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This study aimed to study the relationship between milk quality for cheese manufacturing and farm’s environmental impacts in grass-based mountain systems. Beforehand, the multi-criteria evaluation methodology proposed by Botreau et al. and Rey-Cadilhac et al. was adapted to a routine use. Milk quality scores were constructed by weighing traits possibly predicted by spectroscopic analyses currently available in milk labs into 4 dimensions: health, nutritional, technological and sensory. Environmental impact scores were constructed by combining 6 indicators of the CAP'2ER® software in 5 dimensions: greenhouse gas emissions, eutrophication, air acidification, consumption of space and non-renewable energies and ecosystem biodiversity. The study sample included 15 dairy farms located in the French Massif Central mountains. An analysis of variance was carried out to study the effect of system’s types on milk quality and environmental impact scores. A principal component analysis was used to study the relationship between milk quality and environmental impact dimensions scores. No correlation has been established between overall milk quality and overall environmental impact scores. High scores for the nutritional and biodiversity dimensions and low scores for the resource consumption dimension, were associated with farming practices such as a high proportion of grasslands in the usable agricultural area, low stocking rate and low productivity per cow. This demonstrates the importance of defining specific priority objectives, on a farm-by-farm basis, in order to drive changes in agricultural practices. The multi-criteria evaluation model tested here appeared sensitive, but it needs to be tested on a larger scale and in different contexts.

Cette synthèse fait le point des connaissances sur les différentes dimensions de la qualité des produits issus d’élevages en agriculture biologique (AB) vs conventionnelle et sur les méthodes développées pour les authentifier. Les pratiques d’élevage étant variables, en AB comme en agriculture conventionnelle (AC), les résultats sont hétérogènes. Nous soulignons les pratiques à l’origine des différences observées, ce qui permet d’éclairer les conséquences des possibles trajectoires de l’agriculture biologique. De manière générale, la qualité est plus variable pour les produits AB, en lien avec un moindre niveau d’intrants et/ou une plus grande variabilité des conditions d’élevage, ainsi qu’une moindre sélection génétique pour le poulet de chair. Les propriétés améliorées sont la teneur en acides gras polyinsaturés, notamment oméga 3, plus élevée pour le lait de vache et les viandes AB, une réduction du risque de résidus de médicaments et d’apparition de résistances bactériennes aux antimicrobiens. Mais l’accès au plein air et la période d’élevage souvent plus longue augmentent la probabilité et la durée d’exposition des animaux aux éventuels contaminants environnementaux et le risque de leur bioaccumulation dans les produits. Nous identifions des antagonismes entre différentes dimensions de la qualité, notamment pour les viandes ovine et porcine. Les implications de la plus grande variabilité de la qualité des produits AB sur leur acceptabilité par les consommateurs et l’adaptation des procédés de transformation restent peu étudiées. La fiabilité des méthodes d’authentification se heurte à la variabilité des pratiques d’élevage, car elles se fondent sur les différences dans l’alimentation des animaux.

Abstract Foxo family transcription factors are critically involved in multiple processes, such as metabolism, quiescence, cell survival and cell differentiation. Although continuous, high activity of Foxo transcription factors extends the life span of some species, the involvement of Foxo proteins in mammalian aging remains to be determined. Here, we show that Foxo1 is down-regulated with age in mouse T cells. This down-regulation of Foxo1 in T cells may contribute to the disruption of naive T-cell homeostasis with age, leading to an increase in the number of memory T cells. Foxo1 down-regulation is also associated with the up-regulation of co-inhibitory receptors by memory T cells and exhaustion in aged mice. Using adoptive transfer experiments, we show that the age-dependent down-regulation of Foxo1 in T cells is mediated by T-cell-extrinsic cues, including type 1 interferons. Taken together, our data suggest that type 1 interferon-induced Foxo1 down-regulation is likely to contribute significantly to T-cell dysfunction in aged mice.

