2,193 results on '"Brown John P"'
Search Results
2. QRS Duration After Pulmonary Valve Replacement in Adults with Repaired Tetralogy of Fallot: Association with Ventricular Arrhythmia and Correlation with Right Ventricular Size
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Bou Chaaya, Rody G., Barron, Emily, Herrmann, Jeremy L., Brown, John W., and Ephrem, Georges
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- 2023
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3. Growth friendly surgeries increase 3D true spine length at two-years post-operative
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Brown, John-David, Hurry, Jennifer, and El-Hawary, Ron
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- 2023
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4. FEASIBILITY AND SAFETY OF A FIELD CARE CLINIC AS AN ALTERNATIVE AMBULANCE DESTINATION DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC.
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Berger, Daniel, Wong-Castillo, John, Seymour, Ryan, Colwell, Christopher, Tenner, Andrea, Brown, John, and Mercer, Mary
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Biomedical and Clinical Sciences ,Clinical Sciences ,Health Sciences ,Health Services ,Clinical Research ,Good Health and Well Being ,COVID-19 ,alternative care site ,alternative destination ,emergency medical services ,field care clinic ,hospital decompression - Abstract
BackgroundAnticipating an increased utilization of healthcare facilities during the COVID-19 surge, the San Francisco Department of Public Health developed a plan to deploy neighborhood-based Field Care Clinics (FCCs) that would decompress emergency departments by serving patients with low acuity complaints. These clinics would receive patients directly from the Emergency Medical Services (EMS) system. Transports were initiated by a paramedic-driven protocol, originally by EMS crews and later by the Centralized Ambulance Destination Determination (CADDiE) System. In this study, we evaluated the outcomes of EMS patients who were transported to the FCC, specifically as to whether they required subsequent transfer to the emergency department.MethodsWe performed a retrospective study of all patients transported to the Bayview-Hunters Point (BHP) neighborhood FCC by EMS between April 11th, 2020, and December 16th, 2020. Descriptive statistics and Chi-Square Tests were used to analyze patient data.ResultsIn total, 35 patients (20 men, 15 women, average age of 50.9 years) were transported to the FCC. Of these, 16 were Black/African American, 7 were White, 3 were Asian, with 9 identifying as of other races and 9 of Hispanic ethnicity. Twenty-three of these transports resulted from a CADDiE recommendation. Approximately half (n=20) of calls originated within the BHP neighborhood. The most frequent patient complaint was "Pain." Of patients transported to the FCC, 23 were treated and discharged. The 12 remaining patients required hospital transfer, with 3 being discharged after receiving treatment in the emergency department and 9 requiring hospital admission, psychiatric, or sobering services. The likelihood of hospital transfer did not significantly vary by sex (p=0.41), 9-1-1 call origination relative to BHP neighborhood (p=0.92), or CADDiE recommendation (p=0.51).ConclusionThree-fourths of patients who required subsequent hospital transfer were admitted or required specialized services, suggesting that the FCC was viable for managing low acuity conditions. However, the underutilization of the FCC by EMS as a transport destination and a high hospital transfer rate indicates training and protocol refinement opportunities. Despite the small cohort size, this study demonstrates that an FCC alternative care site can act as a viable source for urgent and emergency care during a pandemic.
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- 2023
5. Coloniality-Decoloniality and Critical Global Citizenship: Identity, Belonging, and Education Abroad
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Hartman, Eric, Reynolds, Nora Pillard, Ferrarini, Caitlin, Messmore, Niki, Evans, Sabea, Al-Ebahim, Bibi, and Brown, John Matthias
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This article draws on existing literature, a large, multi-institutional dataset, and several case studies to explore two empirical questions: Do students of color (SOC) differ from white students in statistically significant ways in respect to the global learning goal of cultural humility? And what interactive effects do students and faculty from diverse backgrounds, diversity and inclusion advocacy, and diverse community contexts have on one another? We draw on existing literature and quantitative data to demonstrate that SOC tend to bring strengths to global learning experiences. We share several case studies to demonstrate how those strengths may lead to specific alliances regarding justice work in host communities, complicating any conception of students as visitors unattached to local justice struggles. Throughout the article, we draw on current literature and practice to present several questions at the intersections of education abroad, diversity, equity, inclusion, community-based global learning, and critical global citizenship.
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- 2020
6. Transgenic ZmMYB167 Miscanthus sinensis with increased lignin to boost bioenergy generation for the bioeconomy
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Bhatia, Rakesh, Timms-Taravella, Emma, Roberts, Luned A., Moron-Garcia, Odin M., Hauck, Barbara, Dalton, Sue, Gallagher, Joe A., Wagner, Moritz, Clifton-Brown, John, and Bosch, Maurice
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- 2023
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7. Implementation of a Leave-behind Naloxone Program in San Francisco: A One-year Experience
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LeSaint, Kathy T, Montoy, Juan Carlos C, Silverman, Eric C, Raven, Maria C, Schow, Samuel L, Coffin, Phillip O, Brown, John F, and Mercer, Mary P
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emergency medical services ,naloxone ,opioids ,overdose - Abstract
Introduction: In response to the ongoing opioid overdose crisis, US officials urged the expansion of access to naloxone for opioid overdose reversal. Since then, emergency medical services’ (EMS) dispensing of naloxone kits has become an emerging harm reduction strategy. Methods: We created a naloxone training and low-barrier distribution program in San Francisco: Project FRIEND (First Responder Increased Education and Naloxone Distribution). The team assembled an advisory committee of stakeholders and subject-matter experts, worked with local and state EMS agencies to augment existing protocols, created training curricula, and developed a naloxone-distribution data collection system. Naloxone kits were labeled for registration and data tracking. Emergency medical technicians and paramedics were asked to distribute naloxone kits to any individuals (patient or bystander) they deemed at risk of experiencing or witnessing an opioid overdose, and to voluntarily register those kits. Results: Training modalities included a video module (distributed to over 700 EMS personnel) and voluntary, in-person training sessions, attended by 224 EMS personnel. From September 25, 2019–September 24, 2020, 1,200 naloxone kits were distributed to EMS companies. Of these, 232 kits (19%) were registered by EMS personnel. Among registered kits, 146 (63%) were distributed during encounters for suspected overdose, and 103 (44%) were distributed to patients themselves. Most patients were male (n = 153, 66%) and of White race (n = 124, 53%); median age was 37.5 years (interquartile range 31-47). Conclusion: We describe a successful implementation and highlight the feasibility of a low-threshold, leave-behind naloxone program. Collaboration with multiple entities was a key component of the program’s success.
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- 2022
8. Involvement, Engagement, and Community: Dimensions and Correlates of Parental Participation in a Majority-Minority Urban School District
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Brown, John C., Graves, Erin M., and Burke, Mary A.
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This study examines parental participation in children's schooling. Using a survey of parents of children attending a majority Hispanic school district, we employ exploratory factor analysis and determine that standard forms of participation align along two dimensions: Involvement and Engagement. Analysis reveals a third dimension: Parental Community. The data suggest that income but not educational attainment influence Involvement, whereas family circumstances correlate best with Engagement. Households with the closest proximity to a Spanish-language/immigrant culture feel the strongest sense of Parental Community. The findings may inform the design of programming to help involve parents more fully in their children's schooling.
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- 2022
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9. Development of a simulation-based curriculum for Pediatric prehospital skills: a mixed-methods needs assessment.
