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Aim To evaluate physicochemical properties and semi-quantitative elemental analysis of AH Plus Jet with samples from the beginning, middle and final portions of the automix syringe system. Methodology Three experimental groups based on the source of the material used (beginning, middle and final portion) were established for each of the evaluated properties. Setting time, flow and radiopacity were evaluate following ANSI/ADA n. 57 specification. Set specimens was used in the semi-quantitative elemental analysis in an energy-dispersive X ray spectroscopy and scanning-electron microscopy (EDS/SEM). Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey test (P0.05). Radiopacity test showed significant differences in the beginning of the syringe comparing to the middle and final portions (P

Dor é uma experiência sensitiva e emocional desagradável associada, ou semelhante àquela associada, a uma lesão tecidual real ou potencial. A sintomatologia dolorosa é uma das principais queixas relatadas pelos pacientes que procuram os serviços odontológicos. A conduta exigida para tratar cada caso está relacionada com a origem e a característica da dor, sendo necessário o conhecimento do profissional para restabelecer a qualidade de vida do indivíduo. Assim, neste livro objetivou-se esclarecer as diferentes e principais formas de dor que podem ocorrer na prática odontológica, bem como o manejo terapêutico.

Aim Lyophilized demineralized dentin matrix (LDDM) consists of a type 1 collagen complex matrix containing growth factors and no mineral crystals. Although the efficacy of LDDM for bone grafting is well known, there is limited evidence on the biological response to human lyophilized DDM. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the biological response of subcutaneous tissues in rats to powdered LDDM, mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), and Biodentine implanted using polyethylene tubes. Methods Forty Wistar rats were divided into four groups (n = 10 each) depending on the experimental time intervals and were placed in polyethylene tubes containing LDDM, MTA, biodentine, and one empty control. After 3, 7, 15, and 30 observation days, the animals were sacrificed and quantitative and qualitative analysis of the subcutaneous tissue samples was carried out. The intensity of the inflammatory response was scored from 0 (no response) to 3 (severe response), and the data were statistically analyzed using ANOVA and Bonferroni tests (p Results All groups exhibited moderate inflammation after 3 and 7 days of observation, with presence of inflammatory infiltrate predominantly consisting of macrophages and angioblastic proliferation being observed. After 15 observation days, the control group exhibited mild inflammation and a predominance of fibroblasts, and this differed significantly from the remaining cement groups that exhibited moderate inflammation. After 30 days of observation, all groups exhibited a mild inflammatory response, predominance of fibroblasts, and a greater amount of collagen fibers. Conclusion Within the limitations of this study, it can be concluded that LDDM exhibited an acceptable biological response similar to MTA and Biodentine in the subcutaneous tissues of rats.

Avaliar o efeito da ativação ultrassônica e do veículo do MTA no pH dentinário em dentes com reab- sorção radicular externa simulada. Métodos: Uma ca- vidade foi preparada na superfície radicular de 46 dentes bovinos, as quais foram seladas com MTA preparado com 100% de água destilada (DW) ou com 80% DW e 20% de propilenoglicol (PG). Os dentes foram divididos em qua- tro grupos (n = 10), de acordo com o veículo e o proto- colo de ativação ultrassônica utilizado durante a inserção do material (ativação ou sem ativação). O grupo controle (n = 6) foi deixado sem selamento. O pH foi mensurado após 15, 30 e 60 dias de imersão. Resultados: A ativa- ção com ultrassom não alterou significativamente o pH (p>0,05). Os cimentos manipulados utilizando DW + PG apresentaram maior pH aos 15 dias, em relação ao MTA manipulado com DW (p

