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International audience; Introduction:While several meta-analyses have demonstrated the relevance of BCIs for improving motor recovery after stroke, these technologies are still barely used in clinical practice. We hypothesise that optimising the acceptability of BCIs could be used as a lever to increase the efficacy of BCI-based motor rehabilitation procedures, and thereby their clinical use. Indeed, a better acceptability will enable a reduction of anxiety levels and an enhancement of motivation and engagement in the procedure. Both will in turn allow for more cognitive resources to be allocated to the task, thus favouring learning and, ultimately, motor recovery. To the best of our knowledge, so far only one study has assessed the relevance of a BCI-based stroke rehabilitation procedure using acceptability measures among their primary criteria of efficacy. Most often, acceptability is only considered as an attribute of user satisfaction, itself being a dimension of user experience. Yet, given its potential impact on BCI use, it seems important to study acceptability as an integral component. Thus, our objective is to rely on validated models depicted in other literature in order to design a first thorough model of acceptability specifically dedicated to BCI-based procedures for motor rehabilitation after stroke. Material, Methods and Results: We designed a model of BCI acceptability based on the technology acceptance model 3 (TAM3) and on the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology 2 (UTAUT2) that assess acceptability in terms of perceived usefulness (PU), perceived ease of use (PEOU) and behavioural intention (BI). Then, we created a questionnaire based on our model in order to estimate its validity and to quantify the influence that each factor had on BCIacceptability. We collected a data sample of 753 respondents representative of the general public in France. We targeted the general public for two main reasons. (i) Due to the high prevalence of stroke, many of us are concerned, more or less directly, by stroke. (ii) Patients’ acceptability is likely to be influenced by the opinions and attitudes of their close relatives (who are part of the general public). Descriptive analyses: Our results suggest that BCIs are associated with high levels of acceptability: PU (8.28/10 ±1.57), PEOU (7.17/10 ±1.57), BI (8.23/10 ±1.69). Validity analyses: Cronbach’s α coefficient analyses revealed a satisfactory internal consistency of our questionnaire, i.e., the items used to measure each factor are mostly consistent and not too redundant (12/17 factors in [0.72;0.95], 4/17 in [0.50;0.62] and 1 = 0.97). Furthermore, a confirmatory factor analysis showed that the structure of the model is adequate. Quantification analyses: Regression analyses based on random forest algorithm revealed that BI is mainly driven by the PU of the system and by the perceived benefits on risk ratio associated with the technology. PU itself is mainly determined by the scientific relevance of BCIs and by PEOU. The main determinants of PEOU are ease of learning and playfulness.Discussion: Our results suggest that beyond the subjective norm (i.e., perceived opinions of our close ones), several factors impact significantly BCI acceptability. Given the weight of the scientific relevance and benefits/risk ratio, it is of utmost importance to clearly inform the population. In addition, the impact of playfulness and ease of learning should encourage us to adapt the rehabilitation procedures to each patient. In order to refine this model, additional data should be collected, in particular with i) patients and caregivers; ii) persons from different cultures; and iii) in different contexts, i.e. for other use cases.

Afin de comprendre quelles sont les caractéristiques que les joueurs détectent et utilisent pour réussir à distinguer les agents virtuels joueurs et non-joueurs nous avons étudié c les représentations sociales (i.e., RS) concernant les Personnages Joueurs (i.e., player character : PC) et les Personnages Non-Joueurs (i.e., non-player charcater : NPC) dans le cadre des jeux-vidéo afin de comprendre comment les individus arrivent à les distinguer durant une partie. Nous avons utilisé la méthode d'association verbale. Les participants devaient produire 3 mots à partir des mots inducteur « Personnage Joueur » et « Personnage Non-Joueur ». L'analyse de similitude a révélé 4 principaux nœuds qui regroupent les concepts : « avatar », « personnages de jeux-vidéo », « quête et personnage non-joueur », et enfin « ordinateur et robot ». Nous faisions l'hypothèse que les PCs et NPCs constitueraient des représentations sociales différentes. L'analyse de classification hiérarchique a montré qu'il y avait 4 classes. Chacune représente un monde lexical. Les classes 1 et 3 regroupaient les mondes lexicaux des PCs et les classes 2 et 4 regroupaient les mondes lexicaux des NPCs. Conformément à nos hypothèses l'analyse factorielle de correspondance a montré une opposition sur l'axe factoriel 1 des RS concernant les PCs et les NPCs. Sur l'axe factoriel 2 nous avions une opposition des RS chez les joueurs et les non-joueurs de jeu-vidéo.

Au quotidien, nous sommes amenés à inférer les états psychologiques d’autrui afin de pouvoir agir et interagir dans notre environnement. Ces inférences se construisent à partir de l’observation et de la sélection d’indicateurs comportementaux. En effet, si à la fin d’une discussion, votre interlocuteur part en claquant la porte derrière lui, vous pouvez inférer que ce dernier est en colère et courir à sa suite, par exemple, pour vous excuser. Cette compréhension de l’état psychologique de vot...

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Aim To disentangle the respective impacts of manual dexterity and cerebral palsy (CP) in cognitive functioning after neonatal arterial ischaemic stroke. Method The population included 60 children (21 females, 39 males) with neonatal arterial ischaemic stroke but not epilepsy. The presence of CP was assessed clinically at the age of 7 years and 2 months (range 6y 11mo-7y 8mo) using the definition of the Surveillance of CP in Europe network. Standardized tests (Nine-Hole Peg Test and Box and Blocks Test) were used to quantify manual (finger and hand respectively) dexterity. General cognitive functioning was evaluated with the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Fourth Edition. Simple and multiple linear regression models were performed while controlling for socio-economic status, lesion side, and sex. Results Fifteen children were diagnosed with CP. In simple regression models, both manual dexterity and CP were associated with cognitive functioning (β=0.41 [p=0.002] and β=0.31 [p=0.019] respectively). However, in multiple regression models, manual dexterity was the only associated variable of cognitive functioning, whether or not a child had CP (β=0.35; p=0.007). This result was reproduced in models with other covariables (β=0.31; p=0.017). Interpretation As observed in typically developing children, manual dexterity is related to cognitive functioning in children having suffered a focal brain insult during the neonatal period. What this paper adds Manual dexterity predicts cognitive functioning after neonatal arterial ischaemic stroke. Correlations between manual dexterity and cognitive functioning occur irrespective of sex, lesion side, presence of cerebral palsy, and socio-economic status. Residual motor ability may support cognitive functioning.

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Color is a critical part of objects representation as well as critical cue for re cognizing objects. However, it is less clear how people represent color in memory. The present study aimed at investigating this issue . We designed a procedure based on short - term sensory memory load procedure mixed with a color - priming paradigm. Participants learn ed three visual stimuli (either non - words – lexical load condition - or visual - shapes – visual - shape load condition). Then, they perform ed a color discrimination task on colored patch (e.g., a yellow patch) . Each target was preceded by a color - related concept word either congruent (e.g., word “banana”) or not (e.g., word “lettuce”). Finally, they performed a recognition task either on non - words or on visual - shapes depending on the memory load condition) . We showe d that color - priming effect was selectively disrupted in visual - shape load condition. We interpreted this finding as a n evidence that automatic modal simulations occur during access to the meaning of color – related concept.