Search

In recent years, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, there was a surge of research on mRNA therapeutics. The applications are broad and include vaccination, cancer therapy, protein replacement, and immune modulation. mRNA therapeutics have advantages over other nucleic acid therapies because of the reduced risk of mutagenesis. On the other hand, mRNA therapeutics have a large caveat due to its inherent instability, which makes it susceptible to degradation throughout all stages of production, storage, and in vivo application. Decades ago, agarose gel electrophoresis was developed to separate and resolve nucleic acids based on size. Since then, the evolution of image analysis tools, such as ImageJ, has facilitated semi-quantitative evaluation of concentration based on band intensity, and qualitative observation of RNA integrity from gel electrophoresis. Instruments utilizing capillary electrophoresis, like the Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer, that use microchip linear acrylamide gel electrophoresis have been demonstrated to be superior to agarose gel electrophoresis in studying RNA quality. Due to the higher cost of usage, they are less accessible to the average lab than agarose electrophoresis. In this work, we review the fundamentals of mRNA assessment and propose a full-lane quantification (FLQ) method, which is a fast, simple, and inexpensive method to analyze RNA degradation from agarose gels using ImageJ paired with Python and R. This measures the area under the curve of the product peak, degradation zone, and a combined score to provide sensitive means to evaluate the degradation of mRNA. This method provides measures of the degradation profile within each lane comparable to an RNA integrity number from bioanalyzers. Using this cost-effective method, we demonstrate that the degradation index is a sensitive measure that reflects the degradation and preservation of mRNA patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lung parenchymal hypoxia has emerged as a cardinal feature of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Hypoxia promotes cancer cell invasion and metastasis through signaling that is dependent upon the lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) receptor, LPA1 (LPAR1). Abundant data indicate that LPA1-dependent signaling also enhances lung fibrogenesis in IPF. We recently reported that fibroblasts isolated from the lungs of individuals with IPF have an increased capacity to form subcellular matrix-degradative structures known as invadosomes, an event that correlates with the degree of lung fibrosis. We therefore hypothesized that hypoxia promotes invadosome formation in lung fibroblasts through LPA1-dependent signaling. Here, it is demonstrated that invadosome formation by fibroblasts from the lungs of individuals with advanced IPF is inhibited by both the tyrosine receptor kinase inhibitor nintedanib and inhibition of LPA1. In addition, exposure of normal human lung fibroblasts to either hypoxia or LPA increased their ability to form invadosomes. Mechanistically, the hypoxia-induced invadosome formation by lung fibroblasts was found to involve LPA1 and PDGFR-Akt signaling. We concluded that hypoxia increases the formation of invadosomes in lung fibroblasts through the LPA1 and PDGFR-Akt signaling axis, which represents a potential target for suppressing lung fibrosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypoxia is a common characteristic of advanced solid tumors and a potent driver of tumor invasion and metastasis. Recent evidence suggests the involvement of autotaxin (ATX) and lysophosphatidic acid receptors (LPARs) in cancer cell invasion promoted by the hypoxic tumor microenvironment; however, the transcriptional and/or spatiotemporal control of this process remain unexplored. Herein, we investigated whether hypoxia promotes cell invasion by affecting the main enzymes involved in its production (ATX) and degradation (lipid phosphate phosphatases, LPP1 and LPP3). We report that hypoxia not only modulates the expression levels of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) regulatory enzymes but also induces their significant spatial segregation in a variety of cancers. While LPP3 expression was downregulated by hypoxia, ATX and LPP1 were asymmetrically redistributed to the leading edge and to the trailing edge, respectively. This was associated with the opposing roles of ATX and LPPs in cell invasion. The regulated expression and compartmentalization of these enzymes of opposing function can provide an effective way to control the generation of an LPA gradient that drives cellular invasion and migration in the hypoxic zones of tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]