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Padrez, Kevin A, Brown, John, Zanoff, Andy, Chen, Carol C, and Glomb, Nicolaus
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Humans ,Focus Groups ,Retrospective Studies ,Pediatrics ,Curriculum ,Needs Assessment ,Adolescent ,Child ,Child ,Preschool ,Infant ,Infant ,Newborn ,Emergency Medical Services ,Female ,Male ,Simulation Training ,Education ,Simulation ,Pediatric Research Initiative ,Pediatric ,Clinical Research ,Clinical Sciences ,Emergency & Critical Care Medicine - Abstract
BackgroundThe assessment and treatment of pediatric patients in the out-of-hospital environment often presents unique difficulties and stress for EMS practitioners.ObjectiveUse a mixed-methods approach to assess the current experience of EMS practitioners caring for critically ill and injured children, and the potential role of a simulation-based curriculum to improve pediatric prehospital skills.MethodsData were obtained from three sources in a single, urban EMS system: a retrospective review of local pediatric EMS encounters over one year; survey data of EMS practitioners' comfort with pediatric skills using a 7-point Likert scale; and qualitative data from focus groups with EMS practitioners assessing their experiences with pediatric patients and their preferred training modalities.Results2.1% of pediatric prehospital encounters were considered "critical," the highest acuity level. A total of 136 of approximately 858 prehospital providers responded to the quantitative survey; 34.4% of all respondents either somewhat disagree (16.4%), disagree (10.2%), or strongly disagree (7.8%) with the statement: "I feel comfortable taking care of a critically ill pediatric patient." Forty-seven providers participated in focus groups that resulted in twelve major themes under three domains. Specific themes included challenges in medication dosing, communication, and airway management. Participants expressed a desire for more repetition and reinforcement of these skills, and they were receptive to the use of high-fidelity simulation as a training modality.ConclusionsCritically ill pediatric prehospital encounters are rare. Over one third of EMS practitioners expressed a low comfort level in managing critically ill children. High-fidelity simulation may be an effective means to improve the comfort and skills of prehospital providers.
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- 2021
10. Design of the Xylitol for Adult Caries Trial (X-ACT)
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Amaechi Bennett T, Gilbert Gregg H, Gullion Christina M, Vollmer William M, Shugars Daniel A, Bader James D, and Brown John P
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Dentistry ,RK1-715 - Abstract
Abstract Background Dental caries incidence in adults is similar to that in children and adolescents, but few caries preventive agents have been evaluated for effectiveness in adults populations. In addition, dentists direct fewer preventive services to their adult patients. Xylitol, an over-the-counter sweetener, has shown some potential as a caries preventive agent, but the evidence for its effectiveness is not yet conclusive and is based largely on studies in child populations. Methods/Design X-ACT is a three-year, multi-center, placebo controlled, double-blind, randomized clinical trial that tests the effects of daily use of xylitol lozenges versus placebo lozenges on the prevention of adult caries. The trial has randomized 691 participants (ages 21-80) to the two arms. The primary outcome is the increment of cavitated lesions. Discussion This trial should help resolve the overall issue of the effectiveness of xylitol in preventing caries by contributing evidence with a low risk of bias. Just as importantly, the trial will provide much-needed information about the effectiveness of a promising caries prevention agent in adults. An effective xylitol-based caries prevention intervention would represent an easily disseminated method to extend caries prevention to individuals not receiving caries preventive treatment in the dental office. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.Gov NCT00393055
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- 2010
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11. Centralized Ambulance Destination Determination: A Retrospective Data Analysis to Determine Impact on EMS System Distribution, Surge Events, and Diversion Status
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Bains, Gurvijay, Breyre, Amelia, Seymour, Ryan, Montoy, Juan Carlos, Brown, John, Mercer, Mary, and Colwell, Chris
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Ambulance Transport ,EMS ,Diversion ,Distribution - Abstract
Introduction: Emergency medical services (EMS) systems can become impacted by sudden surges that can occur throughout the day, as well as by natural disasters and the current pandemic. Because of this, emergency department crowding and ambulance “bunching,” or surges in ambulance-transported patients at receiving hospitals, can have a detrimental effect on patient care and financial implications for an EMS system. The Centralized Ambulance Destination Determination (CAD-D) project was initially created as a pilot project to look at the impact of an active, online base hospital physician and paramedic supervisor to direct patient destination and distribution, as a way to improve ambulance distribution, decrease surges at hospitals, and decrease diversion status. Methods: The project was initiated March 17, 2020, with a six-week baseline period; it had three additional study phases where the CAD-D was recommended (Phase 1), mandatory (Phase 2), and modified (Phase 3), respectively. We used coefficients of variation (CV) statistical analysis to measure the relative variability between datasets (eg, CAD-D phases), with a lower variation showing better and more even distribution across the different hospitals. We used analysis of co-variability for the CV to determine whether level loading was improved systemwide across the three phases against the baseline period. The primary outcomes of this study were the following: to determine the impact of ambulance distribution across a geographical area by using the CV; to determine whether there was a decrease in surge rates at the busiest hospital in this area; and the effects on diversion. Results: We calculated the CV of all ratios and used them as a measure of EMS patient distribution among hospitals. Mean CV was lower in Phase 2 as compared to baseline (1.56 vs 0.80 P < 0.05), and to baseline and Phase 3 (1.56 vs. 0.93, P
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- 2021
12. Replication Studies: An Essay in Praise of Ground-Up Conceptual Replications in the Science of Learning
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Brown, John F.
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This paper discusses adapting Churches' approach to large-scale teacher/researcher conceptual replications of major "science of learning" findings, to increase teachers' engagement with empirical research on, and building research networks for, gathering data on the science of learning. The project here demonstrated the feasibility of teacher-led randomised controlled trials for conceptually replicating the effects of cognitive science on learning, as specified by researchers. It also indicated high levels of interest by teachers in applying more science of learning in their practice. The approach gave freedom to teachers to design interventions, choose research methods, and measure outcomes, even though such freedom would be in tension with some scientific research which relies on constraining the sources of variation. This paper discusses how a balance can be struck between the objectives of teachers and researchers engaged in replicating cognitive science findings, and promoting teacher engagement in conceptual replication research.
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- 2022
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13. Adult Patients with Respiratory Distress: Current Evidence-based Recommendations for Prehospital Care
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Hodroge, Sammy S., Glenn, Melody, Breyre, Amelia, Lee, Bennett, Aldridge, Nick R., Sporer, Karl A., Koenig, Kristi L., Gausche-Hill, Marianne, Salvucci, Angelo A., Rudnick, Eric M., Brown, John F., and Gilbert, Gregory H.
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ambulance ,dyspnea ,emergency medical services ,prehospital ,evidence-based ,guideline ,clinical protocol - Abstract
Introduction: We developed evidence-based recommendations for prehospital evaluation and treatment of adult patients with respiratory distress. These recommendations are compared with current protocols used by the 33 local emergency medical services agencies (LEMSA) in California.Methods: We performed a review of the evidence in the prehospital treatment of adult patients with respiratory distress. The quality of evidence was rated and used to form guidelines. We then compared the respiratory distress protocols of each of the 33 LEMSAs for consistency with these recommendations.Results: PICO (population/problem, intervention, control group, outcome) questions investigated were treatment with oxygen, albuterol, ipratropium, steroids, nitroglycerin, furosemide, and non-invasive ventilation. Literature review revealed that oxygen titration to no more than 94-96% for most acutely ill medical patients and to 88-92% in patients with acute chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbation is associated with decreased mortality. In patients with bronchospastic disease, the data shows improved symptoms and peak flow rates after the administration of albuterol. There is limited data regarding prehospital use of ipratropium, and the benefit is less clear. The literature supports the use of systemic steroids in those with asthma and COPD to improve symptoms and decrease hospital admissions. There is weak evidence to support the use of nitrates in critically ill, hypertensive patients with acute pulmonary edema (APE) and moderate evidence that furosemide may be harmful if administered prehospital to patients with suspected APE. Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) is shown in the literature to be safe and effective in the treatment of respiratory distress due to acute pulmonary edema, bronchospasm, and other conditions. It decreases both mortality and the need for intubation. Albuterol, nitroglycerin, and NIPPV were found in the protocols of every LEMSA. Ipratropium, furosemide, and oxygen titration were found in a proportion of the protocols, and steroids were not prescribed in any LEMSA protocol.Conclusion: Prehospital treatment of adult patients with respiratory distress varies widely across California. We present evidence-based recommendations for the prehospital treatment of undifferentiated adult patients with respiratory distress that will assist with standardizing management and may be useful for EMS medical directors when creating and revising protocols.
