169 results on '"Brooks SJ"'
Search Results
2. The biology of Australian weeds 62. 'Limnocharis flava' (L.) Buchenau
- Author
-
Weber, JM and Brooks, SJ
- Published
- 2013
3. The biology of Australia weeds 59. 'Clidemia hirta' (L.) D. Don.
- Author
-
Breaden, RC, Brooks, SJ, and Murphy, HT
- Published
- 2012
4. Preserved white matter microstructure in adolescent patients with atypical anorexia nervosa
- Author
-
Olivo, G, Swenne, I, Zhukovsky, C, Tuunainen, A-K, Saaid, A, Salonen-Ros, H, Larsson, E-M, Brooks, SJ, and Schiöth, HB
- Subjects
Psychiatry ,cognitive neuroscience ,neuroimaging ,adolescent ,brain ,RC0321 ,BF ,diffusion tensor imaging ,feeding and eating disorders ,anorexia nervosa ,Psykiatri - Abstract
Objective: Patients with atypical anorexia nervosa (AN) are often in the normal-weight range at presentation; however, signs of starvation and medical instability are not rare. White matter (WM) microstructural correlates of atypical AN have not yet been investigated, leaving an important gap in our knowledge regarding the neural pathogenesis of this disorder.\ud Method: We investigated WM microstructural integrity in 25 drug-naïve adolescent patients with atypical AN and 25 healthy controls, using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) with a tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) approach. Psychological variables related to the eating disorder and depressive symptoms were also evaluated by administering the eating disorder examination questionnaire (EDE-Q) and the Montgomery–Åsberg depression rating scale (MADRS-S) respectively, to all participants.\ud Results: Patients and controls were in the normal-weight range and did not differ from the body mass index standard deviations for their age. No between groups difference in WM microstructure could be detected.\ud Discussion: Our findings support the hypothesis that brain structural alterations may not be associated to early-stage atypical AN. These findings also suggest that previous observations of alterations in WM microstructure in full syndrome AN may constitute state-related consequences of severe weight loss. Whether the preservation of WM structure is a pathogenetically discriminant feature of atypical AN or only an effect of a less severe nutritional disturbance, will have to be verified by future studies on larger samples, possibly directly comparing AN and atypical AN.
- Published
- 2019
5. Mapping cortical brain asymmetry in 17,141 healthy individuals worldwide via the ENIGMA consortium
- Author
-
Kong, XZ, Mathias, SR, Guadalupe, T, Abé, C, Agartz, I, Akudjedu, TN, Aleman, A, Alhusaini, S, Allen, NB, Ames, D, Andreassen, OA, Vasquez, AA, Armstrong, NJ, Bergo, F, Bastin, ME, Batalla, A, Bauer, J, Baune, BT, Baur-Streubel, R, Biederman, J, Blaine, SK, Boedhoe, P, Bøen, E, Bose, A, Bralten, J, Brandeis, D, Brem, S, Brodaty, H, Yüksel, D, Brooks, SJ, Buitelaar, J, Bürger, C, Bülow, R, Calhoun, V, Calvo, A, Canales-Rodríguez, EJ, Canive, JM, Cannon, DM, Caparelli, EC, Castellanos, FX, Cavalleri, GL, Cendes, F, Chaim-Avancini, TM, Chantiluke, K, Chen, QL, Chen, X, Cheng, Y, Christakou, A, Clark, VP, Coghill, D, Connolly, CG, Conzelmann, A, Córdova-Palomera, A, Cousijn, J, Crow, T, Cubillo, A, Dale, A, Dannlowski, U, De Bruttopilo, SA, De Zeeuw, P, Deary, IJ, Delanty, N, Demeter, DV, Di Martino, A, and Dickie, EW
- Abstract
© 2018 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Hemispheric asymmetry is a cardinal feature of human brain organization. Altered brain asymmetry has also been linked to some cognitive and neuropsychiatric disorders. Here, the ENIGMA (Enhancing NeuroImaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis) Consortium presents the largest-ever analysis of cerebral cortical asymmetry and its variability across individuals. Cortical thickness and surface area were assessed in MRI scans of 17,141 healthy individuals from 99 datasets worldwide. Results revealed widespread asymmetries at both hemispheric and regional levels, with a generally thicker cortex but smaller surface area in the left hemisphere relative to the right. Regionally, asymmetries of cortical thickness and/or surface area were found in the inferior frontal gyrus, transverse temporal gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, and entorhinal cortex. These regions are involved in lateralized functions, including language and visuospatial processing. In addition to population-level asymmetries, variability in brain asymmetry was related to sex, age, and intracranial volume. Interestingly, we did not find significant associations between asymmetries and handedness. Finally, with two independent pedigree datasets (n = 1,443 and 1,113, respectively), we found several asymmetries showing significant, replicable heritability. The structural asymmetries identified and their variabilities and heritability provide a reference resource for future studies on the genetic basis of brain asymmetry and altered laterality in cognitive, neurological, and psychiatric disorders.
- Published
- 2018
6. The Role of Working Memory for Cognitive Control in Anorexia Nervosa versus Substance Use Disorder
- Author
-
Brooks, SJ, Funk, SG, Young, SY, and Schiöth, HB
- Subjects
substance use disorder ,neuropsychology ,BF ,Psychology ,Review ,cognitive control ,neural ,genetic ,working memory ,anorexia nervosa ,working memory training - Abstract
Prefrontal cortex executive functions, such as working memory (WM) interact with limbic processes to foster impulse control. Such an interaction is referred to in a growing body of publications by terms such as cognitive control, cognitive inhibition, affect regulation, self-regulation, top-down control, and cognitive-emotion interaction. The rising trend of research into cognitive control of impulsivity, using various related terms reflects the importance of research into impulse control, as failure to employ cognitions optimally may eventually result in mental disorder. Against this background, we take a novel approach using an impulse control spectrum model - where anorexia nervosa (AN) and substance use disorder (SUD) are at opposite extremes - to examine the role of WM for cognitive control. With this aim, we first summarize WM processes in the healthy brain in order to frame a systematic review of the neuropsychological, neural and genetic findings of AN and SUD. In our systematic review of WM/cognitive control, we found n = 15 studies of AN with a total of n = 582 AN and n = 365 HC participants; and n = 93 studies of SUD with n = 9106 SUD and n = 3028 HC participants. In particular, we consider how WM load/capacity may support the neural process of excessive epistemic foraging (cognitive sampling of the environment to test predictions about the world) in AN that reduces distraction from salient stimuli. We also consider the link between WM and cognitive control in people with SUD who are prone to 'jumping to conclusions' and reduced epistemic foraging. Finally, in light of our review, we consider WM training as a novel research tool and an adjunct to enhance treatment that improves cognitive control of impulsivity. © 2017 Brooks, Funk, Young and Schiöth.
- Published
- 2017
7. International design study for the neutrino factory : interim design report
- Author
-
Choubey, S, Gandhi, R, Goswami, S, Berg, JS, Fernow, R, Gallardo, JC, Gupta, R, Kirk, H, Simos, N, Souchlas, N, Ellis, M, Kyberd, P, Benedetto, E, Fernandez-Martinez, E, Efthymiopoulos, I, Garoby, R, Gilardoni, S, Martini, M, Prior, G, Indumathi, D, Sinha, N, Ballett, P, Pascoli, S, Bross, A, Geer, S, Johnstone, C, Kopp, J, Mokhov, N, Morfin, J, Neuffer, D, Parke, S, Popovic, M, Strait, J, Striganov, S, Blondel, A, Dufour, F, Laing, A, Soler, FJP, Lindner, M, Schwetz, T, Alekou, A, Apollonio, M, Aslaninejad, M, Bontoiu, C, Dornan, P, Eccleston, R, Kurup, A, Long, K, Pasternak, J, Pozimski, J, Bogacz, A, Morozov, V, Roblin, Y, Bhattacharya, S, Majumdar, D, Mori, Y, Planche, T, Zisman, M, Cline, D, Stratakis, D, Ding, X, Coloma, P, Donini, A, Gavela, B, Lopez Pavon, J, Maltoni, M, Bromberg, C, Bonesini, M, Hart, T, Kudenko, Y, Mondal, N, Antusch, S, Blennow, M, Ota, T, Abrams, RJ, Ankenbrandt, CM, Beard, KB, Cummings, MAC, Flanagan, G, Johnson, RP, Roberts, TJ, Yoshikawa, CY, Migliozzi, P, Palladino, V, De Gouvea, A, Graves, VB, Kuno, Y, Peltoniemi, J, Blackmore, V, Cobb, J, Witte, H, Mezzetto, M, Rigolin, S, McDonald, KT, Coney, L, Hanson, G, Snopok, P, Tortora, L, Andreopoulos, C, Bennett, J R J, Brooks, SJ, Caretta, O, Davenne, T, Densham, CJ, Edgecock, T R, Kelliher, DJ, Loveridge, P, McFarland, AJ, Machida, S, Prior, C R, Rees, Grahame, Rogers, CT, Thomason, JWG, Booth, C, Skoro, G, Karadzhov, Y, Matev, R, Tsenov, R, Samulyak, R, Mishra, Petti, R, Dracos, M, Yasuda, O, Agarwalla, SK, Cervera-Villanueva, A, Gomez-Cadenas, JJ, Hernandez, P, Li, T, Martin-Albo, J, Huber, P, Back, J, Barker, G, Harrison, P, Meloni, D, Tang, J, and Winter, W
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Cyclical behaviour of the tide-pool ciliate Strombidium oculatum
- Author
-
Montagnes, DJS, primary, Wilson, D, additional, Brooks, SJ, additional, Lowe, C, additional, and Campey, M, additional
- Published
- 2002
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Impaired insulin sensitivity as indexed by the HOMA score is associated with deficits in verbal fluency and temporal lobe gray matter volume in the elderly.