The dataset available here comes from an experimental dairy cattle farm located in a mountain region in Central France, where the feeding systems are mostly pasture grazing combined with a period of indoor overwintering during the colder months. The dataset comprises individual productive and functional traits covering over 36 different variables in 185 primiparous Montbéliarde and Holstein cows, followed by data on productive longevity and reason for culling. The data was collected over a 20-year period during which animal husbandry and data collection protocols remained consistent. Potential re-users of the data are private-sector professionals, farmer associations, and researchers interested in developing statistical and mechanistic models and simulations of individual dairy cows under low-input grassland-based systems.

The methodology presented in this work allows for the creation of a real-time adjustment of Kalman Filter process noise for lithium battery state-of-charge estimation. This work innovates by creating a methodology for adjusting the process (Q) and measurement (R) Kalman Filter noise matrices in real-time. The filter algorithm with this adaptative mechanism achieved an average accuracy of 99.56% in real tests by comparing the estimated battery voltage and measured battery voltage. A cell-balancing strategy was also implemented, capable of guaranteeing the safety and efficiency of the battery pack in all conducted tests. This work presents all the methods, equations, and simulations necessary for the development of a battery management system and applies the system in a practical, real environment. The battery management system hardware and firmware were developed, evaluated, and validated on a battery pack with eight LiFePO4 cells, achieving excellent performance on all conducted tests.

Cette synthèse dresse un bilan critique de l'état des connaissances sur la qualité des aliments d'origine animale selon les conditions de production de l’animal et de transformation des produits, y compris les attentes et comportements des consommateurs et les effets de la consommation des aliments sur la santé humaine. La qualité a été déclinée selon sept dimensions : sanitaire, commerciale, organoleptique, nutritionnelle, technologique, d’usage et d’image. Cette dernière recouvre les dimensions éthiques, culturelles et environnementales associées à l'origine de l'aliment et à la manière dont il a été élaboré. Ce cadre permet de mettre en évidence les priorités accordées à ces différentes dimensions et d'identifier les antagonismes et synergies potentiels entre elles. Nous faisons un constat de priorité accordée aux dimensions commerciales de la qualité, notamment pour les produits standards. Cette priorité a fortement orienté la sélection génétique des animaux et les pratiques d’élevage dans toutes les filières. Elle a permis des gains quantitatifs considérables, mais souvent au détriment d'autres dimensions de la qualité. Des exemples emblématiques sont le poulet de chair standard, pour lequel la sélection sur la vitesse de croissance et le rendement en filet ont eu des conséquences délétères sur les propriétés organoleptiques, nutritionnelles et d'image, et le devenir des mâles dans la filière poules pondeuses ; et certaines filières laitières, qui ont fortement spécialisé leurs animaux. La qualité peut se construire mais aussi s’altérer tout au long de la chaîne alimentaire. Nous soulignons les facteurs et les périodes critiques, comme les pratiques d’élevage, notamment l'alimentation des animaux, les phases de pré-abattage et d'abattage, les pratiques de transformation et de formulation des aliments. Nous pointons certains facteurs qui créent des antagonismes entre différentes dimensions de la qualité, comme la castration des porcs mâles, la substitution des aliments d'origine marine par des aliments d'origine végétale chez les poissons, et l'utilisation des nitrites dans la transformation de la viande. Les recherches s’orientent vers les possibles compromis entre ces effets positifs et négatifs et/ou vers des solutions pour dépasser ces antagonismes. Il y a aussi des aliments qui valorisent des synergies entre différentes dimensions de la qualité et entre les phases de production et de transformation, notamment les indications géographiques. Les études d’épidémiologie nutritionnelle montrent des associations entre la consommation d'aliments d'origine animale et l'augmentation ou la diminution du risque de maladies chroniques ; elles ont permis de formuler des recommandations en matière de santé publique. Cependant, elles ne prennent pas encore en compte les conditions de production et de transformation, et nous pointons le besoin d’une meilleure connexion entre les communautés scientifiques à l’échelle de l’élevage, de la transformation, de la nutrition humaine et de l'épidémiologie pour combler cette lacune. Les besoins de recherche et les pistes d'action publique sont discutés.