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- 2020
14. Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Hypertension: Updates to a Critical Relationship
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Brown, John, Yazdi, Farshid, Jodari-Karimi, Mona, Owen, Jonathan G., and Reisin, Efrain
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- 2022
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15. Spokes for Our Folks: Public Health Bike Tour
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Rose, Christian, Chang, Brian, and Brown, John
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Curriculum and Pedagogy ,Education ,Health Services ,Clinical Research ,Health and social care services research ,8.1 Organisation and delivery of services ,Good Health and Well Being ,Curriculum and pedagogy - Abstract
Nearly half of medical care in the United States is managed through the emergency department, a large portion of which could be managed by "lateral" health services provided by public health facilities like human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prophylaxis, alcohol and drug treatment programs, emergency psychiatric resources, and medical respite or rehabilitation centers. These options may be underutilized due to lack of knowledge of their services and demographics by patients and health care workers alike. We aimed to educate all levels of emergency medicine trainees and staff to citywide services via bike tour. Participants reported an improved understanding of health services as well as a sense of "camaraderie" toward lateral health services and other providers on the rides.
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- 2019
16. Breeding progress and preparedness for mass‐scale deployment of perennial lignocellulosic biomass crops switchgrass, miscanthus, willow and poplar
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Clifton‐Brown, John, Harfouche, Antoine, Casler, Michael D, Jones, Huw Dylan, Macalpine, William J, Murphy‐Bokern, Donal, Smart, Lawrence B, Adler, Anneli, Ashman, Chris, Awty‐Carroll, Danny, Bastien, Catherine, Bopper, Sebastian, Botnari, Vasile, Brancourt‐Hulmel, Maryse, Chen, Zhiyong, Clark, Lindsay V, Cosentino, Salvatore, Dalton, Sue, Davey, Chris, Dolstra, Oene, Donnison, Iain, Flavell, Richard, Greef, Joerg, Hanley, Steve, Hastings, Astley, Hertzberg, Magnus, Hsu, Tsai‐Wen, Huang, Lin S, Iurato, Antonella, Jensen, Elaine, Jin, Xiaoli, Jørgensen, Uffe, Kiesel, Andreas, Kim, Do‐Soon, Liu, Jianxiu, McCalmont, Jon P, McMahon, Bernard G, Mos, Michal, Robson, Paul, Sacks, Erik J, Sandu, Anatolii, Scalici, Giovanni, Schwarz, Kai, Scordia, Danilo, Shafiei, Reza, Shield, Ian, Slavov, Gancho, Stanton, Brian J, Swaminathan, Kankshita, Taylor, Gail, Torres, Andres F, Trindade, Luisa M, Tschaplinski, Timothy, Tuskan, Gerald A, Yamada, Toshihiko, Yu, Chang Yeon, Zalesny, Ronald S, Zong, Junqin, and Lewandowski, Iris
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Affordable and Clean Energy ,bioenergy ,feedstocks ,lignocellulose ,M. sacchariflorus ,M. sinensis ,Miscanthus ,Panicum virgatum ,perennial biomass crop ,Populus spp. ,Salix spp. ,M. sacchariflorus ,M. sinensis ,Agricultural Biotechnology - Abstract
Genetic improvement through breeding is one of the key approaches to increasing biomass supply. This paper documents the breeding progress to date for four perennial biomass crops (PBCs) that have high output-input energy ratios: namely Panicum virgatum (switchgrass), species of the genera Miscanthus (miscanthus), Salix (willow) and Populus (poplar). For each crop, we report on the size of germplasm collections, the efforts to date to phenotype and genotype, the diversity available for breeding and on the scale of breeding work as indicated by number of attempted crosses. We also report on the development of faster and more precise breeding using molecular breeding techniques. Poplar is the model tree for genetic studies and is furthest ahead in terms of biological knowledge and genetic resources. Linkage maps, transgenesis and genome editing methods are now being used in commercially focused poplar breeding. These are in development in switchgrass, miscanthus and willow generating large genetic and phenotypic data sets requiring concomitant efforts in informatics to create summaries that can be accessed and used by practical breeders. Cultivars of switchgrass and miscanthus can be seed-based synthetic populations, semihybrids or clones. Willow and poplar cultivars are commercially deployed as clones. At local and regional level, the most advanced cultivars in each crop are at technology readiness levels which could be scaled to planting rates of thousands of hectares per year in about 5 years with existing commercial developers. Investment in further development of better cultivars is subject to current market failure and the long breeding cycles. We conclude that sustained public investment in breeding plays a key role in delivering future mass-scale deployment of PBCs.
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- 2019
17. The Digital EMS California Academy of Learning: One State's Innovative Approach to EMS Fellow Education.
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Staats, Katherine, Mercer, Mary P, Bosson, Nichole, Joelle Donofrio, J, Schlesinger, Shira, Sanko, Stephen, Kazan, Clayton, Brown, John, Loza-Gomez, Angelica, Eckstein, Marc, and Gausche-Hill, Marianne
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Health Services ,Clinical Research ,8.1 Organisation and delivery of services ,Health and social care services research - Abstract
IntroductionEmergency medical services (EMS) fellowships are growing in significance within the United States prehospital health care system. While fellowships represent a cornerstone of EMS subspecialty education, an individual learner's experiences are limited by local resources and practices. California EMS fellowships have developed an innovative method for expanding fellows' educational experiences outside their immediate programs.The innovative education methodEach month, fellows, fellowship directors, and local EMS medical directors from throughout the state participate in a video conference. This meeting is divided into four distinct components: book chapter presentation, board-style question review, call review, and an EMS literature review.Chapter reviewThe two-volume text Emergency Medical Services: Clinical Practice and Systems Oversight has been categorized into 12 modules, one for each month of the fellowship. Every meeting, one fellow prepares a didactic presentation summarizing the highlights from that month's chapters.Question reviewFellows each create five multiple-choice questions and answers, based on the section reading. Questions are assessed by the group, both for informational content and for appropriate formatting. After completion, these questions are submitted for future review for the EMS fellowship in-service examination.Call reviewBased on that month's module topics, a call is chosen and reviewed. Regional protocol and practice differences from different systems are discussed. The online medical oversight provided and the prehospital provider performance are evaluated by the group.Literature reviewFellows not assigned to present a call or didactic segment each choose one paper focusing on a subject relevant to the module or call. Strengths of the study design, analysis, outcomes, and relevance to EMS practice are discussed.OutcomesFellows and experienced EMS attendings are exposed to different protocol and system approaches in an interactive and accessible format. This partnership expands educational opportunities for fellows and promotes collaboration across EMS systems.
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- 2019
18. Breeding progress and preparedness for mass-scale deployment of perennial lignocellulosic biomass crops switchgrass, miscanthus, willow and poplar.