- Author
-
Benedict C, Brooks SJ, Kullberg J, Burgos J, Kempton MJ, Nordenskjöld R, Nylander R, Kilander L, Craft S, Larsson EM, Johansson L, Ahlström H, Lind L, Schiöth HB, Benedict, Christian, Brooks, Samantha J, Kullberg, Joel, Burgos, Jonathan, Kempton, Matthew J, and Nordenskjöld, Richard
- Abstract
Objective: Impaired insulin sensitivity is linked to cognitive deficits and reduced brain size. However, it is not yet known whether insulin sensitivity involves regional changes in gray matter volume. Against this background, we examined the association between insulin sensitivity, cognitive performance, and regional gray matter volume in 285 cognitively healthy elderly men and women aged 75 years from the Prospective Investigation of the Vasculature in Uppsala Seniors (PIVUS) study.Research Design and Methods: Insulin sensitivity was calculated from fasting serum insulin and plasma glucose determinations using the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) method. Cognitive performance was examined by a categorical verbal fluency. Participants also underwent a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain scan. Multivariate analysis using linear regression was conducted, controlling for potential confounders (sex, education, serum LDL cholesterol, mean arterial blood pressure, and abdominal visceral fat volume).Results: The HOMA-IR was negatively correlated with verbal fluency performance, brain size, and temporal lobe gray matter volume in regions known to be involved in speech production (Brodmann areas 21 and 22, respectively). No such effects were observed when examining diabetic (n = 55) and cognitively impaired (n = 27) elderly subjects as separate analyses.Conclusions: These cross-sectional findings suggest that both pharmacologic and lifestyle interventions improving insulin signaling may promote brain health in late life but must be confirmed in patient studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Accelerator design concept for future neutrino facilities
- Author
-
Apollonio, M, Berg, JS, Blondel, A, Bogacz, A, Brooks, SJ, Campagne, J-E, Caspar, D, Cavata, C, Chimenti, P, Cobb, J, Dracos, M, Edgecock, T R, Efthymiopoulos, I, Fabich, A, Fernow, R, Filthaut, F, Gallardo, J, Garoby, R, Geer, S, Gerigk, F, Hanson, G, Johnson, R, Johnstone, C, Kaplan, D, Keil, E, Kirk, H, Klier, A, Kurup, A, Lettry, J, Long, K, Machida, S, McDonald, K, Méot, F, Mori, Y, Neuffer, D, Palladino, V, Palmer, R, Paul, K, Poklonskiy, A, Popovic, M, Prior, C R, Rees, Grahame, Rossi, C, Rovelli, T, Sandström, R, Sevior, R, Sievers, P, Simos, N, Torun, Y, Vretenar, M, Yoshimuray, K, and Zisman, MS
- Subjects
particle accelerator ,neutrino factory ,muon accelerator ,engineering ,Physics::Accelerator Physics ,High Energy Physics::Experiment ,7. Clean energy ,physics ,ISS Accelerator Working Group - Abstract
This document summarizes the work of the Accelerator Working Group (AWG) of the International Scoping Study (ISS) of a Future Neutrino Factory and Superbeam Facility. The main goal of the activity was to reach consensus on a baseline design for a Neutrino Factory complex, including proton driver parameters, choice of target, front-end design, acceleration system design, and decay ring geometry. Another goal was to explore the commonality, if any, between the proton driver for a Neutrino Factory and those for a Superbeam or Beta Beam facility. In general, the requirements for either of the latter facilities are less stringent than those for a Neutrino Factory. Here, we discuss concepts, parameters, and expected performance of the required subsystems for our chosen baseline design of a Neutrino Factory. We also give an indication of the main R&D tasks -- many of which are already under way -- that must be carried out to finalize facility design approaches.
11. Purpurogallin-A heme binding component of oak galls
- Author
-
Mehan, A, Migaz, N, Parikh, N, Truong, HV, Lambert, DJ, Messham, SJ, McKay, J, Mahamed, N, Brooks, SJ, Lloyd, M, Morris, H, Dempster, NM, Randle, LE, Burrell, HE, Sarker, SD, Nahar, L, Evans, PG, Dascombe, MJ, Strashnov, N, Edwards, G, Drew, MGB, Barran, P, and Ismail, FMD
- Subjects
RM - Abstract
Recently, it has been shown that Purpurogallin (PPG), an orange benztropolone constituent of oak galls and its derivative, CU-CPT22, can compete with the binding of the specific lipoprotein ligand to toll-like receptors (TLRs), which are type I transmembrane proteins. These recognize pathogen-derived macromolecules that play a key role in the innate immune system. This system provides an attractive target for the treatment of various immune disorders. Notably, PPG also interacts with various metals and its mode of action against HIV in vitro may involve inhibition of metal containing integrases. In the current study, an optimised synthesis of PPG is presented together with its gas phase behaviour (probed by mass spectrometry) as well as its redox behaviour with porphyrins such as heme. This interaction may also explain its effects at metal containing integrases within HIV in vitro as well as its action during processing of iron complexes within Plasmodia. This compound could serve as a novel prototype for the synthesis of novel redox active antimalarials.
12. A Stage Matrix for 'Miconia calvescens' in the Wet Tropics of Australia: Implications for Management
- Author
-
Susan Hester, Panetta, Fd, Oscar Cacho, and Brooks, Sj
13. Creatine Improves Total Sleep Duration Following Resistance Training Days versus Non-Resistance Training Days among Naturally Menstruating Females.
- Author
-
Aguiar Bonfim Cruz AJ, Brooks SJ, Kleinkopf K, Brush CJ, Irwin GL, Schwartz MG, Candow DG, and Brown AF
- Subjects
- Humans, Female, Double-Blind Method, Adult, Young Adult, Muscle Strength drug effects, Body Composition drug effects, Time Factors, Polysaccharides administration & dosage, Polysaccharides pharmacology, Sleep Duration, Creatine administration & dosage, Resistance Training, Sleep drug effects, Dietary Supplements
- Abstract
Females historically experience sleep disturbances and overall poor sleep compared to males. Creatine has been proposed to impact sleep; however, the effects are not well known. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of creatine supplementation on sleep among naturally menstruating females. Twenty-one participants completed a double-blind, randomized controlled trial in which they consumed 5 g creatine + 5 g maltodextrin or placebo, 10 g maltodextrin, daily for 6 weeks. Participants completed resistance training 2x/week using the TONAL
® (Tonal Systems Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA) at-home gym. Pre- and post-testing assessed body composition, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), dietary intake, and muscular strength. Sleep was assessed nightly using an ŌURA® (Oulu, Finland) ring. Compared to the placebo group, those consuming creatine experienced significant increases in total sleep on training days ( p = 0.013). No significant changes in chronic sleep and PSQI (pre-post) were observed. There was a significant increase in TONAL® strength score over time ( p < 0.001), with no between-group differences. Participants reduced their total calorie (kcal) ( p = 0.039), protein (g/kg) ( p = 0.009), carbohydrate (g/kg) ( p = 0.023), and fat (g) ( p = 0.036) intake over time. Creatine supplementation increases sleep duration on resistance training days in naturally menstruating females.- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. Thresholds for adding degraded tropical forest to the conservation estate.
- Author
-
Ewers RM, Orme CDL, Pearse WD, Zulkifli N, Yvon-Durocher G, Yusah KM, Yoh N, Yeo DCJ, Wong A, Williamson J, Wilkinson CL, Wiederkehr F, Webber BL, Wearn OR, Wai L, Vollans M, Twining JP, Turner EC, Tobias JA, Thorley J, Telford EM, Teh YA, Tan HH, Swinfield T, Svátek M, Struebig M, Stork N, Sleutel J, Slade EM, Sharp A, Shabrani A, Sethi SS, Seaman DJI, Sawang A, Roxby GB, Rowcliffe JM, Rossiter SJ, Riutta T, Rahman H, Qie L, Psomas E, Prairie A, Poznansky F, Pillay R, Picinali L, Pianzin A, Pfeifer M, Parrett JM, Noble CD, Nilus R, Mustaffa N, Mullin KE, Mitchell S, Mckinlay AR, Maunsell S, Matula R, Massam M, Martin S, Malhi Y, Majalap N, Maclean CS, Mackintosh E, Luke SH, Lewis OT, Layfield HJ, Lane-Shaw I, Kueh BH, Kratina P, Konopik O, Kitching R, Kinneen L, Kemp VA, Jotan P, Jones N, Jebrail EW, Hroneš M, Heon SP, Hemprich-Bennett DR, Haysom JK, Harianja MF, Hardwick J, Gregory N, Gray R, Gray REJ, Granville N, Gill R, Fraser A, Foster WA, Folkard-Tapp H, Fletcher RJ, Fikri AH, Fayle TM, Faruk A, Eggleton P, Edwards DP, Drinkwater R, Dow RA, Döbert TF, Didham RK, Dickinson KJM, Deere NJ, de Lorm T, Dawood MM, Davison CW, Davies ZG, Davies RG, Dančák M, Cusack J, Clare EL, Chung A, Chey VK, Chapman PM, Cator L, Carpenter D, Carbone C, Calloway K, Bush ER, Burslem DFRP, Brown KD, Brooks SJ, Brasington E, Brant H, Boyle MJW, Both S, Blackman J, Bishop TR, Bicknell JE, Bernard H, Basrur S, Barclay MVL, Barclay H, Atton G, Ancrenaz M, Aldridge DC, Daniel OZ, Reynolds G, and Banks-Leite C
- Subjects
- Biodiversity, Biomass, Malaysia, Animals, Conservation of Natural Resources methods, Conservation of Natural Resources statistics & numerical data, Forestry statistics & numerical data, Forests, Trees classification, Trees growth & development, Tropical Climate
- Abstract
Logged and disturbed forests are often viewed as degraded and depauperate environments compared with primary forest. However, they are dynamic ecosystems
1 that provide refugia for large amounts of biodiversity2,3 , so we cannot afford to underestimate their conservation value4 . Here we present empirically defined thresholds for categorizing the conservation value of logged forests, using one of the most comprehensive assessments of taxon responses to habitat degradation in any tropical forest environment. We analysed the impact of logging intensity on the individual occurrence patterns of 1,681 taxa belonging to 86 taxonomic orders and 126 functional groups in Sabah, Malaysia. Our results demonstrate the existence of two conservation-relevant thresholds. First, lightly logged forests (<29% biomass removal) retain high conservation value and a largely intact functional composition, and are therefore likely to recover their pre-logging values if allowed to undergo natural regeneration. Second, the most extreme impacts occur in heavily degraded forests with more than two-thirds (>68%) of their biomass removed, and these are likely to require more expensive measures to recover their biodiversity value. Overall, our data confirm that primary forests are irreplaceable5 , but they also reinforce the message that logged forests retain considerable conservation value that should not be overlooked., (© 2024. The Author(s).)- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. An ecotoxicological assessment of a strigolactone mimic used as the active ingredient in a plant biostimulant formulation.