IntroductionToday, agriculture and livestock farming are facing environmental, social and health challenges. The agroecological transition is a possible response to these challenges. It requires changes in practices but also an evolution in farmers' ways of thinking and relationships with living things. Some diagnostics of farms, such as the global analysis of farms, behaviors and practices.MethodsWe therefore propose a holistic approach combining a global analysis of farms and a pragmatic approach to understand the functioning of agricultural production systems. This pragmatic turn enables to integrate the ways in which the farmer's reality is established, the performance of the system, the associated metrics and the farmer's relationship with life.Results and discussionUsing the example of a farm in transition, we show that it is the combination researcher's stance and allows for a renewed dialogue between research and farmers in the field.

Storing energy efficiently is one of the main factors of a more sustainable world. The battey management system in energy storage plays an extremely important role in ensuring these systems’ efficiency, safety, and performance. This battery management system is capable of estimating the battery states, which are used to give better efficiency, a long life cycle, and safety. However, these states cannot be measured directly and must be estimated indirectly using battery models. Therefore, accurate battery models are essential for battery management systems implementation. One of these models is the nonlinear grey box model, which is easy to implement in embedded systems and has good accuracy when used with a good parameter identification method. Regarding the parameter identification methods, the nonlinear least square optimization is the most used method. However, to have accurate results, it is necessary to define the system’s initial states, which is not an easy task. This paper presents a two-outputs nonlinear grey box battery model. The first output is the battery voltage, and the second output is the battery state of charge. The second output was added to improve the system’s initial states identification and consequently improve the identified parameter accuracy. The model was estimated with the best experiment design, which was defined considering a comparison between seven different experiment designs regarding the fit to validation data, the parameter standard deviation, and the output variance. This paper also presents a method for defining a weight between the outputs, considering a greater weight in the output with greater model confidence. With this approach, it was possible to reach a value 1000 times smaller in the parameter standard deviation with a non-biased and little model prediction error when compared to the commonly used one-output nonlinear grey box model.

L'authentification des pratiques d'élevage par des analyses rapides du lait et/ou du fromage est une préoccupation de nombreuses filières laitières depuis plusieurs années. Les techniques de spectroscopie dans le visible (VIS) et l’infrarouge (IR) ont été proposées comme outils d’authentification prometteurs en raison de leur rapidité et de leur faible coût qui permettent une application en routine. L’objectif de cette synthèse est de faire un point sur les connaissances concernant l’authentification de l’alimentation des vaches laitières en utilisant la spectroscopie (dans le VIS, le proche IR (SPIR) et le moyen IR (MIR)) sur le lait et le fromage. La spectroscopie IR permet de discriminer des laits ou des fromages issus de régimes contrastés avec une précision fréquemment supérieure à 90 %. Appliquée au lait, la SPIR seule présente des précisions légèrement inférieures à celles de la MIR lorsqu’elle ne tient pas compte du spectre VIS. La précision de la spectroscopie IR est largement réduite lorsqu’elle est utilisée pour discriminer des rations peu contrastées. Pour faire face à cette limite, des avancées récentes proposent d’utiliser la MIR sur le lait pour prédire des indicateurs de la proportion des différents aliments dans la ration des vaches. Des résultats prometteurs ont été obtenus, notamment pour prédire la proportion d’herbe pâturée dans la ration. Un exemple d’utilisation de la MIR pour authentifier, à l’échelle d’un territoire, la composition de la ration des troupeaux laitiers est fourni et les atouts et les faiblesses de cette application sont analysés.

In the mountains, autochthonous and robust breeds are often used to valorize biodiverse grasslands. Along with their lower nutrient requirements, compared to specialized dairy breeds, they are expected to be better adapted to complex environments and valorize grasslands into dairy products of high quality. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the grazing selection of three contrasting dairy breeds on a biodiverse mountain pasture, and its consequences on milk fatty acid (FA) profile and prevalence of individual terpenes. A dual-purpose breed from the Italian Alps, the Valdostana Red Pied (Va), was compared to Montbéliardes (Mo), more specialized in milk production, and the highly specialized Holsteins (Ho). Diet selection was measured by scan-sampling, calculating selectivity indexes, and collecting simulated bites during two consecutive days in June (end of first grazing cycle) and July (second grazing cycle). Milk samples were collected at each milking during these experimental periods. Yield of milk and its fat and protein contents were measured. Milk FA and terpenes were analyzed by gas chromatographic methods. We tested the effects of breed, period and their interaction in a repeated mixed model, and calculated Pearson's correlations between behavioral data and milk FA as well as terpenes. The Va grazed less mature vegetation than Ho, but this difference was not sufficient to lead to a major breed effect on milk FA profile and prevalence of terpenes. However, the proportion of α-linolenic acid (C18:3 n-3) was always higher in the milk fat of Va than Ho (Mo were intermediary), but this without any correlation to grazing selection. This could be a consequence from a different metabolism concerning ruminal biohydrogenation, but must be further investigated. Finally, we confirmed previous studies that highlighted a link between milk quality and cows' grazing behavior, but here without differences among breeds. All cows adapted their behavior to the herbage evolution during the season, leading to higher proportions of unsaturated FA in July than June milks. Our study suggests that under mountain grazing conditions (biodiverse pasture and cows in late lactation), milk quality depends more on herbage composition than on cow breed.