- Author
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Clifton-Brown, John, Harfouche, Antoine, Casler, Michael D, Dylan Jones, Huw, Macalpine, William J, Murphy-Bokern, Donal, Smart, Lawrence B, Adler, Anneli, Ashman, Chris, Awty-Carroll, Danny, Bastien, Catherine, Bopper, Sebastian, Botnari, Vasile, Brancourt-Hulmel, Maryse, Chen, Zhiyong, Clark, Lindsay V, Cosentino, Salvatore, Dalton, Sue, Davey, Chris, Dolstra, Oene, Donnison, Iain, Flavell, Richard, Greef, Joerg, Hanley, Steve, Hastings, Astley, Hertzberg, Magnus, Hsu, Tsai-Wen, Huang, Lin S, Iurato, Antonella, Jensen, Elaine, Jin, Xiaoli, Jørgensen, Uffe, Kiesel, Andreas, Kim, Do-Soon, Liu, Jianxiu, McCalmont, Jon P, McMahon, Bernard G, Mos, Michal, Robson, Paul, Sacks, Erik J, Sandu, Anatolii, Scalici, Giovanni, Schwarz, Kai, Scordia, Danilo, Shafiei, Reza, Shield, Ian, Slavov, Gancho, Stanton, Brian J, Swaminathan, Kankshita, Taylor, Gail, Torres, Andres F, Trindade, Luisa M, Tschaplinski, Timothy, Tuskan, Gerald A, Yamada, Toshihiko, Yeon Yu, Chang, Zalesny, Ronald S, Zong, Junqin, and Lewandowski, Iris
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M. sacchariflorus ,M. sinensis ,Miscanthus ,Panicum virgatum ,Populus spp. ,Salix spp. ,bioenergy ,feedstocks ,lignocellulose ,perennial biomass crop ,M. sacchariflorus ,M. sinensis ,Agricultural Biotechnology - Abstract
Genetic improvement through breeding is one of the key approaches to increasing biomass supply. This paper documents the breeding progress to date for four perennial biomass crops (PBCs) that have high output-input energy ratios: namely Panicum virgatum (switchgrass), species of the genera Miscanthus (miscanthus), Salix (willow) and Populus (poplar). For each crop, we report on the size of germplasm collections, the efforts to date to phenotype and genotype, the diversity available for breeding and on the scale of breeding work as indicated by number of attempted crosses. We also report on the development of faster and more precise breeding using molecular breeding techniques. Poplar is the model tree for genetic studies and is furthest ahead in terms of biological knowledge and genetic resources. Linkage maps, transgenesis and genome editing methods are now being used in commercially focused poplar breeding. These are in development in switchgrass, miscanthus and willow generating large genetic and phenotypic data sets requiring concomitant efforts in informatics to create summaries that can be accessed and used by practical breeders. Cultivars of switchgrass and miscanthus can be seed-based synthetic populations, semihybrids or clones. Willow and poplar cultivars are commercially deployed as clones. At local and regional level, the most advanced cultivars in each crop are at technology readiness levels which could be scaled to planting rates of thousands of hectares per year in about 5 years with existing commercial developers. Investment in further development of better cultivars is subject to current market failure and the long breeding cycles. We conclude that sustained public investment in breeding plays a key role in delivering future mass-scale deployment of PBCs.
- Published
- 2019
19. Abuse-Deterrent Opioids: A Survey of Physician Beliefs, Behaviors, and Psychology
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Dasgupta, Nabarun, Brown, John R., Nocera, Maryalice, Lazard, Allison, Slavova, Svetla, and Freeman, Patricia R.
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- 2022
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20. A high-resolution single-molecule sequencing-based Arabidopsis transcriptome using novel methods of Iso-seq analysis
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Zhang, Runxuan, Kuo, Richard, Coulter, Max, Calixto, Cristiane P. G., Entizne, Juan Carlos, Guo, Wenbin, Marquez, Yamile, Milne, Linda, Riegler, Stefan, Matsui, Akihiro, Tanaka, Maho, Harvey, Sarah, Gao, Yubang, Wießner-Kroh, Theresa, Paniagua, Alejandro, Crespi, Martin, Denby, Katherine, Hur, Asa ben, Huq, Enamul, Jantsch, Michael, Jarmolowski, Artur, Koester, Tino, Laubinger, Sascha, Li, Qingshun Quinn, Gu, Lianfeng, Seki, Motoaki, Staiger, Dorothee, Sunkar, Ramanjulu, Szweykowska-Kulinska, Zofia, Tu, Shih-Long, Wachter, Andreas, Waugh, Robbie, Xiong, Liming, Zhang, Xiao-Ning, Conesa, Ana, Reddy, Anireddy S. N., Barta, Andrea, Kalyna, Maria, and Brown, John W. S.
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- 2022
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21. Regulome analysis in B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia exposes Core Binding Factor addiction as a therapeutic vulnerability
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Wray, Jason P., Deltcheva, Elitza M., Boiers, Charlotta, Richardson, Simon Е, Chhetri, Jyoti Bikram, Brown, John, Gagrica, Sladjana, Guo, Yanping, Illendula, Anuradha, Martens, Joost H. A., Stunnenberg, Hendrik G., Bushweller, John H., Nimmo, Rachael, and Enver, Tariq
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- 2022
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22. An instructive role for Interleukin-7 receptor α in the development of human B-cell precursor leukemia
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Geron, Ifat, Savino, Angela Maria, Fishman, Hila, Tal, Noa, Brown, John, Turati, Virginia A., James, Chela, Sarno, Jolanda, Hameiri-Grossman, Michal, Lee, Yu Nee, Rein, Avigail, Maniriho, Hillary, Birger, Yehudit, Zemlyansky, Anna, Muler, Inna, Davis, Kara L., Marcu-Malina, Victoria, Mattson, Nicole, Parnas, Oren, Wagener, Rabea, Fischer, Ute, Barata, João T., Jamieson, Catriona H. M., Müschen, Markus, Chen, Chun-Wei, Borkhardt, Arndt, Kirsch, Ilan Richard, Nagler, Arnon, Enver, Tariq, and Izraeli, Shai
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- 2022
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23. Deposition of steeply infalling debris around white dwarf stars
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Brown, John C., Veras, Dimitri, and Gaensicke, Boris T.
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Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics ,Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics - Abstract
High-metallicity pollution is common in white dwarf (WD) stars hosting remnant planetary systems. However, they rarely have detectable debris accretion discs, possibly because much of the influx is fast steeply-infalling debris in star-grazing orbits, producing a more tenuous signature than a slowly accreting disk. Processes governing such deposition between the Roche radius and photosphere have so far received little attention and we model them here analytically by extending recent work on sun-grazing comets to WD systems. We find that the evolution of cm-to-km size (a_0) infallers most strongly depends on two combinations of parameters, which effectively measure sublimation rate and binding strength. We then provide an algorithm to determine the fate of infallers for any WD, and apply the algorithm to four limiting combinations of hot versus cool (young/old) WDs with snowy (weak, volatile) versus rocky (strong, refractory) infallers. We find: (i) Total sublimation above the photosphere befalls all small infallers across the entire WD temperature (T_WD) range, the threshold size rising with T_WD and 100X larger for rock than snow. (ii) All very large objects fragment tidally regardless of T_WD: for rock, a_0 >= 10^5 cm; for snow, a_0 >= 10^3 -- 3x10^4 cm across all WD cooling ages. (iii) A considerable range of a_0 avoids fragmentation and total sublimation, yielding impacts or grazes with cold WDs. This range narrows rapidly with increasing T_WD, especially for snowy bodies. Finally, we discuss briefly how the various forms of deposited debris may finally reach the photosphere surface itself., Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRAS
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- 2017
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24. Altered Mental Status: Current Evidence-based Recommendations for Prehospital Care
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Sanello, Ashley, Gausche-Hill, Marianne, Mulkerin, William, Sporer, Karl A., Brown, John F., Koenig, Kristi L., Rudnick, Eric M., Salvucci, Angelo A., and Gilbert, Gregory H.
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Altered Mental Status ,Altered Level of Consciousness ,Glasgow Coma Scale ,Emergency Medical Services ,Clinical Protocols ,Evidence-based ,Prehospital Care - Abstract
Introduction: In the United States emergency medical services (EMS) protocols vary widely across jurisdictions. We sought to develop evidence-based recommendations for the prehospital evaluation and treatment of a patient with an acute change in mental status and to compare these recommendations against the current protocols used by the 33 EMS agencies in the State of California.Methods: We performed a literature review of the current evidence in the prehospital treatment of a patient with altered mental status (AMS) and augmented this review with guidelines from various national and international societies to create our evidence-based recommendations. We then compared the AMS protocols of each of the 33 EMS agencies for consistency with these recommendations. The specific protocol components that we analyzed were patient assessment, point-of-care tests, supplemental oxygen, use of standardized scoring, evaluating for causes of AMS, blood glucose evaluation, toxicological treatment, and pediatric evaluation and management. Results: Protocols across 33 EMS agencies in California varied widely. All protocols call for a blood glucose check, 21 (64%) suggest treating adults at
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- 2018
25. This Article Corrects: “Trends in Regionalization of Care for ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction”
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Hsia, Renee Y., Sabbagh, Sarah, Sarkar, Nandita, Sporer, Karl, Rokos, Ivan C., Brown, John F., Brindis, Ralph G., Guo, Joanna, and Shen, Yu-Chu
- Published
- 2018
26. Chemotherapy induces canalization of cell state in childhood B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia
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Turati, Virginia A., Guerra-Assunção, José Afonso, Potter, Nicola E., Gupta, Rajeev, Ecker, Simone, Daneviciute, Agne, Tarabichi, Maxime, Webster, Amy P., Ding, Chuling, May, Gillian, James, Chela, Brown, John, Conde, Lucia, Russell, Lisa J., Ancliff, Phil, Inglott, Sarah, Cazzaniga, Giovanni, Biondi, Andrea, Hall, Georgina W., Lynch, Mark, Hubank, Mike, Macaulay, Iain, Beck, Stephan, Van Loo, Peter, Jacobsen, Sten E., Greaves, Mel, Herrero, Javier, and Enver, Tariq
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- 2021
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27. Amended results for hard X-ray emission by non-thermal thick target recombination in solar flares
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Reep, Jeffrey W. and Brown, John C.
