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Additional file 1: Figure S1. Kinetics of T cell responses in dLN and spleen, and immune cell infiltration in CNS during the course of EAE. EAE was induced in mice and immune cells were analyzed at various time points thereafter. (a, b) IFNγ- and IL-17-expressing CD4+ T cells in dLN and spleen were determined by FACS after MOG35-55 peptide restimulation. (c) CNS-infiltrating immune cells with high CD45 expression were determined by FACS ex vivo. Pool of two experiments with two mice per time point (n = 4 per time point). Figure S2. MB-MSC transplantation does not affect the frequency of regulatory T cells. EAE was induced in mice and 6 days later, P4 MB-MSCs were transplanted i.v.. Mice that received only PBS served as untreated controls. On day 7, the percentages of Foxp3-expressing cells among CD4 T cells in spleen were determined by FACS. Pool of four experiments with two mice per group per experiment (n = 8). Figure S3. MB-MSCs transplanted either i.v. or i.p. did not affect the accumulation and activation of macrophages, neutrophils, and monocytes. EAE was induced in mice and 6 days later, P4 MB-MSCs were transplanted via i.v. (i.v.) or i.p. (i.p.) route. Mice that received only PBS served as untreated controls. On day 7, the accumulation and activation of macrophages, monocytes, and neutrophils were analyzed in spleen. (a) Representative FACS plots and percentages of macrophages, monocytes, and neutrophils. (b) The expression level of costimulatory molecules on these three types of cells. Pool of four experiments with two mice per group per experiment (n = 8).

Zur Überprüfung der geographischen Herkunft von Schwarzwaldforellen werden zwei unterschiedliche Verfahren angewendet: die zielgerichtete und die nicht-zielgerichtete Analytik.

Memory CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) can protect against viral reinfection. However, the signals driving rapid memory CTL reactivation have remained ill-defined. Viral infections can trigger the release of the alarmin interleukin-33 (IL-33) from non-hematopoietic cells. IL-33 signals through its unique receptor ST2 to promote primary effector expansion and activation of CTLs. Here, we show that the transcription factor STAT4 regulated the expression of ST2 on CTLs in vitro and in vivo in primary infections with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). In the primary antiviral response, IL-33 enhanced effector differentiation and antiviral cytokine production in a CTL-intrinsic manner. Further, using sequential adoptive transfers of LCMV-specific CD8+ T cells, we deciphered the IL-33 dependence of circulating memory CTLs at various stages of their development. IL-33 was found dispensable for the formation and maintenance of memory CTLs, and its absence during priming did not affect their recall response. However, in line with the CTL-boosting role of IL-33 in primary LCMV infections, circulating memory CTLs required IL-33 for efficient secondary expansion, enhanced effector functions, and virus control upon challenge infection. Thus, beyond their effector-promoting activity in primary immune reactions, innate alarmin signals also drive memory T cell recall responses, which has implications for immunity to recurrent diseases.

The preparation of calcium sulfate by flame synthesis resulted in the continuous production of anhydrite nanoparticles of 20-50nm size. After compaction and hardening by the addition of water, the anhydrite nanoparticles reacted to nano-gypsum which was confirmed by X-ray diffraction, diffuse reflectance IR spectroscopy and thermal analysis. Mechanical properties were investigated in terms of Vickers hardness and revealed an up to three times higher hardness of nano-gypsum if compared to conventional micron-sized construction material. The improved mechanical properties of nano-gypsum could in part be due to the presence of calcium sulfate nano-needles in the nano-gypsum as showed by electron microscopy

Die Bezeichnung Schwarzwaldforelle ist seit dem 25.11.1997 in das Verzeichnis der geographisch geschützten Angaben (g. g. A.) der EU aufgenommen und darf seither nur noch nach den in den entsprechenden EU-Verordnungen (z. Z. VO (EU) 1151/2012) niedergelegten Regeln erzeugt und in Verkehr gebracht werden. Wenn die Bezeichnung „Schwarzwaldforelle“ verwendet wird, muss einerseits das Erzeugnis nach der angemeldeten Spezifikation erzeugt werden und andererseits mit der Angabe „geschützte geographische Angabe“ oder der Abkürzung „g. g. A.“ und dem für diese Angaben vorgesehenen Unionszeichen (Logo) gekennzeichnet werden. Bereits vor 1997 durften nur Schwarzwaldforellen angeboten werden, die nach der technischen Regel RAL-RG 0030 im Schwarzwald produziert wurden.

Experimental and numerical investigations have been conducted with the aim to understand the transport mechanisms that lead to varying heat and momentum transfer in the wake flow behind a square cylinder placed in a turbulent boundary layer along a heated flat plate. Large-eddy simulations were performed to reveal local flow separation and vortex formation processes. By varying the distance between rod and wall and comparing results to those of active flow excitation it could be derived that configurations with such rod to wall clearance leading to the formation of a developed vortex street strongly interacting with the nearby heated wall are most efficient to increase local wake heat transfer while keeping wall shear stress low. These findings were used to define design criteria for a Kármán vortex type heat exchanger that can make use of the local heat and momentum transfer variation. Zur Klärung der Transportvorgänge in turbulenten Grenzschichtströmungen wurde die inkompressible Umströmung um einen quadratischen stabförmigen Störkörper in einer turbulenten Grenzschicht entlang einer beheizten Wand experimentell und numerisch untersucht. Durch den Einsatz der Grobstruktursimulation konnten lokale Ablösemechanismen und die Ausbildung einer Wirbelschleppe in Abhängigkeit des Abstands zwischen Störkörper und Wand sowie einer optionalen aktiven Anregung bewertet werden. Im Ergebnis erwies sich die zur Ausbildung einer asymmetrischen Wirbelschleppe mit ausreichend starker Wandinteraktion führende Wahl des Abstands zwischen Störkörper und beheizter Wand als geeignetste Maßnahme zur Erhöhung des Wärmetransports bei gleichzeitiger Kontrolle der Wandschubspannung. Dies findet Eingang in die abschließende Bewertung geeigneter Wärmetauscherkonfigurationen zur Nutzung des lokal verstärkbaren Wärme- und Impulstransfers.

by Tobias Brunner Salzburg, Univ., Dipl.-Arb., 2013 Abstract in engl. Sprache