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This study investigated the effects of a character strength focused positive psychology course on student well-being. The Values in Action character strengths were each presented as ways to increase both individual and community well-being. There were 112 undergraduate students in the positive psychology course and a comparison group of 176 undergraduates who took other psychology courses. They all completed the PERMA-Profiler (Butler and Kern in Int J Wellbeing 6:1–48, 2016) during the first and last week of the semester. This questionnaire assessed the five elements of positive emotion, engagement, relationships, meaning, accomplishment (PERMA) plus happiness, health, loneliness, and negative emotion. The hypotheses were that (1) the positive psychology students would have significant improvements in each of the measures during the semester and (2) these changes would be significantly greater in the desired direction than the changes for the students in other psychology courses. The first hypothesis was supported in that the positive psychology students had significant improvements in all of the measures, including the total PERMA score. The second hypothesis was also strongly supported in that these improvements were significantly greater relative to the students taking other psychology courses. The effect sizes for the difference between the groups were large for the total PERMA score (d = .846) and the element of meaning; medium-to-large for positive emotion and relationships; medium for happiness, accomplishment, and negative emotion (decrease); and small-to-medium for engagement, health, and loneliness (decrease).

Alternatives to Ta-based absorbers are being considered for next generation lithography nodes to reduce 3D mask effects and to improve image modulation through phase interference. Low complex refractive index (n – ik) materials can provide phase shifting behavior at thicknesses less than those needed for conventional absorbers, essentially acting as attenuated phase shift mask (attPSM) films. Identifying attPSM absorber thickness and consequent phase requires determining optimum phase shift mask reflectance. Imaging with absorbers at high reflectance show better imaging performance. The absorber thickness is determined where the interference effects lead to high absorber reflectivity. Low refractive index (n) materials are therefore desired as candidate attPSM absorbers. Low – n material combinations identified using Wiener bounds and Effective media approximation (EMA) modelling are optimized for NILS and MEEF using absorber reflectivity on line-space and contact-holes patterns. Absorber candidates at optimum thickness for contact holes are compared with conventional Ta-based absorber using reflected nearfield intensity imaging.

Latinos comprise a sizeable and growing population that experiences unmet health needs and health inequities. Mindfulness-based interventions may be a cost-effective way to address mental health problems in primary care. We sought to adapt a mindfulness-based intervention to better serve and improve the mental health of Latinos in the primary care setting. The authors employed a unique set of adaptations to increase retention and engagement of Latinos in a mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) intervention. These adaptations included (1) group motivational interviewing, (2) problem-solving barriers to retention, (3) a testimonial by a prior Latino MBSR participant, and (4) modifications to increase perceived applicability of MBSR for Latinos. Thirty Latino participants were recruited for an 8-week mindfulness intervention adapted (MBSR-A) specifically for Latino populations. Twenty-six out of thirty (87%) participants completed at least five of the eight sessions, which was significantly greater than in previous studies targeting Latino participants (60–66%). Of those who completed and provided pre- and post-data, there were decreases in anxiety and depression, and increases in measures of general mental health and physical health. The adaptations utilized in this pilot study may increase retention and engagement of Latinos in mindfulness-based interventions and may be a cost-effective way to reduce mental health problems in this growing population.

The purpose of this study was to test the hypotheses that mindfulness would be related to reduced reactivity to daily stress in urban firefighters. Participants were 78 members from an urban fire department who completed an initial questionnaire and a 21-day daily diary. Mindfulness was assessed at baseline using the Mindful Attention and Awareness Scale. The daily diary included measures of stress (total stress, work stress, partner stress) and measures of negative affect, positive affect, and loneliness. Multilevel analyses adjusting for the dependent variable on the previous day were used to test the hypotheses. Higher daily total, partner, and work stress were associated with increased negative affect. Higher daily, total, and partner stress were associated with increased loneliness and decreased positive affect. Mindfulness appeared to buffer against stress reactivity as higher baseline mindfulness was related to (a) less negative affect on days of greater total stress, (b) more positive affect on days of greater total, work, and partner stress, and (c) less loneliness on days of greater total, work, and partner stress. Mindfulness may improve the health and wellbeing of urban firefighters by reducing reactivity to daily stress, especially in relation to positive affect and loneliness. Future research should determine whether mindfulness-based interventions may be enhanced by focusing more closely on reducing reactivity to stress, especially in fire service populations.

