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1. Do LLMs write like humans? Variation in grammatical and rhetorical styles

Author

Reinhart, Alex, Brown, David West, Markey, Ben, Laudenbach, Michael, Pantusen, Kachatad, Yurko, Ronald, and Weinberg, Gordon

Subjects
Computer Science - Computation and Language
Abstract

Large language models (LLMs) are capable of writing grammatical text that follows instructions, answers questions, and solves problems. As they have advanced, it has become difficult to distinguish their output from human-written text. While past research has found some differences in surface features such as word choice and punctuation, and developed classifiers to detect LLM output, none has studied the rhetorical styles of LLMs. Using several variants of Llama 3 and GPT-4o, we construct two parallel corpora of human- and LLM-written texts from common prompts. Using Douglas Biber's set of lexical, grammatical, and rhetorical features, we identify systematic differences between LLMs and humans and between different LLMs. These differences persist when moving from smaller models to larger ones, and are larger for instruction-tuned models than base models. This demonstrates that despite their advanced abilities, LLMs struggle to match human styles, and hence more advanced linguistic features can detect patterns in their behavior not previously recognized., Comment: 29 pages, 4 figures, 11 tables

Published
2024

2. The PLATO Mission

Author

Rauer, Heike, Aerts, Conny, Cabrera, Juan, Deleuil, Magali, Erikson, Anders, Gizon, Laurent, Goupil, Mariejo, Heras, Ana, Lorenzo-Alvarez, Jose, Marliani, Filippo, Martin-Garcia, Cesar, Mas-Hesse, J. Miguel, O'Rourke, Laurence, Osborn, Hugh, Pagano, Isabella, Piotto, Giampaolo, Pollacco, Don, Ragazzoni, Roberto, Ramsay, Gavin, Udry, Stéphane, Appourchaux, Thierry, Benz, Willy, Brandeker, Alexis, Güdel, Manuel, Janot-Pacheco, Eduardo, Kabath, Petr, Kjeldsen, Hans, Min, Michiel, Santos, Nuno, Smith, Alan, Suarez, Juan-Carlos, Werner, Stephanie C., Aboudan, Alessio, Abreu, Manuel, Acuña, Lorena, Adams, Moritz, Adibekyan, Vardan, Affer, Laura, Agneray, François, Agnor, Craig, Børsen-Koch, Victor Aguirre, Ahmed, Saad, Aigrain, Suzanne, Al-Bahlawan, Ashraf, Gil, M de los Angeles Alcacera, Alei, Eleonora, Alencar, Silvia, Alexander, Richard, Alfonso-Garzón, Julia, Alibert, Yann, Prieto, Carlos Allende, Almeida, Leonardo, Sobrino, Roi Alonso, Altavilla, Giuseppe, Althaus, Christian, Trujillo, Luis Alonso Alvarez, Amarsi, Anish, Eiff, Matthias Ammler-von, Amôres, Eduardo, Andrade, Laerte, Antoniadis-Karnavas, Alexandros, António, Carlos, del Moral, Beatriz Aparicio, Appolloni, Matteo, Arena, Claudio, Armstrong, David, Aliaga, Jose Aroca, Asplund, Martin, Audenaert, Jeroen, Auricchio, Natalia, Avelino, Pedro, Baeke, Ann, Baillié, Kevin, Balado, Ana, Balestra, Andrea, Ball, Warrick, Ballans, Herve, Ballot, Jerome, Barban, Caroline, Barbary, Gaële, Barbieri, Mauro, Forteza, Sebastià Barceló, Barker, Adrian, Barklem, Paul, Barnes, Sydney, Navascues, David Barrado, Barragan, Oscar, Baruteau, Clément, Basu, Sarbani, Baudin, Frederic, Baumeister, Philipp, Bayliss, Daniel, Bazot, Michael, Beck, Paul G., Bedding, Tim, Belkacem, Kevin, Bellinger, Earl, Benatti, Serena, Benomar, Othman, Bérard, Diane, Bergemann, Maria, Bergomi, Maria, Bernardo, Pierre, Biazzo, Katia, Bignamini, Andrea, Bigot, Lionel, Billot, Nicolas, Binet, Martin, Biondi, David, Biondi, Federico, Birch, Aaron C., Bitsch, Bertram, Ceballos, Paz Victoria Bluhm, Bódi, Attila, Bognár, Zsófia, Boisse, Isabelle, Bolmont, Emeline, Bonanno, Alfio, Bonavita, Mariangela, Bonfanti, Andrea, Bonfils, Xavier, Bonito, Rosaria, Bonomo, Aldo Stefano, Börner, Anko, Saikia, Sudeshna Boro, Martín, Elisa Borreguero, Borsa, Francesco, Borsato, Luca, Bossini, Diego, Bouchy, Francois, Boué, Gwenaël, Boufleur, Rodrigo, Boumier, Patrick, Bourrier, Vincent, Bowman, Dominic M., Bozzo, Enrico, Bradley, Louisa, Bray, John, Bressan, Alessandro, Breton, Sylvain, Brienza, Daniele, Brito, Ana, Brogi, Matteo, Brown, Beverly, Brown, David, Brun, Allan Sacha, Bruno, Giovanni, Bruns, Michael, Buchhave, Lars