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Coal had a ubiquitous presence in Victorian society. This article argues that its significance for Victorian society ranged far beyond its practical uses. Coal's cultural meanings were connected closely with its natural history as a fossil of the tropical forests of the Carboniferous era, and hence as a relic of the deep past. Victorian fascination with coal's origin resonated broadly from popular science to literature to discourses of domestic improvement. Accordingly, coal was not only affiliated with technological advances, but also possessed a natural aspect of profound impact on contemporary culture. As Victorians thought ferns dominated Carboniferous flora, they regarded modern fern species as the descendants of coal-producing plants and appreciated their role in British prosperity. Against this backdrop, this article engages with the fern craze of the mid-century and illuminates its obscure emergence and broad popularity., It's a vegetable. It doesn't look like one, but it is. --Lewis Carroll, Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1865) Ever since the 1769 development of James Watt's steam engine and the [...]

'Every student of the Anglo-Saxons accepts the existence of feud as a feature of society before the Norman Conquest,' writes Paul Hyams in his 2003 book Rancor and Reconciliation in [...]