A sample of 718 Brazilians completed self-reports on perceived stress, depressive and anxious symptomatology, social support and individual resilience. The sample comprised two age groups: a sample of adults aged 60 or older (The relationship between individual resilience resources and depressive or anxiety symptomatology was found to take place exclusively through stressfulness appraisal. On the other hand, social resilience resources showed a direct and indirect effect on emotional symptoms. This pattern of relationships was found to be invariant across age groups.Our findings suggest that both individual and social resilience resources are negatively related to both depressive and anxiety symptoms in adults regardless of age, thus opening the way to future research analysing how interventions may build resilience resources to minimise the influence of stressful and traumatic events across the lifespan.

This chapter addresses general trends and examples of the evolution in advanced lithography methods beyond traditional single patterning technology. The ability to print multiple exposure passes to meet performance targets in a cost-effective manner has driven the search for the overall best techniques in multiple patterning. The need for continuous device scaling has significantly driven the development of new lithographic patterning techniques and imaging methods. The patterning technique chosen to print a given lithographic layer can have significant impact on the final design style, and vice versa. Considering all aspects and options to imaging approaches, layout decomposition, materials selection, integration scheme, and target performance in multiple patterning schemes, one can conclude that a significantly large number of possible forms of multiple patterning can exist. Integrated patterning essentially consists of forming feature edges by indirect methods. Multiple patterning beyond doubling can offer resolution improvement but at a cost of process complexity and control.

EXPOSURE SYSTEM System Overview of Optical Steppers and Scanners Michael S. Hibbs Optical Lithography Modeling Chris A. Mack Optics for Photolithography Bruce W. Smith Excimer Laser for Advanced Microlithography Palash Das Alignment and Overlay Gregg M. Gallatin Electron Beam Lithography System Kazuaki Suzuki X-Ray Lithography Takumi Ueno EUV Lithography Stefan Wurm and Charles Gwyn Imprint Lithography Douglas J. Resnick RESISTS AND PROCESSING Chemistry of Photoresist Materials Takumi Ueno and Robert D. Allen Resist Processing Bruce W. Smith Multilayer Resist Technology Bruce W. Smith and Maureen Hanratty Dry Etching of Photoresists Roderick R. Kunz METROLOGY AND NANOLITHOGRAPHY Critical-Dimensional Metrology for Integrated-Circuit Technology Herschel M. Marchman, Gian Lorusso, Mike Adel, and Sanjay Yedur Electron Beam Nanolithography Elizabeth A. Dobisz, Zvonimir Z. Bandic, and Martin C. Peckerar Index

The sensitization of photoresist materials has been accomplished by several methods. Adequate adhesion of photoresist to a wafer surface is critical for proper process performance. A photoresist can be dispensed by several methods, including spin coating, spray coating, and dip coating. Exposure of a photoresist involves the absorption of radiation and subsequent photochemical change, generally resulting in a modification of dissolution properties. The absorption characteristics of a photoresist largely influence its resolution and process capabilities. The development of exposed photoresist is based on image-wise discrimination. To understand and optimize photoresist development, it is necessary to characterize exposure-dependent dissolution properties. Phenolic photoresists can be developed using buffered alkaline solutions such as sodium metal silicates. Surfactants are used as additives to photoresists, chemical etchants, and developers to improve surface activity or wetting. The application of chemical amplification has been the enabling factor in achieving highly sensitive photoresists for 248 and 193 nm applications.

