that: (1) SDD is influenced by both spatial extent and sample size; (2) the potential effect of the phylogenetic level has yet to be tested; (3) the effect of a marked biogeographical structuring upon SDD patterns is largely unknown; and (4) the SDD relationship is usually explored with modern, mainly terrestrial organisms, whereas fossil taxa are seldom used in that perspective. Using this relationship, we explore the long-distance dispersal of the Early Jurassic (early Pliensbachian, c. 190.8 Ma to 187.6 Ma) ammonites of the western Tethys and adjacent areas, in a context of marked provincialism. We show that the long-distance dispersal of these ammonites is not related to shell size and shape, but rather to the environmental characteristics of the province to which they belong. This suggests that their long-distance dispersal may have been essentially driven by passive planktonic drift during early juvenile, post-hatching stages. Furthermore, it seems that the SDD relationship is not always an appropriate method to characterize the existence of a biogeographical structuring. We conducted SDD analyses at various spatial, sampling and phylogenetic scales in order to evaluate their sensitivity to scale effects. This multi-scale approach indicates that the sampling scale may influence SDD rates in an unpredictable way and that the phylogenetic level has a major impact on SDD patterns.

The organic-rich black shales in the Akdogan section (Antalya Nappes, SW Turkey) are the first reported evidence of the global Cenomanian-Turonian Oceanic Anoxic Event (OAE2) in the "Isparta Angle" region. Their age and organic geochemical characteristics are similar to those of other OAE2 intervals in the Pamphylian basin and neighbouring basins of the Tethyan realm. A short description of the whole Akdogan sequence allows us to compare it with other similar sequences in the surrounding areas and to discuss the local versus global controlling factors on the record of OAE in the Pamphylian basin.

International audience; The relationship between subduction dynamics and crustal deformation in the Mediterranean region has been recently studied using three-dimensional (3D) numerical models. Such models require, however, a detailed information concerning the past geological evolution. We use stratigraphic, petrologic, metamorphic, structural, paleomagnetic and magmatic data to build new kinematic reconstructions of the eastern Mediterranean region since the late Cretaceous using the principle of non-rigid domains. The motions of the 56 deforming domains defined in this work are calculated based on published paleomagnetic rotations, the directions and amounts of displacement on crustal-scale shear zones and the burial and exhumation histories of the main metamorphic units. Extracted from these reconstructions, paleotectonic maps and lithospheric-scale cross-sections illustrate that the present-day subduction zone has been continuously retreating southward since the late Cretaceous and has accreted several small continental domains in the process. We find evidence for two back-arc-related extensional events: (1) slow extension along the Balkans and the Pontides in the late Cretaceous while the trench was long and linear and (2) faster extension in the Rhodope-Aegean-west Anatolian region since the Eocene-Oligocene. Rapid rotation of the Hellenides between 15 and 8 Ma probably indicates a slab tearing event below western Anatolia that could have further accelerated this extensional kinematics. Spatial distribution and the geochemical signature of magmatic centers integrated in these reconstructions allow us to trace mantle-related processes revealing the deep dynamics that controls both the magma genesis and the crustal deformation.

International audience; This paper addresses the lithosphere-scale subduction–collision history of the eastern termination of the Aegean retreating subduction system, i.e. western Anatolia. Although there is some general consensus on the protracted subduction evolution of the Aegean since the early Cenozoic at least, correlation with western Anatolia has been widely debated for more than several decades. In western Anatolia, three main tectonic configurations have been envisaged in the past years to reconstruct slab dynamics during the closure of the Neotethyan oceanic realm since the Late Cretaceous. Some authors have suggested an Aegean-type scenario, with the continuous subduction of a single lithospheric slab, punctuated by episodic slab roll-back and trench retreat, whereas others assumed a discontinuous subduction history marked by intermittent slab break-off during either the Campanian (ca. 75 Ma) or the Early Eocene (ca. 55–50 Ma). The third view implies three partly contemporaneous subduction zones. Our review of these models points to key debated aspects that can be re-evaluated in the light of multidisciplinary constraints from the literature. Our discussion leads us to address the timing of subduction initiation, the existence of hypothetical ocean basins, the number of intervening subduction zones between the Taurides and the Pontides, the palaeogeographic origin of tectonic units and the possibility for slab break-off during either the Campanian or the Early Eocene. Thence, we put forward a favoured tectonic scenario featuring two successive phases of subduction of a single lithospheric slab and episodic accretion of two continental domains separated by a continental trough, representing the eastern end of the Cycladic Ocean of the Aegean. The lack of univocal evidence for slab break-off in western Anatolia and southward-younging HP/LT metamorphism in continental tectonic units (from ~85, 70 to 50 Ma) in the Late Cretaceous–Palaeogene period suggests continuous subduction since ~110 Ma, marked by roll-back episodes in the Palaeocene and the Oligo-Miocene, and slab tearing below western Anatolia during the Miocene.