Rearing dairy calves with their mothers could teach them how to graze, optimizing grass use, and improving their welfare and performance. We tested the short-term effects of dam-calf contact experience on grazing and social behavior of weaned calves, monitored over seven days for their first post-weaning grazing experience. “Dam” (D) calves were reared and grazed with their mothers until weaning. “Mixed” calves (M) were separated from their mothers after 4 ± 0.5 weeks, they experienced dam-calf contact, but not grazing. “Standard” (S) calves had never experienced either dam-calf contact (separated at birth) or grazing. Each group grazed an equivalent pasture plot offering heterogeneous herbage. Scan sampling of calves' activities was performed every 5 min, 6 h per day, on Days 0, 1, 2, 3, and 7. Daily, the time when calves started grazing after introduction to pasture, and the number and duration of their grazing cycles were measured. Daily activities were differentiated into ingestion, rumination, and idling. The proportion of time that calves spent grouped with other individuals or isolated, and standing or lying were recorded. When grazing, their bites were characterized by botanical family group, height of the selected bite and vegetation status. Individual average daily gains from the 2-week periods before and after grazing were calculated, and were equivalent between groups (313 ± 71 g/d). On Day 0, D-calves started grazing immediately (1 ± 4.1 min), unlike M- and S-calves (39 ± 4.1 and 23 ± 4.1 min), and D-calves grazed patches of dry grass 21.7 times less than M-calves and 16.9 times less than S-calves. Dry herbage patch preference and grazing start time differences disappeared on Day 1. Calves spent the same time ingesting and idling, but M-calves spent on average 1.6 times less ruminating than D- or S-calves. The D-calves showed grazing behavior similar to that of adult cows, selecting grasses throughout pasture utilization, although legumes and forbs were present in the grazed layer. On the contrary, M- and S-calves did not express any specific preference. The S-calves spent more time isolated but had more positive reciprocal interactions than the calves in the other groups.

Batteries have been the predominant energy storage system used in electric vehicles. Battery packs have a large number of cells that develop charge, thermal, and capacity imbalances over time, limiting the power, range, and lifetime. Electronic battery management and state of charge (SoC) equalization methods are necessary to mitigate such imbalances. Today, it is possible to find a wide range of battery equalization methods in the literature, but how to decide which of these methods should be applied in practice? This paper compares 24 SoC equalization circuits that are typically found in automotive applications. We employ an analytic hierarchy process (AHP) approach to rank these equalization circuits according to multiple decision criteria (energy efficiency, equalization speed, implementation and control simplicity, hardware size, and total price). We also prepared a survey to collect design preferences from multiple battery balancing experts from around the world in order to better understand the relative importance of different criteria. The obtained results confirm that automotive engineers continue to favor passive balancing methods because of their low price, small PCB size, and implementation simplicity—despite the energy efficiency benefits of active balancing.