A., Bugnet, Lisa, Buldgen, Gaël, Burgess, Patrick, Busatta, Andrea, Busso, Giorgia, Buzasi, Derek, Caballero, José A., Cabral, Alexandre, Calderone, Flavia, Cameron, Robert, Cameron, Andrew, Campante, Tiago, Martins, Bruno Leonardo Canto, Cara, Christophe, Carone, Ludmila, Carrasco, Josep Manel, Casagrande, Luca, Casewell, Sarah L., Cassisi, Santi, Castellani, Marco, Castro, Matthieu, Catala, Claude, Fernández, Irene Catalán, Catelan, Márcio, Cegla, Heather, Cerruti, Chiara, Cessa, Virginie, Chadid, Merieme, Chaplin, William, Charpinet, Stephane, Chiappini, Cristina, Chiarucci, Simone, Chiavassa, Andrea, Chinellato, Simonetta, Chirulli, Giovanni, Christensen-Dalsgaard, Jorgen, Church, Ross, Claret, Antonio, Clarke, Cathie, Claudi, Riccardo, Clermont, Lionel, Coelho, Hugo, Coelho, Joao, Cogato, Fabrizio, Colomé, Josep, Condamin, Mathieu, Conseil, Simon, Corbard, Thierry, Correia, Alexandre C. M., Corsaro, Enrico, Cosentino, Rosario, Costes, Jean, Cottinelli, Andrea, Covone, Giovanni, Creevey, Orlagh L., Crida, Aurelien, Csizmadia, Szilard, Cunha, Margarida, Curry, Patrick, da Costa, Jefferson, da Silva, Francys, Dalal, Shweta, Damasso, Mario, Damiani, Cilia, Damiani, Francesco, Chagas, Maria Liduina das, Davies, Melvyn, Davies, Guy, Davies, Ben, Davison, Gary, de Almeida, Leandro, de Angeli, Francesca, de Barros, Susana Cristina Cabral, Leão, Izan de Castro, de Freitas, Daniel Brito, de Freitas, Marcia Cristina, De Martino, Domitilla, de Medeiros, José Renan, de Paula, Luiz Alberto, de Plaa, Jelle, De Ridder, Joris, Deal, Morgan, Decin, Leen, Deeg, Hans, Degl'Innocenti, Scilla, Deheuvels, Sebastien, del Burgo, Carlos, Del Sordo, Fabio, Delgado-Mena, Elisa, Demangeon, Olivier, Denk, Tilmann, Derekas, Aliz, Desidera, Silvano, Dexet, Marc, Di Criscienzo, Marcella, Di Giorgio, Anna Maria, Di Mauro, Maria Pia, Rial, Federico Jose Diaz, Díaz-García, José-Javier, Dima, Marco, Dinuzzi, Giacomo, Dionatos, Odysseas, Distefano, Elisa, Nascimento Jr., Jose-Dias do, Domingo, Albert, D'Orazi, Valentina, Dorn, Caroline, Doyle, Lauren, Duarte, Elena, Ducellier, Florent, Dumaye, Luc, Dumusque, Xavier, Dupret, Marc-Antoine, Eggenberger, Patrick, Ehrenreich, David, Eigmüller, Philipp, Eising, Johannes, Emilio, Marcelo, Eriksson, Kjell, Ermocida, Marco, Giribaldi, Riano Isidoro Escate, Eschen, Yoshi, Estrela, Inês, Evans, Dafydd Wyn, Fabbian, Damian, Fabrizio, Michele, Faria, João Pedro, Farina, Maria, Farinato, Jacopo, Feliz, Dax, Feltzing, Sofia, Fenouillet, Thomas, Ferrari, Lorenza, Ferraz-Mello, Sylvio, Fialho, Fabio, Fienga, Agnes, Figueira, Pedro, Fiori, Laura, Flaccomio, Ettore, Focardi, Mauro, Foley, Steve, Fontignie, Jean, Ford, Dominic, Fornazier, Karin, Forveille, Thierry, Fossati, Luca, Franca, Rodrigo de Marca, da Silva, Lucas Franco, Frasca, Antonio, Fridlund, Malcolm, Furlan, Marco, Gabler, Sarah-Maria, Gaido, Marco, Gallagher, Andrew, Galli, Emanuele, Garcia, Rafael A., Hernández, Antonio García, Munoz, Antonio Garcia, García-Vázquez, Hugo, Haba, Rafael Garrido, Gaulme, Patrick, Gauthier, Nicolas, Gehan, Charlotte, Gent, Matthew, Georgieva, Iskra, Ghigo, Mauro, Giana, Edoardo, Gill, Samuel, Girardi, Leo, Winter, Silvia Giuliatti, Giusi, Giovanni, da Silva, João Gomes, Zazo, Luis Jorge Gómez, Gomez-Lopez, Juan Manuel, Hernández, Jonay Isai González, Murillo, Kevin Gonzalez, Gorius, Nicolas, Gouel, Pierre-Vincent, Goulty, Duncan, Granata, Valentina, Grenfell, John Lee, Grießbach, Denis, Grolleau, Emmanuel, Grouffal, Salomé, Grziwa, Sascha, Guarcello, Mario Giuseppe, Gueguen, Loïc, Guenther, Eike Wolf, Guilhem, Terrasa, Guillerot, Lucas, Guiot, Pierre, Guterman, Pascal, Gutiérrez, Antonio, Gutiérrez-Canales, Fernando, Hagelberg, Janis, Haldemann, Jonas, Hall, Cassandra, Handberg, Rasmus, Harrison, Ian, Harrison, Diana L., Hasiba, Johann, Haswell, Carole A., Hatalova, Petra, Hatzes, Artie, Haywood, Raphaelle, Hébrard, Guillaume, Heckes, Frank, Heiter, Ulrike, Hekker, Saskia, Heller, René, Helling, Christiane, Helminiak, Krzysztof, Hemsley, Simon, Heng, Kevin, Hermans, Aline, Hermes, JJ, Torres, Nadia