WOS: 000368178700015, We present here a reappraisal of the tectonic setting, stratigraphy and palaeogeography of the central part of the Sivas Basin from Palaeocene to late Miocene. The Sivas Basin is located in the collision zone between the Pontides (southern Eurasia) and Anatolia (a continental block rifted from Gondwana). The basin overlies ophiolites that were obducted onto Anatolia from Tethys to the north. The Central Anatolian Crystalline Complex (CACC) experienced similar ophiolite obduction during Campanian time, followed by exhumation and thrusting onto previously emplaced units during Maastrichtian time. To the east, crustal extension related to exhumation of the CACC created grabens during the early Tertiary, including the Sivas Basin. The Sivas Basin underwent several tectonic events during Paleogene-Neogene. The basin fill varies, with several sub-basins, each being characterised by a distinctive sequence, especially during Oligocene and Miocene. Evaporite deposition in the central part of the basin during early Oligocene was followed by mid-late Oligocene fluvio-lacustrine deposition. The weight of overlying fluvial sediments triggered salt tectonics and salt diapir formation. Lacustrine layers that are interbedded within the fluviatile sediments have locally yielded charophytes of late Oligocene age. Emergent areas including the pre-existing Sivas Basin and neighbouring areas were then flooded from the east by a shallow sea, giving rise to a range of open-marine sub-basins, coralgal reef barriers and subsiding, restricted-marine sub-basins. Utilising new data from foraminifera, molluscs, corals and nannoplankton, the age of the marine transgression is reassessed as Aquitanian. Specifically, age-diagnostic nannoplankton assemblages of classical type occur at the base of the transgressive sequence. However, classical stratigraphic markers have not been found within the planktic foraminiferal assemblages, even in the open-marine settings. In the restricted-marine sediments, there are rich planktic foraminiferal assemblages of classical type but these are of little use in stratigraphy. In contrast, the gastropod fauna indicate a Burdigalian age. Sediment reworking in the restricted-marine environments precludes stratigraphic determination. In such environments, micro- and nano-organisms experienced atypical developmental conditions. The small benthic foraminifera and associated ostracod assemblages are good indicators of salinity which varied considerably within the restricted-marine sub-basins. Some of the corals within the coralgal reefs barriers are also dated as Aquitanian. A combination of the salt tectonics and the late Miocene north-westward-verging thrusting created the present basin complexity., board of the DARIUS Programme, The board of the DARIUS Programme is kindly acknowledged for its support of our research proposals during the years 2010, 2011 and 2012. We also thank Prof. J.P.Callot (Universite de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour) and our colleagues from the University Cumhuriyet in Sivas for their help during the fieldwork in the Sivas Basin. Profs. C. Goncuoglu and S. Sen and an anonymous reviewer are acknowledged for their comments which helped us to improve the manuscript. We especially thank Prof. A.H.F. Robertson for editing the manuscript.