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Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics - Abstract
Brown & Mallik 2008 and the Brown et al. 2010 corrigendum of it presented expressions for non-thermal recombination (NTR) in the collisionally thin- and thick-target regimes, claiming that the process could account for a substantial part of hard X-ray continuum in solar flares usually attributed entirely to thermal and non-thermal bremsstrahlung (NTB). However, we have found the thick-target expression to become unphysical for low cut-offs in the injected electron energy spectrum. We trace this to an error in the derivation, derive a corrected version which is real-valued and continuous for all photon energies and cut-offs, and show that, for thick targets, Brown et al. over-estimated NTR emission at small photon energies. The regime of small cut-offs and large spectral indices involve large (reducing) correction factors but in some other thick-target parameter regimes NTR/NTB can still be of order unity. We comment on the importance of these results to flare and to microflare modeling and spectral fitting. An empirical fit to our results shows that the peak NTR contribution comprises over half the hard X-ray signal if delta > 6 (E_0c/4 keV)^(0.4)., Comment: Accepted to ApJ. 5 pages, 3 figures
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- 2016
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28. Trends in Regionalization of Care for ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction
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Hsia, Renee Y., Sabbagh, Sarah, Sarkar, Nandita, Sporer, Karl, Rokos, Ivan C., Brown, John F., Brindis, Ralph G., Guo, Joanna, and Shen, Yu-Chu
- Subjects
STEMI ,regionalization of care ,EMS ,pre-hospital care - Abstract
Introduction: California has led successful regionalized efforts for several time-critical medicalconditions, including ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), but no specific mandatedprotocols exist to define regionalization of care. We aimed to study the trends in regionalizationof care for STEMI patients in the state of California and to examine the differences in patientdemographic, hospital, and county trends.Methods: Using survey responses collected from all California emergency medical services (EMS)agencies, we developed four categories – no, partial, substantial, and complete regionalization– to capture prehospital and inter-hospital components of regionalization in each EMS agency’sjurisdiction between 2005-2014. We linked the survey responses to 2006 California non-publichospital discharge data to study the patient distribution at baseline.Results: STEMI regionalization-of-care networks steadily developed across California. Only 14%of counties were regionalized in 2006, accounting for 42% of California’s STEMI patient population,but over half of these counties, representing 86% of California’s STEMI patient population, reachedcomplete regionalization in 2014. We did not find any dramatic differences in underlying patientcharacteristics based on regionalization status; however, differences in hospital characteristics wererelatively substantial.Conclusion: Potential barriers to achieving regionalization included competition, hospital ownership,population density, and financial challenges. Minimal differences in patient characteristics canestablish that patient differences unlikely played any role in influencing earlier or later regionalizationand can provide a framework for future analyses evaluating the impact of regionalization on patientoutcomes.
- Published
- 2017
29. Prehospital Care for the Adult and Pediatric Seizure Patient: Current Evidence Based Recommendations
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Silverman, Eric C, Sporer, Karl A, Lemieux, Justin M., Brown, John F, Koenig, Kristi L, Gausche-Hill, Marianne, Rudnick, Eric M, Salvucci, Angelo A, and Gilbert, Greg H
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Seizure ,Febrile seizure ,Eclampsia ,Status Epilepticus ,Emergency Medical Services ,Prehospital ,Evidence-based Guideline - Abstract
Introduction: We sought to develop evidence-based recommendations for the prehospital evaluation and treatment of adult and pediatric patients with a seizure and to compare these recommendations against the current protocol utilized by the 33 EMS agencies in California.Methods: We performed a review of the evidence in the prehospital treatment of a patients with a seizure. We compared the seizure protocols of each of the 33 EMS agencies for consistency with these recommendations. We analyzed the type and route of medication administered, number of additional rescue doses permitted, and requirements for glucose testing prior to medication. The treatment for eclampsia and seizures in pediatric patients were analyzed separately.Results: Protocols across EMS Agencies in California varied widely. Multiple drugs, dosages, routes of administration, re-dosing instructions, and requirement for blood glucose testing prior to medication delivery were identified. Blood glucose testing prior to benzodiazepine administratin is required by 61% (20/33) of agencies for adult patients and 76% (25/33) for pediatric patients. All agencies have protocols for giving intramuscular benzodiazepines and 76% (25/33) have protocols for intranasal benzodiazepines. Intramuscular midazolam dosages ranged from 2 to 10 mg per single adult dose, 2 to 8 mg per single pediatric dose, and 0.1 to 0.2 mg/kg as a weight-based dose. Intranasal midazolam dosages ranged from 2 to 10 mg pr single adult or pediatric dose, and 0.1 to 0.2 mg/kg as a weight-based dose. Intravenous/intrasosseous midazolam dosages ranged from 1 to 6 mg per single adult dose, 1 to 5 mg per single pediatric dose, and 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg as a weight-based dose. Eclampsia is specifically addressed by 85% (28/33) of agencies. Forty-two percent (14/33) have a protocol for adminstering magnesium sulfate, with intravenous dosages ranging from 2 to 6 mg, and 58% (19/33) allow benzodiazepines to be administered.Conclusion: Protocols for a patient with a seizure, including eclampsia, and febrile seizures, vary widely across California. These recommendations for the prehospital diagnosis and treatment of seizures may be useful for EMS Medical Directors tasked with creating and revising these protocols.
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- 2017
30. Destruction and Observational Signatures of Sun-Impacting Comets
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Brown, John C., Carlson, Robert W., and Toner, Mark P.
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Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics ,Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics - Abstract
Motivated by recent data on comets in the low corona, we discuss destruction of sun impacting comets in the dense lower solar atmosphere. Perihelion distances q less than the solar radius and incident masses Mo much greater than 1E12 g are required to reach such depths. Extending earlier work on planetary atmosphere impacts to solar conditions, we evaluate the mechanisms and spatial distribution of nucleus mass and energy loss as functions of Mo and q, and of parameter X = 2Q/CHvovo. Q is the total specific energy for ablative mass loss, CH the bow shock heat transfer efficiency, and vo the solar escape speed (619 km/s). We discuss factors affecting Q and CH and conclude that, for solar vo, X is most likely less than 1 so that solar impactors are mostly ablated before decelerating. Sun impacting comets have kinetic energies 2E30 erg x(Mo/1E15 g), comparable with the energies of magnetic flares. This is released as a localised explosive airburst within a few scale heights H around 200 km of the photosphere, depending weakly on Mo , q and X. For X = 0.01, Mo around 1E15 g, and a typical Kreutz Group shallow incidence angle, comet the airburst occurs around atmospheric density n around 3E15 per ml and this would be 1000 times larger (700 km deeper) for vertical entry. Such airbursts drive flare like phenomena including prompt radiation, hot rising plumes and photospheric ripples, the observability and diagnostic value of which we discuss., Comment: 12 pages, 6 figures, published in Astrophysical Journal
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- 2015
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31. Determination of Xylitol in Sugar-Free Gum by GC-MS with Direct Aqueous Injection: A Laboratory Experiment for Chemistry Students
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Rajapaksha, Suranga M., Samarasekara, Dulani, Brown, John Charles, Howard, Leslie, Gerken, Katherine, Archer, Todd, Lathan, Patty, Mlsna, Todd, and Mlsna, Deb
- Abstract
Proficiency with instrumental analysis via GC-MS is an important skill for chemistry students. The application of analytical techniques and fundamental theoretical principles to real-world problems can be valuable learning exercises for undergraduates which can also improve their analytical thinking skills. Xylitol is generally considered safe for human consumption and is frequently used in sugar-free gum; however, it is extremely toxic to dogs. In this laboratory experiment, upper-level undergraduate chemistry students extract xylitol from both fresh and chewed gum sticks followed by direct aqueous injection GC-MS analysis. Students learn the proper steps and techniques required for sample extraction and preparation and GC--MS analysis, and they determine concentrations of xylitol present in gum samples. Identification and quantification of the chemical components in gum extract occurs via GC-MS analysis; however, other GC detectors could be used. Students also compare external and internal standard calibration methods for xylitol quantification. Upon quantification of xylitol in chewed and unchewed gum samples, students are able to calculate the level of hazard for dogs upon ingestion.