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the pH, solubility and antimicrobial action of Calcium Hydroxide Paste (CH), Double Antibiotic Paste (metronidazole+ciprofloxacin-DAP), calcium hydroxide added to DAP (CH/DAP) and Triple Antibiotic Paste (metronidazole + ciprofloxacin+minocycline-TAP). pH (n=10) were measured by pHmeter. Root canals of acrylic teeth (n=10) were filled with the above-mentioned intracanal-dressings, immersed in ultrapure water, and solubility was measured by the difference between the initial and final volume (7,15 and 30 days) by using micro-computed tomography. Enterococcus faecalis biofilm was induced on bovine dentin disc surfaces (n=20), and treated with the pastes for 7 days. Percentage bacterial viability was verified by confocal microscope, with LIVE/DEAD dye. CH and CH/DAP presented the highest pH values. Regarding solubility, after 7 days, antibiotic groups presented significant volume loss. CH and CH/DAP showed no statistical difference compared with the Control in antimicrobial action against E. faecalis biofilm. However, TAP and DAP presented a significant percentage reduction in bacterial population. Due to high solubility of the pastes, renewing antibiotic dressings every 7 days, or using the medications for this period in regeneration protocols is recommended. DAP is indicated for killing E. faecalis in biofilm because it has antimicrobial action similar to TAP. Adding Calcium Hydroxide to DAP significantly decreased its antimicrobial action. In spite of its the low solubility and high pH values, the CH paste showed a low level of antimicrobial action against E. faecalis in biofilm. Resumo A proposição deste estudo foi avaliar o pH, solubilidade e ação antimicrobiana da pasta de Hidróxido de Cálcio (HC), Pasta Diantibiótica (metronidazol+ciprofloxacina-DAP), Hidróxido de Cálcio adicionado a DAP (HC/DAP) e pasta Triantibiótica (metronidazol + ciprofloxacina + miociclina - TAP). a medição do pH e liberação de íons cálcio (n=10) foram avaliadas através de peagômetro e espectofotômetro de absorção atômica. Canais de dentes de acrílico (n=10) foram preenchidos com as medicações de canal mencionadas, imersos em água ultrapura e a solubilidade foi aferida pela diferença entre o volume inicial e final (7,15 e 30 dias) usando micro tomografia computadorizada. O biofilme de Enterococcus faecalis foi induzido em blocos de dentina bovina (n=20) e tratados com as pastas em questão por 7 dias. A porcentagem de bactérias vivas foi verificada usando o microscópio confocal com corante LIVE/DEAD. HC e HC/DAP apresentaram os maiores valores de pH e liberação de íons cálcio. A respeito da solubilidade, depois de 7 dias, os grupos com pastas antibióticas apresentaram perda de volume significante. HC e HC/DAP não tiveram diferenças estatísticas com o grupo controle na ação antimicrobiana contra biofilme. No entanto, a TAP e a DAP mostraram porcentagem significante de redução bacteriana. Conclusões: Devido à alta solubilidade das pastas, renovar as medicações antibióticas a cada 7 dias ou usa-las por esse período em protocolos regenerativos é recomendado. DAP é indicada para matar E. faecalis na forma de biofilme porque tem ação antimicrobiana similar a TAP. A adição do CH à DAP reduz significantemente sua ação antimicrobiana. Apesar da baixa solubilidade e altos valores de pH, a pasta de CH apresenta baixa ação antimicrobiana contra E. faecalis em biofilme.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T17:18:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2018-03-10 Objectives: To evaluate the shaping ability and cleaning after oval root canal preparation using one or more instruments in reciprocating or rotary motion. Materials and methods: Oval-shaped mandibular incisors were selected, based on the radiographic diameter (2 ≤ diameter ratio ≤ 4), and assigned according to root canal preparation (n = 18): single-file (Reciproc R40); two reciprocating files (Unicone size 20 and 40, .06 taper) or Mtwo rotary files until a size 40, .06 taper instrument. Root canal preparations were performed using an open root canal model. Scanning was performed before and after preparation using SkyScan 1176 with a voxel size of 17.42 μm. Volume, percentage of debris, and percentage of uninstrumented surface were analyzed in the entire root canal and in each root canal third. Data were compared using ANOVA and Tukey or Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests (α = 5%). Results: The initial volume were similar among the groups (p > .05). Unicone preparation was associated with higher debris, increase in root canal volume and uninstrumented surface in entire root canal and in the middle third (P < .05). Mtwo was associated with lower uninstrumented surface in the entire root canal and in the cervical third. The apical third were similar for the three preparations. Conclusions: Unicone system using two instruments in reciprocating motion resulted in higher increase in volume. However, less remaining debris was observed when Reciproc single-file and Mtwo rotary systems were used. Clinical relevance: A preparation that volumetrically increases the root canal is not necessarily associated with better cleaning. Shaping and hard-tissue debris removal depends on root canal anatomy, kinematics, number of instruments, and instrument design. Department of Restorative Dentistry Araraquara Dental School UNESP – Univ Estadual Paulista Department of Restorative Dentistry Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba Department of Restorative Dentistry Endodontics and Dental Materials School of Dentistry of Bauru University of São Paulo Bauru Department of Restorative Dentistry Araraquara Dental School UNESP – Univ Estadual Paulista

The radix entomolaris is an anatomical variation characterized by the presence of an additional root located in the distal-lingual region of mandibular molars. An accurate diagnosis is necessary to plan and institute effective endodontic therapy for teeth with this condition. The aim of this report was to present three cases of endodontic management in permanent mandibular first molars with radix entomolaris using contemporary technical resources. For diagnosis, periapical radiographs indicated the possibility of morphological alterations, which were confirmed in two cases by cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Ultrasonic tips and magnification with operative microscopy were the auxiliary resources used for locating the root canals, which were prepared with NiTi rotary instrument systems and filled with gutta-percha by using the lateral condensation technique and AH Plus sealer. Resources such as periapical radiography, CBCT, magnification with operative microscopy, ultrasonic devices and NiTi instruments can be extremely valuable for use in the diagnosis and clinical approach to endodontic treatment of mandibular first molars with radix entomolaris. El radix entomolaris es una variación anatómica caracterizada por la presencia de una raíz adicional ubicada en la región distal-lingual de los molares mandibulares. Es necesario un diagnóstico preciso para planificar e instituir una terapia endodóntica eficaz para los dientes con esta afección. El objetivo de este informe fue presentar tres casos de manejo endodóntico en primeros molares mandibulares permanentes con radix entomolaris utilizando recursos técnicos contemporáneos. Para el diagnóstico, las radiografías periapicales indicaron la posibilidad de alteraciones morfológicas, las cuales fueron confirmadas en dos casos mediante tomografía computarizada de haz cónico (CBCT). Las puntas ultrasónicas y el aumento con microscopía operatoria fueron los recursos auxiliares utilizados para la localización de los conductos radiculares, que se prepararon con sistemas de instrumentos rotativos NiTi y se rellenaron con gutapercha mediante la técnica de condensación lateral y sellador AH Plus. Recursos como radiografía periapical, CBCT, aumento con microscopía operatoria, dispositivos ultrasónicos e instrumentos de NiTi pueden ser extremadamente valiosos para su uso en el diagnóstico y abordaje clínico del tratamiento endodóntico de los primeros molares mandibulares con radix entomolaris. O radix entomolaris é uma variação anatômica caracterizada pela presença de uma raiz adicional localizada na região distal-lingual dos molares inferiores. Um diagnóstico preciso é necessário para planejar e instituir uma terapia endodôntica eficaz para dentes com essa condição. O objetivo deste relato foi apresentar três casos de tratamento endodôntico em primeiros molares inferiores permanentes com radix entomolaris utilizando recursos técnicos contemporâneos. Para o diagnóstico, as radiografias periapicais indicaram a possibilidade de alterações morfológicas, que foram confirmadas em dois casos por tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico (TCFC). Pontas ultrassônicas e magnificação com microscopia operatória foram os recursos auxiliares utilizados na localização dos canais radiculares, os quais foram preparados com sistemas de instrumentos rotatórios de NiTi e preenchidos com guta-percha pela técnica de condensação lateral e cimento AH Plus. Recursos como radiografia periapical, TCFC, aumento com microscopia operatória, dispositivos ultrassônicos e instrumentos NiTi podem ser extremamente valiosos para uso no diagnóstico e abordagem clínica para tratamento endodôntico de primeiros molares inferiores com radix entomolaris.