Aim Changes in the latitudinal gradient of taxonomic diversity of ammoniteshave been studied in four time slices of the late Jurassic to early Cretaceous (1) toassess the correspondence of the distribution with the general idea of a simplegradient of diversity decreasing polewards, and (2) to offer tentativeinterpretations of these patterns with respect to palaeoclimatic conditions.Locations The localities selected lie within the Boreal palaeohemisphere andmost are concentrated between 10 and 45 N.Methods The distributions of genus-level palaeobiodiversity data have beenplotted on palaeogeographical maps. Localities were selected on the basis ofcriteria that emphasize the accuracy of the rock dating. Palaeolatitudinal positionswere obtained using software developed by one of us (BV). Data are largelyderived from the literature and data sets have been built for each of the four timeslices selected. Information on the palaeoenvironmental context has beenincluded, with observations divided between four palaeoenvironmental systems:epicontinental platforms, intracratonic basins, transitional areas and distalepioceanic basins.Results The distribution plots demonstrate changes in the steepness of thelatitudinal gradient of palaeobiodiversity through time. In general the lowestdiversity values are recorded in mid- to high-palaeolatitudes and inepicontinental platform settings of all latitudes, whereas the highest diversitiestypically correspond to low-latitude basins. However, in most cases it is difficultto determine whether the poleward decrease of diversity values is a reflection ofthe palaeoenvironmental context or simply conforms to the diversity gradientmodel. All patterns are influenced by sampling, and no data were available forequatorial and high palaeolatitudes.Main conclusions Continental plate movements did not affect the shaping oflatitudinal patterns of ammonite diversity and the palaeoenvironmental context isthe most important controlling factor. For similar latitudes, the highest diversitiesoccur in basin settings, suggesting that depth is an important influence ondiversity distribution. Provincialism was enhanced by the sea-level fall at the endof the Jurassic that fragmented and restricted ammonite biotas. The effects ofclimatic fluctuations on the steepness of diversity gradients are probablysignificant but are currently difficult to demonstrate.KeywordsAmmonites, diversity gradient, early Cretaceous, late Jurassic, palaeobiogeog-raphy, palaeoclimate, palaeogeography.

The Isparta Cay unit was defined in the valley of the Isparta Cay (river) as one of the units that constitutes the Antalya Nappes. Situated structurally between the Bey Daglari autochthon and the Miocene neo-autochthon, the Isparta Cay unit provides decisive arguments with respect to the timing of emplacement of deep basinal units, cropping out in the central part of the Isparta Angle, as well as for a model of reconstruction of the Pamphylian Basin, located to the south of the Taurus belt. The Isparta Cay unit (previously named ‘Isparta Cay formation’) consists of a pile of thrust sheets all of which display the following basic sedimentary sequence: Triassic marls and sandstones containing plant remains and limestones with Halobia, overlying Jurassic to Cretaceous deep-sea sedimentary rocks (radiolarites). Detailed mapping, combined with new and revised stratigraphic data, confirms the existence of a very complex pile of tectonic, rather thin sheets. The basic sequence is composed, from bottom to top, of the following sedimentary units: (1) marls and turbiditic sandstones rich in plant debris; (2) limestones interbedded with marls and; (3) regularly-bedded cherty limestones. These three lower units contain rather abundant fossils (i.e. Halobia and ammonites) and are Triassic in age: (4) lenticular calcareous breccia in which Middle Jurassic foraminifera are found; (5) radiolarites, green and then red, including lenticular beds of reworked calcareous sands (now dolomitized and/or silicified). The radiolarians from the red radiolarites establish a Jurassic to Early Cretaceous age and; (6) red silts and clays with interbedded calcareous breccia, which are probably Cretaceous in age. The total thickness of the basic sequence as described above varies between 100 and 150 m, depending on the thickness of the lenticular breccia intercalations. Such a sequence is frequent in the Antalya Complex as one of the deep basinal sequences. It has been interpreted as one sequence expelled from the Pamphylian Basin, located between the Anamas–Akseki platform (Western Taurus) to the NE, and the Bey Daglari platform to the SW. The age of the radiolaritic sequences of the Antalya Nappes, extended to all the units of SW Turkey, is discussed. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The 58–51 Ma interval was characterized by a long-term increase of global temperatures (+4 to +6 °C) up to the Early Eocene Climate Optimum (EECO, 52.9–50.7 Ma), the warmest interval of the Cenozoic. It was recently suggested that sustained high atmospheric pCO2, controlling warm early Cenozoic climate, may have been released during Neo-Tethys closure through the subduction of large amounts of pelagic carbonates and their recycling as CO2 at arc volcanoes. To analyze the impact of Neo-Tethys closure on early Cenozoic warming, we have modeled the volume of subducted sediments and the amount of CO2 emitted along the northern Tethys margin. The impact of calculated CO2 fluxes on global temperature during the early Cenozoic have then been tested using a climate carbon cycle model (GEOCLIM). We show that CO2 production may have reached up to 1.55 × 1018 mol Ma−1 specifically during the EECO, ~ 4 to 37 % higher that the modern global volcanic CO2 output, owing to a dramatic India-Asia plate convergence increase. The subduction of thick Greater Indian continental margin carbonate sediments at ~ 55–50 Ma may also have led to additional CO2 production of 3.35 × 1018 mol Ma−1 during the EECO, making a total of 85 % of the global volcanic CO2 outgassed. However, climate modeling demonstrates that timing of maximum CO2 release only partially fits with the EECO, and that corresponding maximum pCO2 values (750 ppm) and surface warming (+2 °C) do not reach values inferred from geochemical proxies, a result consistent with conclusions arising from modeling based on other published CO2 fluxes. These results demonstrate that CO2 derived from decarbonation of Neo-Tethyan lithosphere may have possibly contributed to, but certainly cannot account alone for early Cenozoic warming. Other commonly cited sources of excess CO2 such as enhanced igneous province volcanism also appear to be up to 1 order of magnitude below fluxes required by the model to fit with proxy data of pCO2 and temperature at that time. An alternate explanation may be that CO2 consumption, a key parameter of the long-term atmospheric pCO2 balance, may have been lower than suggested by modeling. These results call for a better calibration of early Cenozoic weathering rates.