A previous study identified differences in rind aspects between Cantal-type cheeses manufactured from the same skimmed milk, supplemented with cream derived either from pasture-raised cows (P) or from cows fed with maize silage (M). Using an integrated analysis of multiomic data, the present study aimed at investigating potential correlations between cream origin and metagenomic, lipidomic and volatolomic profiles of these Cantal cheeses. Fungal and bacterial communities of cheese cores and rinds were characterized using DNA metabarcoding at different ripening times. Lipidome and volatolome were obtained from the previous study at the end of ripening. Rind microbial communities, especially fungal communities, were influenced by cream origin. Among bacteria, Brachybacterium were more abundant in P-derived cheeses than in M-derived cheeses after 90 and 150 days of ripening. Sporendonema casei, a yeast added as a ripening starter during Cantal manufacture, which contributes to rind typical aspect, had a lower relative abundance in P-derived cheeses after 150 days of ripening. Relative abundance of this fungus was highly negatively correlated with concentrations of C18 polyunsaturated fatty acids and to concentrations of particular volatile organic compounds, including 1-pentanol and 3-methyl-2-pentanol. Overall, these results evidenced original interactions between milk fat composition and the development of fungal communities in cheeses.

A Spark ignition (SI) engine is a complex, multi-domain component of the vehicle powertrain system. The engine control module (ECM) for an SI engine must achieve both high performance and good fuel efficiency. In this paper, we present a model-based development methodology for an open architecture ECM, addressing the entire development lifecycle including a control algorithm design, parameter calibration, hardware/software implementation, and verification/validation of the final system, both with bench tests on a dynamometer and in a real vehicle on the road. The ECM is able to achieve similar performance as the original proprietary ECM provided by the original equipment manufacturer. Its flexible and modular design enables easy extensibility with new control algorithms, and development of new engine types.

Non-circulating, tissue-resident T cells have been reported for non-lymphoid organs, but their characterization and regulation in secondary lymphoid organs (SLO) are still lacking. Here the authors show that age and microbiota both exert SLO-specific effects for the various tissue-resident T cell subsets.

Electric forklifts are extremely important for the world’s logistics and industry. Lead acid batteries are the most common energy storage system for electric forklifts; however, to ensure more energy efficiency and less environmental pollution, they are starting to use lithium batteries. All lithium batteries need a battery management system (BMS) for safety, long life cycle and better efficiency. This system is capable to estimate the battery state of charge, state of health and state of function, but those cannot be measured directly and must be estimated indirectly using battery models. Consequently, accurate battery models are essential for implementation of advance BMS and enhance its accuracy. This work presents a comparison between four different models, four different types of optimizers algorithms and seven different experiment designs. The purpose is defining the best model, with the best optimizer, and the best experiment design for battery parameter estimation. This best model is intended for a state of charge estimation on a battery applied on an electric forklift. The nonlinear grey box model with the nonlinear least square method presented a better result for this purpose. This model was estimated with the best experiment design which was defined considering the fit to validation data, the parameter standard deviation and the output variance. With this approach, it was possible to reach more than 80% of fit in different validation data, a non-biased and little prediction error and a good one-step ahead result.

Dans un contexte économique instable et difficile, les choix tels que la race utilisée dans les exploitations bovines laitières peuvent être remis en cause. Cet article présente au travers de deux études, l’analyse des différences phénotypiques de vaches de race Montbéliarde (Mo) et Holstein (Ho) et leur intégration au sein d’un modèle bioéconomique. Placées dans des conditions d’élevage équivalentes, les vaches de race Mo produisent environ 12% de lait en moins que celles de race Ho, avec des taux butyreux et protéique supérieurs. L’âge au vêlage est en moyenne inférieur de trois mois chez les vaches Ho, mais leurs performances de reproduction et de santé sont moins bonnes, aboutissant à un intervalle entre vêlages supérieur de 25 jours à celui de la race Mo et une fréquence de mammites plus élevée. Réalisés en excluant les systèmes sous appellation d’origine ou indication géographique contrôlée et en Agriculture Biologique, ces travaux permettent de préciser les différences de réponses à système fourrager équivalent. Les simulations économiques quantifient les conséquences des choix raciaux à l’échelle de l’exploitation dans deux scénarios : i) à même nombre de vaches et ii) à même volume de lait vendu. Ces scénarios sont appliqués à trois cas types conventionnels spécialisés dans la production laitière, mais avec des systèmes fourragers et des niveaux de production laitière contrastés (ensilage de maïs en Bretagne, maïs-herbe en Pays-de- -Loire et tout foin en Auvergne). Sur le plan économique, les simulations où les troupeaux des deux races vendent le même volume de lait montrent que la race Mo est plus rentable quel que soit le système d’élevage (+8 à +23% de résultat courant). Dans la deuxième situation, à nombre de vaches équivalent, les résultats économiques des deux races sont très proches. D’un côté, les besoins alimentaires du troupeau Ho sont supérieurs en conséquence du taux de renouvellement et du niveau d’ingestion des animaux plus élevés. De l’autre, malgré une productivité inférieure, la qualité du lait et la meilleure valorisation des carcasses de la race Mo génère plus de produits. Au final, le troupeau de race Mo permet de dégager entre 1000 et 2900 € de résultat courant supplémentaire par unité de travail homme et par an selon les situations.