- Author
-
Brooks SJ, Gomes T, Almeida AC, Christou M, Zheng C, Shaposhnikov S, Popa DG, Georgescu F, and Oancea F
- Subjects
- Animals, Larva, Crustacea, Mutagenicity Tests, Zebrafish, Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity, Heterocyclic Compounds, 3-Ring, Lactones
- Abstract
A risk assessment on the aquatic toxicity of the plant biostimulant strigolactone mimic (2-(4-methyl-5-oxo-2,5-dihydro-furan-2-yloxy)-benzo[de]isoquinoline-1,3-dione (SL-6) was performed using a suite of standardised bioassays representing different trophic groups and acute and chronic endpoints. In freshwater, three trophic groups of algae, crustacea and fish were used. Whilst in seawater, algae (unicellular and macroalgae), Crustacea and Mollusca were employed. In addition, the genotoxicity of SL-6 was determined with the comet assessment performed on unicellular marine algae, oysters, and fish embryos. This was the first time ecotoxicity tests have been performed on SL-6. In freshwater, the lowest LOEC was measured in the unicellular algae at 0.31 mg/L SL-6. Although, similar LOEC values were found for embryo malformations and impacts on hatching rate in zebrafish (LOEC 0.31-0.33 mg/L). Consistent malformations of pericardial and yolk sac oedemas were identified in the zebrafish embryos at 0.31 mg/L. In marine species, the lowest LOEC was found for both Tisbe battagliai mortality and microalgae growth at an SL-6 concentration of 1.0 mg/L. Significant genotoxicity was observed above control levels at 0.0031 mg/L SL-6 in the unicellular algae and 0.001 mg/L SL-6 in the oyster and zebrafish larvae. When applying the simple risk assessment, based on the lowest NOECs and appropriate assessment factors, the calculated predicted no effect concentration (PNEC), for the ecotoxicity and the genotoxicity tests were 1.0 µg/L and 0.01 µg/L respectively., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. A neuroinflammatory compulsivity model of anorexia nervosa (NICAN).
- Author
-
Brooks SJ, Dahl K, Dudley-Jones R, and Schiöth HB
- Subjects
- Humans, Anorexia Nervosa
- Abstract
Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. Community detection in the human connectome: Method types, differences and their impact on inference.
- Author
-
Brooks SJ, Jones VO, Wang H, Deng C, Golding SGH, Lim J, Gao J, Daoutidis P, and Stamoulis C
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Humans, Reproducibility of Results, Bayes Theorem, Brain diagnostic imaging, Brain physiology, Magnetic Resonance Imaging methods, Connectome methods
- Abstract
Community structure is a fundamental topological characteristic of optimally organized brain networks. Currently, there is no clear standard or systematic approach for selecting the most appropriate community detection method. Furthermore, the impact of method choice on the accuracy and robustness of estimated communities (and network modularity), as well as method-dependent relationships between network communities and cognitive and other individual measures, are not well understood. This study analyzed large datasets of real brain networks (estimated from resting-state fMRI from n $$ n $$ = 5251 pre/early adolescents in the adolescent brain cognitive development [ABCD] study), and n $$ n $$ = 5338 synthetic networks with heterogeneous, data-inspired topologies, with the goal to investigate and compare three classes of community detection methods: (i) modularity maximization-based (Newman and Louvain), (ii) probabilistic (Bayesian inference within the framework of stochastic block modeling (SBM)), and (iii) geometric (based on graph Ricci flow). Extensive comparisons between methods and their individual accuracy (relative to the ground truth in synthetic networks), and reliability (when applied to multiple fMRI runs from the same brains) suggest that the underlying brain network topology plays a critical role in the accuracy, reliability and agreement of community detection methods. Consistent method (dis)similarities, and their correlations with topological properties, were estimated across fMRI runs. Based on synthetic graphs, most methods performed similarly and had comparable high accuracy only in some topological regimes, specifically those corresponding to developed connectomes with at least quasi-optimal community organization. In contrast, in densely and/or weakly connected networks with difficult to detect communities, the methods yielded highly dissimilar results, with Bayesian inference within SBM having significantly higher accuracy compared to all others. Associations between method-specific modularity and demographic, anthropometric, physiological and cognitive parameters showed mostly method invariance but some method dependence as well. Although method sensitivity to different levels of community structure may in part explain method-dependent associations between modularity estimates and parameters of interest, method dependence also highlights potential issues of reliability and reproducibility. These findings suggest that a probabilistic approach, such as Bayesian inference in the framework of SBM, may provide consistently reliable estimates of community structure across network topologies. In addition, to maximize robustness of biological inferences, identified network communities and their cognitive, behavioral and other correlates should be confirmed with multiple reliable detection methods., (© 2024 The Authors. Human Brain Mapping published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Associations between community-level patterns of prenatal alcohol and tobacco exposure on brain structure in a non-clinical sample of 6-year-old children: a South African pilot study.
- Author
-
Uban KA, Jonker D, Donald KA, Bodison SC, Brooks SJ, Kan E, Steigelmann B, Roos A, Marshall A, Adise S, Butler-Kruger L, Melly B, Narr KL, Joshi SH, Odendaal HJ, Sowell ER, and Stein DJ
- Subjects
- Child, Pregnancy, Female, Humans, Child, Preschool, Pilot Projects, South Africa, Brain pathology, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects
- Abstract
The current small study utilised prospective data collection of patterns of prenatal alcohol and tobacco exposure (PAE and PTE) to examine associations with structural brain outcomes in 6-year-olds and served as a pilot to determine the value of prospective data describing community-level patterns of PAE and PTE in a non-clinical sample of children. Participants from the Safe Passage Study in pregnancy were approached when their child was ∼6 years old and completed structural brain magnetic resonance imaging to examine with archived PAE and PTE data ( n = 51 children-mother dyads). Linear regression was used to conduct whole-brain structural analyses, with false-discovery rate (FDR) correction, to examine: (a) main effects of PAE, PTE and their interaction; and (b) predictive potential of data that reflect patterns of PAE and PTE (e.g. quantity, frequency and timing (QFT)). Associations between PAE, PTE and their interaction with brain structural measures demonstrated unique profiles of cortical and subcortical alterations that were distinct between PAE only, PTE only and their interactive effects. Analyses examining associations between patterns of PAE and PTE (e.g. QFT) were able to significantly detect brain alterations (that survived FDR correction) in this small non-clinical sample of children. These findings support the hypothesis that considering QFT and co-exposures is important for identifying brain alterations following PAE and/or PTE in a small group of young children. Current results demonstrate that teratogenic outcomes on brain structure differ as a function PAE, PTE or their co-exposures, as well as the pattern (QFT) or exposure.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Regional impacts of warming on biodiversity and biomass in high latitude stream ecosystems across the Northern Hemisphere.
- Author
-
Jackson MC, Friberg N, Moliner Cachazo L, Clark DR, Mutinova PT, O'Gorman EJ, Kordas RL, Gallo B, Pichler DE, Bespalaya Y, Aksenova OV, Milner A, Brooks SJ, Dunn N, Lee KWK, Ólafsson JS, Gíslason GM, Millan L, Bell T, Dumbrell AJ, and Woodward G
- Subjects
- Animals, Biomass, Biodiversity, Invertebrates, Ecosystem, Rivers
- Abstract
Warming can have profound impacts on ecological communities. However, explorations of how differences in biogeography and productivity might reshape the effect of warming have been limited to theoretical or proxy-based approaches: for instance, studies of latitudinal temperature gradients are often conflated with other drivers (e.g., species richness). Here, we overcome these limitations by using local geothermal temperature gradients across multiple high-latitude stream ecosystems. Each suite of streams (6-11 warmed by 1-15°C above ambient) is set within one of five regions (37 streams total); because the heating comes from the bedrock and is not confounded by changes in chemistry, we can isolate the effect of temperature. We found a negative overall relationship between diatom and invertebrate species richness and temperature, but the strength of the relationship varied regionally, declining more strongly in regions with low terrestrial productivity. Total invertebrate biomass increased with temperature in all regions. The latter pattern combined with the former suggests that the increased biomass of tolerant species might compensate for the loss of sensitive species. Our results show that the impact of warming can be dependent on regional conditions, demonstrating that local variation should be included in future climate projections rather than simply assuming universal relationships., (© 2024. The Author(s).)
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. An integrated biological effects assessment of the discharge water into the Sunndalsfjord from an aluminium smelter.
- Author
-
Brooks SJ, Gomes T, Grung M, Petersen K, and Macken A
- Subjects
- Animals, Water analysis, Aluminum analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Biomarkers analysis, Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis, Bivalvia chemistry
- Abstract
An integrated biological effects study using field transplanted mussels was applied to determine the potential biological effects of an effluent discharge from an aluminium smelter into a Norwegian fjord. Chemical body burden and biological effects were measured in mussels positioned downstream (1, 2, 5, 10 and 20 km) from the aluminium smelters discharge for a period of 6 weeks. A suite of biomarkers, from whole organism to subcellular responses were measured. Chemical concentrations in mussel tissues were low; however, a change in the PAC (polyaromatic compound) profile from high to low pyrogenic influence provided evidence of exposure to the smelter's effluent. Overall, the biological responses observed where greater in the mussels positioned closest to the smelter (1-5 km). Lowest chemical accumulation and biomarker responses were observed in mussels positioned 10 km from the smelter and were considered as the reference field population. Mussels located furthest from the smelter (20 km) exhibited significant biomarker responses and suggested a different contaminant source within the fjord. The integrated biological response index (IBR) was applied and reflected the expected level of exposure to the smelters discharge, with highest IBR calculated in mussels positioned closest to the discharge (1-5 km). Principal component analysis (PCA) also differentiated among mussel groups, with the most impacted located closest to the smelter. Not one chemical factor could explain the biological responses observed in mussels, but the presence of PAH16, PAH41 and metals Mn, Ni and Cr were the main contributors measured to the higher stress seen in the mussels from the 1 and 5 km groups., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Steven Brooks reports financial support was provided by Aluminiumindustriens Miljøsekretariat (AMS)., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Creatine monohydrate supplementation changes total body water and DXA lean mass estimates in female collegiate dancers.