The first part of the article introduces the concepts of data reconciliation. It is a method that uses information redundancy and conservation laws to correct measurements. Its benefits are numerous and range from improved measurements lay-out to increased plant efficiency. The second part of the article deals with practical applications of data reconciliation software BELSIM-VALI. A few examples are then shown illustrating the benefit of this technology in various power plants, technology which has been recommended in the "VDI 2048 Bericht" (Verein Deutscher Ingenieure) for performance auditing of power plants.

The first part of the article introduces the concepts of data reconciliation. It is a method that uses information redundancy and conservation laws to correct measurements. Its benefits are numerous and range from improved measurements layout. The sources of measurement errors are desaibed as well as the fundamental concepts of redundancy and measurement accuracy. Finally the article shows the differences between process simulation and data reconciliation. The second part of the article deals with practical applications. The present status of data reconciliation is analysed. A few examples are then shown in chemical plants, refineries and power plants. As a conclusion, the future of data reconciliation is investigated.

Coupling of a partial oxidation reactor with a gas turbine is proposed to increase the capacity and efficiency of thermal power plants. The exhaust of the partial oxidation gas turbine is a preheated fuel that can be burned with little modification in the existing steam geenerator. The feasibility study requires the development of a reliable model for an existing 250 MW power plant. Data reconciliation is found valuable for obtaining precise mass and energy balances and for screening out unreliable measurements. The identification of model parameters from reconciled values is then straightforward. The same validation software is later applied to rating simulation of the modified plant, by merging the partial oxidation gas turbine in the model.

WOS: 000332444900003, The Sivas basin (Turkey) shows pronounced salt tectonics activity involving the Oligocene evaporites. Despite the complete exposure of the structures, the tectonic evolution of the basin has been so far misunderstood because it has only been envisioned in a context of thrust tectonics. The core of the basin, a 35x25 km area, displays rounded minibasins separated by evaporitic walls, and partially covered by remobilized gypsum (either sedimentary or flowage). The minibasins are filled by Mid-Oligocene to Early Miocene clastics (fluvial silts and sandstones), marls, and lacustrine to marine limestones, the thickness of which may reach 4 kilometres. The stratal architecture along evaporite walls records the progressive subsidence of the minibasins, with strong rotation of beds, unconformities and local reworking of evaporites. Within the basin, the sediments show lateral thickness variations and spectacular angular unconformities. The observed geometries show striking similarities with the seismic data from petroleum basins suffering strong salt tectonism (gulf of Mexico, Precaspian basin, Angolan margin)., Total SA; Total SA "Structural geology Chair" at University of Pau and Pays de l'Adour; Cumhuriyet University, We thank Total SA for financial support. J.-P. Callot acknowledges a grant from Total SA "Structural geology Chair" at University of Pau and Pays de l'Adour. Cumhuriyet University is warmly thanked for their support and help during field work. J.-F. Salel and V. Martin (Cobalt Energy) helped in retrieving seismic data. M. Jackson, M. Hudec, B. Vendeville, an anonymous reviewer and editor O. Lacombe are warmly thanked for their pertinent reviews. The field party is acknowledge: C. Mallard, A. Pichat, E. Legeay, R. Graham, J. Letouzey, A. Rouchy, G. Hoareau, E. Surmeli, M.F. Surmeli, T. Kus, F. Birol, N. Keskin, S. Emrahoglu.