Introduction The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of ProTaper Next (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) and Reciproc (VDW, Munich, Germany) systems in removing filling material from oval root canals using sonic or ultrasonic irrigation as additional cleaning methods. Methods Thirty-two human extracted mandibular premolars with oval canals were prepared using the ProTaper Universal system (Dentsply Maillefer) up to instrument F4 (40/.06) and then filled by the single-cone technique using Endofill sealer (Dentsply Maillefer). The teeth were randomly divided into 4 groups ( n = 8) according to the instrumentation system and the additional cleaning method as follows: Reciproc 40 with ultrasonic activation, Reciproc 40 with sonic agitation, ProTaper Next (X2, X3, and X4) with ultrasonic activation, and ProTaper Next (X2, X3, and X4) with sonic agitation. All specimens were analyzed using micro–computed tomographic imaging before and after removal of the filling material and also after applying the additional cleaning methods. The data, in mm 3 of remaining filling material, were analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis, Dunn, and Mann-Whitney tests. Results None of the retreatment protocols completely removed the filling material from the root canals, and there was no significant difference between the instrumentation systems or between root thirds assessed in terms of the average volume of remaining filling material ( P > .05). Likewise, no significant difference was observed between the additional cleaning methods in any of the root canal thirds assessed ( P > .05). Conclusions The ProTaper Next and Reciproc systems were equivalent with respect to effectiveness in removing filling material regardless of the additional cleaning method used. The additional cleaning methods were also equivalent and did not improve the removal of filling material significantly.

Objectives The aim of the present systematic review was to investigate the cryopreservation process of dental pulp mesenchymal stromal cells and whether cryopreservation is effective in promoting cell viability and recovery. Materials and methods This systematic review was developed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement and the research question was determined using the population, exposure, comparison, and outcomes strategy. Electronic searches were conducted in the PubMed, Cochrane Library, Science Direct, LILACS, and SciELO databases and in the gray literature (dissertations and thesis databases and Google Scholar) for relevant articles published up to March 2019. Clinical trial studies performed with dental pulp of human permanent or primary teeth, containing concrete information regarding the cryopreservation stages, and with cryopreservation performed for a period of at least 1 week were included in this study. Results The search strategy resulted in the retrieval of 185 publications. After the application of the eligibility criteria, 21 articles were selected for a qualitative analysis. Conclusions The cryopreservation process must be carried out in 6 stages: tooth disinfection, pulp extraction, cell isolation, cell proliferation, cryopreservation, and thawing. In addition, it can be inferred that the use of dimethyl sulfoxide, programmable freezing, and storage in liquid nitrogen are associated with a high rate of cell viability after thawing and a high rate of cell proliferation in both primary and permanent teeth.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-26T17:15:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2017-01-01 Introduction: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the in vitro antibiofilm activity and pH of calcium hydroxide associated with different nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Methods: The groups analyzed were as follows: group 1, calcium hydroxide paste with propylene glycol; group 2, calcium hydroxide paste with propylene glycol + 5% diclofenac sodium; group 3, calcium hydroxide paste with propylene glycol + 5% ibuprofen; group 4, calcium hydroxide paste with propylene glycol + 5% ciprofloxacin; and group 6, positive control (without medication). For analysis of the pH, the pastes were inserted into tubes and immersed in flasks containing ultrapure water. At the time intervals of 3, 24, 72, and 168 hours, the pH was measured with a calibrated pH meter. For microbial analysis, biofilm was induced in 30 bovine dentin blocks for 21 days. Subsequently, the pastes were placed on the blocks with biofilm for 7 days. Afterward, the pastes were removed by irrigation with sterile water, and the specimens were analyzed with a laser scanning confocal microscope with the 50 mu L Live/Dead BacLight Bacterial Viability solution L7012 Kit (Molecular Probes, Inc, Eugene, OR). Data were subjected to statistical analysis at a significance level of 5%. Results: The highest pH values were found for calcium hydroxide associated with ciprofloxacin in all periods analyzed. With the exception of pure calcium hydroxide paste, the other groups showed statistically significant differences (P