Hidalgo, Hinkel, Natalie, Hobbs, David, Hodgkin, Simon, Hofmann, Karl, Hojjatpanah, Saeed, Houdek, Günter, Huber, Daniel, Huesler, Joseph, Hui-Bon-Hoa, Alain, Huygen, Rik, Huynh, Duc-Dat, Iro, Nicolas, Irwin, Jonathan, Irwin, Mike, Izidoro, André, Jacquinod, Sophie, Jannsen, Nicholas Emborg, Janson, Markus, Jeszenszky, Harald, Jiang, Chen, Mancebo, Antonio José Jimenez, Jofre, Paula, Johansen, Anders, Johnston, Cole, Jones, Geraint, Kallinger, Thomas, Kálmán, Szilárd, Kanitz, Thomas, Karjalainen, Marie, Karjalainen, Raine, Karoff, Christoffer, Kawaler, Steven, Kawata, Daisuke, Keereman, Arnoud, Keiderling, David, Kennedy, Tom, Kenworthy, Matthew, Kerschbaum, Franz, Kidger, Mark, Kiefer, Flavien, Kintziger, Christian, Kislyakova, Kristina, Kiss, László, Klagyivik, Peter, Klahr, Hubert, Klevas, Jonas, Kochukhov, Oleg, Köhler, Ulrich, Kolb, Ulrich, Koncz, Alexander, Korth, Judith, Kostogryz, Nadiia, Kovács, Gábor, Kovács, József, Kozhura, Oleg, Krivova, Natalie, Kučinskas, Arunas, Kuhlemann, Ilyas, Kupka, Friedrich, Laauwen, Wouter, Labiano, Alvaro, Lagarde, Nadege, Laget, Philippe, Laky, Gunter, Lam, Kristine Wai Fun, Lambrechts, Michiel, Lammer, Helmut, Lanza, Antonino Francesco, Lanzafame, Alessandro, Martiz, Mariel Lares, Laskar, Jacques, Latter, Henrik, Lavanant, Tony, Lawrenson, Alastair, Lazzoni, Cecilia, Lebre, Agnes, Lebreton, Yveline, Etangs, Alain Lecavelier des, Leinhardt, Zoe, Leleu, Adrien, Lendl, Monika, Leto, Giuseppe, Levillain, Yves, Libert, Anne-Sophie, Lichtenberg, Tim, Ligi, Roxanne, Lignieres, Francois, Lillo-Box, Jorge, Linsky, Jeffrey, Liu, John Scige, Loidolt, Dominik, Longval, Yuying, Lopes, Ilídio, Lorenzani, Andrea, Ludwig, Hans-Guenter, Lund, Mikkel, Lundkvist, Mia Sloth, Luri, Xavier, Maceroni, Carla, Madden, Sean, Madhusudhan, Nikku, Maggio, Antonio, Magliano, Christian, Magrin, Demetrio, Mahy, Laurent, Maibaum, Olaf, Malac-Allain, LeeRoy, Malapert, Jean-Christophe, Malavolta, Luca, Maldonado, Jesus, Mamonova, Elena, Manchon, Louis, Mann, Andrew, Mantovan, Giacomo, Marafatto, Luca, Marconi, Marcella, Mardling, Rosemary, Marigo, Paola, Marinoni, Silvia, Marques, Érico, Marques, Joao Pedro, Marrese, Paola Maria, Marshall, Douglas, Perales, Silvia Martínez, Mary, David, Marzari, Francesco, Masana, Eduard, Mascher, Andrina, Mathis, Stéphane, Mathur, Savita, Figueiredo, Ana Carolina Mattiuci, Maxted, Pierre F. L., Mazeh, Tsevi, Mazevet, Stephane, Mazzei, Francesco, McCormac, James, McMillan, Paul, Menou, Lucas, Merle, Thibault, Meru, Farzana, Mesa, Dino, Messina, Sergio, Mészáros, Szabolcs, Meunier, Nadége, Meunier, Jean-Charles, Micela, Giuseppina, Michaelis, Harald, Michel, Eric, Michielsen, Mathias, Michtchenko, Tatiana, Miglio, Andrea, Miguel, Yamila, Milligan, David, Mirouh, Giovanni, Mitchell, Morgan, Moedas, Nuno, Molendini, Francesca, Molnár, László, Mombarg, Joey, Montalban, Josefina, Montalto, Marco, Monteiro, Mário J. P. F. G., Morales, Juan Carlos, Morales-Calderon, Maria, Morbidelli, Alessandro, Mordasini, Christoph, Moreau, Chrystel, Morel, Thierry, Morello, Guiseppe, Morin, Julien, Mortier, Annelies, Mosser, Benoît, Mourard, Denis, Mousis, Olivier, Moutou, Claire, Mowlavi, Nami, Moya, Andrés, Muehlmann, Prisca, Muirhead, Philip, Munari, Matteo, Musella, Ilaria, Mustill, Alexander James, Nardetto, Nicolas, Nardiello, Domenico, Narita, Norio, Nascimbeni, Valerio, Nash, Anna, Neiner, Coralie, Nelson, Richard P., Nettelmann, Nadine, Nicolini, Gianalfredo, Nielsen, Martin, Niemi, Sami-Matias, Noack, Lena, Noels-Grotsch, Arlette, Noll, Anthony, Norazman, Azib, Norton, Andrew J., Nsamba, Benard, Ofir, Aviv, Ogilvie, Gordon, Olander, Terese, Olivetto, Christian, Olofsson, Göran, Ong, Joel, Ortolani, Sergio, Oshagh, Mahmoudreza, Ottacher, Harald, Ottensamer, Roland, Ouazzani, Rhita-Maria, Paardekooper, Sijme-Jan, Pace, Emanuele, Pajas, Miriam, Palacios, Ana, Palandri, Gaelle, Palle, Enric, Paproth, Carsten, Parro, Vanderlei, Parviainen, Hannu, Granado, Javier Pascual, Passegger, Vera Maria, Pastor-Morales, Carmen, Pätzold, Martin, Pedersen, May Gade, Hidalgo, David Pena, Pepe, Francesco, Pereira, Filipe, Persson, Carina M., Pertenais, Martin, Peter, Gisbert, Petit, Antoine