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Thirty-two male Wistar rats were used to verify the effects of chronic noni juice administration on blood glucose levels and its relation to physical performance. In half of the rats, diabetes mellitus (DM) was induced with STZ, and the rats were submitted to an incremental workload running test (IWT) until fatigued so that oxygen consumption and performance indexes (exercise time to fatigue and workload) could be analyzed before noni administration. Then, the control and DM groups received a placebo (saline solution) or noni juice (dilution 2:1) at a dose of 2 mL/kg once a day for 60 days. The result was four groups: control + placebo (CP), control + noni (CN), DM + placebo (DMP), and DM + noni (DMN). All groups were then given a third IWT to verify the effect of the noni juice on exercise performance and glycemia. Twenty-four hours after the third test, all animals were euthanized and blood and kidneys were removed for posterior analysis. Noni administration improved the time to fatigue and workload in DM rats by reducing hyperglycemia. These results could be associated with an improved energy efficiency promoted by noni ingestion. However, our results provided evidence that chronic noni administration causes kidney damage since elevated glomerular filtration was observed at the same magnitude as the non-treated DM group. In conclusion, chronic noni ingestion promoted glycemic control and improved the performance in DM rats but caused kidney toxicity.

Introduction: the variable determinants of physical performance in a cross-country marathon of mountain biking (XCM-MTB) are still unknown. Objective: we aimed to verify the training control variables and the physiological responses in an official XCM-MTB race. Material and methods: Thirteen athletes (11 men and 2 women; 33.3 ± 12.7 years of age) participated in this study. The study was conducted during an official XCM-MTB in Brazil (route of 70 km). The heart rate (HR), altimetry, velocity, temperature, pacing, and power were obtained every 10 km travelled by the STRAVA application. Multivariate linear analysis was performed to verify whether the variables could predict physical performance. Results: the athletes maintained constant HR elevation in the corresponding zone 80% HRmax. The athletes also presented a variation in the pacing (F = 35.82; p < 0.001; d = 0.66) and power (F = 7.20; p < 0.001; d = 0.18) presenting higher values in the last ten kilometers. Only pacing can be considered a predictor of the physical performance (β = 0.958; t = 7.30; p < 0.001), specifically the pacing at 20km (F = 10.23; p = 0.004; R2 = 0.82) can be considered as a predictor of the total time. Conclusion: the study concluded that the analysed variables are reliable for training control in an official XCM - MTB race. HR and power are variables that can be used to prescribe training, as they change according to the requirements of the race. Power can also be used as a performance predictor as it is directly influenced by terrain.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to verify the effects of consumption of a high-fat diet (HFD) combined with fructose-rich beverages (FRT) in promoting metabolic and physiologic changes associated with insulin resistance. METHODS: Thirty-two male Wistar rats (250 ± 10 g) were randomly allocated into four groups (n = 8) that received either a standard diet (CON), HFD, FRT, or HFD + FRT for 30 d. Insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance were evaluated using the insulin tolerance test (ITT) and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Serum samples were used to analyze the metabolic parameters and hormone levels. Interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α assays were performed in the liver, pancreas, gastrocnemius muscle, and epididymal adipose tissue by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Histologic and morphometric analyses were performed on the liver, pancreas, and adipose tissues. RESULTS: Consumption of HFD + FRT promoted a significant increase (P < 0.05) in body weight, index adiposity,and in the area under the curve of ITT (P < 0.001) and OGTT (P < 0.001) when compared with the CON group. Consumption of FRT alone increased fasting glucose (P = 0.015), insulin (P = 0.035), and homeostasis model assessment index (P = 0.018), and these changes were of greater magnitude when FRT was combined with HFD. Moreover, the rats fed an HFD + FRT demonstrated a significant increase in lipid droplets in the liver (P < 0.001), an increase in adipocyte area, and an increase in inflammatory cytokines in the liver, pancreas, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue. CONCLUSION: Consumption of an HFD + FRT promotes insulin resistance, increases inflammatory cytokines, and modulates histomorphometric parameters of the liver, pancreas, and adipose tissue, typical of insulin resistance in humans.