Objective This study aimed to evaluate the influence of the NiTi wire in Conventional NiTi (ProTaper Universal PTU) and Controlled Memory NiTi (ProTaper Gold PTG) instrument systems on the quality of root canal preparation. Material and Methods Twelve mandibular molars with separate mesial canals were scanned using a high-definition microcomputed tomography system. The PTU and PTG instruments were used to shape twelve mesial canals each. The canals were scanned after preparation with F2 and F3 instruments of the PTU and PTG systems. The analyzed parameters included the remaining dentin thickness at the apical and cervical levels, root canal volume and untouched canal walls. Data was analyzed for statistical significance by the Friedman and Dunn’s tests. For the comparison of data between groups, the Mann-Whitney test was used. Results In the pre-operative analysis, there were no statistically significant differences between the groups in terms of the area and volume of root canals (P>.05). There was also no statistically significant difference between the systems with respect to root canal volume after use of the F2 and F3 instruments. There was no statistical difference in the dentin thickness at the first apical level between, before and after instrumentation for both systems. At the 3 cervical levels, the PTG maintained centralization of the preparation on the transition between the F2 and F3 instruments, which did not occur with the PTU. Conclusion The Conventional NiTi (PTU) and Controlled Memory NiTi (PTG) instruments displayed comparable capabilities for shaping the straight mesial root canals of mandibular molars, although the PTG was better than the PTU at maintaining the centralization of the shape in the cervical portion.

Objective: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the influence of different irrigation solutions on the amount of extruded residues apically, varying the instrumentation technique in manual, continuous rotation, or reciprocation motions. The amounts of residue for each irrigation solution was also assessed. Methods: Two tests were performed. In the first test, 90 mandibular premolars were divided into nine groups (n=10). Each group was subjected to a different technique: ProTaper Universal, WaveOne Gold, or manual instruments, with different irrigation solutions [2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), 2% chlorhexidine (CHX) gel, or distilled water]. During the preparation of the root canal, the apically extruded material was collected in previously weighed glass vials. In the second test, irrigation solutions were weighed separately with the same weighing method. Data were analyzed using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov, one-way and two-way ANOVA, Levene, Tukey, and Games–Howell tests. Results: Apically extruded debris was observed in all groups. ProTaper Universal with continuous rotation using 2% CHX gel resulted in the greatest amount of debris (P

The aim of this study was to quantify the residual filling material after filling removal, re-preparation with rotary or reciprocating files and passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI). Twenty maxillary molars were prepared using ProTaper instruments up to F1. The teeth were filled with AH Plus and ProTaper gutta-percha points using the single-cone technique. Thereafter, the specimens were scanned using a micro-computed tomography system (Micro-CT #1). Then, the root canal filling was removed using ProTaper Retreatment files, and a new scan was performed (Micro-CT #2). The specimens were divided into two groups according to the instrument used for re-preparation: ProTaper rotary or WaveOne reciprocating files (Micro-CT #3). Finally, PUI was performed, and a new micro-CT scan was performed (Micro-CT #4). Intragroup and intergroup analyses were performed using Friedman and Dunn's post hoc test and the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn post hoc tests, respectively. Palatal canal presented the highest volume of residual filling material in all stages of endodontic retreatment (p0.05). Rotary and reciprocating files achieved similar removal of the root canal filling (p>0.05). The greatest reduction in filling material was achieved after using ProTaper Retreatment files. Rotary and reciprocating instruments and PUI did not improve the removal of root canal filling materials. Resumo O objetivo dente estudo foi quantificar o material obturador residual após remoção da obturação, repreparo do canal com instrumentos de rotação contínua e reciprocantes e após irrigação ultrassônica passiva (IUP). Vinte molares superiores foram preparados usando instrumentos ProTaper sequencialmente até F1. Os dentes foram obturados com AH Plus e cones de guta percha ProTaper utilizando a técnica de cone único. Em seguida, os espécimes foram submetidos à microtomografia computadorizada (Micro-CT #1). Então, o material obturador foi removido utilizando instrumentos ProTaper Retratamento e novo escaneamento foi realizado (Micro-CT #2). Os espécimes foram divididos em dois grupos de acordo com o instrumento usado para o repreparo: de rotação contínua (ProTaper) ou reciprocante (WaveOne) (Micro-CT #3). Finalmente, IUP foi realizada e nova micro-CT foi conduzida (Micro-CT #4). As análises intra-grupo e inter-grupos foram realizadas utilizando os testes de Friedman e de Dunn e o teste de Kruskal-Wallis e Dunn, respectivamente. O canal palatino apresentou o maior volume de material obturador remanescente em todos os estágios do tratamento endodôntico (p0,05). Instrumentos de rotação contínua e reciprocantes proporcionaram similar remoção de material obturador (p>0,05). A maior redução do volume de material obturador foi obtida após utilizar os instrumentos ProTaper Retratamento. Instrumentos de rotação contínua e reciprocantes, assim como a IUP, não reduzíram o volume de material obturador remanescente.