C., Petit, Pascal, Pezzuto, Stefano, Pichierri, Gabriele, Pietrinferni, Adriano, Pinheiro, Fernando, Pinsonneault, Marc, Plachy, Emese, Plasson, Philippe, Plez, Bertrand, Poppenhaeger, Katja, Poretti, Ennio, Portaluri, Elisa, Portell, Jordi, de Mello, Gustavo Frederico Porto, Poyatos, Julien, Pozuelos, Francisco J., Moroni, Pier Giorgio Prada, Pricopi, Dumitru, Prisinzano, Loredana, Quade, Matthias, Quirrenbach160, ndreas, Reina6, Julio Arturo Rabanal, Soares, Maria Cristina Rabello, Raimondo, Gabriella, Rainer, Monica, Rodón, Jose Ramón, Ramón-Ballesta, Alejandro, Zapata, Gonzalo Ramos, Rätz, Stefanie, Rauterberg, Christoph, Redman, Bob, Redmer, Ronald, Reese, Daniel, Regibo, Sara, Reiners, Ansgar, Reinhold, Timo, Renie, Christian, Ribas, Ignasi, Ribeiro, Sergio, Ricciardi, Thiago Pereira, Rice, Ken, Richard, Olivier, Riello, Marco, Rieutord, Michel, Ripepi, Vincenzo, Rixon, Guy, Rockstein, Steve, Rodríguez, María Teresa Rodrigo, Díaz, Luisa Fernanda Rodríguez, Garcia, Juan Pablo Rodriguez, Rodriguez-Gomez, Julio, Roehlly, Yannick, Roig, Fernando, Rojas-Ayala, Bárbara, Rolf, Tobias, Rørsted, Jakob Lysgaard, Rosado, Hugo, Rosotti, Giovanni, Roth, Olivier, Roth, Markus, Rousseau, Alex, Roxburgh, Ian, Roy, Fabrice, Royer, Pierre, Ruane, Kirk, Mastropasqua, Sergio Rufini, de Galarreta, Claudia Ruiz, Russi, Andrea, Saar, Steven, Saillenfest, Melaine, Salaris, Maurizio, Salmon, Sebastien, Saltas, Ippocratis, Samadi, Réza, Samadi, Aunia, Samra, Dominic, da Silva, Tiago Sanches, Carrasco, Miguel Andrés Sánchez, Santerne, Alexandre, Santoli, Francesco, Santos, Ângela R. G., Mesa, Rosario Sanz, Sarro, Luis Manuel, Scandariato, Gaetano, Schäfer, Martin, Schlafly, Edward, Schmider, François-Xavier, Schneider, Jean, Schou, Jesper, Schunker, Hannah, Schwarzkopf, Gabriel Jörg, Serenelli, Aldo, Seynaeve, Dries, Shan, Yutong, Shapiro, Alexander, Shipman, Russel, Sicilia, Daniela, Sanmartin, Maria Angeles Sierra, Sigot, Axelle, Silliman, Kyle, Silvotti, Roberto, Simon, Attila E., Napoli, Ricardo Simoyama, Skarka, Marek, Smalley, Barry, Smiljanic, Rodolfo, Smit, Samuel, Smith, Alexis, Smith, Leigh, Snellen, Ignas, Sódor, Ádám, Sohl, Frank, Solanki, Sami K., Sortino, Francesca, Sousa, Sérgio, Southworth, John, Souto, Diogo, Sozzetti, Alessandro, Stamatellos, Dimitris, Stassun, Keivan, Steller, Manfred, Stello, Dennis, Stelzer, Beate, Stiebeler, Ulrike, Stokholm, Amalie, Storelvmo, Trude, Strassmeier, Klaus, Strøm, Paul Anthony, Strugarek, Antoine, Sulis, Sophia, Švanda, Michal, Szabados, László, Szabó, Róbert, Szabó, Gyula M., Szuszkiewicz, Ewa, Talens, Geert Jan, Teti, Daniele, Theisen, Tom, Thévenin, Frédéric, Thoul, Anne, Tiphene, Didier, Titz-Weider, Ruth, Tkachenko, Andrew, Tomecki, Daniel, Tonfat, Jorge, Tosi, Nicola, Trampedach, Regner, Traven, Gregor, Triaud, Amaury, Trønnes, Reidar, Tsantaki, Maria, Tschentscher, Matthias, Turin, Arnaud, Tvaruzka, Adam, Ulmer, Bernd, Ulmer-Moll, Solène, Ulusoy, Ceren, Umbriaco, Gabriele, Valencia, Diana, Valentini, Marica, Valio, Adriana, Guijarro, Ángel Luis Valverde, Van Eylen, Vincent, Van Grootel, Valerie, van Kempen, Tim A., Van Reeth, Timothy, Van Zelst, Iris, Vandenbussche, Bart, Vasiliou, Konstantinos, Vasilyev, Valeriy, de Mascarenhas, David Vaz, Vazan, Allona, Nunez, Marina Vela, Velloso, Eduardo Nunes, Ventura, Rita, Ventura, Paolo, Venturini, Julia, Trallero, Isabel Vera, Veras, Dimitri, Verdugo, Eva, Verma, Kuldeep, Vibert, Didier, Martinez, Tobias Vicanek, Vida, Krisztián, Vigan, Arthur, Villacorta, Antonio, Villaver, Eva, Aparicio, Marcos Villaverde, Viotto, Valentina, Vorobyov, Eduard, Vorontsov, Sergey, Wagner, Frank W., Walloschek, Thomas, Walton, Nicholas, Walton, Dave, Wang, Haiyang, Waters, Rens, Watson, Christopher, Wedemeyer, Sven, Weeks, Angharad, Weingril, Jörg, Weiss, Annita, Wendler, Belinda, West, Richard, Westerdorff, Karsten, Westphal, Pierre-Amaury, Wheatley, Peter, White, Tim, Whittaker, Amadou, Wickhusen, Kai, Wilson, Thomas, Windsor, James, Winter, Othon, Winther, Mark Lykke, Winton, Alistair, Witteck, Ulrike, Witzke, Veronika, Woitke, Peter, Wolter, David, Wuchterl, Günther, Wyatt, Mark, Yang, Dan, Yu, Jie, Sanchez, Ricardo Zanmar, Osorio, María Rosa Zapatero, Zechmeister, Mathias, Zhou, Yixiao, Ziemke, Claas, and Zwintz, Konstanze