This study aims to analyze the psychometric properties of the new Brazilian-Portuguese version of the Brief Resilience Scale (B-BRS) in older adults.A sample of 1251 participants (54.20% women;The results supported the unidimensionality of the B-BRS after controlling for wording method, as well as satisfactory reliability (ω = .79). B-BRS structure remained invariant across education level and income groups. B-BRS scores positively correlated with successful aging factors and negatively with psychopathology symptoms.To conclude, our findings provide some evidence on the reliability and validity of the B-BRS, as well as its validation for use in the senior population.

Aberrations must be sufficiently controlled to make moving to a higher numerical aperture worthwhile. Traditional isomorphic imaging systems form the same image regardless of their rotation. Likewise, the aberration basis chosen for isomorphic optics is invariant under rotation. Anamorphic optics are not rotationally invariant though—they are only reflection invariant. We have shown in previous reports that a basis composed from a product of Legendre polynomials represents the balanced aberrations of anamorphic optics. Solutions have been presented under the presence of a circular central obscuration. This paper will examine the properties of these aberrations and their effects on image formation through analogies to the well-known Zernike aberrations. It will be shown that ray tracing simulations of the point spread function of an anamorphic optic in Code V matches predictions made by the proposed basis. A system will be described for computing an anamorphic aberration basis in the presence of an arbitrary obscuration. Based on this system we will analyze the effects of using the basis for the wrong type of obscuration.

As extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) technology progresses towards and below sub-7nm generations, polarization effects will begin to have an impact. Moving to higher NA will introduce polarization effects at all locations: the mask plane, the optics, and the image plane. Contrast losses at a larger angle can occur from the interference at the image plane that will become significant for smaller geometries approaching the EUVL wavelength. Some of these contrast losses can occur at the mask where the polarized reflectance from an EUV mask is affected by the multilayer reflective stack and patterned features. This paper explores the polarization effects that are induced by EUVL masks for sub-7nm lithography. The results show a polarization-dependent induction and attenuation of current in EUVL mask structures, especially as mask pitch decreases below 6λ.

Despite psychology’s awareness of the benefit of viewing oneself positively, there is a dearth of scales on self-kindness, with one notable example in a subscale of self-compassion. The purpose of this study was to develop and test a unique measure of self-kindness. The measure is called the Unconditional Self-Kindness (USK) scale because it assesses self-kindness in the context of common and potential harmful threats to the self. These threats include (1) being criticized and rejected by another person, (2) failing or making a mistake, and (3) becoming aware of personal flaws and imperfection. A total of 1452 undergraduate participants filled out the USK scale and a range of mental health, risk, and protective factors. The results showed that the USK scale was internally consistent, loaded on a single latent variable, demonstrated test-retest reliability, and was related in the expected directions to the mental health, psychological well-being, and variety of risk and protective factor measures. In addition, the USK scale still predicted several mental health predictors when controlling for protective factors including grit, hope, resilience, self-esteem, and social support. Finally, mean USK scores were significantly higher in men than women and in Native American participants than all other ethnicities and significantly lower in non-Hispanic White participants than all other ethnicities.

Pattern transfer in an extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) system requires reflective optical elements illuminated at oblique illumination angles. This, in combination with the three-dimensional effects at the mask, is the source of the so-called mask 3D (M3D) effects that include shadowing, best focus shifts, and contrast fading. Alternative mask absorbers at lower thickness possess the ability to extenuate the M3D effects and improve overall imaging performance. An approach to recognize candidate material combinations as alternative EUVL mask absorbers through dielectric constant modeling by using methods involving Wiener bounds and effective media approximation (EMA) is presented. Using EMA, several stoichiometrically stable binary alloys of refractory metals that may serve as attenuated phase shifting mask absorbers have been studied. The optical properties and thickness of each absorber candidate alloy in a standard EUV mask stack are optimized for imaging performance. The best performing alloys are characterized through rigorous 3D image modeling of near-field intensity and phase at varied illumination angles.