ResumoObjetivoAvaliação ex‐vivo da influência do preparo cervical na determinação do diâmetro anatómico em molares mandibulares.MétodosForam divididas 40 raízes mesiais de molares inferiores humanos extraídos em quatro grupos (n = 10), de acordo com o instrumento usado no preparo de terço cervical (grupo I: sem preparo cervical; grupo II: broca de Largo n°2; grupo III: CP Drill; grupo IV: LA Axess 20.06). Os canais foram explorados com lima tipo K 08 até que sua ponta estivesse visível no forame, para determinar o comprimento real do dente, e, com recuo de 1mm, foi determinado o comprimento real de trabalho. O diâmetro anatómico dos canais foi determinado com a inserção passivamente de limas tipo K, com início na 08, até que houvesse a sensação de travamento. Em seguida, a lima foi fixada com metilcianocrilato e foram feitas secções transversais no comprimento real de trabalho (CRT), para posterior análise em estereomicroscópio. Após a obtenção das imagens foi avaliado o diâmetro ocupado pelo instrumento e o diâmetro do canal, por meio do software UTHSCSA Image Tool. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente com testes de D’Agostino & Pearson e Anova, com nível de significância de 5%.ResultadosOs resultados mostraram que o grupo da L.A. Axxess apresentou a menor discrepância e o grupo sem preparo cervical, a maior. Enquanto que os grupos da broca de Largo e CPDrill mostraram resultados intermediários, apesar de não haver diferença estatística entre os grupos (p > 0,05).ConclusãoNão havia diferença entre os instrumentos de ensaio e os três instrumentos testados favoreceram a fiabilidade na determinação do tamanho do ficheiro apical.AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate ex‐vivo the influence of cervical preflaring on determining the apical file size in mandibular molars.MethodsForty mesial roots of extracted human mandibular molars were divided into 4 groups (n=10) in accordance with the instrument used in the cervical preflaring (Group I: without cervical preflaring; Group II: Largo drill #2; Group III: CP Drill; Group IV: LA Axxess 20.06). The working length (WL) was set 1mm short of the apical foramen. Each root canal was sized using manual K‐files, starting with size 08 files with passive movements until the WL was reached. File sizes were increased until a binding sensation was felt at the WL, and the instrument size was recorded for each tooth. The apical region was then observed under a stereoscopic magnifier, images were digitally recorded and the differences between the root canal and maximum file diameters were evaluated for each sample. Statistical analyses were performed by the D’Agostino & Pearson and ANOVA test (α=0.05).ResultsThe results showed that the LA Axxess group presented the highest values of diameters of the instrument that reached the working length, while the group without cervical preflaring presented the smallest diameters. Although the Largo and CPDrill showed intermediate results, there were no statistical differences (α > 0.05).ConclusionIt was concluded that there was no difference between the instruments tested and the three tested instruments favored the reliability in determination of the apical file size.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-26T17:31:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2017-05-01 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Introduction: This study evaluated the physicochemical, antimicrobial, and biological properties of white mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) mixed with aqueous and propylene glycol extracts of Arctium lappa L. and Casearia sylvestris Sw. Methods: The setting time test was performed according to American Society for Testing and Materials 266/2008 and flowability by American National Standards Institute/American Dental Association 57/2012 standard specifications. The following parameters were assessed: volumetric change by micro computed tomography; pH level and calcium ion release measured after 3 hours and 1, 3, 7, and 15 days; antimicrobial effect by the dentin decontamination method with intratubular Enterococcus faecalis viability, verified by using confocal laser scanning microscopy; and biocompatibility by histologic-morphometric analyses of inflammatory infiltrate at subcutaneous implant sites after 15, 30, and 60 days. In addition, rat alveolar tissues with implants were processed to measure tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-10 cytokines by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: The plant extracts associated with MTA significantly increased the final setting time; however, they did not influence volumetric change (P > .05) and maintained medium alkalinity and calcium ion release. Propylene glycol extracts showed higher flowability. Casearia sylvestris increased the cementing effect against E. faecalis after 24-hour and 168-hour periods. Histologic evaluation of inflammatory infiltrate showed no significant differences between plant extracts groups and the distilled water group for all periods. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-10 expression was similar among groups (P > .05). Conclusions: Casearia sylvestris extracts increased the antimicrobial effect of MTA and did not influence biocompatibility but changed some physicochemical properties. Univ Sao Paulo, Sch Dent Bauru, Dept Operat Dent Endodont & Dent Mat, Sao Paulo, Brazil Univ Fed Parana, Dept Restorat Dent, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil Univ Fed Goias, Dept Stomatol Sci, Goiania, Go, Brazil Univ Sao Paulo, Sch Dent Bauru, Dept Biol Sci, Sao Paulo, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Dept Restorat Dent, Araraquara Dent Sch, Sao Paulo, Brazil Sagrado Coracao Univ, Ctr Hlth Sci, Sao Paulo, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Dept Restorat Dent, Araraquara Dent Sch, Sao Paulo, Brazil FAPESP: 2011/18272-1

Objective: To evaluate the shaping ability of Reciproc and Twisted-File Adaptive systems in rapid prototyping replicas. Material and Methods: Two mandibular molars showing S-shaped and 62-degree curvatures in the mesial root were scanned by using a microcomputed tomography (μCT) system. The data were exported in the stereolitograhic format and 20 samples of each molar were printed at 16 µm resolution. The mesial canals of 10 replicas of each specimen were prepared with each system. Transportation was measured by overlapping radiographs taken before and after preparation and resin thickness after instrumentation was measured by μCT. Results: Both systems maintained the original shape of the apical third in both anatomies (P>0.05). Overall, considering the resin thickness in the 62-degree replicas, no statistical difference was found between the systems (P>0.05). In the S-shaped curvature replica, Reciproc significantly decreased the thickness of the resin walls in comparison with TF Adaptive. Conclusions: The evaluated systems were able to maintain the original shape at the apical third of severely curved mesial canals of molar replicas.