We aimed to investigate the combined effects of aerobic exercise (EXE) and cocoa flavanol (COCOA) supplementation on performance, metabolic parameters, and inflammatory and lipid profiles in obese insulin-resistant rats. Therefore, 32 male Wistar rats (230–250 g) were fed a high-fat diet and a fructose-rich beverage for 30 days to induce insulin resistance. Next, the rats were randomized into four groups, orally administered placebo solution or COCOA supplementation (45 mg·kg−1), and either remained sedentary or were subjected to EXE on a treadmill at 60% peak velocity for 30 min, for 8 weeks. Blood samples and peripheral tissues were collected and processed to analyze metabolic and inflammatory parameters, lipid profiles, and morphological parameters. Supplementation with COCOA and EXE improved physical performance and attenuated body mass gain, adipose index, and adipocyte area. When analyzed as individual interventions, supplementation with COCOA and EXE improved glucose intolerance and the lipid profile reduced the concentrations of leptin, glucose, and insulin, and reduced homeostasis assessment index (all effects were p p p p

Purpose Verify the effects of concurrent training on cytokines in people living with HIV under antiretroviral therapy (ART) treatment. Methods This was a blinded, parallel-group, clinical trial, where 49 participants, divided in two groups, either control group or concurrent training group, took part in the intervention. The control group performed recreational activities and concurrent training group participated of 16-week, 3 times per week of heart rate guided-aerobic plus resistance training for major muscular groups. Cytokines (interleukins 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor) were measured before and after 16-week experimental period using flow cytometry. Results From 49 participants who took part in the intervention, 28 completed the program and had data analyzed. There was a significant interaction for IL-8, which increased for control group: 7.1 ± 5.1 vs. 8.1 ± 6.0 and a decrease for concurrent training: 8.0 ± 4.4 vs. 5.4 ± 2.3. In addition, magnitude-based inference showed a likely beneficial effect for the training group when compared to the control group for IL-8, IL-5, and IL-10. The difference perceptual: mean and [CI 90%] between delta of difference within groups was −43.1 [−64.0 to −10.0] and -6.6 [−14.7 to 2.3], respectively. Conclusion Short-term exercise is able to decrease the levels of IL-5, IL-8, and IL-10 in HIV-infected people undergoing ART.

Background: Combined exercise (CE) has been recommended for individuals living with HIV/AIDS (ILWHA) under antiretroviral therapy. However, depending on the intensity and duration, physical exercise may occasionally increase inflammatory parameters and reduce immunological responses that if not reversed, cause health injury specifically in this population. Information about immunological and hormonal responses after CE in ILWHA has not been completely elucidated. Therefore, the aim is to verify the acute effects of CE on cortisol, testosterone, immunoglobulin A, and pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines over 24 hours in ILWHA.Methods: Noninfected individuals and ILWHA undergone 5 sessions of CE prior to the acute assessment session. Seventy-two hours after the last session, the subjects were submitted to one session of CE (aerobic exercise: 25 min at 60–70% reserve heart rate and resistance exercise: 3 sets of 15 maximum repetitions of 6 exercises). Saliva samples were collected before, immediately, 6 and 24 hours after CE.Results: CE reduced cortisol (6 h: 2.54 [0.58] vs 0.65 [0.22] pg·mL−1;P = .02), increased testosterone (all moments) and immunoglobulin A levels (24 h: 255.3 [44.7] vs 349.2 [41.9] μm·mL−1;P = .01) without significant difference in cytokines levels in ILWHA.Conclusion: CE modulates cortisol, testosterone, and immunoglobulin A levels without the change in immunological parameters in ILWHA.

AIM: To investigate the effects of 8-weeks of CT on specific domains of cognitive function, metabolic and cardiovascular parameters of subjects with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). METHODS: 31 sedentary T2DM adults and older divided into CT (3x/week, during 8-week, n = 16) or Control group (CONT, n = 15). Before and after the intervention, a cognitive task battery, blood samples, and functional tests were assessed. RESULTS: CT improved inhibitory control (d = 0.89), working memory (d = 0.88), cognitive flexibility (d = 0.67) and attention/concentration (d = 0.64) in T2DM subjects. However, memory, verbal fluency, and processing speed (d < 0.1, p > 0.05 for all) were not changed. The CT-induced improvements on global cognitive z-score (r = -0.51; p < 0.001) were inversely correlated to cognitive screening scores. Moreover, CT improved functional performance (p < 0.05) and reduced insulin levels (p = 0.04). Although there was no statistical significance, there were a clinically relevant reduction of peripheral insulin sensitivity (d = 0.51, p = 0.09), resistin levels (d = 0.53, p = 0.08), diastolic (d = 0.63, p = 0.09) and mean blood pressure (d = 0.50, p = 0.09). Conversely, no changes were observed for glucose, fructosamine and blood lipids (d < 0.2 for all). CONCLUSION: CT partially reversed the negative effects of T2DM on specific cognitive domains possibly by amelioration of metabolic regulation. Moreover, lower cognitive scores may modulate the responsivity of cognitive function to CT.

