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International audience; Environmental noise is a major pollutant in contemporary cities and calls for the ac-10 tive monitoring of noise levels to spot the locations where it most affects the people's health and well-being. However, due to the complex relationship between environmental noise and its perception by the citizens, it is not sufficient to quantitatively measure environmental noise. We need to collect and aggregate contextualized-both quantitative and qualitative-data about the urban environmental noise so as to be 15 able to study the objective and subjective relationships between sound and living beings. This complex knowledge is a prerequisite for making efficient territorial public policies for soundscapes that are inclined towards living beings welfare. In this paper, we investigate how Mobile Phone Sensing (MPS)-aka crowdsensing-enables the gathering of such knowledge, provided the implementation of sensing protocols 20 that are customized according to the context of use and the intended exploitation of the data. Through three case studies that we carried out in France and Finland, we show that MPS is not solely a tool that contributes to sensitizing citizens and decision-makers about noise pollution; it also contributes to increasing our knowledge about the impact of the environmental noise on people's health and well-being 25 in relation to its physical and subjective perception.

International audience; Mobile Phone Sensing offers a great opportunity toward the large scale monitoring of urban phenomena, such as the exposure of the population to environmental noise. Our research aims to make available a supporting mobile application together with the associated platform for the analysis of the contributed observations. The technological issues arising have been partly solved but a gap remains between the need for the massive collection of relevant data, and the quantity and accuracy of the measurements that are actually gathered. This paper presents our iterative research process to tackle this challenge, which combines technological innovation and social design. The presented research results contribute to a better understanding of why and how people use mobile phone sensing applications; the results also inform how to best leverage mobile crowd-sensing in the development of smart cities and how it may serve addressing urban challenges related to, e.g., public health or urban planning.; Le recueil de données via les smartphones ouvre des perspectives importantes pour le suivi à grande échelle de phénomènes urbains, dont l'exposition de la population au bruit. Notre recherche vise à rendre disponible une application pour smartphone et sa plateforme associée, pour l'analyse et la gestion des observations recueillies. Si les défis technologiques ont en partie été levés, un écart significatif persiste entre, d'une part la nécessité d'un recueil massif de données significatives et, d'autre part la quantité et la précision des données de mesure actuellement produites et récoltées. Cet article présente notre processus de recherche itératif qui, afin de relever ces défis, combine innovations technologiques et design social. Les résultats présentés ici contribuent à une meilleure compréhension des raisons et conditions dans lesquelles le public utilise des applications mobiles de recueil de données; les résultats nous informent également sur les possibilités d'amélioration du crowd-sensing via smartphones pour le développement de projets de villes intelligentes et pour la santé publique et l'aménagement urbain.

In order to contribute to the inventory of genomic areas involved in maize cell wall lignification and degradability, QTL analyses were investigated in a RIL progeny between an old Minnesota13 dent line (WM13) and a modern Iodent line (RIo). Significant variation for agronomic- and cell wall-related traits was observed for the RIL per se (plants without ears) and topcross (whole plants) experiments after crossing with both old (Ia153) and modern tester (RFl) lines. Three QTLs for stover (plant without ear) yield were observed in per se experiments, with alleles increasing yield originating from RIo in two genomic locations with the highest effects. However, no QTL for whole plant yield was detected in topcross experiments, despite the fact that two QTLs for starch content were shown with increasing alleles originating from the modern RIo line. Fifteen lignin QTLs were shown, including a QTL for Klason lignins in per se experiments, located in bin 2.04, which explained 43 % of the observed genetic variation. Thirteen QTLs for p-hydroxycinnamic acid contents and nine QTLs related to the monomeric composition of lignin were shown in per se experiments, with syringaldehyde and diferulate QTLs explaining nearly 25 % of trait variations. Nine and seven QTLs for cell wall digestibility were mapped in per se and topcross experiments, respectively. Five of the per se QTLs explained more than 15 % of the variation, up to nearly 25 %. QTL positions in bins 2.06, 5.04, 5.08 and 8.02 for ADL/NDF, IVNDFD, lignin structure and/or p-hydroxycinnamic acid contents have not been previously shown and were thus first identified in the RIo × WM13 progeny. Based on QTL colocalizations, differences in cell wall degradability between RIo and WM13 were less often related to acid detergent lignin (ADL) content than in previous RIL investigations. QTL colocalizations then highlighted the probable importance of ferulate cross linkages in variation for cell wall digestibility. No colocalizations of QTL for cell wall phenolic-related traits were shown with genes involved in monolignol biosynthesis or polymerization. In contrast, colocalizations were most often shown with MYB and NAC transcription factors, including orthologs of master genes involved in Arabidopsis secondary wall assembly. QTL colocalizations also strengthened the probable involvement of members of the CoA-dependent acyltransferase PF02458 family in the feruloylation of arabinoxylan chains.

With the development of complex wells, extended reach wells and deep wells (for deeply buried reservoirs production), drillstring elements are subject to several kinds of cyclic stresses. Eventhough such stresses are often below the material endurance threshold, the induced fatigue accumulation over time may generate the failure of drillpipes while drilling. Harsh drilling conditions would ideally require an advanced follow-up of the fatigue of each element of the drillstring. Tracking the mechanical and dynamic history of each drillstring element all over its life -from one site to another- is a challenge. To reach this objective, the team project regrouping experts from IFP, Cybernextix, Vam Drilling and Pride International has developed a new way to monitor the fatigue of each element of the drillstring. The proposed method is based on a RFID (Radio frequency identification) chip (called tag) used in association with a modeling approach to accurately estimate the fatigue damage. Pertinent parameters are estimated by modeling, based the operational context, and are written afterwards on the referenced element tag associated with each element of the drillstring. Reading of the identification number and the updating of the memory with new information about fatigue duration, etc., are automatically performed while the drillstring element goes through the rotary table upwards. This new system and its first rig tests are discussed in this paper.

Colloquium organized by the Mission Informatique of the Ministry of Industry, at the request of President Valery Giscard d'Estaing, entitled Colloque International Informatique et Societe, Paris, France, 24–28 September 1979