- Author
-
Brooks SJ, Candow DG, Roe AJ, Fehrenkamp BD, Wilk VC, Bailey JP, Krumpl L, and Brown AF
- Subjects
- Humans, Female, Dietary Supplements, Body Water, Body Composition, Muscle, Skeletal, Double-Blind Method, Creatine, Muscle Strength
- Abstract
Collegiate dance is unique because it requires athletic and academic performance; therefore, optimizing physical and mental function is crucial. Research among athletic populations demonstrate improvements in body composition, performance, and cognition following creatine monohydrate (CR) supplementation, yet dancers have not been investigated. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of CR supplementation on body composition, performance, and cognitive function in female collegiate dancers. Participants were randomized to CR (CR; n = 7; 0.1 g·kg -1·day -1 CM +0.1 g·kg -1·day -1 corn-starch maltodextrin) or placebo (PL; n = 6; 0.2 g·kg -1·day -1 corn-starch maltodextrin) for 42 days. Pre- and post-testing included body composition, total body water (TBW), Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale, Diet History Questionnaire, the National Institute of Health Toolbox fluid cognition battery and isokinetic strength, vertical jump, medicine ball throw, and Wingate anaerobic power test. CR demonstrated a significant increase in TBW (pre, 32.2 ± 3.5 kg; post, 32.7 ± 3.6 kg; p = 0.024) and lean mass (LM; pre, 39.8 ± 3.6 kg; post, 41.5 ± 4.5 kg; p = 0.020). CR supplementation may be an effective strategy to increase TBW and estimates of LM in female collegiate dancers. Although this may optimize aesthetics, larger samples sizes with resistance training are needed to determine if CR supplementation increases muscle mass and translates to improved performance.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Do DOM quality and origin affect the uptake and accumulation of lipid-soluble contaminants in coastal filter feeders? An experimental simulation of teflubenzuron exposure to blue mussels.
- Author
-
Schultze S, Andersen T, Knudtzon N, Ruus A, Rundberget JT, Brooks SJ, Poste A, Hessen DO, and Borgå K
- Abstract
The increased export of terrestrial dissolved organic matter (terrDOM) to coastal marine ecosystems may affect local filter feeders and the local food web via the altered uptake of organic material and associated contaminants. To compare terrDOM to marine DOM (marDOM) as contaminant vectors to coastal biota, we exposed blue mussels (Mytilus sp.) to the different DOM types in combination with teflubenzuron, a widely applied lipophilic aquaculture medicine targeting salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis). A 16-day exposure of the blue mussels to DOM and teflubenzuron was followed by a depuration phase of 20 days without teflubenzuron. We calculated teflubenzuron adsorption rates and bioaccumulation factors (BAF) using a Bayesian model, expecting teflubenzuron uptake to be greater with terrDOM than marDOM due to the higher prevalence of large amphipathic humic acids in terrDOM. Humic acids have strong absorption properties and are able to envelope lipophilic molecules. Thus, humic acids can function as an efficient contaminant vector when taken up by filter feeders. Although there were varying degrees of overlap, the mussels tended to accumulate higher amounts of teflubenzuron in the DOM treatments than in the seawater control (bioaccumulation factor [BAF] in seawater: median 106 L/kg; 2.5 %-97.5 % percentile: 69-160 L/kg). Contrary to expectations, mussels exposed to marDOM showed a trend toward more bioaccumulation of teflubenzuron than those exposed to terrDOM (BAF marine 144 L/kg; 102-221 L/kg versus BAF terrestrial: 121 L/kg; 82-186 L/kg). The highest teflubenzuron accumulation was observed with the 50:50 mixture of marDOM and terrDOM (BAF mix: 165 L/kg; 117-244 L/kg). The slight difference in DOM-type accumulation rates observed in this experiment-especially the accumulation rate of terrDOM compared to that of the seawater-only treatment type-was not considered environmentally relevant. Further studies are necessary to see if the observed trends transfer to complex environmental systems., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier B.V.)
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. A unique case of giant pilomatricoma on the buttock of a 44-year-old Hispanic female.
- Author
-
Doss-Hom NS, Velaoras AT, Farber MJ, Sinanan JS, and Brooks SJ
- Subjects
- Humans, Female, Adult, Buttocks, Hispanic or Latino, Pilomatrixoma diagnosis, Pilomatrixoma surgery, Skin Neoplasms diagnosis, Skin Neoplasms surgery, Hair Diseases diagnosis
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Excess BMI in early adolescence adversely impacts maturating functional circuits supporting high-level cognition and their structural correlates.
- Author
-
Brooks SJ, Smith C, and Stamoulis C
- Subjects
- Female, Child, Humans, Adolescent, Aged, 80 and over, Body Mass Index, Cross-Sectional Studies, Brain diagnostic imaging, Brain Mapping, Obesity, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Overweight, Cognition
- Abstract
Background/objectives: Adverse effects of excess BMI (affecting 1 in 5 children in the US) on brain circuits during neurodevelopmentally vulnerable periods are incompletely understood. This study investigated BMI-related alterations in maturating functional networks and their underlying brain structures, and high-level cognition in early adolescence., Subjects/methods: Cross-sectional resting-state fMRI, structural sMRI, neurocognitive task scores, and BMI from 4922 youth [median (IQR) age = 120.0 (13.0) months, 2572 females (52.25%)] from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) cohort were analyzed. Comprehensive topological and morphometric network properties were estimated from fMRI and sMRI, respectively. Cross-validated linear regression models assessed correlations with BMI. Results were reproduced across multiple fMRI datasets., Results: Almost 30% of youth had excess BMI, including 736 (15.0%) with overweight and 672 (13.7%) with obesity, and statistically more Black and Hispanic compared to white, Asian and non-Hispanic youth (p < 0.01). Those with obesity or overweight were less physically active, slept less than recommended, snored more frequently, and spent more time using an electronic device (p < 0.01). They also had lower topological efficiency, resilience, connectivity, connectedness and clustering in Default-Mode, dorsal attention, salience, control, limbic, and reward networks (p ≤ 0.04, Cohen's d: 0.07-0.39). Lower cortico-thalamic efficiency and connectivity were estimated only in youth with obesity (p < 0.01, Cohen's d: 0.09-0.19). Both groups had lower cortical thickness, volume and white matter intensity in these networks' constituent structures, particularly anterior cingulate, entorhinal, prefrontal, and lateral occipital cortices (p < 0.01, Cohen's d: 0.12-0.30), which also mediated inverse relationships between BMI and regional functional topologies. Youth with obesity or overweight had lower scores in a task measuring fluid reasoning - a core aspect of cognitive function, which were partially correlated with topological changes (p ≤ 0.04)., Conclusions: Excess BMI in early adolescence may be associated with profound aberrant topological alterations in maturating functional circuits and underdeveloped brain structures that adversely impact core aspects of cognitive function., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.)
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. GENERATIVE MODELS FOR LARGE-SCALE SIMULATIONS OF CONNECTOME DEVELOPMENT.
- Author
-
Brooks SJ and Stamoulis C
- Abstract
Functional interactions and anatomic connections between brain regions form the connectome. Its mathematical representation in terms of a graph reflects the inherent neuroanatomical organization into structures and regions (nodes) that are interconnected through neural fiber tracts and/or interact functionally (edges). Without knowledge of the ground truth topology of the connectome, functional (directional or nondirectional) graphs represent estimates of signal correlations, from which underlying mechanisms and processes, such as development and aging, or neuropathologies, are difficult to unravel. Biologically meaningful simulations using synthetic graphs with controllable parameters can complement real data analyses and provide critical insights into mechanisms underlying the organization of the connectome. Generative models can be highly valuable tools for creating large datasets of synthetic graphs with known topological characteristics. However, for these graphs to be meaningful, the variation of model parameters needs to be driven by real data. This paper presents a novel, data-driven approach for tuning the parameters of the generative Lancichinetti-Fortunato-Radicchi (LFR) model, using a large dataset of connectomes (n = 5566) estimated from resting-state fMRI from early adolescents in the historically large Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (ABCD). It also presents an application, i.e., simulations using the LFR, to generate large datasets of synthetic graphs representing brains at different stages of neural maturation, and gain insights into developmental changes in their topological organization.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Brain Structure in Acutely Underweight and Partially Weight-Restored Individuals With Anorexia Nervosa: A Coordinated Analysis by the ENIGMA Eating Disorders Working Group.
- Author
-
Walton E, Bernardoni F, Batury VL, Bahnsen K, Larivière S, Abbate-Daga G, Andres-Perpiña S, Bang L, Bischoff-Grethe A, Brooks SJ, Campbell IC, Cascino G, Castro-Fornieles J, Collantoni E, D'Agata F, Dahmen B, Danner UN, Favaro A, Feusner JD, Frank GKW, Friederich HC, Graner JL, Herpertz-Dahlmann B, Hess A, Horndasch S, Kaplan AS, Kaufmann LK, Kaye WH, Khalsa SS, LaBar KS, Lavagnino L, Lazaro L, Manara R, Miles AE, Milos GF, Monteleone AM, Monteleone P, Mwangi B, O'Daly O, Pariente J, Roesch J, Schmidt UH, Seitz J, Shott ME, Simon JJ, Smeets PAM, Tamnes CK, Tenconi E, Thomopoulos SI, van Elburg AA, Voineskos AN, von Polier GG, Wierenga CE, Zucker NL, Jahanshad N, King JA, Thompson PM, Berner LA, and Ehrlich S
- Subjects
- Brain diagnostic imaging, Cerebral Cortex diagnostic imaging, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging methods, Multicenter Studies as Topic, Prospective Studies, Thinness, Anorexia Nervosa diagnostic imaging, Anorexia Nervosa therapy
- Abstract
Background: The pattern of structural brain abnormalities in anorexia nervosa (AN) is still not well understood. While several studies report substantial deficits in gray matter volume and cortical thickness in acutely underweight patients, others find no differences, or even increases in patients compared with healthy control subjects. Recent weight regain before scanning may explain some of this heterogeneity. To clarify the extent, magnitude, and dependencies of gray matter changes in AN, we conducted a prospective, coordinated meta-analysis of multicenter neuroimaging data., Methods: We analyzed T1-weighted structural magnetic resonance imaging scans assessed with standardized methods from 685 female patients with AN and 963 female healthy control subjects across 22 sites worldwide. In addition to a case-control comparison, we conducted a 3-group analysis comparing healthy control subjects with acutely underweight AN patients (n = 466) and partially weight-restored patients in treatment (n = 251)., Results: In AN, reductions in cortical thickness, subcortical volumes, and, to a lesser extent, cortical surface area were sizable (Cohen's d up to 0.95), widespread, and colocalized with hub regions. Highlighting the effects of undernutrition, these deficits were associated with lower body mass index in the AN sample and were less pronounced in partially weight-restored patients., Conclusions: The effect sizes observed for cortical thickness deficits in acute AN are the largest of any psychiatric disorder investigated in the ENIGMA (Enhancing Neuro Imaging Genetics through Meta Analysis) Consortium to date. These results confirm the importance of considering weight loss and renutrition in biomedical research on AN and underscore the importance of treatment engagement to prevent potentially long-lasting structural brain changes in this population., (Copyright © 2022 Society of Biological Psychiatry. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Parental religiosity is associated with changes in youth functional network organization and cognitive performance in early adolescence.