Subjects
Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract

PLATO (PLAnetary Transits and Oscillations of stars) is ESA's M3 mission designed to detect and characterise extrasolar planets and perform asteroseismic monitoring of a large number of stars. PLATO will detect small planets (down to <2 R_(Earth)) around bright stars (<11 mag), including terrestrial planets in the habitable zone of solar-like stars. With the complement of radial velocity observations from the ground, planets will be characterised for their radius, mass, and age with high accuracy (5 %, 10 %, 10 % for an Earth-Sun combination respectively). PLATO will provide us with a large-scale catalogue of well-characterised small planets up to intermediate orbital periods, relevant for a meaningful comparison to planet formation theories and to better understand planet evolution. It will make possible comparative exoplanetology to place our Solar System planets in a broader context. In parallel, PLATO will study (host) stars using asteroseismology, allowing us to determine the stellar properties with high accuracy, substantially enhancing our knowledge of stellar structure and evolution. The payload instrument consists of 26 cameras with 12cm aperture each. For at least four years, the mission will perform high-precision photometric measurements. Here we review the science objectives, present PLATO's target samples and fields, provide an overview of expected core science performance as well as a description of the instrument and the mission profile at the beginning of the serial production of the flight cameras. PLATO is scheduled for a launch date end 2026. This overview therefore provides a summary of the mission to the community in preparation of the upcoming operational phases.

Published
2024

9. A Graded Exposure, Locomotion-Enabled Virtual Reality App During Walking and Reaching for Individuals With Chronic Low Back Pain: Cohort Gaming Design

Author

Hennessy, Rebecca White, Rumble, Deanna, Christian, Mike, Brown, David A, and Trost, Zina

Subjects
Information technology, T58.5-58.64, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract

BackgroundChronic low back pain (cLBP) can interfere with daily activities, and individuals with elevated pain-related fear (also known as kinesiophobia or the fear of injury due to movement) can develop worse long-term disability. Graded exposure (GEXP) protocols use successive participation in avoided activities to help individuals overcome fearful movement appraisals and encourage activity. We sought to develop a series of GEXP virtual reality (VR) walking and reaching scenarios to increase the exposure and engagement of people with high kinesiophobia and cLBP. ObjectiveThis study aims to (1) determine GEXP content validity of the VR application and (2) determine the feasibility of individuals with cLBP performing locomotion-enabled physical activities. MethodsWe recruited 13 individuals with cLBP and high pain-related fear to experience six VR modules, which provide progressive movement exposure over three sessions in a 1 week period. At session 1, participants ranked each module by likelihood to avoid and assigned an expected pain and concern for harming their back rating to each module. Participants provided a rating of perceived exertion (RPE) after experiencing each module. To test feasibility, we administered the system usability scale (SUS) and treatment evaluation inventory (TEI) following the final session. In addition, we measured pain and pain-related fear at baseline and follow-up. ResultsThe 12 participants who completed the study period assigned higher avoidance (P=.002), expected pain (P=.002), and expected concern (P=.002) for session 3 modules compared with session 1 modules. RPE significantly increased from session 1 (mean 14.8, SD 2.3) to session 3 (mean 16.8, SD 2.2; P=.009). The VR application showed positive feasibility for individuals with cLBP through acceptable SUS (mean 76.7, SD 13.0) and TEI (mean 32.5, SD 4.9) scores. Neither pain (P=.20) nor pain-related fear (P=.58) changed significantly across sessions. ConclusionsThe GEXP VR modules provided progressive exposure to physical challenges, and participants found the VR application acceptable and usable as a potential treatment option. Furthermore, the lack of significant change for pain and pain-related fear reflects that participants were able to complete the modules safely.

Published
2020
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10. Dot Product Representations of Graphs Using Tropical Arithmetic

Author

Bailey, Sean, Brown, David, Snyder, Michael, and Turner, Nicole

Subjects
Mathematics - Combinatorics
Abstract

A dot-product representation of a graph is a mapping of its vertices to vectors of length $k$ so that vertices are adjacent if and only if the inner product (a.k.a. dot product) of their corresponding vertices exceeds some threshold. Minimizing dimension of the vector space into which the vectors must be mapped is a typical focus. We investigate this and structural characterizations of graphs whose dot product representations are mappings into the tropical semi-rings of min-plus and max-plus. We also observe that the minimum dimension required to represent a graph using a \emph{tropical representation} is equal to the better-known threshold dimension of the graph; that is, the minimum number of subgraphs that are threshold graphs whose union is the graph being represented.