This study examined the effects of a mindful eating intervention on health-related outcomes. Thirty-six obese, post-menopausal women were randomized to a 6-week mindful eating and living (MEAL) intervention or an active control group (CONT), consisting of nutritional counseling, goal setting, and group support. Additionally, there were ten monthly refreshers. Weight, body mass index (BMI), waist-hip ratio (WHR), binge eating, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and C-reactive protein (CRP) were assessed at baseline and four follow-up periods up to 1 year. Multilevel analyses showed that the MEAL group had reductions in weight, BMI, WHR, binge eating, IL-6, and CRP, and the CONT group had reductions in weight, BMI, and binge eating. The reductions in IL-6 and CRP were greater for the MEAL as compared with the CONT group. This study suggests that a mindfulness-based eating intervention may have various health benefits in post-menopausal women who are obese.

The purpose of this chapter is to introduce ways that the idea of a hero’s journey may foster resilience and thriving in the context of natural and technological disasters. First, resilience is defined as bouncing back from stress and thriving is defined as learning, growing, and benefiting from stress. Second, the focus on how positive emotions may build strengths and resources and the emphasis on optimal functioning are presented as contributions of positive psychology to resilience and thriving. Third, the modifiable variables and intervention techniques that may contribute to successful adaptation in the aftermath of disasters are discussed. Fourth, based on evidence for the value of written emotional disclosure and developing a coherent narrative, a case is made for focusing more on the role that stories may play in increasing resilience and thriving. Fifth, the idea of a “hero’s journey” is presented as a way to make the best use of stories to enable people to recover and move forward in the context of disasters. Finally, practical suggestions are provided for using the idea of a hero’s journey and relevant hero’s journey stories for fostering resilience and thriving in both individuals and communities.

BackgroundMindfulness-based interventions, Tai Chi/Qigong, and Yoga (defined here as meditative cancer interventions [MCIs]) have demonstrated small to medium effects on psychosocial outcomes in female breast cancer patients. However, no summary exists of how effective these interventions are for men with cancer.PurposeA meta-analysis was performed to determine the effectiveness of MCIs on psychosocial outcomes (e.g., quality of life, depression, and posttraumatic growth) for men with cancer.MethodsA literature search yielded 17 randomized controlled trials (N = 666) meeting study inclusion criteria. The authors were contacted to request data for male participants in the study when not reported.ResultsWith the removal of one outlier, there was a small effect found in favor of MCIs across all psychosocial outcomes immediately postintervention (g = .23, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.02 to 0.44). Studies using a usual care control arm demonstrated a small effect in favor of MCIs (g = .26, 95% CI 0.10 to 0.42). However, there was insufficient evidence of a superior effect for MCIs when compared to an active control group, including attention control. Few studies examined both short-term and long-term outcomes.ConclusionsThere is evidence for MCIs improving psychosocial outcomes in male cancer survivors. However, this effect is not demonstrated when limited to studies that used active controls. The effect size found in this meta-analysis is smaller than those reported in MCI studies of mixed gender and female cancer patient populations. More rigorously designed randomized trials are needed that include active control groups, which control for attention, and long-term follow-up. There may be unique challenges for addressing the psychosocial needs of male cancer patients that future interventions should consider.

As the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography technology progresses towards and below sub-7nm generations, polarization effects will begin to have an impact. As numerical apertures increase, the consequences at both the mask and the wafer plane need to be understood. Contrast losses at large angles can occur from non-ideal interference at the wafer plane (i.e. TM vs. TE polarization). While such loss of infidelity can be low for near wavelength half-pitch generations, additional image degradation can be attributed to polarization effects for higher resolution generations. Some of this arises from the mask. The polarized reflectance from a EUV photomask is influenced by the multilayer reflective stack as well as the polarizing effect of the patterned features. This paper explores the polarization effects that are induced by EUV masks for sub-7nm lithography generations. From the results, it was found that there is polarization-dependent induction and attenuation of current in EUV mask structures as mask pitch decreases.