The objective of this work is to compare the ability of three spectroscopy techniques: molecular fluorescence, near-infrared (NIR), and mid-infrared with attenuated total reflectance (MIR-ATR) spectroscopy to predict the concentrations of 8 carotenoids, 6 vitamins and 22 fatty acids (FA) in cow’s milk. A dataset was built through the analysis of 242 frozen milk samples from different experiments. The milk compounds were analysed using reference methods and by NIR, MIR-ATR, and fluorescence to establish different predictive models. NIR spectroscopy allowed for better prediction of cis9-β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin and the sum of carotenoids than the other techniques, with a coefficient of cross-validation in calibration (R2CV) > 0.60 and a coefficient of determination in validation (R2V) > 0.50. Their standard errors of prediction (SEP) were equal to 0.01, except for the sum of carotenoids (SEP = 0.15). However, MIR-ATR and fluorescence seem usable for the prediction of lutein and all-trans-β-carotene, respectively. These three spectroscopy methods did not allow us to predict (R2CV < 0.30) vitamin contents except, for vitamin A (the best R²CV = 0.65 with NIR and SEP = 0.15) and α-tocopherol (the best R²CV = 0.56 with MIR-ATR and SEP = 0.41), but all R²V were

Continuous contact with self-major histocompatibility complex ligands is essential for the survival of naive CD4 T cells. We have previously shown that the resulting tonic TCR signaling also influences their fate upon activation by increasing their ability to differentiate into induced/peripheral regulatory T cells. To decipher the molecular mechanisms governing this process, we here focus on the TCR signaling cascade and demonstrate that a rise in intracellular calcium levels is sufficient to modulate the phenotype of mouse naive CD4 T cells and to increase their sensitivity to regulatory T-cell polarization signals, both processes relying on calcineurin activation. Accordingly, in vivo calcineurin inhibition leads the most self-reactive naive CD4 T cells to adopt the phenotype of their less self-reactive cell-counterparts. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that calcium-mediated activation of the calcineurin pathway acts as a rheostat to shape both the phenotype and effector potential of naive CD4 T cells in the steady-state.

Causal graph dynamics are transformations over graphs that capture two important symmetries of physics, namely causality and homogeneity. They can be equivalently defined as continuous and translation invariant transformations or functions induced by a local rule applied simultaneously on every vertex of the graph. Intrinsic universality is the ability of an instance of a model to simulate every other instance of the model while preserving the structure of the computation at every step of the simulation. In this work we present the construction of a family of intrinsically universal instances of causal graphs dynamics, each instance being able to simulate a subset of instances.

This review summarises the effects of nutritional factors on fat content, different isomers of trans18:1 and conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) in milk fat from dairy cows and goats. Main dietary factors taken into account are the nature of for- ages and pasture, and supplementation with oil seeds, vegetable or marine oils. The effects of interactions between the nature of forages and lipid supplements in cows or goats are reviewed with particular attention. Lipid supplements could highly increase mean trans-vaccenic acid (TVA) and cis-9, trans-11 CLA content in ruminant milk fat, and interact with the quantity of concentrate in the diet or the type of preserved forage. Vegetable or fish oil supplementation increased milk cis-9, trans-11 CLA up to 4% (in total milk fatty acids (FA)). The content of copper or vitamin E in the diet could modify the milk percentage of TVA and cis-9, trans-11 CLA. Other isomers of trans-18:1 (e.g. trans-10) and CLA (e. g. cis-11, trans-13 or trans-11, trans-13 or trans-7, cis-9 or cis-9, cis-11 CLA) may be manipulated by diet composition. However, further studies are needed to establish their responses to different feeding strategies. The trans-10, cis-12 CLA in percentage in milk fat was always lower than 0.15% of total FA. The proportions of different trans-18:1 isomers in milk fat are similar in caprine and bovine species. Recent studies showed that the CLA content of goat milk fat was sim- ilar to values (0.4 - 0.9% and up to 4% for winter and lipid-supplemented diets, respectively) observed in the cow.