Published
2024

17. Contributors

Author

Abrams, Dominic J., primary, Alexander, Mark E., additional, Alexander, Peta M.A., additional, Allan, Catherine, additional, Baird, Christopher W., additional, Bergersen, Lisa, additional, Beroukhim, Rebecca, additional, Bevilacqua, Laura M., additional, Bezzerides, Vassilios, additional, Blume, Elizabeth D., additional, Breitbart, Roger E., additional, Brown, David W., additional, Callahan, Ryan, additional, Carreon, Chrystalle Katte, additional, Castellanos, Daniel A., additional, Chen, Ming Hui, additional, Cheng, Henry, additional, Colan, Steven D., additional, Daly, Kevin P., additional, de Ferranti, Sarah D., additional, del Nido, Pedro J., additional, DeWitt, Elizabeth, additional, DiNardo, James, additional, Dionne, Audrey, additional, Emani, Sitaram M., additional, Esch, Jesse J., additional, Esteso, Paul, additional, Feins, Eric N., additional, Freed, Michael D., additional, Friedman, Kevin, additional, Fulton, David R., additional, Fynn-Thompson, Francis, additional, Garbern, Jessica C., additional, Garcia-Mancebo, Julia, additional, Gauthier, Naomi, additional, Geggel, Robert L., additional, Geisser, Diana L., additional, Gellis, Laura, additional, Geva, Tal, additional, Ghbeis, Muhammad Bakr, additional, Ghelani, Sunil J., additional, Goldberg, Sarah W., additional, Gurvitz, Michelle, additional, Hames, Daniel L., additional, Harrild, David M., additional, Hartz, Jacob, additional, Hickey, Patricia, additional, Hoganson, David, additional, Jenkins, Kathy, additional, Kane, David, additional, Kaza, Aditya K., additional, Kheir, John N., additional, Kumar, R. Krishna, additional, Kwon, Michael H., additional, Lacro, Ronald V., additional, Landzberg, Michael J., additional, Lang, Peter, additional, LaRovere, Joan M., additional, Levine, Jami, additional, Lock, James Ernest, additional, Lyon, Shannon, additional, Mah, Douglas Y., additional, Marx, Gerald R., additional, Maschietto, Nicola, additional, Matte, Gregory S., additional, Mayer, John E., additional, Mills, Kimberly I., additional, Mistry, Kshitij, additional, Mullen, Mary P., additional, Nasr, Viviane G., additional, Nathan, Meena, additional, Newburger, Jane W., additional, O’Brien, Patricia, additional, O’Brien, Sharon E., additional, O’Leary, Edward T., additional, Porras, Diego, additional, Powell, Andrew J., additional, Prakash, Ashwin, additional, Pu, William T., additional, Quiat, Daniel, additional, Quinn, Brian, additional, Quinonez, Luis, additional, Rathod, Rahul H., additional, Rhodes, Jonathan, additional, Roberts, Amy E., additional, Rodriguez-Monserrate, Carla P., additional, Ronai, Christina, additional, Saia, Theresa, additional, Saleeb, Susan F., additional, Salvin, Joshua W., additional, Sanders, Stephen P., additional, Schidlow, David, additional, Shafer, Keri M., additional, Siegel, Bryan D., additional, Singh, Michael N., additional, Singh, Tajinder, additional, Teele, Sarah A., additional, Thiagarajan, Ravi R., additional, Triedman, John K., additional, Tworetzky, Wayne, additional, Valente, Anne Marie, additional, VanderPluym, Christina, additional, Walsh, Edward P., additional, Wu, Fred Ming-Chieh, additional, and Yin, Suellen, additional

Published
2025
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23. Identity Construction in a Misogynist Incels Forum

Author

Yoder, Michael Miller, Perry, Chloe, Brown, David West, Carley, Kathleen M., and Pruden, Meredith L.

Subjects
Computer Science - Computation and Language
Abstract

Online communities of involuntary celibates (incels) are a prominent source of misogynist hate speech. In this paper, we use quantitative text and network analysis approaches to examine how identity groups are discussed on incels-dot-is, the largest black-pilled incels forum. We find that this community produces a wide range of novel identity terms and, while terms for women are most common, mentions of other minoritized identities are increasing. An analysis of the associations made with identity groups suggests an essentialist ideology where physical appearance, as well as gender and racial hierarchies, determine human value. We discuss implications for research into automated misogynist hate speech detection., Comment: Workshop on Online Abuse and Harms (WOAH) 2023; Minor edits to author names and abstracts in most recent version

Published
2023

24. A Weakly Supervised Classifier and Dataset of White Supremacist Language

Author

Yoder, Michael Miller, Diab, Ahmad, Brown, David West, and Carley, Kathleen M.

Subjects
Computer Science - Computation and Language
Abstract

We present a dataset and classifier for detecting the language of white supremacist extremism, a growing issue in online hate speech. Our weakly supervised classifier is trained on large datasets of text from explicitly white supremacist domains paired with neutral and anti-racist data from similar domains. We demonstrate that this approach improves generalization performance to new domains. Incorporating anti-racist texts as counterexamples to white supremacist language mitigates bias., Comment: ACL 2023 short

Published
2023

26. SLC16A8 is a causal contributor to age-related macular degeneration risk

Author

Nouri, Navid, Gussler, Bailey Hannon, Stockwell, Amy, Truong, Tom, Kang, Gyeong Jin, Browder, Kristen C., Malato, Yann, Sene, Abdoulaye, Van Everen, Sherri, Wykoff, Charles C., Brown, David, Fu, Arthur, Palmer, James D., Lima de Carvalho, Jose Ronaldo, Ullah, Ehsan, Al Rawi, Ranya, Chew, Emily Y., Zein, Wadih M., Guan, Bin, McCarthy, Mark I., Hofmann, Jeffrey W., Chaney, Shawnta Y., Jasper, Heinrich, and Yaspan, Brian L.

Published
2024
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31. Human immunoglobulin gene allelic variation impacts germline-targeting vaccine priming

Author

deCamp, Allan C., Corcoran, Martin M., Fulp, William J., Willis, Jordan R., Cottrell, Christopher A., Bader, Daniel L. V., Kalyuzhniy, Oleksandr, Leggat, David J., Cohen, Kristen W., Hyrien, Ollivier, Menis, Sergey, Finak, Greg, Ballweber-Fleming, Lamar, Srikanth, Abhinaya, Plyler, Jason R., Rahaman, Farhad, Lombardo, Angela, Philiponis, Vincent, Whaley, Rachael E., Seese, Aaron, Brand, Joshua, Ruppel, Alexis M., Hoyland, Wesley, Mahoney, Celia R., Cagigi, Alberto, Taylor, Alison, Brown, David M., Ambrozak, David R., Sincomb, Troy, Mullen, Tina-Marie, Maenza, Janine, Kolokythas, Orpheus, Khati, Nadia, Bethony, Jeffrey, Roederer, Mario, Diemert, David, Koup, Richard A., Laufer, Dagna S., McElrath, Juliana M., McDermott, Adrian B., Karlsson Hedestam, Gunilla B., and Schief, William R.

Published
2024
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34. Genomic and epigenomic basis of breast invasive lobular carcinomas lacking CDH1 genetic alterations

Author

Dopeso, Higinio, Gazzo, Andrea M., Derakhshan, Fatemeh, Brown, David N., Selenica, Pier, Jalali, Sahar, Da Cruz Paula, Arnaud, Marra, Antonio, da Silva, Edaise M., Basili, Thais, Gusain, Laxmi, Colon-Cartagena, Lorraine, Bhaloo, Shirin Issa, Green, Hunter, Vanderbilt, Chad, Oesterreich, Steffi, Grabenstetter, Anne, Kuba, M. Gabriela, Ross, Dara, Giri, Dilip, Wen, Hannah Y., Zhang, Hong, Brogi, Edi, Weigelt, Britta, Pareja, Fresia, and Reis-Filho, Jorge S.