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- 2018
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32. PROFIT FROM RISK: Junius Morgan and the Eads Bridge.
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Brown, John K.
- Abstract
This document provides a detailed account of the construction of the Eads Bridge in St. Louis, which was the first steel bridge in the world. The bridge was designed by James Eads, a steamboat man without formal engineering training, and financed by Junius and Pierpont Morgan. The construction faced numerous challenges, including a tornado, material procurement difficulties, and financial setbacks due to the Panic of 1873. The bridge struggled initially but eventually prospered after being foreclosed and reorganized under the Morgan banks. The document also explores the role of monopolies and the influence of figures like Pierpont Morgan in shaping the bridge's history. [Extracted from the article]
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- 2024
33. The Wickham Park precinct
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Akers, Harry F, Foley, Michael A, Brown, John P, and Woodford, Valerie
- Published
- 2020
34. Acute Stroke: Current Evidence-based Recommendations for Prehospital Care
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Glober, Nancy K., Sporer, Karl A., Guluma, Kama Z., Serra, John P., Barger, Joe A., Brown, John F., Gilbert, Greg H., Koenig, Kristi L., Rudnick, Eric M., and Salvucci, Angelo A.
- Subjects
Adult Acute Stroke Care 12-Lead EKG Stroke Stroke Care Stroke Care Emergency Medical Services Evidence-based Prehospital Protocols Regionalization Standardization - Abstract
Introduction: In the United States, Emergency Medical Services (EMS) protocols vary widely across jurisdictions. We sought to develop evidence-based recommendations for the prehospital evaluation and treatment of a patient with a suspected stroke and to compare these recommendations against the current protocols utilized by the 33 EMS agencies in the State of California.Methods: We performed a literature review of the current evidence in the prehospital treatment of a patient with a suspected stroke and augmented this review with guidelines from various national and international societies to create our evidence-based recommendations. We then compared the stroke protocols of each of the 33 EMS agencies for consistency with these recommendations. The specific protocol components that we analyzed were the use of a stroke scale, blood glucose evaluation, use of supplemental oxygen, patient positioning, 12 lead ECG and cardiac monitoring, fluid assessment and intravenous access, and stroke regionalization. Results: Protocols across EMS agencies in California varied widely. Most used some sort of stroke scale with the majority using the Cincinnati Prehospital Stroke Scale (CPSS). All recommended the evaluation of blood glucose with the level for action ranging from 60 to 80mg/dL. Cardiac monitoring was recommended in 58% and 33% recommended an ECG. More than half required the direct transport to a primary stroke center and 88% recommended hospital notification. Conclusion: Protocols for a patient with a suspected stroke vary widely across the State of California. The evidence-based recommendations that we present for the prehospital diagnosis and treatment of this condition may be useful for EMS medical directors tasked with creating and revising these protocols.
- Published
- 2016
35. Snowpack affects soil microclimate throughout the year
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Wilson, Geoffrey, Green, Mark, Brown, John, Campbell, John, Groffman, Peter, Durán, Jorge, and Morse, Jennifer
- Published
- 2020
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36. The Dall Sheep Dinner Guest : Inupiaq Narratives of Northwest Alaska
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Anderson, Wanni W., Brown, John Patkuraq, Burnett, Leslie Tusraġviuraq, Cleveland, Flora Kuugaaq, Cleveland, Lois Piŋalu, Cleveland, Maude Kanayuqpak, Cleveland, Robert Nasruk, Foster, Kitty Qalutchuq, Goode, Sarah Qiñuġana, Goodwin, Willie Panik, Gray, Minnie Aliitchak, Mouse, Beatrice Anausuk, Norton, Nora Paniikaaluk, Russell, Nellie Qapuk, Skin, Andrew Nuqaqsrauraq, Skin, Emma Atluk, Woods, Wesley Qauluġtaiḷaq, Anderson, Wanni W., Brown, John Patkuraq, Burnett, Leslie Tusraġviuraq, Cleveland, Flora Kuugaaq, Cleveland, Lois Piŋalu, Cleveland, Maude Kanayuqpak, Cleveland, Robert Nasruk, Foster, Kitty Qalutchuq, Goode, Sarah Qiñuġana, Goodwin, Willie Panik, Gray, Minnie Aliitchak, Mouse, Beatrice Anausuk, Norton, Nora Paniikaaluk, Russell, Nellie Qapuk, Skin, Andrew Nuqaqsrauraq, Skin, Emma Atluk, and Woods, Wesley Qauluġtaiḷaq
- Published
- 2023
37. Chest Pain of Suspected Cardiac Origin: Current Evidence-based Recommendations for Prehospital Care
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Savino, P. Brian, Sporer, Karl A., Barger, Joe A., Brown, John F., Gilbert, Gregory H., Koenig, Kristi L., Rudnick, Eric M., and Salvucci, Angelo A.
- Subjects
Chest Pain ,Acute Coronary Syndrome ,12-Lead EKG ,Emergency Medical Services ,Evidence-based Prehospital Protocols ,Regionalization ,Standardization - Abstract
Introduction: In the United States, emergency medical services (EMS) protocols vary widely across jurisdictions. We sought to develop evidence-based recommendations for the prehospital evaluation and treatment of chest pain of suspected cardiac origin and to compare these recommendations against the current protocols used by the 33 EMS agencies in the state of California.Methods: We performed a literature review of the current evidence in the prehospital treatment of chest pain and augmented this review with guidelines from various national and international societies to create our evidence-based recommendations. We then compared the chest pain protocols of each of the 33 EMS agencies for consistency with these recommendations. The specific protocol components that we analyzed were use of supplemental oxygen, aspirin, nitrates, opiates, 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG), ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) regionalization systems, prehospital fibrinolysis and β-blockers. Results: The protocols varied widely in terms of medication and dosing choices, as well as listed contraindications to treatments. Every agency uses oxygen with 54% recommending titrated dosing. All agencies use aspirin (64% recommending 325mg, 24% recommending 162mg and 15% recommending either), as well as nitroglycerin and opiates (58% choosing morphine). Prehospital 12-Lead ECGs are used in 97% of agencies, and all but one agency has some form of regionalized care for their STEMI patients. No agency is currently employing prehospital fibrinolysis or β-blocker use. Conclusion: Protocols for chest pain of suspected cardiac origin vary widely across California. The evidence-based recommendations that we present for the prehospital diagnosis and treatment of this condition may be useful for EMS medical directors tasked with creating and revising these protocols.