O objetivo do estudo foi descrever a distribuição das Cargas de Treinamento (CT) pelo método da percepção subjetiva de esforço (PSE) da sessão e verificar a sua associação com as alterações de marcadores salivares (MS) em atletas de atletismo durante um camping de treinamento. Participaram do estudo, 44 atletas (17,5 ± 2,7 anos; 175,1 ± 9,0 cm; 63,9 ± 10,7 Kg) sendo, 11 velocistas, 11 fundistas, 11 saltadores e 11 arremessadores, avaliados durante oito sessões de treinamento (duração entre 120 e 150 minutos). Amostras de saliva foram colhidas antes e após o camping, avaliando as concentrações de cortisol, proteínas totais e osmolaridade. A PSE foi obtida trinta minutos após cada sessão, utilizando a escala CR10. A normalidade dos dados foi verificada pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk. A comparação entre grupos foi realizada por ANOVA e a correlação entre PSE e MS foi obtida pela correlação de Pearson, adotando p < 0,05. A distribuição das CT apresentaram características ondulatórias e alta variabilidade. Houve aumento na osmolaridade salivar nos velocistas (55,0 ± 14,0 vs. 68,7 ± 22,6 mOsm/L; p=0,003) e saltadores (60,9 ± 17,9 vs. 77,8 ± 18,7 mOsm/L; p=0,001). Os fundistas apresentaram maiores níveis de cortisol (p = 0,007) comparado aos demais grupos. Não foram encontradas correlações entre a PSE da sessão e MS. Sendo assim, a combinação de avaliações perceptuais e fisiológicas deve ser priorizada para um melhor controle e monitoramento de atletas na modalidade de atletismo. The aim of the study was to describe the distribution of training loads (TL) by the method of Subjective Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) sessions and verify your association with the changes of salivary markers (SM) in track and field athletes during a training. Participated in the study 44 athletes (17.5 ± 2.7 years; 175.1 ± 9.0 cm-1; 63.9 ± 10.7 Kg-1) being 11 sprinters, 11 jumpers, 11 runners and 11 athletes shot puts, evaluated for eight training sessions (duration between 120-150 min-1). Saliva samples were collected before and after the camping to evaluate cortisol levels, osmolality and total protein. The RPE was obtained thirty minutes after each session using the CR10 scale. The data normality was verified by the Shapiro-Wilk test. The comparison between groups was performed by ANOVA one-way and correlation between RPE and SM were obtained by Pearson correlation, considering p < 0.05. The distribution of TL they presented characteristic undulated and variability high. There was an increase in salivary osmolality in sprinters (55.0 ± 14.0 vs. 68.7 ± 22.6 mOsm.L-1; p=0.003) and jumpers (60.9 ± 17.9 vs. 77.8 ± 18.7 mOsm.L-1; p=0.001). The runners presented higher cortisol levels (p=0.007) compared to other groups. There were no correlations between sessions RPE and SM. Thus, the combination of perceptual and physiological assessments should be prioritized for better control and monitoring in athletes athletic.

