Search

It is not known whether the current territorial organization for acute revascularization treatments in ischemic stroke patients guarantees similar time to treatment and functional outcomes among different levels of institutional stroke care. We aimed to assess the impact of time to treatment on functional outcomes in ischemic stroke patients who received intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) alone, bridging (IVT plus thrombectomy), or primary thrombectomy in level 1 and level 2 Stroke Units (SUs) in Triveneto, a geographical macroarea in Northeast of Italy. We conducted an analysis of data prospectively collected from 512 consecutive ischemic stroke patients who received IVT and/or mechanical thrombectomy in 25 SUs from September 17th to December 9th 2018. The favorable outcome measures were mRS score 0–1 and 0–2 at 3months. The unfavorable outcome measures were mRS score 3–5 and death at 3months. We estimated separately the possible association of each variable for time to treatment (onset-to-door, door-to-needle, onset-to-needle, door-to-groin puncture, needle-to-groin puncture, and onset-to-groin puncture) with 3-month outcome measures by calculating the odds ratios (ORs) with two-sided 95% confidence intervals (CI) after adjustment for pre-defined variables and variables with a probability value ≤ 0.10 in the univariate analysis for each outcome measure. Distribution of acute revascularization treatments was different between level 1 and level 2 SUs (p < 0.001). Among 182 patients admitted to level 1 SUs (n = 16), treatments were IVT alone in 164 (90.1%), bridging in 12 (6.6%), and primary thrombectomy in 6 (3.3%) patients. Among 330 patients admitted to level 2 SUs (n = 9), treatments were IVT alone in 219 (66.4%), bridging in 74 (22.4%), and primary thrombectomy in 37 (11.2%) patients. Rates of excellent outcome (51.4% vs 45.9%), favorable outcome (60.1% vs 58.7%), unfavorable outcome (33.3% vs 33.8%), and death (9.8% vs 11.3%) at 3months were similar between level 1 and 2 SUs. No significant association was found between time to IVT alone (onset-to-door, door-to-needle, and onset-to-needle) and functional outcomes. After adjustment, door-to-needle time ≤ 60min (OR 4.005, 95% CI 1.232–13.016), shorter door-to-groin time (OR 0.991, 95% CI 0.983–0.999), shorter needle-to-groin time (OR 0.986, 95% CI 0.975–0.997), and shorter onset-to-groin time (OR 0.994, 95% CI 0.988–1.000) were associated with mRS 0–1. Shorter door-to-groin time (OR 0.991, 95% CI 0.984–0.998), door-to-groin time ≤ 90min (OR 12.146, 95% CI 2.193–67.280), shorter needle-to-groin time (OR 0.983, 95% CI 0.972–0.995), and shorter onset-to-groin time (OR 0.993, 95% CI 0.987–0.999) were associated with mRS 0–2. Longer door-to-groin time (OR 1.007, 95% CI 1.001–1.014) and longer needle-to-groin time (OR 1.019, 95% CI 1.005–1.034) were associated with mRS 3–5, while door-to-groin time ≤ 90min (OR 0.229, 95% CI 0.065–0.808) was inversely associated with mRS 3–5. Longer onset-to-needle time (OR 1.025, 95% CI 1.002–1.048) was associated with death. Times to treatment influenced the 3-month outcomes in patients treated with thrombectomy (bridging or primary). A revision of the current territorial organization for acute stroke treatments in Triveneto is needed to reduce transfer time and to increase the proportion of patients transferred from a level 1 SU to a level 2 SU to perform thrombectomy.

This essay aims to recover the thoughts and contributions of Professor at the New School Lourenco Filho in the historical trajectory of literacy in Brazil, trying to understand how the author thought it still marks quite convincing some current conceptions of literacy. The reason for choosing to study and discuss Lourenco Filho took for his immense contribution in research on school psychology, studies on the teaching of reading and writing and for being a great promoter of Brazilian popular education. However, for this text, we will limit his most important work and a great influence on basic education in Brazil. These works will be an essay and two booklets, which are emblematic and representative of the author's thinking about the teaching of reading and writing. The choice for them occurred because these productions predominated for more than half a century in the educational scenario of the country. http://dx.doi.org/10.14572/nuances.v25i3.3084

A semiquantitative evaluation of regional cerebral blood flow was performed by means of single photon emission computed tomography and 99mTc-hexa-methylpropyleneamine oxime in 25 neurologically asymptomatic patients with essential hypertension and in 10 normotensive controls. Mean flow velocities and pulsatility indexes of intracranial arteries and the vasomotor reactivity of the middle cerebral artery after hyperventilation were assessed by means of transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD). The pattern of cerebral perfusion in hypertensive patients was similar to that of normotensive controls. However, the semiquantitative examination of the CBF flow maps revealed significantly different frontal, temporal and occipital asymmetry indexes in hypertensive patients, as an expression of disturbed perfusion. TCD did not reveal any significant difference in flow velocities between hypertensives and normotensive controls. In 10 randomly selected hypertensive patients the study was repeated after a 4-week oral treatment with the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor enalapril. Blood pressure fell significantly without any decrease in cerebral perfusion. The basal asymmetry index was also unaffected, confirming the absence of any steal effect. Thus, there are indications that focal hypoperfusion is a frequent finding among neurologically normal essential hypertensives and that the ACE inhibitor enalapril does not negatively affect cerebral blood flow in the asymptomatic essential hypertensive patients.