- Author
-
Brooks SJ, Tian L, Parks SM, and Stamoulis C
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Brain, Child, Cognition, Female, Humans, Male, Parents, Adolescent Behavior psychology, Religion
- Abstract
Parental religious beliefs and practices (religiosity) may have profound effects on youth, especially in neurodevelopmentally complex periods such as adolescence. In n = 5566 children (median age = 120.0 months; 52.1% females; 71.2% with religious affiliation) from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study, relationships between parental religiosity and non-religious beliefs on family values (data on youth beliefs were not available), topological properties of youth resting-state brain networks, and executive function, inhibitory control, and cognitive flexibility were investigated. Lower caregiver education and family income were associated with stronger parental beliefs (p < 0.01). Strength of both belief types was correlated with lower efficiency, community structure, and robustness of frontoparietal control, temporoparietal, and dorsal attention networks (p < 0.05), and lower Matrix Reasoning scores. Stronger religious beliefs were negatively associated (directly and indirectly) with multiscale properties of salience and default-mode networks, and lower Flanker and Dimensional Card Sort scores, but positively associated with properties of the precuneus. Overall, these effects were small (Cohen's d ~ 0.2 to ~ 0.4). Overlapping neuromodulatory and cognitive effects of parental beliefs suggest that early adolescents may perceive religious beliefs partly as context-independent rules on expected behavior. However, religious beliefs may also differentially affect cognitive flexibility, attention, and inhibitory control and their neural substrates., (© 2022. The Author(s).)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Phonological working memory is adversely affected in adults with anorexia nervosa: a systematic literature review.
- Author
-
Dahlén AD, Gaudio S, Schiöth HB, and Brooks SJ
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Child, Comorbidity, Humans, Memory, Short-Term, Neuropsychological Tests, Anorexia Nervosa complications, Feeding and Eating Disorders
- Abstract
Purpose: Cognitive restraint has potentiating and deleterious effects on working memory (WM) in anorexia nervosa (AN). Conflicting evidence may be due to heterogeneity of tasks examining different WM components (e.g., verbal/auditory versus visuospatial), and differences in adolescent versus adult AN. Additionally, differential cognitive profiles of restricting versus binge/purging subtypes, comorbid psychiatric disorders and psychotropic medication use may confound findings., Methods: To address these conflicts, 25 studies, published between 2016 and 2021, investigating WM in children, adolescents and adults with AN were systematically reviewed using PRISMA guidelines., Results: In 71% of WM tasks, no difference in performance between AN patients and age-matched controls was reported, while 29% of WM tasks showed worse performance. Adults with AN displayed deficits in 44% of the verbal/auditory tasks, while performance remained unaffected in 86% of visuospatial tasks., Conclusion: Examining age groups and WM subsystems separately revealed novel findings of differentially affected WM components in AN. Comorbidities and psychotropic medications were common among AN participants and should be regarded as critical confounding factors for WM measures. Future studies examining different components of WM, acknowledging these confounding factors, may reveal specific deficits in AN to aid treatment improvement strategies., Level of Evidence: I, systematic review., (© 2022. The Author(s).)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Subliminal Emotional Faces Elicit Predominantly Right-Lateralized Amygdala Activation: A Systematic Meta-Analysis of fMRI Studies.
- Author
-
Dahlén AD, Schofield A, Schiöth HB, and Brooks SJ
- Abstract
Prior research suggests that conscious face processing occurs preferentially in right hemisphere occipito-parietal regions. However, less is known about brain regions associated with non-conscious processing of faces, and whether a right-hemispheric dominance persists in line with specific affective responses. We aim to review the neural responses systematically, quantitatively, and qualitatively underlying subliminal face processing. PubMed was searched for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) publications assessing subliminal emotional face stimuli up to March 2022. Activation Likelihood Estimation (ALE) meta-analyses and narrative reviews were conducted on all studies that met ALE requirements. Risk of bias was assessed using the AXIS tool. In a meta-analysis of all 22 eligible studies (merging clinical and non-clinical populations, whole brain and region of interest analyses), bilateral amygdala activation was reported in the left (x = -19.2, y = 1.5, z = -17.1) in 59% of studies, and in the right (x = 24.4, y = -1.7, z = -17.4) in 68% of studies. In a second meta-analysis of non-clinical participants only ( n = 18), bilateral amygdala was again reported in the left (x = -18, y = 3.9, z = -18.4) and right (x = 22.8, y = -0.9, z = -17.4) in 56% of studies for both clusters. In a final meta-analysis of whole-brain studies only (n=14), bilateral amygdala was also reported in the left (x = -20.2, y = 2.9, z = -17.2) in 64% of studies, and right (x = 24.2, y = -0.7, z = -17.8) in 71% of studies. The findings suggest that non-consciously detected emotional faces may influence amygdala activation, especially right-lateralized (a higher percentage of convergence in studies), which are integral for pre-conscious affect and long-term memory processing., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Dahlén, Schofield, Schiöth and Brooks.)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Self-Reported Psychosomatic Complaints and Conduct Problems in Swedish Adolescents.
- Author
-
Brooks SJ, Titova OE, Ashworth EL, Bylund SBA, Feldman I, and Schiöth HB
- Abstract
Physical conditions in children and adolescents are often under reported during mainstream school years and may underlie mental health disorders. Additionally, comparisons between younger and older schoolchildren may shed light on developmental differences regarding the way in which physical conditions translate into conduct problems. The aim of the current study was to examine the incidence of psychosomatic complaints (PSC) in young and older adolescent boys and girls who also report conduct problems. A total of 3132 Swedish adolescents (age range 15-18 years, 47% boys) completed the Uppsala Life and Health Cross-Sectional Survey (LHS) at school. The LHS question scores were categorised by two researchers who independently identified questions that aligned with DSM-5 conduct disorder (CD) criteria and PSC. MANOVA assessed the effects of PSC, age, and gender on scores that aligned with the DSM criteria for CD. The main effects of gender, age, and PSC on the conduct problem scores were observed. Adolescents with higher PSC scores had higher conduct problem scores. Boys had higher serious violation of rules scores than girls, particularly older boys with higher PSC scores. Psychosomatic complaints could be a useful objective identifier for children and adolescents at risk of developing conduct disorders. This may be especially relevant when a reliance on a child's self-reporting of their behavior may not help to prevent a long-term disturbance to their quality of life.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. The genome sequence of the blue-tailed damselfly, Ischnura elegans (Vander Linden, 1820).
- Author
-
Price BW, Winter M, and Brooks SJ
- Abstract
We present a genome assembly from an individual female Ischnura elegans (the blue-tailed damselfly; Arthropoda; Insecta; Odonata; Coenagrionidae). The genome sequence is 1,723 megabases in span. The majority of the assembly (99.55%) is scaffolded into 14 chromosomal pseudomolecules, with the X sex chromosome assembled., Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed., (Copyright: © 2022 Price BW et al.)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. New insights into submarine tailing disposal for a reduced environmental footprint: Lessons learnt from Norwegian fjords.
- Author
-
Ramirez-Llodra E, Trannum HC, Andersen GS, Baeten NJ, Brooks SJ, Escudero-Oñate C, Gundersen H, Kleiv RA, Ibragimova O, Lepland A, Nepstad R, Sandøy R, Schaanning MT, Shimmield T, Yakushev E, Ferrando-Climent L, and Høgaas PH
- Subjects
- Environment, Environmental Monitoring, Norway, Estuaries, Metals
- Abstract
Submarine tailing disposal (STD) in fjords from land-based mines is common practice in Norway and takes place in other regions worldwide. We synthesize the results of a multidisciplinary programme on environmental impacts of STDs in Norwegian fjords, providing new knowledge that can be applied to assess and mitigate impact of tailing disposal globally, both for submarine and deep-sea activities. Detailed geological seafloor mapping provided data on natural sedimentation to monitor depositional processes on the seafloor. Modelling and analytical techniques were used to assess the behaviour of tailing particles and process-chemicals in the environment, providing novel tools for monitoring. Toxicity tests showed biological impacts on test species due to particulate and chemical exposure. Hypersedimentation mesocosm and field experiments showed a varying response on the benthos, allowing to determine the transition zone in the STD impact area. Recolonisation studies indicate that full community recovery and normalisation of metal leakage rates may take several decades due to bioturbation and slow burial of sulfidic tailings. The results are synthesised to provide guidelines for the development of best available techniques for STDs., (Copyright © 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Protein Supplementation Does Not Improve Aerobic and Anaerobic Fitness in Collegiate Dancers Performing Cycling Based High Intensity Interval Training.
- Author
-
Alfiero CJ, Brooks SJ, Bideganeta HM, Contreras C, and Brown AF
- Subjects
- Anaerobiosis, Dietary Supplements, Humans, Physical Fitness, Dancing, High-Intensity Interval Training
- Abstract
The effects of a 6-week cycling high-intensity interval training (HIIT) concurrently with protein supplementation on aerobic and anaerobic fitness and body composition in collegiate dancers was investigated. Eighteen participants enrolled in a collegiate dance program were matched into three groups: high-protein (HP; 90 g˙d
-1 ), moderate-protein (MP; 40 g˙d-1 ), and control (C; 0 g˙d-1 ). All participants performed a 6-week HIIT intervention. Participants completed a graded exercise test, Wingate anaerobic test (Wingate), and dual energy x-ray absorptiometry scan before and after the intervention. Peak heart rate (HRpeak ), peak oxygen uptake (VOpeak ), peak power output (PPO), lactate threshold (LT), and ventilatory thresholds 1 (VT1 ) and 2 (VT₂) were assessed during the graded exercise test. Peak power output, mean power output (MPO), and fatigue index (FI) were assessed during the Wingate. Lean mass (LM), fat mass (FM), visceral adipose tissue, appendicular skeletal muscle mass, and appendicular skeletal muscle mass index were assessed during dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Body composition index (BCI) was calculated from pre and post LM and FM. Habitual diet was recorded weekly. Significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. No significant differences in VO2peak and percent fat mass (%FM) were observed between groups prior to the intervention. Significant main effects for time were observed for HRpeak (p = 0.02), VO2peak (p < 0.001), PPO (p < 0.01), LT (p < 0.001), VT1 (p < 0.001), and VT₂ (p < 0.001) during the graded exercise test, and PPO (p < 0.01) and FI (p < 0.01) during the Wingate. Significant main effects for time were observed for LM (kg; p = 0.01) and FM (kg; p < 0.01). Body composition index was improved for all groups, however, no significant differences by group were observed. No significant differences were observed between groups for the measured outcomes (p > 0.05). Therefore, there was no effect of protein supplementation in the short 6-week intervention. This cycling based HIIT routine increased physical fitness, optimized aesthetics, and was a simple addition to an existing collegiate dance curriculum.- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Nutrient Intake of Wildland Firefighters During Arduous Wildfire Suppression: Macronutrient and Micronutrient Consumption.