As the power of laser produced plasma sources has increased, EUV lens heating has become a major component of process variation. Differential lens heating can cause thermal aberrations which affect system drift during operation, therefore pupil plane characterization will play a critical role in process optimization for EUV lithography (EUVL). In-situ full pupil characterization, which depicts the pupil in its in-use state, is essential for these tools. To this end we have developed Quick Inverse Pupil (QUIP)—a software suite developed for rapid characterization of pupil plane behavior based on images formed by that system. This algorithm is based on statistical modeling, which correlates image-space variation with known aberrations. Previously we have presented variations on this algorithm which can only measure third-order aberrations and requires aerial image data. In this paper, we will present an approach to measure high order aberrations from images formed in resist. An inverse pupil solution will be obtained from CD-SEM image analysis. We will show that the additional degrees of freedom required to measure high-order aberrations can be achieved through using different pitches of the metrology targets. We will demonstrate that this technique can accurately determine third- and fifth-order aberrations with a retrieval error below 0.5 miliwaves in under one second. A combination of synthetic and experimental data will be presented.

PURPOSE: Cross-sectional research suggests that thinking about multiple ways to reach goals (hope pathways) and the belief that one can reach them (hope agency) may be adaptive for lung cancer patients. We examined the between-person and within-person associations among aspects of hope agency and pathways thinking, daily fatigue, pain, and functional concerns (e.g., sense of independence, usefulness) among lung cancer patients during active treatment. METHODS: Data from a daily diary study were used to examine relations among hope agency, hope pathways, fatigue, pain, and functional concern in 50 patients with advanced lung cancer. Participants were accrued from one outpatient cancer center and completed the study between2014 - 2015. RESULTS: Adjusting for covariates and the previous day’s symptoms or concern, patients who engaged in higher pathways thinking reported lower daily symptoms, whereas those who engaged in higher agency thinking reported less functional concern. Within-person increases in pathways thinking were associated with less daily fatigue, pain, and functional concern; within-person increases in agency thinking were associated with less daily fatigue and pain. Models examining symptoms and concerns as predictors of hope suggested within-person increases in functional concern and fatigue and pain were related to lower agency and pathways thinking the same day. Patients with higher fatigue and pain did not report lower agency or pathways thinking, but patients with more functional concern did. CONCLUSIONS: Increases in hope pathways thinking are associated with lower symptoms and better functioning in lung cancer patients. This suggests that it is important to determine the efficacy of interventions that emphasize the pathways the component of hope.

This new edition of the bestselling Microlithography: Science and Technology provides a balanced treatment of theoretical and operational considerations, from elementary concepts to advanced aspects of modern submicron microlithography. Each chapter reflects the current research and practices from the world's leading academic and industrial laboratories detailed by a stellar panel of international experts.New in the Second EditionIn addition to updated information on existing material, this new edition features coverage of technologies developed over the last decade since the first edition appeared, including: Immersion Lithography 157nm Lithography Electron Projection Lithography (EPL) Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV) Lithography Imprint Lithography Photoresists for 193nm and Immersion Lithography Scatterometry Microlithography: Science and Technology, Second Edition authoritatively covers the physics, chemistry, optics, metrology tools and techniques, resist processing and materials, and fabrication methods involved in the latest generations of microlithography such as immersion lithography and extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography. It also looks ahead to the possible future systems and technologies that will bring the next generations to fruition.Loaded with illustrations, equations, tables, and time-saving references to the most current literature, this book is the most comprehensive and reliable source for anyone, from student to seasoned professional, looking to achieve robust, accurate, and cost-effective microlithography processes and systems.

Clergy fulfill vital societal functions as meaning makers and community builders. Partly because of their important roles, clergy frequently encounter stressful situations. Further, studies suggest that clergy experience high rates of depression. Despite this, few studies have examined protective factors for clergy that may increase their positive mental health. We invited all United Methodist clergy in North Carolina to participate in a survey. Of church-serving clergy, 85 percent responded (n = 1,476). Hierarchical multiple regression was used to assess the predictors of three positive and four negative mental health outcomes. The three sets of predictors were: demographics, which explained 2–10 percent of the variances; variables typically related to mental health (social support, social isolation, and financial stress), which explained 14–41 percent of the variances; and clergy-specific variables, which explained 14–20 percent of the variances, indicating the importance of measuring occupation-specific variables. Some variables (e.g., congregation demands) significantly related to both positive and negative mental health, whereas others (e.g., positive congregations, congregation support) significantly related primarily to positive mental health. In addition to their intervention implications, these findings support separate consideration for negative versus positive mental health.