Research has recently focused on pasture species intake by ruminants due to their influence on animal product quality. A field-applicable method which investigates species intake and selection, was tested on two dairy cow grazing systems: continuous grazing on a highly-biodiverse pasture (C) and rotational grazing on a moderately-diverse sward (R). In addition to the grazed class method, which evaluates the percentage of grazed dry matter (DM) per species according to the residual height of the plant grazed, further measurements were introduced to quantify DM consumption and selection index per species. Six and four representative species were studied in the C and R systems respectively. We found an exponential regression between the presence of a species and its contribution to the cattle’s daily intake (P

Dementia is becoming increasingly prevalent in Latin America, contrasting with stable or declining rates in North America and Europe. This scenario places unprecedented clinical, social, and economic burden upon patients, families, and health systems. The challenges prove particularly pressing for conditions with highly specific diagnostic and management demands, such as frontotemporal dementia. Here we introduce a research and networking initiative designed to tackle these ensuing hurdles, the Multi-partner consortium to expand dementia research in Latin America (ReDLat). First, we present ReDLat's regional research framework, aimed at identifying the unique genetic, social, and economic factors driving the presentation of frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease in Latin America relative to the US. We describe ongoing ReDLat studies in various fields and ongoing research extensions. Then, we introduce actions coordinated by ReDLat and the Latin America and Caribbean Consortium on Dementia (LAC-CD) to develop culturally appropriate diagnostic tools, regional visibility and capacity building, diplomatic coordination in local priority areas, and a knowledge-to-action framework toward a regional action plan. Together, these research and networking initiatives will help to establish strong cross-national bonds, support the implementation of regional dementia plans, enhance health systems' infrastructure, and increase translational research collaborations across the continent.

The methodology presented in this work allows for the creation of a real-time adjustment of Kalman Filter process noise for lithium battery state-of-charge estimation. This work innovates by creating a methodology for adjusting the process ( Q ) and measurement ( R ) Kalman Filter noise matrices in real-time. The filter algorithm with this adaptative mechanism achieved an average accuracy of 99.56% in real tests by comparing the estimated battery voltage and measured battery voltage. A cell-balancing strategy was also implemented, capable of guaranteeing the safety and efficiency of the battery pack in all conducted tests. This work presents all the methods, equations, and simulations necessary for the development of a battery management system and applies the system in a practical, real environment. The battery management system hardware and firmware were developed, evaluated, and validated on a battery pack with eight LiFePO4 cells, achieving excellent performance on all conducted tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To evaluate the influence of preflaring using LA Axxess and ProTaper Shaping files on the accuracy of Root ZX mini, Mini Apex Locator, and Propex II electronic apex locators (EALs). Methods: Thirty mandibular incisors were accessed, and their root canal length (RCL) was determined with the aid of a stereomicroscope. Then, the specimens were randomly assigned into two groups according to the preflaring instrument: G1- LA Axxess; G2- ProTaper Shaping files. The root canal length was determined in the alginate model by EALs before and after preflaring. Data were classified as accurate (≤ 0.5 mm) or inaccurate (> 0.5 mm or beyond the root canal length). McNemar's test was used to detect differences in the EALs’ accuracy before and after preflaring, and Cochran’s Q test was applied to detect differences in accuracy between the EALs. Results: McNemar's test identified differences in precision in the Propex II and Mini Apex Locator, with significantly increased accuracy after preflaring with ProTaper files. Cochrans’ Q test showed no differences between EALs’ accuracy (p>.05). Conclusions: Preflaring procedures increased accurate measurements for all the EALs, with statistical differences for Propex II and Mini Apex Locator when ProTaper instruments were used. All EALs showed similar accuracy.