This study analyzed the quality of obturation and physical properties of MTA Fillapex and AH Plus sealer. A sample of 30 human maxillary central incisors were instrumented with Protaper until a F5 (50/05) file. Both sealers were mixed with Rhodamine-B dye to allow visualization on a confocal laser-scanning microscope (CLSM). Next, the canals were filled using the single cone technique. After setting, all samples were sectioned at 2, 4, and 6 mm from the apex. CLSM was used to analyze the gaps and sealer penetration into the dentinal tubules. All samples were scanned 10 mu m below the dentin surface and images were recorded at 100x magnification using the fluorescent mode. Additionally, the solubility, flowability and setting time of the sealers were evaluated. All the measured quantities of the examined materials were evaluated for significant differences by means of statistical analysis. The CLSM analysis of the MTA Fillapex showed the highest percentage of gaps at all sections (P = 0.0001). Physical tests revealed adequate properties for both sealers except for a higher solubility of the MTA Fillapex (P = 0.0001). The MTA Fillapex presented flowability and intratubular penetration similar to the AH Plus. Nevertheless, the MTA Fillapex sealer presented a higher solubility and considerable quantity of gaps between the sealer/dentin interface in relation to the AH Plus sealer. Clinicians must take into consideration, the quality of endodontic sealers as it is essential in the outcome of the root canal filling. Microsc. Res. Tech. 77:1031-1036, 2014. (c) 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Objectives: To investigate if there is a relation between the increase of bismuth oxide and the decrease of pH levels and an intensification of toxicity in the Portland cement. Material and Methods: White Portland cement (WPC) was mixed with 0, 15, 20, 30 and 50% bismuth oxide, in weight. For the pH level test, polyethylene tubes were filled with the cements and immersed in Milli-Q water for 15, 30 and 60 days. After each period, the increase of the pH level was assessed. For the biocompatibility, two polyethylene tubes filled with the cements were implanted in ninety albino rats (n=6). The analysis of the intensity of the inflammatory infiltrate was performed after 15, 30 and 60 days. The statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis, Dunn and Friedman tests for the pH level and the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests for the biological analysis (p0.05). For the inflammatory infiltrates, no significant statistical differences were found among the groups in each period (p>0.05). The 15% WPC showed a significant decrease of the inflammatory infiltrate from 15 to 30 and 60 days (p

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of nickel-titanium reciprocating instrument techniques and passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) for retreatment in curved canals and obturated with correspondent single cones.Twenty molars were selected with mesial-buccal canals with curvatures between 20° and 40°, and they were instrumented with a Reciproc R25 instrument (VDW, Munich, Germany) in a reciprocating motion and obturated with single cones and AH Plus sealer (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland). The teeth were divided into 2 groups (n = 10) according to the instrument used for the removal of filling material: group 1: Reciproc R25 instrument and group 2: WaveOne Primary instrument (Dentsply Maillefer). The analysis of the remnant filling material was made through micro-computed tomographic imaging after the use of reciprocating instruments and again after the use of PUI with xylene. The effective time of retreatment was registered.The filling material of the root canal was efficiently removed (P.05) for both groups. The percentage of removal of filling materials was 93% for the Reciproc group and 92% for the WaveOne group. There were no statistical significant differences (P.05) between the groups in relation to the removal of filling material ability and the time needed for the procedure. The effective time for the removal of filling material was 78.7 seconds and 89.5 seconds for the Reciproc and WaveOne groups, respectively.It was concluded that both instruments efficiently but not completely removed the filling material from inside the root canals. The use of xylene with PUI increased the removal of filling material a little, but it was not statically significant.

Aim To evaluate the radiopacity, setting time, pH level, calcium ion release and solubility of white mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA; Angelus, Londrina, Pr, Brazil) with different powder-to-water ratios. Methodology Three MTA groups were prepared using 4 : 1, 3 : 1 and 2 : 1 powder-to-water ratios. For the radiopacity analysis, the 10 × 1 mm specimens were arranged on occlusal films with a cylinder of dentine and an aluminium stepwedge. The digitized radiographs were evaluated with Digora 1.51 software to determine the radiographic density. The setting time test was performed according to the American Society for Testing and Materials 266/08 standard specifications, but the specimens were made according to International Organization for Standardization 6876:2001. Thirty acrylic teeth with root-end filling material were immersed in ultrapure water for measurement of pH level and calcium ion release (atomic absorption spectrophotometer) at 3, 24, 72 and 168 h. In the solubility test, the root-end fillings of 30 acrylic teeth were scanned twice by a Micro-CT, before and after immersion in ultrapure water for 168 h. Digital data were reconstructed, and the volume (mm3) of the samples was obtained using CTan software (CTan v1.11.10.0, SkyScan). The data were statistically analysed by the anova, Tukey, Kruskal–Wallis and Dunn's tests. Results The radiopacity was higher (P