Published
2024
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36. From Assistive Technologies to Metaverse: Technologies in Inclusive Higher Education for Students with Specific Learning Difficulties

Author

Yenduri, Gokul, Kaluri, Rajesh, Rajput, Dharmendra Singh, Lakshmanna, Kuruva, Gadekallu, Thippa Reddy, Mahmud, Mufti, and Brown, David J.

Subjects
Computer Science - Computers and Society
Abstract

The development of new technologies and their expanding use in a wide range of educational environments are driving the transformation of higher education. Assistive technologies are a subset of cutting-edge technology that can help students learn more effectively and make education accessible to everyone. Assistive technology can enhance, maintain, or improve the capacities of students with learning difficulties. Students with learning difficulties will be greatly benefited from the use of assistive technologies. If these technologies are used effectively, students with learning difficulties can compete with their peers and complete their academic tasks. We aim to conduct this review to better understand the role of assistive technologies in providing inclusive higher education for students with learning difficulties. The review begins with the introduction of learning difficulties and their causes; inclusive education and the need for assistive technologies; the reasoning for conducting this review; and a summary of related reviews on assistive technologies for students with learning difficulties in inclusive higher education. Then, we discuss the preliminaries for the learning difficulties type and assistive technology. Later, we discuss the effects of assistive technology on inclusive higher education for students with learning difficulties. Additionally, we discuss related projects and support tools available in inclusive higher education for students with learning difficulties. We also explore the challenges and possible solutions related to using assistive technology in higher education to provide inclusive education for students with learning difficulties. We conclude the review with a discussion of potential promising future directions., Comment: Submitted to peer review

Published
2023

38. Dense Nuclear Matter Equation of State from Heavy-Ion Collisions

Author

Sorensen, Agnieszka, Agarwal, Kshitij, Brown, Kyle W., Chajęcki, Zbigniew, Danielewicz, Paweł, Drischler, Christian, Gandolfi, Stefano, Holt, Jeremy W., Kaminski, Matthias, Ko, Che-Ming, Kumar, Rohit, Li, Bao-An, Lynch, William G., McIntosh, Alan B., Newton, William G., Pratt, Scott, Savchuk, Oleh, Stefaniak, Maria, Tews, Ingo, Tsang, ManYee Betty, Vogt, Ramona, Wolter, Hermann, Zbroszczyk, Hanna, Abbasi, Navid, Aichelin, Jörg, Andronic, Anton, Bass, Steffen A., Becattini, Francesco, Blaschke, David, Bleicher, Marcus, Blume, Christoph, Bratkovskaya, Elena, Brown, B. Alex, Brown, David A., Camaiani, Alberto, Casini, Giovanni, Chatziioannou, Katerina, Chbihi, Abdelouahad, Colonna, Maria, Cozma, Mircea Dan, Dexheimer, Veronica, Dong, Xin, Dore, Travis, Du, Lipei, Dueñas, José A., Elfner, Hannah, Florkowski, Wojciech, Fujimoto, Yuki, Furnstahl, Richard J., Gade, Alexandra, Galatyuk, Tetyana, Gale, Charles, Geurts, Frank, Gramegna, Fabiana, Grozdanov, Sašo, Hagel, Kris, Harris, Steven P., Haxton, Wick, Heinz, Ulrich, Heller, Michal P., Hen, Or, Hergert, Heiko, Herrmann, Norbert, Huang, Huan Zhong, Huang, Xu-Guang, Ikeno, Natsumi, Inghirami, Gabriele, Jankowski, Jakub, Jia, Jiangyong, Jiménez, José C., Kapusta, Joseph, Kardan, Behruz, Karpenko, Iurii, Keane, Declan, Kharzeev, Dmitri, Kugler, Andrej, Fèvre, Arnaud Le, Lee, Dean, Liu, Hong, Lisa, Michael A., Llope, William J., Lombardo, Ivano, Lorenz, Manuel, Marchi, Tommaso, McLerran, Larry, Mosel, Ulrich, Motornenko, Anton, Müller, Berndt, Napolitani, Paolo, Natowitz, Joseph B., Nazarewicz, Witold, Noronha, Jorge, Noronha-Hostler, Jacquelyn, Odyniec, Grażyna, Papakonstantinou, Panagiota, Paulínyová, Zuzana, Piekarewicz, Jorge, Pisarski, Robert D., Plumberg, Christopher, Prakash, Madappa, Randrup, Jørgen, Ratti, Claudia, Rau, Peter, Reddy, Sanjay, Schmidt, Hans-Rudolf, Russotto, Paolo, Ryblewski, Radoslaw, Schäfer, Andreas, Schenke, Björn, Sen, Srimoyee, Senger, Peter, Seto, Richard, Shen, Chun, Sherrill, Bradley, Singh, Mayank, Skokov, Vladimir, Spaliński, Michał, Steinheimer, Jan, Stephanov, Mikhail, Stroth, Joachim, Sturm, Christian, Sun, Kai-Jia, Tang, Aihong, Torrieri, Giorgio, Trautmann, Wolfgang, Verde, Giuseppe, Vovchenko, Volodymyr, Wada, Ryoichi, Wang, Fuqiang, Wang, Gang, Werner, Klaus, Xu, Nu, Xu, Zhangbu, Yee, Ho-Ung, Yennello, Sherry, and Yin, Yi

Subjects
Nuclear Theory, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract

The nuclear equation of state (EOS) is at the center of numerous theoretical and experimental efforts in nuclear physics. With advances in microscopic theories for nuclear interactions, the availability of experiments probing nuclear matter under conditions not reached before, endeavors to develop sophisticated and reliable transport simulations to interpret these experiments, and the advent of multi-messenger astronomy, the next decade will bring new opportunities for determining the nuclear matter EOS, elucidating its dependence on density, temperature, and isospin asymmetry. Among controlled terrestrial experiments, collisions of heavy nuclei at intermediate beam energies (from a few tens of MeV/nucleon to about 25 GeV/nucleon in the fixed-target frame) probe the widest ranges of baryon density and temperature, enabling studies of nuclear matter from a few tenths to about 5 times the nuclear saturation density and for temperatures from a few to well above a hundred MeV, respectively. Collisions of neutron-rich isotopes further bring the opportunity to probe effects due to the isospin asymmetry. However, capitalizing on the enormous scientific effort aimed at uncovering the dense nuclear matter EOS, both at RHIC and at FRIB as well as at other international facilities, depends on the continued development of state-of-the-art hadronic transport simulations. This white paper highlights the essential role that heavy-ion collision experiments and hadronic transport simulations play in understanding strong interactions in dense nuclear matter, with an emphasis on how these efforts can be used together with microscopic approaches and neutron star studies to uncover the nuclear EOS., Comment: White paper prepared for the 2023 Long Range Plan. v3: Updated version as published in Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics. Note: the published version does not include the executive summary; in the updated arXiv version, the executive summary is included as an appendix. v4: Corrected list of authors

Published
2023
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40. MICRO FISHING, MAXIMUM FUN

Author

Brown, David A.

Subjects
Sports, sporting goods and toys industry
Abstract

Let tiny hooks and tiny baits produce grand results. One of my favorite children's books was Dr. Seuss' Horton Hears a Who, in which the title character discovers a thriving [...]

Published
2024

42. Lower Extremity Neuroma Cases

Author

Felder, John M., Ko, Jason H., Brown, David L., Eberlin, Kyle R., editor, Ducic, Ivica, editor, Moore, Amy, editor, Cederna, Paul S., editor, Valerio, Ian L., editor, and Dumanian, Gregory A., editor

Published
2024
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45. Speech Emotion Recognition: An Empirical Analysis of Machine Learning Algorithms Across Diverse Data Sets

Author

Ahammed, Mostafiz, Sheikh, Rubel, Hossain, Farah, Liza, Shahrima Mustak, Rahman, Muhammad Arifur, Mahmud, Mufti, Brown, David J., Ghosh, Ashish, Editorial Board Member, Zhou, Lizhu, Editorial Board Member, Mahmud, Mufti, editor, Ben-Abdallah, Hanene, editor, Kaiser, M. Shamim, editor, Ahmed, Muhammad Raisuddin, editor, and Zhong, Ning, editor

Published
2024
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46. Impacts of Environmental Factors on Wellbeing: Machine Learning-Based Benchmarking of Spatial and Temporal Properties

Author

Guerrache, Faiza, Brown, David J., Mahmud, Mufti, Kacprzyk, Janusz, Series Editor, Gomide, Fernando, Advisory Editor, Kaynak, Okyay, Advisory Editor, Liu, Derong, Advisory Editor, Pedrycz, Witold, Advisory Editor, Polycarpou, Marios M., Advisory Editor, Rudas, Imre J., Advisory Editor, Wang, Jun, Advisory Editor, Yang, Xin-She, editor, Sherratt, Simon, editor, Dey, Nilanjan, editor, and Joshi, Amit, editor

Published
2024
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47. (2, 3)-Cordial Oriented Hypercubes

Author

Mousley, Jonathan M., Beasley, LeRoy B., Santana, Manuel A., Brown, David E., Hoffman, Frederick, editor, Holliday, Sarah, editor, Rosen, Zvi, editor, Shahrokhi, Farhad, editor, and Wierman, John, editor

Published
2024
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48. High-throughput Li plating quantification for fast-charging battery design

Author

Konz, Zachary M, Wirtz, Brendan M, Verma, Ankit, Huang, Tzu-Yang, Bergstrom, Helen K, Crafton, Matthew J, Brown, David E, McShane, Eric J, Colclasure, Andrew M, and McCloskey, Bryan D

Subjects
Engineering, Materials Engineering, Affordable and Clean Energy, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Environmental Engineering, Electrical engineering, Mechanical engineering
Abstract

Fast charging of most commercial lithium-ion batteries is limited due to fear of lithium plating on the graphite anode, which is difficult to detect and poses considerable safety risk. Here we demonstrate the power of simple, accessible and high-throughput cycling techniques to quantify irreversible Li plating spanning data from over 200 cells. We first observe the effects of energy density, charge rate, temperature and state of charge on lithium plating, use the results to refine a mature physics-based electrochemical model and provide an interpretable empirical equation for predicting the plating onset state of charge. We then explore the reversibility of lithium plating and its connection to electrolyte design for preventing irreversible Li accumulation. Finally, we design a method to quantify in situ Li plating for commercially relevant graphite|LiNi0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2 (NMC) cells and compare with results from the experimentally convenient Li|graphite configuration. The hypotheses and abundant data herein were generated primarily with equipment universal to the battery researcher, encouraging further development of innovative testing methods and data processing that enable rapid battery engineering.

Published
2023

49. How Hate Speech Varies by Target Identity: A Computational Analysis

Author

Yoder, Michael Miller, Ng, Lynnette Hui Xian, Brown, David West, and Carley, Kathleen M.

Subjects
Computer Science - Computation and Language
Abstract

This paper investigates how hate speech varies in systematic ways according to the identities it targets. Across multiple hate speech datasets annotated for targeted identities, we find that classifiers trained on hate speech targeting specific identity groups struggle to generalize to other targeted identities. This provides empirical evidence for differences in hate speech by target identity; we then investigate which patterns structure this variation. We find that the targeted demographic category (e.g. gender/sexuality or race/ethnicity) appears to have a greater effect on the language of hate speech than does the relative social power of the targeted identity group. We also find that words associated with hate speech targeting specific identities often relate to stereotypes, histories of oppression, current social movements, and other social contexts specific to identities. These experiments suggest the importance of considering targeted identity, as well as the social contexts associated with these identities, in automated hate speech classification., Comment: CoNLL 2022 camera-ready + fixed minor figure error

Published
2022

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