The availability of reliable data is obviously a prerequisite to good production optimization. So far, many tools have been developed to increase the availability of data by using Smart Completions, Downhole Measurements and Remote control Sensors installed along the production chain. The progress in production models has also contributed to this improvement. Nevertheless, in term of reliability, the collected data are affected by uncertainties, which must be taken into account. The process of Data Validation and Reconciliation (DVR) considers all the relevant information (measures/ models) of the production plant as one integral set of parameters. Furthermore, the originality of DVR as compared to equivalent systems is the use of a statistical model to control uncertainties associated with each parameter, and calculating the resulting error propagation. As results and thanks to the information redundancy, DVR allows an automatic real-time correction of each parameter based on its allocated uncertainty. In this paper, we focused on a real time application with 16 Wells belonging to 3 offshore Platforms. The single-Well model is initially validated by using the Multiphase Flow Meter (MPFM) measurements. The global results analysis is discussed by comparing the online application outputs with production tests using MPFM, in terms of Oil flow-rate and Water Liquid Ratio (WLR). Also, the monitoring of each information is highlighted in order to detect a model deviation or instruments failure. Furthermore, the error distribution is used to identify the impact of any deviation occurring in the application. Conclusions are drawn on the performance of the virtual metering system in terms of online availability, results reliability and global consistency between data and results. The DVR application is considered as an operational monitoring tool thanks to alarms which are customized by operators, and as an analysis tool for investigation and diagnosis studies.

Well rate surveillance is essential for reservoir characterization and selecting potential activities to enhance and optimize production. However, such variables usually lack consistent or direct field measurements, which is related to technology availability, equipment reliability, and cost control. As a result, many technologies have been developed to estimate well rates from indirect measurements (e.g., virtual metering or soft sensors). The well rate estimation requires consistent pressure-volume-temperature (PVT) data, fit-for-purpose production well tests, and reliable sensors. In most cases, field data are used to ‘tune’ data-driven models. Missing, biased, or failing sensors may break the rate estimation, and a new calibration would be required. In addition, sensor input uncertainty and rate estimation confidence were commonly overlooked in previous approaches. This paper discusses the implementation of a data validation and reconciliation pilot study in the Ceiba Field to estimate well rates. In this case, data, uncertainty, and models are combined to minimize a global error function. Rigorous statistics are used to calculate new sensor estimates. Unlike previous well rate estimation approaches, field-collected data are validated and corrected using physical models. The pilot technical scope included calculating oil, water, and gas rates for each well; calculating the tolerance of rate measurements and gauge readings; and identifying sources of unreliable measurements. Although the approach is not new in the petrochemical industry, the application is ‘young’ in the upstream. Project benefits included less downtime due to well testing and early problem detection, 65% less time expended on validating well tests and allocating individual well rates, and improved cost control due to calculating well-produced volumes hourly. These findings provide a better understanding of reservoir and well performance, which facilitates production optimization management. This paper presents a summary of current project status, the lessons learned during pilot implementation, and the procedure for further progression. Project success criteria, application key performance indicators (KPIs), and expected benefits are reviewed and analyzed. As far as they can be evaluated at this stage, they were all achieved successfully.