RESUMO O treinamento físico é uma estratégia importante para a saúde de pessoas que vivem com HIV/AIDS; contudo, suas respostas a curto prazo ainda não foram amplamente estudadas, o que limita o entendimento dos efeitos e da segurança da prescrição do treinamento para essa população. Portanto, objetivou-se revisar sistematicamente as respostas agudas decorrentes do exercício físico em pessoas com HIV sobre variáveis fisiológicas e imunológicas. Para isso, foi realizada uma revisão sistemática a partir de trabalhos indexados nas seguintes bases de dados: Medline, Lilacs, Scielo, Web of Science e Science Direct. Os descritores utilizados foram: acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, HIV, AIDS, seropositive, acute session, short, physical activity, exercise, training. As buscas foram realizadas em fevereiro de 2015 e atualizadas em dezembro de 2015 e foram conduzidas sem restrição de datas de publicação ou idioma específico. Foram incluídos para esta revisão artigos que avaliaram as respostas agudas decorrentes de algum modelo de prescrição de treinamento físico envolvendo exercícios aeróbicos, com pesos ou combinados (exercícios aeróbicos e com pesos) relacionados com variáveis fisiológicas e imunológicas em pessoas infectadas pelo HIV. Foram encontrados 2.422 títulos, dos quais, após exclusão das duplicatas e a aplicação dos critérios de elegibilidade, foram selecionados sete artigos para síntese qualitativa. De acordo com os resultados reportados pelos estudos há evidências de que, imediatamente após a realização do exercício físico, ocorre um aumento do número de células circulantes, incluindo leucócitos totais, neutrófilos, monócitos e linfócitos T CD8+ em pessoas infectadas pelo HIV. Além disso, também se observaram alterações significantes nas concentrações de lactato, triglicerídeos, epinefrina e norepinefrina imediatamente após a realização do treinamento aeróbico, independentemente do uso de TARV e/ou de hiperlactatemia. No entanto, não há evidências suficientes para afirmar que o treinamento físico seja totalmente seguro e eficaz para esta população. ABSTRACT Physical training is an important strategy for the health of people living with HIV/aids; however, its short-term responses have not yet been extensively studied, which limits the understanding of the effects and safety training prescription for this population. Therefore, we aimed to systematically review the acute responses resulting from physical exercise in people with HIV on physiological and immunological variables. For this, a systematic review was carried out from works indexed in the following databases: Medline, Lilacs, Scielo, Web of Science and Science Direct. The keywords used were acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, HIV, AIDS, seropositive, acute session, short, physical activity, exercise, training. The searches were conducted in February 2015 and updated in December 2015 and were conducted without restriction of publication dates or specific language. We included for this review articles that evaluated the acute responses derived from some model of prescription of physical training involving aerobic, weight or combined exercises (aerobic and weight exercises) related to physiological and immunological variables in HIV infected individuals. We found 2,422 titles of which, after exclusion of the duplicates and the application of the eligibility criteria, seven articles were selected for qualitative synthesis. According to the results reported by the studies, there is evidence that immediately after physical exercise an increase in the number of circulating cells occurs, including total leukocytes, neutrophils, monocytes and T CD8+ lymphocytes in HIV-infected people. Furthermore, significant changes in the concentrations of lactate, triglycerides, epinephrine and norepinephrine were also observed immediately after aerobic training regardless the use of HAART and/or hyperlactatemia. However, there is insufficient evidence to state that physical training is totally safe and effective for this population. RESUMEN El entrenamiento físico es una estrategia importante para la salud de las personas que viven con el VIH/SIDA. Sin embargo, sus respuestas a corto plazo no han sido ampliamente estudiadas, lo que limita la comprensión de los efectos y la seguridad de la prescripción de entrenamiento para esta población. Por lo tanto, el objetivo fue revisar sistemáticamente las respuestas agudas al ejercicio en personas con VIH en las variables fisiológicas e inmunológicas. Para esto, se realizó una revisión sistemática de artículos indexados en las siguientes bases de datos: Medline, Lilacs, Scielo, Web of Science y Science Direct. Los descriptores utilizados fueron: acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, HIV, AIDS, seropositive, acute session, short, physical activity, exercise, training. Las búsquedas se realizaron en febrero de 2015 y fueron actualizadas en diciembre de 2015, siendo llevadas a cabo sin restricciones de fecha de publicación o idioma específico. Se seleccionaran en esta revisión los artículos que evaluaron las respuestas agudas de algún modelo de entrenamiento físico que implica la prescripción de ejercicios aeróbicos, con pesas o combinados (práctica de ejercicio aeróbico y pesas) relacionadas con variables fisiológicas e inmunológicas en las personas con VIH. Se encontraron 2.422 títulos, de los cuales, después de la exclusión de duplicados y la aplicación de los criterios de elegibilidad, se seleccionaron siete artículos para síntesis cualitativa. De acuerdo con los resultados reportados por estudios hay pruebas de que inmediatamente después del ejercicio hay un aumento en el número de células circulantes, incluyendo leucocitos totales, neutrófilos, monocitos y linfocitos T CD8+ en individuos infectados por el VIH. Además, se observaron cambios significativos en las concentraciones de lactato, triglicéridos, epinefrina y norepinefrina inmediatamente después del entrenamiento aeróbico, independientemente del uso de HAART y/o hiperlactatemia. Sin embargo, no hay pruebas suficientes para afirmar que el entrenamiento físico es completamente seguro y eficaz para esta población.

Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the Influence of two distinct Periods of the day on maximal aerobic power in young Athletes mountain bike. Volunteers are the mountain bike Athletes, 37.83 ± 8.87 years, and underwent two progressive maximal exercise test on a cycle Ergometer at two times of day. Gauging the behavior glucose and heart rate. The verification of normality of data was performed by the Shapiro-Wilk test for analysis of variables was Adopted t test for paired samples. Statistical we Adopted an evidence for p