Objective Previous work suggests that the perception of pain is subjective and dependent on individual differences in physiological, emotional, and cognitive states. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) studies have used both stimulus-related (nociceptive properties) and percept-related (subjective experience of pain) models to identify the brain networks associated with pain. Our objective was to identify the network involved in processing subjective pain during cold stimuli. Methods The current FMRI study directly contrasted a stimulus-related model with a percept-related model during blocks of cold pain stimuli in healthy adults. Specifically, neuronal activation was modelled as a function of changes in stimulus intensity vs as a function of increasing/decreasing levels of subjective pain corresponding to changes in pain ratings. In addition, functional connectivity analyses were conducted to examine intrinsic correlations between three proposed subnetworks (sensory/discriminative, affective/motivational, and cognitive/evaluative) involved in pain processing. Results The percept-related model captured more extensive activation than the stimulus-related model and demonstrated an association between higher subjective pain and activation in expected cortical (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, insula, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex [dACC] extending into pre-supplementary motor area) and subcortical (thalamus, striatum) areas. Moreover, connectivity results supported the posited roles of dACC and insula as key relay sites during neural processing of subjective pain. In particular, anterior insula appeared to link sensory/discriminative regions with regions in the other subnetworks, and dACC appeared to serve as a hub for affective/motivational, cognitive/evaluative, and motor subnetworks. Conclusions Using a percept-related model, brain regions involved in the processing of subjective pain during the application of cold stimuli were identified. Connectivity analyses identified linkages between key subnetworks involved in processing subjective pain.

This parallel-group, randomized controlled pilot study examined daily meditation in a diverse sample of older adults with postherpetic neuralgia. Block randomization was used to allocate participants to a treatment group (n = 13) or control group (n = 14). In addition to usual care, the treatment group practiced daily meditation for six weeks. All participants completed questionnaires at enrollment in the study, two weeks later, and six weeks after that, at the study's end. Participants recorded daily pain and fatigue levels in a diary, and treatment participants also noted meditation practice. Results at the 0.10 level indicated improvement in neuropathic, affective, and total pain scores for the treatment group, whereas affective pain worsened for the control group. Participants were able to adhere to the daily diary and meditation requirements in this feasibility pilot study.

Objective Given its lethality, associated stigma, and symptom burden, a lung cancer diagnosis poses a substantial challenge for patients. The goal of this study was to examine how daily hope, defined as goal-directed effort and planning to meet goals, and daily stigma were related to same- and next-day functioning in lung cancer patients receiving cancer treatment. Methods Fifty lung cancer patients (39 non-small-cell stages IIIa-IV; 11 limited and extensive small cell) completed a baseline questionnaire and 21 daily diaries (n = 1,042) assessing hope, stigma, physical symptoms, treatment factors, and functioning. Hypotheses were tested in same- and next-day models with multilevel modeling. Results Patients who reported more daily hope reported higher social and role functioning in same- and next-day models. On days that patients reported more hope than usual (compared with their own across-day average), they had higher social, role, and physical functioning; this effect did not carry into the next day. Treatment days were associated with lower social and role functioning when patients reported lower hope and associated with higher functioning when patients reported higher hope. Within-person hope was not predicted by disease symptoms. On days that patients reported more stigma than usual, they reported lower social and role functioning. Conclusions Hope is associated with functioning in lung cancer patients, regardless of physical symptoms from disease and treatment. Hope and stigma may therefore be appropriate intervention targets to support daily social and role functioning during lung cancer treatment. (PsycINFO Database Record