- Published
- 2015
38. EMS-STARS: Emergency Medical Services "Superuser" Transport Associations: An Adult Retrospective Study.
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Hall, M Kennedy, Raven, Maria C, Hall, Jane, Yeh, Clement, Allen, Elaine, Rodriguez, Robert M, Tangherlini, Niels L, Sporer, Karl A, and Brown, John F
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alcohol abuse ,cost analysis ,emergency medical services ,frequent user ,health services ,Health Services ,Emergency Care ,Prevention ,Clinical Research ,Substance Abuse ,Good Health and Well Being ,Clinical Sciences ,Nursing ,Public Health and Health Services ,Emergency & Critical Care Medicine - Abstract
Abstract Objective. Emergency medical services (EMS) "superusers" -those who use EMS services at extremely high rates -have not been well characterized. Recent interest in the small group of individuals who account for a disproportionate share of health-care expenditures has led to research on frequent users of emergency departments and other health services, but little research has been done regarding those who use EMS services. To inform policy and intervention implementation, we undertook a descriptive analysis of EMS superusers in a large urban community. In this paper we compare EMS superusers to low, moderate, and high users to characterize factors contributing to EMS use. We also estimate the financial impact of EMS superusers. Methods. We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional study based on 1 year of data from an urban EMS system. Data for all EMS encounters with patients age ≥18 years were extracted from electronic records generated on scene by paramedics. We identified demographic and clinical variables associated with levels of EMS use. EMS users were characterized by the annual number of EMS encounters: low (1), moderate (2-4), high (5-14), and superusers (≥15). In addition, we performed a financial analysis using San Francisco Fire Department (SFFD) 2009 charge and reimbursement data. Results. A total of 31,462 adults generated 43,559 EMS ambulance encounters, which resulted in 39,107 transports (a 90% transport rate). Encounters for general medical reasons were common among moderate and high users and less frequent among superusers and low users, while alcohol use was exponentially correlated with encounter frequency. Superusers were significantly younger than moderate EMS users, and more likely to be male. The superuser group created a significantly higher financial burden/person than any other group, comprising 0.3% of the study population, but over 6% of annual EMS charges and reimbursements. Conclusions. In this retrospective study, adult EMS "superusers" emerged as a distinct, predominantly male population and their EMS encounters were associated with alcohol use. Continued analysis of this unique, high-cost, and frequently transported population will likely illuminate specific intervention strategies.
- Published
- 2015
39. With only a grain of salt
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Brown, John and Grimaud, Alexis
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- 2022
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40. Stellar Polarimetry: Where Are We and Where Are We Going?
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Hoffman, Jennifer L., Brown, John C., Nordsieck, Kenneth, St-Louis, Nicole, and Wade, Gregg
- Subjects
Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics ,Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics - Abstract
On the final day of the Stellar Polarimetry conference, participants split up into three "breakout sessions" to discuss the future of the field in the areas of instrumentation, upcoming opportunities, and community priorities. This contribution compiles the major recommendations arising from each breakout session. We hope that the polarimetric community will find these ideas useful as we consider how to maintain the vitality of polarimetry in the coming years., Comment: 7 pages, published in proceedings of "Stellar Polarimetry: From Birth to Death" (Madison, WI, June 2011)
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- 2012
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41. Electrons re-acceleration at the footpoints of Solar Flares
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Turkmani, Rim and Brown, John
- Subjects
Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics - Abstract
Hinode's observations revealed a very dynamic and complex chromosphere. This require revisiting the assumption that the chromospheric footpoints of solar flares are areas where accelerated particles only lose energy due to collisions. Traditionally electrons are thought to be accelerated in the coronal part of the loop, then travel to the footpoints where they lose their energy and radiate the observed Hard X-ray. Increasing observational evidence challenges this assumption. We review the evidence against this assumption and present the new Local Re-acceleration Thick Target Model (LRTTM) where at the footpoints electrons receive a boost of re-acceleration in addition to the usual collisional loses. Such model may offer an alternative to the 'standard' collisional thick target injection model (TTM) (Brown 1971) of solar HXR burst sources, requiring far fewer electrons and solving some recent problems with the TTM interpretation. We look at the different scenarios which could lead to such re-acceleration and present numerical results from one of them., Comment: submitted
- Published
- 2010
42. Which emergency medical dispatch codes predict high prehospital nontransport rates in an urban community?
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Hodell, Evan M, Sporer, Karl A, and Brown, John F
- Subjects
Humans ,Transportation of Patients ,Retrospective Studies ,Urban Population ,Emergency Medical Services ,Emergency Medical Service Communication Systems ,Triage ,San Francisco ,Female ,Male ,ambulances/utilization ,emergencies/classification ,Emergency Medical Dispatch ,Emergency Medical Service Communication Systems/standards ,Emergency Medical Services/standards ,Emergency Medical Services/utilization ,risk assessment ,triage ,Emergency & Critical Care Medicine ,Public Health and Health Services ,Clinical Sciences ,Nursing - Abstract
BackgroundThe Medical Priority Dispatch System (MPDS) is a commonly used computer-based emergency medical dispatch (EMD) system that is widely used to prioritize 9-1-1 calls and optimize resource allocation. There are five major priority classes used to dispatch 9-1-1 calls in the San Francisco System; Alpha codes are the lowest priority (lowest expected acuity) and Echo are the highest priority.ObjectiveWe sought to determine which MPDS dispatch codes are associated with high prehospital nontransport rates (NTRs).MethodsAll unique MPDS call categories from 2009 in a highly urbanized, two-tier advanced life support (ALS) system were sorted according to highest NTRs. There are many reasons for nontransport, such as "gone on arrival," and "patient denied transport." Those categories with greater than 100 annual calls were further evaluated. MPDS groups that included multiple categories with NTRs exceeding 25% were then identified and each category was analyzed. Results. EMS responded to a total of 81,437 calls in 2009, of which 18,851 were not transported by EMS. The majority of the NTRs were found among "cardiac/ respiratory arrest/death," "assault/sexual assaults," "unknown problem/man down," "traffic/transportation accidents," and "unconscious/fainting." "Cardiac or respiratory arrest/death -obvious death" (9B1) had the highest overall nontransport rate, 99.25% (1/134), most likely due to declaration of death. "Unknown problem -man down -medical alert notification" had the second highest NTR, 67.22% (138/421). However, Echo priority codes had the highest overall nontransport rates (45.45%) and Charlie had the lowest (13.84%).ConclusionsThe nontransport rates of individual MPDS categories vary considerably and should be considered in any system design. We identified 52 unique call categories to have a 25% or greater NTR, 18 of which exceeded 40%. The majority of NTRs occurred among the "cardiac/respiratory arrest/death," "assault/sexual assaults," "unknown problem/man down," "traffic/transportation accidents," and "unconscious/fainting" categories. The higher the priority code within each subset (AB vs. CDE), the less likely the patient was to be transported. Charlie priority codes had a lower NTR than Delta, and Delta was lower than Echo. Charlie codes were therefore the strongest predictors of hospital transport, while Echo codes (highest priority) were those with the highest nontransport rates and were the worst predictors of hospital transport in the emergent subset.
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- 2014
43. Electron-Electron Bremsstrahlung Emission and the Inference of Electron Flux Spectra in Solar Flares
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Kontar, Eduard P., Emslie, A. Gordon, Massone, Anna Maria, Piana, Michele, Brown, John C., and Prato, Marco
- Subjects
Astrophysics - Abstract
Although both electron-ion and electron-electron bremsstrahlung contribute to the hard X-ray emission from solar flares, the latter is normally ignored. Such an omission is not justified at electron (and photon) energies above $\sim 300$ keV, and inclusion of the additional electron-electron bremsstrahlung in general makes the electron spectrum required to produce a given hard X-ray spectrum steeper at high energies. Unlike electron-ion bremsstrahlung, electron-electron bremsstrahlung cannot produce photons of all energies up to the maximum electron energy involved. The maximum possible photon energy depends on the angle between the direction of the emitting electron and the emitted photon, and this suggests a diagnostic for an upper cutoff energy and/or for the degree of beaming of the accelerated electrons. We analyze the large event of January 17, 2005 observed by RHESSI and show that the upward break around 400 keV in the observed hard X-ray spectrum is naturally accounted for by the inclusion of electron-electron bremsstrahlung. Indeed, the mean source electron spectrum recovered through a regularized inversion of the hard X-ray spectrum, using a cross-section that includes both electron-ion and electron-electron terms, has a relatively constant spectral index $\delta$ over the range from electron kinetic energy $E = 200$ keV to $E = 1$ MeV. However, the level of detail discernible in the recovered electron spectrum is not sufficient to determine whether or not any upper cutoff energy exists., Comment: 7 pages, 5 figures, submitted to Astrophysical Journal
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- 2007
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44. Non-thermal recombination - a neglected source of flare hard X-rays and fast electron diagnostic
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Brown, John C. and Mallik, Procheta C. V.