- Author
-
Brooks SJ, West MR, Domitrovich JW, Sol JA, Holubetz H, Partridge C, Ruby BC, Brown AF, and Roe AJ
- Subjects
- Diet, Eating, Humans, Micronutrients, Nutrients, Firefighters, Wildfires
- Abstract
Wildland firefighters (WLFFs) perform in adverse environments making rapid adjustments to dietary needs. The National Mobile Food Services (NMFS) contract details WLFF dietary provisions on wildfire incidents., Objective: Determine the nutrient content of food and drink provided to and consumed by WLFFs under the NMFS contract., Methods: Individual (n = 122) dietary provisions and consumption was recorded during 1 workday. Nutritional analysis of items provided was compared with consumption and the recommended dietary allowance (RDA)., Results: WLFFs consumed significantly (P < 0.05) fewer macronutrients than provided for calories, protein, and fat. Provided and consumed micronutrients were below the RDA for vitamins D and E, magnesium, and manganese., Conclusion: Most dietary recommendations were met by NMFS provisions. Next steps include WLFF nutrition education to improve consumption and contract revisions to meet micronutrient recommendations., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest: None declared., (Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.)
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. A Novel Mobile Phone App for Optimizing Dynamic Discrete Data Collection in Pediatric Epilepsy Studies.
- Author
-
Brooks SJ and Stamoulis C
- Subjects
- Child, Data Collection, Humans, Seizures, Cell Phone, Epilepsy diagnosis, Mobile Applications
- Abstract
Mobile technologies, including applications (apps) and wearable devices, are playing an increasingly important role in health monitoring. In particular, apps are becoming a critical component of m-health, which promises to transform personalized care management, optimize clinical outcomes, and improve patient-provider communication. They may also play a central role in research, to facilitate rapid and inexpensive collection of repeated data, such as momentary clinical, physiological, and/or behavioral assessments and optimize their sampling. This is particularly important for measuring systems/processes with characteristic temporal patterns, e.g., circadian rhythms, which need to be adequately sampled in order to be accurately estimated from discrete measurements. Temporal sampling of these patterns may also be critical for elucidating their modulation by pathological events. This paper presents a novel app, developed with the overarching goal to optimize repeated salivary hormone collection in pediatric patients with epilepsy through improved patient-investigator communication and enhanced alerts. The ultimate goal of the app is to maximize regularity of the data collection (up to 8 samples/day for ~4-5 days of hospitalization) while minimizing intrusion on patients during clinical monitoring. In addition, the app facilitates flexible collection of data on stress and seizure symptoms at the time of saliva sampling, which can then be correlated with hormone levels and physiological changes indicating impending seizures.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Big Data-Driven Brain Parcellation from fMRI: Impact of Cohort Heterogeneity on Functional Connectivity Maps.
- Author
-
Brooks SJ, Parks SM, and Stamoulis C
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Brain diagnostic imaging, Child, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Neuroimaging, Big Data, Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- Abstract
Ongoing large-scale human brain studies are generating complex neuroimaging data from thousands of individuals that can be leveraged to derive data-driven, anatomically accurate brain parcellations. However, despite their promise and many strengths, these data are highly heterogeneous, a characteristic that may affect the anatomical accuracy and generalization of the template but has received relatively little attention. Using multiple similarity measures and thresholding approaches, this study investigated the topological intra- and inter-individual variability of restingstate (rs) functional edge maps (often used for brain parcellation), estimated from rs-fMRI connectivity in n = 5878 children from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. Findings from this initial investigation indicate that choosing a subject- vs cohort-based threshold for estimating edge maps from connectivity matrices does not significantly impact the map topology. In contrast, the choice of similarity measure and non-linear relationship between similarity and edge map sparsity may have a significant impact on map classification and the generation of parcellation atlases. Multi-level classification revealed multiple clusters with a potentially complex mapping onto biological variables beyond simple demographics.Clinical Relevance- Case-control neuroimaging studies should use domain-specific (e.g., demographics-specific) atlases for parcellating the brain, to improve accuracy and rigor of cohort comparisons. To be generalizable, such atlases need to be derived from large datasets, which are inherently heterogeneous. In a cohort of 5878 children (age ~9-10 years), this study systematically assessed the impact of heterogeneity and similarity of edge maps, which are derived from rs-fMRI connectivity and typically used to generate parcellation atlases.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Shorter Duration and Lower Quality Sleep Have Widespread Detrimental Effects on Developing Functional Brain Networks in Early Adolescence.
- Author
-
Brooks SJ, Katz ES, and Stamoulis C
- Abstract
Sleep is critical for cognitive health, especially during complex developmental periods such as adolescence. However, its effects on maturating brain networks that support cognitive function are only partially understood. We investigated the impact of shorter duration and reduced quality sleep, common stressors during development, on functional network properties in early adolescence-a period of significant neural maturation, using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging from 5566 children (median age = 120.0 months; 52.1% females) in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development cohort. Decreased sleep duration, increased sleep latency, frequent waking up at night, and sleep-disordered breathing symptoms were associated with lower topological efficiency, flexibility, and robustness of visual, sensorimotor, attention, fronto-parietal control, default-mode and/or limbic networks, and with aberrant changes in the thalamus, basal ganglia, hippocampus, and cerebellum ( P < 0.05). These widespread effects, many of which were body mass index-independent, suggest that unhealthy sleep in early adolescence may impair neural information processing and integration across incompletely developed networks, potentially leading to deficits in their cognitive correlates, including attention, reward, emotion processing and regulation, memory, and executive control. Shorter sleep duration, frequent snoring, difficulty waking up, and daytime sleepiness had additional detrimental network effects in nonwhite participants, indicating racial disparities in the influence of sleep metrics., (© The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press.)
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Widespread Positive Direct and Indirect Effects of Regular Physical Activity on the Developing Functional Connectome in Early Adolescence.
- Author
-
Brooks SJ, Parks SM, and Stamoulis C
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Attention physiology, Body Mass Index, Body Weight physiology, Child, Cognition, Default Mode Network, Emotions physiology, Executive Function, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Memory, Nerve Net growth & development, Nerve Net physiology, Adolescent Development physiology, Connectome, Exercise
- Abstract
Adolescence is a period of profound but incompletely understood changes in the brain's neural circuitry (the connectome), which is vulnerable to risk factors such as unhealthy weight, but may be protected by positive factors such as regular physical activity. In 5955 children (median age = 120 months; 50.86% females) from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) cohort, we investigated direct and indirect (through impact on body mass index [BMI]) effects of physical activity on resting-state networks, the backbone of the functional connectome that ubiquitously affects cognitive function. We estimated significant positive effects of regular physical activity on network connectivity, efficiency, robustness and stability (P ≤ 0.01), and on local topologies of attention, somatomotor, frontoparietal, limbic, and default-mode networks (P < 0.05), which support extensive processes, from memory and executive control to emotional processing. In contrast, we estimated widespread negative BMI effects in the same network properties and brain regions (P < 0.05). Additional mediation analyses suggested that physical activity could also modulate network topologies leading to better control of food intake, appetite and satiety, and ultimately lower BMI. Thus, regular physical activity may have extensive positive effects on the development of the functional connectome, and may be critical for improving the detrimental effects of unhealthy weight on cognitive health., (© The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Prevalence of Normal Weight Obesity and Health Risk Factors for the Female Collegiate Dancer.
- Author
-
Brown AF, Alfiero CJ, Brooks SJ, Kviatkovsky SA, Smith-Ryan AE, and Ormsbee MJ
- Subjects
- Body Mass Index, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Prevalence, Risk Factors, Body Composition, Obesity epidemiology
- Abstract
Abstract: Brown, AF, Alfiero, CJ, Brooks, SJ, Kviatkovsky, SA, Smith-Ryan, AE, and Ormsbee, MJ. Prevalence of normal weight obesity and health risk factors for the female collegiate dancer. J Strength Cond Res 35(8): 2321-2326, 2021-The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of normal weight obesity (NWO) and evaluate the relationship between NWO and health risk factors in a collegiate dancer population. Reanalysis of data of female dancers (N = 42) from 2 larger studies was used to assess prevalence and health risk factors of NWO. Dancers completed a dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scan to assess fat mass (FM), lean mass (LM), and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and a 3-day food record. Normal weight obesity was defined as a body mass index (BMI) of 18.5-24.9 kg·m-2 and body fat (BF) ≥30%. Twenty-five (60%) dancers were classified as normal weight lean (NWL), and 17 dancers (40%) were classified as NWO. Significant differences were observed for BMI (NWL: 21.1 ± 1.7, NWO: 23.1 ± 1.6, p < 0.001), LM (NWL: 71.0 ± 2.9%, NWO: 62.5 ± 2.7%, p < 0.001), %BF (NWL: 24.8 ± 3.1%, NWO: 33.9 ± 2.6%, p < 0.001), and VAT (NWL: 130.6 ± 43.0 g, NWO: 232.3 ± 70.8 g, p < 0.001) between NWL and NWO. A significant difference was observed for carbohydrate intake (NWL: 4.7 ± 1.8 g·kg-1, NWO: 3.7 ± 1.0 g·kg-1, p = 0.020) between groups. Significant positive correlations with FM were observed between carbohydrate (kcal, p = 0.048), fat (kcal, p = 0.018; g·kg-1, p = 0.040), and total calories (p = 0.019) in NWO. Normal weight obesity in collegiate dancers may be more prevalent than previously perceived and may be significantly related to important health risk factors. The current study demonstrates the need for body composition assessments and emphasizing on promoting overall health in collegiate dancers., (Copyright © 2021 National Strength and Conditioning Association.)