Next-generation EUV lithography systems will use anamorphic optics to achieve high-NA. The well-known Zernike circle polynomials do not describe the sixteen primary aberrations of these anamorphic optical systems though. We propose to use a basis which does describe the primary aberrations. We examine the properties of this new basis and how they impact lithographic processes through analogies to isomorphic aberrations. We have developed an application to use the proposed basis in existing lithography simulators. There is an additional importance in EUVL placed on understanding how pupil variation evolves during system operation. Interferometric methods are the de facto standard of pupil phase metrology but are challenging to implement during tool use. We have previously presented an approach to measure both the pupil amplitude and phase variation of isomorphic EUVL systems from images formed by that system. We show how this methodology can be adapted to anamorphic optical systems. More specifically, we will present a set of binary metrology targets sensitive to the anamorphic primary aberrations.

Objective: This study sought to determine whether social integration, defined as number of social roles, is associated with better pulmonary function in the elderly and which roles are associated with greatest benefit. It also examined pathways that connect social integration to better lung health. Methods: High functioning men (n = 518) and women (n = 629) ages 70-79 were recruited as part of the MacArthur Study of Successful Aging, and data were collected on social roles as well as pulmonary function as assessed by peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR). Multiple regressions predicting PEFR from the number of social roles controlled for age, sex, race, education, weight, and height. Physiological, behavioral, social, and psychological factors were tested as mediators of the association between the number of social roles and PEFR. Results: More social roles were associated with better PEFR. Analysis of specific roles indicated that marriage was the strongest positive correlate of PEFR. However, greater numbers of roles were also associated with better PEFR independent of marriage. Being a relative or friend were each also individually associated with better PEFR. Even so, greater numbers of social roles were associated with better PEFR independent of relative and friend. The data were consistent with greater happiness, not smoking, and more physical activity acting as pathways linking the number of roles to PEFR. Conclusions: Number of social roles is an important correlate of healthy lung function in the elderly. This association may be driven by healthier behaviors and greater feelings of well-being. © 2014 American Psychological Association.

This study reports on daily hope, coping, stress, and affect among 84 fire service members who completed a 21-day diary. Multilevel modeling showed that between-person hope was related to higher positive affect. Three-way interactions were found for within-person hope, stress, and daily coping in the prediction of daily affect. When under high stress and if low in hope, more emotion–expression coping predicted higher next day positive affect whereas if high in hope, more problem-focused coping predicted more positive affect. Within-person hope, stress, and emotion–expression coping interacted to predict negative affect. Findings for the prediction of negative affect necessitate further research to determine if the nature of coping under low hope and low stress is qualitatively distinct from high hope states.

Background High rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depressive symptoms have been observed in earthquake survivors from less developed areas of the world. This study, conducted three years after the 2005 Pakistan earthquake, aimed to identify potentially protective psychosocial factors associated with lower PTSD and depressive symptom levels. Methods Adult earthquake survivors (N=200) were recruited from affected areas in Northwestern Pakistan and completed self-report questionnaires measuring PTSD and depressive symptoms, positive and negative affect, and four psychosocial variables (purpose in life, positive and negative religious coping, and social support). Results Sixty five percent of participants met criteria for probable PTSD. Purpose in life was associated with lower symptom levels and higher positive emotions. A form of negative religious coping (feeling punished by God for one’s sins or lack of spirituality) was associated with higher symptom levels and negative emotions. Higher perceived social support was associated with higher positive emotions. Other significant relationships were also identified. Limitations Limitations include the recruitment of a sample of convenience, a modest sample size, and the cross-sectional nature of the study. Conclusions Findings suggest that some psychosocial factors may be protective across cultures, and that the use of negative religious coping is associated with poorer mental health outcomes in earthquake survivors. This study can inform preventive and treatment interventions for earthquake survivors in Pakistan and other less industrialized countries as they develop mental health care services.