Introduction The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of calcium hydroxide, 2% chlorhexidine gel, and triantibiotic paste (ie, metronidazole, minocycline, and ciprofloxacin) by using an intraorally infected dentin biofilm model. Methods Forty bovine dentin specimens were infected intraorally using a removable orthodontic device in order to induce the biofilm colonization of the dentin. Then, the samples were treated with the medications for 7 days. Saline solution was used as the control. Two evaluations were performed: immediately after the elimination of the medication and after incubation in brain-heart infusion medium for 24 hours. The Live/Dead technique (Invitrogen, Eugene, OR) and a confocal microscope were used to obtain the percentage of live cells. Nonparametric statistical tests were performed to show differences in the percentage of live cells among the groups ( P Results Calcium hydroxide and 2% chlorhexidine gel did not show statistical differences in the immediate evaluation. However, after application of the brain-heart infusion medium for 24 hours, 2% gel chlorhexidine showed a statistically lesser percentage of live cells in comparison with calcium hydroxide. The triantibiotic paste significantly showed a lower percentage of live cells in comparison with the 2% chlorhexidine gel and calcium hydroxide groups in the immediate and secondary (after 24 hours) evaluations. Conclusions The triantibiotic paste was most effective at killing the bacteria in the biofilms on the intraorally infected dentin model in comparison with 2% chlorhexidine gel and calcium hydroxide.

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the obturation of mesial root canals of mandibular first molars performed with different filling techniques and materials (gutta-percha and resilon). Methods: Seventy-eight mesial root canals of human mandibular first molars were prepared using the K3 rotary system, and the apical preparation was set up to size 35.04. The root canals were obturated with single cone, System B, Thermafil and Real Seal 1 techniques using either gutta-percha/ThermaSeal Plus (n=13) or Resilon/Real Seal SE (n=13). Rhodamine B dye was incorporated into the sealers. Each specimen was horizontally sectioned at 2 milimeters (mm), 4 mm and 6 mm from the apex, and the samples were examined under a stereomicroscope to evaluate the presence and type of isthmuses and the percentage areas of gutta-percha/Resilon, sealer and voids. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) was used to evaluate the sealer penetration into dentinal tubules. The Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn’s tests were used to analyse the stereomicroscope data, while the ANOVA and Tukey tests were used to analyse the CLSM data (P0.05). At the 4 mm level, more sealer (P0.05) were found for both material/sealers. Conclusion: None of the materials or techniques completely filled the mesial root canals of mandibular molars, but the plasticised techniques were more efficient. The obturations using both materials and sealers were similar.

Aim To analyse several physicochemical properties of AH Plus (Dentsply DeTrey, Konstanz, Germany), including setting time, flow, radiopacity and the degree of conversion (DC); and to correlate the results with the source of the material: from the beginning, middle or end of the tubes in which they were supplied. Methodology Three experimental groups were established for each property investigated. Group 1 corresponded to material taken from the beginning of tubes A and B; Group 2 corresponded to material taken from the middle of each tube; and group 3 corresponded to that from the end of each tube. The setting time, flow and radiopacity were studied according to American National Standards Institute/American Dental Association (ANSI/ADA) Specification 57. DC was determined from infrared spectra, which were recorded at 1-h intervals for the first 6 h; then, at 2-h intervals for the next 14 h; then, at 24 and 30 h. Data were analysed statistically by analysis of variance (anova), Tukey–Kramer, Kruskal–Wallis and Dunn tests, with a significance level of 5%. Results Group 1 had a significantly longer setting time (2303 ± 1058 min) (P 0.05). Conclusion The results suggest that segregation occurs between the organic and inorganic components of AH Plus sealer, thereby changing the setting time, flow and radiopacity.

Introduction The aim of this study was to determine the mesiodistal and buccolingual diameter, apical volume, and the presence of isthmuses at the apical level of mesial root canals of mandibular molars. Methods Sixty extracted first and second mandibular molars were scanned by using a SkyScan 1076 micro–computed tomography system with a voxel size of 18 μm. The apical thirds of the samples were reconstructed to allow a perpendicular section of the apical third by using the multiplanar reconstruction tool of the OsiriX software. The mesiodistal and the buccolingual distances of root canals were measured between the 1- to 4-mm levels. The type of root canal isthmuses present at these levels was classified by using modified criteria of Hsu and Kim. The volume of the root canal anatomy between the 1- to 3-mm apical levels was obtained by using the CTAN-CTVOL software. Results The medians of the mesiodistal diameter at the 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-mm levels in the mesiobuccal and mesiolingual canals were 0.22 and 0.23 mm, 0.27 and 0.27 mm, 0.30 and 0.30 mm, and 0.36 and 0.35 mm, respectively. The buccolingual lengths at the 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-mm levels were 0.37–0.35 mm, 0.55–0.41 mm, 0.54–0.49 mm, and 0.54 and 0.60 mm, respectively. The presence of isthmuses was more prevalent at the 3- to 4-mm level. However, 27 cases presented complete or incomplete isthmuses at the 1-mm apical level. The mean of the volume of the apical third was 0.83 mm 3 , with a minimum value of 0.02 and a maximum value of 2.4 mm 3 . Conclusions Mesial root canals of mandibular molars do not present a consistent pattern. A high variability of apical diameters exists. The presence of isthmuses at the apical third was not uncommon even at the 1-mm apical level.