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Important gender differences in psychosomatic and school-related complaints in relation to adolescent weight status.
- Author
-
Brooks SJ, Feldman I, Schiöth HB, and Titova OE
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Body Mass Index, Body Weight physiology, Bullying psychology, Child, Female, Humans, Logistic Models, Male, Obesity epidemiology, Obesity pathology, Overweight epidemiology, Overweight pathology, Schools, Sex Factors, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sweden epidemiology, Thinness epidemiology, Thinness pathology, Adolescent Behavior psychology, Obesity psychology, Overweight psychology, Thinness psychology
- Abstract
Underweight or overweight in adolescence is linked to several adverse health outcomes. Less evidence exists about the association between weight status and school-related psychosocial characteristics in high income countries. We sought to investigate the relationship between weight status and psychosomatic and school-related complaints with a focus on gender differences. The study is a cohort of 18,462 adolescents (12-19 years; 51% girls) conducted in Sweden. The associations between weight status and psychosomatic and school-related complaints were estimated by binary logistic regression adjusted for several potential confounders. After correction for multiple testing, being underweight or overweight/obese was adversely associated with several psychosomatic and school-related complaints with significant differences between boys and girls. Specifically, underweight boys had higher odds to have psychosomatic complaints than normal-weight boys, while no such associations were observed among underweight girls. Overweight/obese (vs. normal-weight) boys had higher odds to complain about headache, pain in the back/hips, and feeling low. Overweight/obese (vs. normal-weight) girls were more likely to complain about feeling low, anxious/worried and having difficulty in falling asleep (P ≤ 0.01). In relation to school-related complaints (e.g., being bullied at school and academic failure), greater associations were observed for overweight/obese girls and boys than for underweight adolescents compared with normal-weight peers.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Neural activation of anxiety and depression in children and young people: A systematic meta-analysis of fMRI studies.
- Author
-
Ashworth E, Brooks SJ, and Schiöth HB
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Anxiety diagnostic imaging, Anxiety Disorders diagnostic imaging, Brain diagnostic imaging, Child, Child, Preschool, Humans, Depression diagnostic imaging, Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- Abstract
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies consistently demonstrate altered neural activation in youth experiencing anxiety and depression in a way that is distinct from adult-onset disorders. However, there is a paucity of research systematically reviewing this, and no meta-analyses have been conducted using Activation Likelihood Estimation (ALE). The present study conducted a systematic literature search to identify fMRI studies in youth (age 4-18) with depression or anxiety disorders. 48 studies with over 2000 participants were identified that met the inclusion criteria. Significant foci were extracted. Five ALE meta-analyses were conducted: a) activation for both anxiety disorders and depression; b) activation for anxiety disorders only; c) activation for depression only; d) deactivation for both anxiety disorders and depression; e) deactivation for depression. Results indicated significant clusters of increased activation in the bilateral amygdala for youth with internalising disorders, and specifically for those with anxiety disorders. Significant increased activation extended into the dorsal anterior cingulate, entorhinal cortex, the putamen, and the medial and lateral globus pallidus in youth with anxiety disorders. These findings help to detail the nature of anxiety being an amygdala hyperactivity disorder, whilst also defining the distinction between neural activation patterns in anxiety and depression., (Copyright © 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. White matter volume alterations in hair-pulling disorder (trichotillomania).
- Author
-
Uhlmann A, Dias A, Taljaard L, Stein DJ, Brooks SJ, and Lochner C
- Subjects
- Brain diagnostic imaging, Brain pathology, Gray Matter diagnostic imaging, Gray Matter pathology, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Trichotillomania diagnostic imaging, Trichotillomania pathology, White Matter diagnostic imaging, White Matter pathology
- Abstract
Trichotillomania (TTM) is a disorder characterized by repetitive hair-pulling resulting in hair loss. Key processes affected in TTM comprise affective, cognitive, and motor functions. Emerging evidence suggests that brain matter aberrations in fronto-striatal and fronto-limbic brain networks and the cerebellum may characterize the pathophysiology of TTM. The aim of the present voxel-based morphometry (VBM) study was to evaluate whole brain grey and white matter volume alteration in TTM and its correlation with hair-pulling severity. High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (3 T) data were acquired from 29 TTM patients and 28 age-matched healthy controls (CTRLs). All TTM participants completed the Massachusetts General Hospital Hair-Pulling Scale (MGH-HPS) to assess illness/pulling severity. Using whole-brain VBM, between-group differences in regional brain volumes were measured. Additionally, within the TTM group, the relationship between MGH-HPS scores, illness duration and brain volumes were examined. All data were corrected for multiple comparisons using family-wise error (FWE) correction at p < 0.05. Patients with TTM showed larger white matter volumes in the parahippocampal gyrus and cerebellum compared to CTRLs. Estimated white matter volumes showed no significant association with illness duration or MGH-HPS total scores. No significant between-group differences were found for grey matter volumes. Our observations suggest regional alterations in cortico-limbic and cerebellar white matter in patients with TTM, which may underlie deficits in cognitive and affective processing. Such volumetric white matter changes may precipitate impaired cortico-cerebellar communication leading to a reduced ability to control hair pulling behavior.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Review of the Neural Processes of Working Memory Training: Controlling the Impulse to Throw the Baby Out With the Bathwater.
- Author
-
Brooks SJ, Mackenzie-Phelan R, Tully J, and Schiöth HB
- Abstract
Background: Smartphone technology has enabled the creation of many working memory training (WMT) Apps, with those peer-reviewed described in a recent review. WMT claims to improve working memory, attention deficits, hyperactivity and fluid intelligence, in line with plasticity brain changes. Critics argue that WMT is unable to achieve "far-transfer"-the attainment of benefits to cognition from one taught context to another dissimilar context-associated with improved quality of life. However, brain changes after a course of WMT in frontoparietal and striatal circuits-that often occur prior to behavioral changes-may be a better indicator of far-transfer efficacy, especially to improve impulse control commonly dysregulated in those with addictive disorders, yet not commonly examined in WMT studies., Method: In contrast to previous reviews, the aim here is to focus on the findings of brain imaging WMT training studies across various imaging modalities that use various paradigms, published via PubMed, Scopus, Medline, and Google Scholar., Results: 35 brain imaging studies utilized fMRI, structural imaging (MRI, DTI), functional connectivity, EEG, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), cerebral perfusion, and neurogenetic analyses with tasks based on visuospatial and auditory working memory, dual and standard n-back., Discussion: Evidence suggests that repeated WMT reduces brain activation in frontoparietal and striatal networks reflective of increased neural circuitry efficiency via myelination and functional connectivity changes. Neural effects of WMT may persist months after training has ended, lead to non-trained task transfer, be strengthened by auxiliary methods such as tDCS and be related to COMT polymorphisms. WMT could be utilized as an effective, non-invasive intervention for working memory deficits to treat impulse and affective control problems in people with addictive disorders., (Copyright © 2020 Brooks, Mackenzie-Phelan, Tully and Schiöth.)
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Interactive impact of childhood maltreatment, depression, and age on cortical brain structure: mega-analytic findings from a large multi-site cohort.
- Author
-
Tozzi L, Garczarek L, Janowitz D, Stein DJ, Wittfeld K, Dobrowolny H, Lagopoulos J, Hatton SN, Hickie IB, Carballedo A, Brooks SJ, Vuletic D, Uhlmann A, Veer IM, Walter H, Bülow R, Völzke H, Klinger-König J, Schnell K, Schoepf D, Grotegerd D, Opel N, Dannlowski U, Kugel H, Schramm E, Konrad C, Kircher T, Jüksel D, Nenadić I, Krug A, Hahn T, Steinsträter O, Redlich R, Zaremba D, Zurowski B, Fu CHY, Dima D, Cole J, Grabe HJ, Connolly CG, Yang TT, Ho TC, LeWinn KZ, Li M, Groenewold NA, Salminen LE, Walter M, Simmons AN, van Erp TGM, Jahanshad N, Baune BT, van der Wee NJA, van Tol MJ, Penninx BWJH, Hibar DP, Thompson PM, Veltman DJ, Schmaal L, and Frodl T
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Case-Control Studies, Child, Cohort Studies, Female, Gyrus Cinguli pathology, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Middle Aged, Parietal Lobe pathology, Prefrontal Cortex pathology, Temporal Lobe pathology, Young Adult, Brain Cortical Thickness, Cerebral Cortex pathology, Child Abuse, Depressive Disorder, Major pathology
- Abstract
Background: Childhood maltreatment (CM) plays an important role in the development of major depressive disorder (MDD). The aim of this study was to examine whether CM severity and type are associated with MDD-related brain alterations, and how they interact with sex and age., Methods: Within the ENIGMA-MDD network, severity and subtypes of CM using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire were assessed and structural magnetic resonance imaging data from patients with MDD and healthy controls were analyzed in a mega-analysis comprising a total of 3872 participants aged between 13 and 89 years. Cortical thickness and surface area were extracted at each site using FreeSurfer., Results: CM severity was associated with reduced cortical thickness in the banks of the superior temporal sulcus and supramarginal gyrus as well as with reduced surface area of the middle temporal lobe. Participants reporting both childhood neglect and abuse had a lower cortical thickness in the inferior parietal lobe, middle temporal lobe, and precuneus compared to participants not exposed to CM. In males only, regardless of diagnosis, CM severity was associated with higher cortical thickness of the rostral anterior cingulate cortex. Finally, a significant interaction between CM and age in predicting thickness was seen across several prefrontal, temporal, and temporo-parietal regions., Conclusions: Severity and type of CM may impact cortical thickness and surface area. Importantly, CM may influence age-dependent brain maturation, particularly in regions related to the default mode network, perception, and theory of mind.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Determining the risk of calcium oxide (CaO) particle exposure to marine organisms.