© 2016 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). An approach to image-based EUV aberration metrology using binary mask targets and iterative model-based solutions to extract both the amplitude and phase components of the aberrated pupil function is presented. The approach is enabled through previously developed modeling, fitting, and extraction algorithms. We seek to examine the behavior of pupil amplitude variation in real-optical systems. Optimized target images were captured under several conditions to fit the resulting pupil responses. Both the amplitude and phase components of the pupil function were extracted from a zone-plate-based EUV mask microscope. The pupil amplitude variation was expanded in three different bases: Zernike polynomials, Legendre polynomials, and Hermite polynomials. It was found that the Zernike polynomials describe pupil amplitude variation most effectively of the three.

We present an approach to image-based pupil plane amplitude and phase characterization using models built with principal component analysis (PCA). PCA is a statistical technique to identify the directions of highest variation (principal components) in a high-dimensional dataset. A polynomial model is constructed between the principal components of through-focus intensity for the chosen binary mask targets and pupil amplitude or phase variation. This method separates model building and pupil characterization into two distinct steps, thus enabling rapid pupil characterization following data collection. The pupil plane variation of a zone-plate lens from the Semiconductor High-NA Actinic Reticle Review Project (SHARP) at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory will be examined using this method. Results will be compared to pupil plane characterization using a previously proposed methodology where inverse solutions are obtained through an iterative process involving least-squares regression.

Pupil plane characterization will play a critical role in image process optimization for EUV lithography (EUVL), as it has for several lithography generations. In EUVL systems there is additional importance placed on understanding the ways that thermally-induced system drift affect pupil variation during operation. In-situ full pupil characterization is therefore essential for these tools. To this end we have developed Quick Inverse Pupil (QUIP)—a software suite developed for rapid characterization of pupil plane behavior based on images formed by that system. The software consists of three main components: 1) an image viewer, 2) the model builder, and 3) the wavefront analyzer. The image viewer analyzes CDSEM micrographs or actinic mask micrographs to measure either CDs or through-focus intensity volumes. The software is capable of rotation correction and image registration with subpixel accuracy. The second component pre-builds a model for a particular imaging system to enable rapid pupil characterization. Finally, the third component analyzes the results from the image viewer and uses the optional pre-built model for inverse solutions of pupil plane behavior. Both pupil amplitude and phase variation can be extracted using this software. Inverse solutions are obtained through a model based algorithm which is built on top of commercial rigorous full-vector simulation software.

The non-zero chief ray angle at the object (CRAO) in EUVL systems introduces azimuthally asymmetric phase shifts. Understanding and characterizing these effects is critical to EUVL system and mask design. The effects of 3D mask absorber geometry on diffraction phase were examined through rigorous simulation. The diffraction phase distribution was split into even and odd components to enable analogies between the well-known effects of lens aberrations and EUV 3D mask effects. Specifically, this analysis reveals that the odd component of the phase distribution is non-zero in off-axis optical systems. We have found that 3D mask effects in EUVL systems can be partially compensated in the pupil plane to minimize aerial image effects, such as best focus shifts, horizontal-vertical CD bias, and image placement error.

The use of optical proximity correction (OPC) demands increasingly accurate models of the photolithographic process. Model building and inference techniques in the data science community have seen great strides in the past two decades which make better use of available information. This paper aims to demonstrate the predictive power of Bayesian inference as a method for parameter selection in lithographic models by quantifying the uncertainty associated with model inputs and wafer data. Specifically, the method combines the model builder's prior information about each modelling assumption with the maximization of each observation's likelihood as a Student's t-distributed random variable. Through the use of a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm, a model's parameter space is explored to find the most credible parameter values. During parameter exploration, the parameters' posterior distributions are generated by applying Bayes' rule, using a likelihood function and the a priori knowledge supplied. The MCMC algorithm used, an affine invariant ensemble sampler (AIES), is implemented by initializing many walkers which semiindependently explore the space. The convergence of these walkers to global maxima of the likelihood volume determine the parameter values' highest density intervals (HDI) to reveal champion models. We show that this method of parameter selection provides insights into the data that traditional methods do not and outline continued experiments to vet the method.