- Subjects
Astrophysics - Abstract
Context. Flare Hard X-Rays (HXRs) from non-thermal electrons are commonly treated as solely bremsstrahlung (f-f), recombination (f-b) being neglected. This assumption is shown to be substantially in error, especially in hot sources, mainly due to recombination onto Fe ions. Aims. We analyse the effects on HXR spectra and electron diagnostics by including non-thermal recombination onto heavy elements in our model. Methods. Using Kramers hydrogenic cross sections with effective Z, we calculate f-f and f-b spectra for power-law electron spectra, in both thin and thick target limits, and for Maxwellians, with summation over all important ions. Results. We find that non-thermal electron recombination, especially onto Fe, must, in general, be included together with f-f, for reliable spectral interpretation, when the HXR source is hot. f-b contribution is greatest when the electron spectral index is large, and any low energy cut-off small. f-b spectra recombination edges mean a cut-off in F(E) appears as a HXR feature at Photon energy = Ec + Vz, offering an Ec diagnostic. Including f-b lowers, greatly in some cases, the F(E) needed for prescribed HXR fluxes and, even when small, seriously distorts F(E) as inferred by inversion or forward fitting based on f-f alone. Conclusions. f-b recombination from non-thermal electrons can be an important contributor to HXR spectra and should be included in spectral analyses, especially for hot sources. Accurate results will require use of better cross sections than ours and consideration of source ionisation structure., Comment: 13 pages, 2 tables, 9 figures, Accepted for publication in A&A
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- 2007
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45. Stereoscopic electron spectroscopy of solar hard X-ray flares with a single spacecraft
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Kontar, Eduard P. and Brown, John C.
- Subjects
Astrophysics - Abstract
Hard X-ray (HXR) spectroscopy is the most direct method of diagnosing energetic electrons in solar flares. Here we present a technique which allows us to use a single HXR spectrum to determine an effectively stereoscopic electron energy distribution. Considering the Sun's surface to act as a 'Compton mirror' allows us to look at emitting electrons also from behind the source, providing vital information on downward-propagating particles. Using this technique we determine simultaneously the electron spectra of downward and upward directed electrons for two solar flares observed by the Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (RHESSI). The results reveal surprisingly near-isotropic electron distributions, which contrast strongly with the expectations from the standard model which invokes strong downward beaming, including collisional thick-target model., Comment: 7 pages, 3 figures, accepted to Astrophysical Journal Letters
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- 2006
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46. Compton backscattered and primary X-rays from solar flares: angle dependent Green's function correction for photospheric albedo
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Kontar, Eduard P., MacKinnon, Alec L., Schwartz, Richard A., and Brown, John C.
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Astrophysics - Abstract
The observed hard X-ray (HXR) flux spectrum $I(\epsilon)$ from solar flares is a combination of primary bremsstrahlung photons $I_P(\epsilon)$ with a spectrally modified component from photospheric Compton backscatter of downward primary emission. The latter can be significant, distorting or hiding the true features of the primary spectrum which are key diagnostics for acceleration and propagation of high energy electrons and of their energy budget. For the first time in solar physics, we use a Green's function approach to the backscatter spectral deconvolution problem, constructing a Green's matrix including photoelectric absorption. This approach allows spectrum-independent extraction of the primary spectrum for several HXR flares observed by the {\it Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager} (RHESSI). We show that the observed and primary spectra differ very substantially for flares with hard spectra close to the disk centre. We show in particular that the energy dependent photon spectral index $\gamma (\epsilon)=-d \log I/d \log \epsilon$ is very different for $I_P(\epsilon)$ and for $I(\epsilon)$ and that inferred mean source electron spectra ${\bar F}(E)$ differ greatly. Even for a forward fitting of a parametric ${\bar F}(E)$ to the data, a clear low-energy cutoff required to fit $I(\epsilon)$ essentially disappears when the fit is to $I_P(\epsilon)$ - i.e. when albedo correction is included. The self-consistent correction for backscattered photons is thus shown to be crucial in determining the energy spectra of flare accelerated electrons, and hence their total number and energy., Comment: 8 pages, 8 figures, Accepted to Astronomy and Astrophysics
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- 2005
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47. Solar Flare Hard X-ray Spectra Possibly Inconsistent with the Collisional Thick Target Model
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Kontar, Eduard P. and Brown, John C.
- Subjects
Astrophysics - Abstract
Recent progress in solar Hard X-ray (HXR) observations with RHESSI data and methods for spectral inversion allow us to study model-independent mean electron flux spectra in solar flares. We report several hard X-ray events observed by RHESSI in which the photon spectra $I(\epsilon)$ are such that the inferred source mean electron spectra are not consistent with the standard model of collisional transport in solar flares. The observed photon spectra are so flat locally that the recovered mean electron flux spectra show a dip around 17-31 keV. While we note that alternative explanations, unrelated to electron transport, have not been ruled out, we focus on the physical implications of this tentative result for the collisional thick-target model., Comment: 12 pages, 3 figures, submitted to Advances in Space Research
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- 2005
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48. Problems and Progress in Flare Fast Particle Diagnostics
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Brown, John C. and Kontar, Eduard P.
- Subjects
Astrophysics - Abstract
Recent progress in the diagnosis of flare fast particles is critically discussed with the main emphasis on high resolution Hard X-Ray (HXR) data from RHESSI and coordinated data from other instruments. Spectacular new photon data findings are highlighted as are advances in theoretical aspects of their use as fast particle diagnostics, and some important comparisons made with interplanetary particle data. More specifically the following topics are addressed (a) RHESSI data on HXR (electron) versus gamma-ray line (ion) source locations. (b) RHESSI hard X-ray source spatial structure in relation to theoretical models and loop density structure. (c) Energy budget of flare electrons and the Neupert effect. (d) Spectral deconvolution methods including blind target testing and results for RHESSI HXR spectra, including the reality and implications of dips inferred in electron spectra (e) The relation between flare in-situ and interplanetary particle data., Comment: 15 pages, 13 figures, submitted to Advances in Space Research
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. National Household Education Survey of 1995: Adult Education Course Code Merge Files User's Guide. Working Paper Series.
- Author
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Westat, Inc., Rockville, MD., Kim, Kwang, Collins, Mary A., Brown, John, and Stowe, Peter
- Abstract
The National Household Education Survey (NHES) is a data collection system of the National Center for Education Statistics that is designed to provide information about educational issues best addressed through contacting households rather than institutions. In 1995, as in 1991, one of the components of this telephone survey was a study of adult education courses taken by respondents. For the 1995 survey, 19,722 interviews were completed with participants and nonparticipants in adult education. To provide data users with the ability to use the information collected on degree or certification courses, work-related courses, or courses for personal interests, the subject matter of courses was coded. A coding scheme containing 43 courses was developed, based on the Department of Education's College Course Map and the work of C. Adelman. The course code merge files for which this user guide has been developed contain the course code variables for each reported course. It is important to note that the course code merge files cannot be used by themselves for any analysis. Instead, they are designed to be used with the Adult Education public data files. This guide contains the following sections: (1) Background; (2) Adult Education Courses; (3) Course Codes; (4) Merge Files; (5) Statistical Analysis System example. Appendixes describe the course code merge file layout in position order and present the merge file codebook. (Contains five references.) (SLD)
- Published
- 1997
50. THE EADS BRIDGE: THE STRUCTURE THAT MADE ST. LOUIS.
- Author
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Brown, John K.
- Abstract
The Eads Bridge, constructed in St. Louis by Captain James Eads, played a significant role in the city's development. The bridge, completed in 1874, connected St. Louis to the rest of the country and facilitated economic growth. It served as a transportation hub and provided shelter during a riot in 1917. Despite challenges, the bridge has been restored and remains an important landmark in the city. [Extracted from the article]
- Published
- 2024
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