This paper presents a synthetic view of the geodynamic evolution of the Zagros orogen within the frame of the Arabia–Eurasia collision. The Zagros orogen and the Iranian plateau preserve a record of the long-standing convergence history between Eurasia and Arabia across the Neo-Tethys, from subduction/obduction processes to present-day collision (from ~ 150 to 0 Ma). We herein combine the results obtained on several geodynamic issues, namely the location of the oceanic suture zone, the age of oceanic closure and collision, the magmatic and geochemical evolution of the Eurasian upper plate during convergence (as testified by the successive Sanandaj–Sirjan, Kermanshah and Urumieh–Dokhtar magmatic arcs), the P–T–t history of the few Zagros blueschists, the convergence characteristics across the Neo-Tethys (kinematic velocities, tomographic constraints, subduction zones and obduction processes), together with a survey of recent results gathered by others. We provide lithospheric-scale reconstructions of the Zagros orogen from ~ 150 to 0 Ma across two SW–NE transects. The evolution of the Zagros orogen is also compared to those of the nearby Turkish and Himalayan orogens. In our geotectonic scenario for the Zagros convergence, we outline three main periods/regimes: (1) the Mid to Late Cretaceous (115–85 Ma) corresponds to a distinctive period of perturbation of subduction processes and interplate mechanical coupling marked by blueschist exhumation and upper-plate fragmentation, (2) the Paleocene–Eocene (60–40 Ma) witnesses slab break-off, major shifts in arc magmatism and distributed extension within the upper plate, and (3) from the Oligocene onwards (~ 30–0 Ma), collision develops with a progressive SW migration of deformation and topographic build-up (Sanandaj–Sirjan Zone: 20–15 Ma, High Zagros: ~12–8 Ma; Simply Folded Belt: 5–0 Ma) and with partial slab tear at depths (~10 Ma to present). Our reconstructions underline the key role played by subduction throughout the whole convergence history. We finally stress that such a long-lasting subduction system with changing boundary conditions also makes the Zagros orogen an ideal natural laboratory for subduction processes.

Production Engineers have more and more information available and operating companies are trying to integrate that information and create an "integrated oil-field" with the main objectives of maximizing production and at the same time maximize recovery. One of the challenges in these types of approaches is the quality of production data. By not having accurate enough production data, the integration efforts are covered in a layer of haze, uncertainties. By combining advanced data validation and data reconciliation techniques it is possible to improve the quality of production data and quantifying all flows, temperatures, pressures and compositions throughout the production network.This technology has been applied in the downstream area for years and are now more and more being deployed in oil and gas production. The main goal is to provide accurate flow of oil, gas and water in each production well, but it can and has been applied to water injection systems, gas fuel and flare systems, FPSO's etc.It has been shown that it is possible to provide accurate production data in a production network. In particular, it has been shown that even on wells that do not have multi phase flow meters, it is possible to determine the flow of oil, gas and water with an uncertainty of less than 10%. In addition it provides other types of virtual meters, in general a production network with x measurement, would have another 2*x measurements validated and reconciled. Also by comparing measured data with validated and reconciled data it is possible to draw some conclusions; for example sensors and equipment that need maintenance can be identified much earlier and maintenance can move towards conditioned based, predictive maintenance.This is a digital technology that can help operators have a better understanding of how their assets are performing and can help in increasing recovery from each well in the production network. Injection schemes can be performed more optimally and capacity from a field can be expanded in a cost effective way.

Obduction processes, though spectacular (dense oceanic ophiolites are emplaced on top of light, continental rocks along thousands of km), have been little elucidated since the advent of plate tectonics. Based on convergence velocities and blueschist formation, we show that the two recent large-scale, Upper Jurassic and Upper Cretaceous obductions coincided with periods during which velocities increased abruptly and more than doubled. The latter obduction also modified the interplate coupling across adjacent subduction zones. We critically propose a mechanism in which large-scale obductions are triggered by intraplate instabilities resulting from sharp plate accelerations, possibly in response to superplume events

Resume La methode preconisee pour la preparation des conodontes ameliore la preservation de ces microfosiles tres fragiles. Les manipulations des conodontes degages de leur gangue sedimentaire s'effectuent, non plus a l'air libre ou les frictions et les chutes sont a craindre, mais dans l'eau distillee ce qui accroit le nombre d'individus totalement preserves.

Resume La revision des gisements a conodontes des Alpes carniques occidentales et des Dolomites nous permet de mettre en evidence la presence de onze especes de conodontes a plate-forme jusque la non decrites dans ces regions. Certains niveaux sont precisement dates par la presence d'ammonites de la zone a P. binodosus sensu Kozur (1980), de la partie superieure de la zone a A. avisianus (faune a Nevadites) et de la zone a P. curionii. Ces donnees permettent de preciser la repartition des conodontes deduite de la bibliographie.

The concern of the EFCE for sustainability. Four recent case studies to illustrate how CAPE tools contribute to process sustainability: (1) ultimate plant operation at Wacker-Chemie(DE), (2) development of a new sulphuric acid plant with Air Liquide (FR), (3) plant retrofit for CO2 abatement at Kemira (BE), (4) insertion of a new plant in an existing Solvay industrial site (Asia)