- Author
-
Brooks SJ, Georgantzopoulou A, Johansen JT, and Mengede M
- Subjects
- Animals, Crustacea, Echinodermata, Fishes, Mytilus edulis, Polychaeta, Risk Assessment, Seaweed, Aquatic Organisms drug effects, Calcium Compounds toxicity, Environmental Monitoring, Oxides toxicity
- Abstract
Calcium oxide (CaO) is being considered as a possible treatment for both the control of echinoderm populations and the treatment against sea lice infestation in Norwegian salmon farms. CaO particles produce an exothermal reaction when in contact with water, which can cause epidermal burns and lesions to certain target organisms leading to death. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of fine (<0.8 mm) and coarse (<2.5 mm) CaO particles to a range of marine species from different taxonomic groups: two echinoderms (Asterias ruben and Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis); two crustaceans (Carcinus maenas and Tisbe battagliai); two molluscs (Mytilus edulis and Hinia reticulata); a polychaete (Nereis pelagica); a fish (Cyclopterus sp.); and seaweed germlings (Fucus vesiculosus). Overall, the fine CaO particles were more toxic to the selected marine species than the coarse particles. Coarse CaO particle effects were only observed in four of the nine species tested (A. rubens, S. droebachiensis, N. pelagica, T. battagliai) with similar LC
50 values between 207 and 268 g/m2 . For the fine CaO particles, the lowest LC50 was for the epibenthic copepod (T. battagliai) at 3.14 g/m2 , followed by the sea urchin (20.1 g/m2 ), starfish (22.2 g/m2 ), ragworm (29.6 g/m2 ), and netted dog whelk (41.9 g/m2 ). Lump sucker fish exhibited significant mortalities only at the highest fine CaO concentration tested (320 g/m2 ) and recorded an LC50 of 226 g/m2 . The toxicity data were used to generate species sensitivity distributions (SSDs) for both fine and coarse CaO particles. The hazard concentrations for 5% of the species (HC5) calculated from the SSDs, based on NOEC values, for the coarse and fine particles were 35.5 and 1.5 g/m2 respectively. Using a recommended assessment factor of 5, the Predicted No Effect Concentration (PNEC) was calculated as 7.1 and 0.3 g/m2 for coarse and fine CaO particles respectively., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: The work was funded by Industry (Franzefoss Mineral AS, Norway) and Martin Mengede an employee of Franzefoss Mineral AS is a co-author on the manuscript. However, the work was performed independently by researchers at the Norwegian Institute for Water Research and the results have not been manipulated or influenced by industrial involvement., (Copyright © 2020. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Temperature change as a driver of spatial patterns and long-term trends in chironomid (Insecta: Diptera) diversity.
- Author
-
Engels S, Medeiros AS, Axford Y, Brooks SJ, Heiri O, Luoto TP, Nazarova L, Porinchu DF, Quinlan R, and Self AE
- Subjects
- Animals, Arctic Regions, Ecosystem, Insecta, Temperature, Chironomidae
- Abstract
Anthropogenic activities have led to a global decline in biodiversity, and monitoring studies indicate that both insect communities and wetland ecosystems are particularly affected. However, there is a need for long-term data (over centennial or millennial timescales) to better understand natural community dynamics and the processes that govern the observed trends. Chironomids (Insecta: Diptera: Chironomidae) are often the most abundant insects in lake ecosystems, sensitive to environmental change, and, because their larval exoskeleton head capsules preserve well in lake sediments, they provide a unique record of insect community dynamics through time. Here, we provide the results of a metadata analysis of chironomid diversity across a range of spatial and temporal scales. First, we analyse spatial trends in chironomid diversity using Northern Hemispheric data sets overall consisting of 837 lakes. Our results indicate that in most of our data sets, summer temperature (T
jul ) is strongly associated with spatial trends in modern-day chironomid diversity. We observe a strong increase in chironomid alpha diversity with increasing Tjul in regions with present-day Tjul between 2.5 and 14°C. In some areas with Tjul > 14°C, chironomid diversity stabilizes or declines. Second, we demonstrate that the direction and amplitude of change in alpha diversity in a compilation of subfossil chironomid records spanning the last glacial-interglacial transition (~15,000-11,000 years ago) are similar to those observed in our modern data. A compilation of Holocene records shows that during phases when the amplitude of temperature change was small, site-specific factors had a greater influence on the chironomid fauna obscuring the chironomid diversity-temperature relationship. Our results imply expected overall chironomid diversity increases in colder regions such as the Arctic under sustained global warming, but with complex and not necessarily predictable responses for individual sites., (© 2019 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Female Collegiate Dancers Body Composition, Macronutrient and Micronutrient Intake Over Two Academic Years: A Longitudinal Analysis.
- Author
-
Brown AF, Brooks SJ, Smith SR, Stephens JM, Lotstein AK, Skiles CM, Alfiero CJ, and Meenan MJ
- Abstract
Collegiate dancers face unique challenges to maintain a lean aesthetic, optimal diet, and a high-performance level due to the various stressors in college. The purpose of this study was to examine changes in body composition (BC) and diet over two years. Participants ( N = 17, 19.6 ± 1.6 years) completed two laboratory sessions per semester. Sessions included height and weight, BC, dietary intake, and a health history questionnaire. Regardless of rigorous dance training and variations in the academic calendar, no significant changes in BC or diet were observed within semesters of over two years. BMI was normal (24.9 ± 4.1 kg/m
2 ) with fat mass exceeding 30% at all timepoints. Fat mass was negatively correlated with carbohydrate, fat, and protein intake (g/kg/day; r = -0.291, p = 0.004; r = -0.372, p < 0.0001; r = -0.398, p < 0.0001; respectively). Energy intake was within the recommended daily allowance (2040 ± 710 kcal/day), however may be insufficient for an active dance population. Protein (1.1 ± 0.5 g/kg), carbohydrate (3.7 ± 1.6 g/kg), calcium (835 ± 405 mg/day), iron (17 ± 15 mg/day), and potassium (1628 ± 1736 mg/day) intake fell below recommendations for an active population. Alterations in dance training and the demands of the academic calendar may be contributing to suboptimal dietary intake and BC in female collegiate dancers.- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. An ecotoxicological assessment of mine tailings from three Norwegian mines.
- Author
-
Brooks SJ, Escudero-Oñate C, and Lillicrap AD
- Subjects
- Aquatic Organisms, Ecotoxicology, Norway, Plants, Environmental Monitoring, Mining, Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity
- Abstract
The study assessed the environmental toxicity of three Norwegian mine tailings from Omya Hustadmarmor, Sydvaranger, and Sibelco, which are all released into a seawater recipient. Ecotoxicity assessments were performed on the overlying water extracted from the mine tailings, the transformation/dissolution waters obtained from the mine tailings, and whole sediment assessment using a suite of marine organisms including algae, Crustacea, and Mollusca. Overall, based on the toxicity evaluation of the transformation/dissolution data, Sibelco tailings resulted in the highest toxicity albeit at relatively high concentrations, followed by Sydvaranger and Hustadmarmor. Sibelco was the only mine where process chemicals were not used. In contrast, the Corophium sediment contact assay revealed a significantly higher toxicity exerted by Hustadmarmor tailings, which may indicate a physical impact of the fine tailings. The effects observed were discussed with respect to both the measured chemical concentrations of the tailings and the potential physical impact of the tailing particles on organism health., (Copyright © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. The influence of ecological and life history factors on ectothermic temperature-size responses: Analysis of three Lycaenidae butterflies (Lepidoptera).
- Author
-
Wilson RJ, Brooks SJ, and Fenberg PB
- Abstract
Body size has been shown to decrease with increasing temperature in many species, prompting the suggestion that it is a universal ecological response. However, species with complex life cycles, such as holometabolous insects, may have correspondingly complicated temperature-size responses. Recent research suggests that life history and ecological traits may be important for determining the direction and strength of temperature-size responses. Yet, these factors are rarely included in analyses. Here, we aim to determine whether the size of the bivoltine butterfly, Polyommatus bellargus , and the univoltine butterflies, Plebejus argus and Polyommatus coridon , change in response to temperature and whether these responses differ between the sexes, and for P. bellargus , between generations. Forewing length was measured using digital specimens from the Natural History Museum, London (NHM), from one locality in the UK per species. The data were initially compared to annual and seasonal temperature values, without consideration of life history factors. Sex and generation of the individuals and mean monthly temperatures, which cover the growing period for each species, were then included in analyses. When compared to annual or seasonal temperatures only, size was not related to temperature for P. bellargus and P. argus , but there was a negative relationship between size and temperature for P. coridon . When sex, generation, and monthly temperatures were included, male adult size decreased as temperature increased in the early larval stages, and increased as temperature increased during the late larval stages. Results were similar but less consistent for females, while second generation P. bellargus showed no temperature-size response. In P. coridon , size decreased as temperature increased during the pupal stage. These results highlight the importance of including life history factors, sex, and monthly temperature data when studying temperature-size responses for species with complex life cycles., Competing Interests: There are no competing interests to declare., (© 2019 The Authors. Ecology and Evolution published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Seasonal and spatial variations in biomarker baseline levels within Arctic populations of mussels (Mytilus spp.).
- Author
-
Storhaug E, Nahrgang J, Pedersen KB, Brooks SJ, Petes L, Bakhmet IN, and Frantzen M
- Subjects
- Animals, Arctic Regions, Climate Change, Norway, Reference Values, Seasons, Spatio-Temporal Analysis, Species Specificity, Biomarkers metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Mytilus physiology
- Abstract
Climate change and pollution resulting from human activities in the Arctic require reliable monitoring systems in sentinel species. Mytilus spp. are used as sentinel species all around the world. The use of Mytilus spp. in environmental monitoring requires knowledge about natural variations in pollution biomarkers. Seasonal variations in baseline levels of biomarkers were studied over a year in the mussels from both upper and lower littoral zones in Rakkfjorden, Norway, as they underwent their annual reproductive cycle. Spatial variations of these biomarker baseline levels were measured in five mussel populations within a 60-km radius from Rakkfjorden to investigate universality of the results from the specific population of Rakkfjorden at a regional scale. Seasonal variations in biomarker baseline levels were revealed and seemed to be related to the reproductive state of the mussels and the tidal zone. The mussels appeared to be more sensitive to oxidative stress during gametogenesis in autumn and winter, when having lower lysosome membrane stability and lower baseline levels of antioxidant biomarkers. An increase in baseline levels of these biomarkers was reported during spawning in spring, however, it was not possible to reveal whether these changes were due to spawning, or to a higher metabolic activity in mussels in response to elevated water temperature and food abundance. The differences between the tidal zones were reflected in reduced size of the mussels from the upper littoral zone, their late spawning in the season and increased baseline levels of antioxidant biomarkers during the coldest month, indicating a more challenging environment in the upper littoral zone. The spatial study indicated that the biomarker baseline levels measured in Rakkfjorden were no different from the levels measured in the mussels from five other sites and thus, are representative for mussels on a regional scale., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
Catalog
Discovery Service for Jio Institute Digital Library
For full access to our library's resources, please sign in.