Ordinola-Zapata R, Bramante CM, Cavenago B, Graeff MSZ, Gomes de Moraes I, Marciano M, Duarte MAH. Antimicrobial effect of endodontic solutions used as final irrigants on a dentine biofilm model. International Endodontic Journal, 45, 162–168, 2012. Abstract Aim To evaluate the residual biovolume of live bacterial cells, the mean biofilm thickness and the substratum coverage found in mixed biofilms treated with different endodontic irrigant solutions. Methodology Twenty-five bovine dentine specimens were infected intraorally using a removable orthodontic device. Five samples were used for each irrigant solution: 2% chlorhexidine, 1% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), 10% citric acid, 17% EDTA and distilled water. The solutions were used for 5 min. The samples were stained using the Live/Dead technique and evaluated using a confocal microscope. Differences in the amount of total biovolume (μm3), number of surviving cells (μm3), mean biofilm thickness (μm) and substratum coverage (%) of the treated biofilms were determined using nonparametric statistical tests (P 0.05). The lower values of the studied parameters were found in 1% NaOCl-treated dentine (P 0.05). Conclusions One per cent sodium hypochlorite was the only irrigant that had a significant effect on biofilm viability and architecture.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the radiopacity, solubility, flow, film thickness, setting time, and adaptation to the root canal walls of 3 epoxy resin-based sealers: AH Plus, Acroseal, and Adseal.Physical tests were performed following American National Standards Institute/American Dental Association's requirements. For interfacial adaptation analysis, 30 maxillary canines were shaped by using ProTaper instruments. The specimens were divided into 3 groups (n = 10): group 1, AH Plus; group 2, Acroseal; and group 3, Adseal. The sealers were mixed with rhodamine B dye, and the canals were filled by using the lateral compaction technique. The percentage of gaps and voids area was calculated at 2, 4, and 6 mm levels from the apex. Statistical evaluation was performed by using analysis of variance for physical analysis and nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests for interfacial adaptation (P.05).No statistical differences were found for adaptation, percentage of voids, solubility, flow, and film thickness among the sealers (P.05). AH Plus was significantly more radiopaque (P.05). For the setting time, there were statistical differences among all the studied sealers (P.05).AH Plus, Acroseal, and Adseal presented similar root canal adaptation, solubility, flow, and film thickness. Statistical differences were found for radiopacity and setting time (P.05).

Marciano MA, Ordinola-Zapata R, Cunha TVRN, Duarte MAH, Cavenago BC, Garcia RB, Bramante CM, Bernardineli N, Moraes IG. Analysis of four gutta-percha techniques used to fill mesial root canals of mandibular molars. International Endodontic Journal. Abstract Aim To compare the percentage of gutta-percha, sealer and voids and the influence of isthmuses in mesial root canals of mandibular molars filled with different techniques. Methodology Canals in 60 mesial roots of mandibular first molars were prepared with ProTaper instruments to size F2 (size 25, 0.08 taper) and filled using a single-cone, lateral compaction, System B or Thermafil techniques. An epoxy resin sealer was labelled with Rhodamine-B dye to allow analysis under a confocal microscope. The percentage of gutta-percha, sealer and area of voids was calculated at 2, 4 and 6 mm from the apex, using Image Tool 3.0 software. Statistical analysis was performed using nonparametric Kruskal–Wallis and Dunn tests (P

To assess the effect of 90°-oscillatory instrumentation with hand files on several morphological parameters (volume, surface area and uninstrumented surface) in C-shaped root canals after instrumentation using a single-file reciprocation system (Reciproc; VDW, Munich, Germany) and a Self-Adjusting File System (SAF; ReDent Nova, Ra'anana, Israel).Twenty mandibular second molars with C-shaped canals and C1 canal configurations were divided into two groups (n = 10) and instrumented with Reciproc and SAF instruments. A size 30 NiTi hand K-file attached to a 90°-oscillatory motion handpiece was used as final instrumentation in both groups. The specimens were scanned using micro-computed tomography after all procedures. Volume, surface area increase and uninstrumented root canal surface were analysed using CTAn software (Bruker-microCT, Kontich, Belgium). Also, the uninstrumented root canal surface was calculated for each canal third. All values were compared between groups using the Mann-Whitney test and within groups using the Wilcoxon's signed-rank test.Instrumentation with Reciproc significantly increased canal volume compared with instrumentation with SAF. Additionally, the canal volumes were significantly increased after 90°-oscillatory instrumentation (between and within group comparison; (P 0.05)). Regarding the increase in surface area after all instrumentation protocols, statistical analysis only revealed significant differences in the within groups comparison (P 0.05). Reciproc and SAF instrumentation yielded an uninstrumented root canal surface of 28% and 34%, respectively, which was not significantly different (P 0.05). Final oscillatory instrumentation significantly reduced the uninstrumented root canal surface from 28% to 9% (Reciproc) and from 34% to 15% (SAF; P 0.05). The apical and middle thirds exhibited larger uninstrumented root canal surfaces after the first instrumentation that was significantly reduced after oscillatory instrumentation (P 0.05).The Reciproc and SAF system were associated with similar morphological parameters after instrumentation of mandibular second molars with C-shaped canals except for a higher canal volume increase in the Reciproc group compared to the SAF. Furthermore, the final use of 90°-oscillatory instrumentation using NiTi hand files significantly decreased the uninstrumented canal walls that remained after Reciproc and SAF instrumentation.

Objectives To evaluate the sealing ability of three root-end filling materials (white MTA, CPM, and MBPc) using an Enterococcus faecalis leakage model. Material and Methods Seventy single-root extracted human teeth were instrumented and root-ends were resected to prepare 3 mm depth cavities. Root-end preparations were filled with white MTA, CPM, and MBPc cements. Enterococcus faecalis was coronally introduced and the apical portion was immersed in BHI culture medium with phenol red indicator. The bacterial leakage was monitored every 24 h for 4 weeks. The statistical analysis was performed using the Wilcoxon-Gehan test (p