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2. Corrosion of Heat-Transfer Materials Induced by KCl, HCl, and O2 Under Chemical-Looping Conditions.

Author

Eriksson, Jan-Erik, Lehmusto, Juho, Silvander, Linus, Lindberg, Daniel, Zevenhoven, Maria, Yrjas, Patrik, Brink, Anders, Hupa, Mikko, and Hupa, Leena

Subjects
CHEMICAL-looping combustion, CARBON sequestration, ALKALI metal compounds, POTASSIUM chloride, NUCLEAR fuels
Abstract

Chemical-looping combustion (CLC) of biomass has the potential to facilitate negative CO2 emission in heat and power production when combined with a carbon capture technique. However, typical biomass contains alkali metals and chlorine compounds, such as potassium chloride, which can lead to corrosion of heat-transfer surfaces in the reactors. The combined influence of potassium chloride, hydrochloric acid, and oxygen on the corrosion of five typical heat-transfer materials, which are potential candidates for use in the fuel reactor in a CLC process, was studied using one-week laboratory-scale experiments. The results suggested that potassium chloride, especially in the presence of HCl and O2, greatly affects the corrosion of lower-alloyed heat-transfer materials. The outcome of this study can provide valuable information for selecting suitable heat-transfer materials for CLC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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30. Heat transfer behaviour of a wheat straw pellet undergoing pyrolysis

Author

Martí-Rosselló, Teresa, Li, Jun, Lue, Leo, Kärlstrom, Oskar, and Brink, Anders

Subjects
TP155
Abstract

Pyrolysis is widely used as a biomass conversion technology to obtain bio-fuel. It is also an interesting technology at an industrial scale, which is a motivation to seek an increase in process efficiency. The pyrolysis of large biomass particles differs from the pyrolysis of fine particles because it cannot be considered to heat up and decompose homogeneously. In this work, experimental data for the pyrolysis of a wheat straw pellet and a single particle model are presented. Furthermore, the key parameters controlling the internal temperature distribution are discussed.

Published
2019

37. Role of CO2and H2O on NO Formation during Biomass Char Oxidation

Author

Karlström, Oskar, Schmid, Daniel, Hupa, Mikko, and Brink, Anders

Abstract

We have investigated how CO2and H2O influence NO release rates during char oxidation of biomass. In addition, the role of catalytic elements in these processes has been studied. NO release rates were determined from single-particle experiments of softwood and straw at 900 °C, in CO2/O2(34/3%) and H2O/O2(17/3%), with N2as the balance gas. The NO release profiles differed in CO2/O2and H2O/O2. In CO2/O2, the NO release increased as the char conversion proceeded. On the other hand, in H2O/O2, the NO release decreased as the char conversion proceeded. In neither of these cases, the conversion rates of char-N to NO were proportional to the conversion rates of char-C. To investigate how the ash-forming matter influenced the NO release rates, the biomasses were demineralized and the experiments were repeated. For the chars of the demineralized biomasses, the NO release profiles were almost identical in CO2/O2and H2O/O2. In addition, for the demineralized chars, the conversion rates of char-N to NO were proportional to the conversion rates of char-C. The conversions of char-N to NO were significantly higher for the demineralized chars. For softwood, the total conversion of char-N to NO was as high as 85%. These results show that (i) CO2and H2O influence the formation of char-N to NO in different ways and (ii) the ash-forming matter contributes to the differences in the NO release rates.

Published
2021
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38. CFD investigation of deposition in a heat recovery boiler: Part I – a dual-layer particle conversion model

Author

Brink, Anders, Li, Bingzhi, and Hupa, Mikko

Subjects
Boilers -- Production processes, Boilers -- Properties, Boilers -- Models, Fluid dynamics -- Usage, Heat recovery -- Analysis, Engineering and manufacturing industries
Abstract

Byline: Anders Brink, Bingzhi Li, Mikko Hupa Deposits of unconverted particles in the heat recovery boilers used in the copper flash smelting process may cause operational problems. In this work, a dual-product layer shrinking-core-like particle model is presented. In this model the conversion can be solved from a single non-linear equation. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) can provide detailed insight into the processes in the heat recovery boiler. Used with CFD, this particle conversion model can be used to study the effect of boiler design and process parameters on the depositing particles.

Published
2009

39. CFD investigation of deposition in a heat recovery boiler: Part II – deposit growth modelling

Author

Li, Bingzhi, Brink, Anders, and Hupa, Mikko

Subjects
Boilers -- Thermal properties, Boilers -- Models, Computer-generated environments -- Usage, Computer simulation -- Usage, Heat recovery -- Analysis, Engineering and manufacturing industries
Abstract

Byline: Bingzhi Li, Anders Brink, Mikko Hupa In the copper flash smelting process, deposition of dust particles can diminish the capacity of the heat recovery boiler. A deposit growth model was developed and implemented in a commercial CFD code to simulate deposition in a heat recovery boiler. In the model, a force balance of the particle landing on the wall is used as the deposition criterion. The thickness increase of the deposit layer is calculated from the mass flow of sticking particles. Simulations are used to demonstrate the applicability of the model. They also help in providing insight into the process.

Published
2009

40. Nitric oxide yield from combustion of a low calorific gasification product gas: numerical and experimental study

Author

Brink, Anders, Hupa, Mikko, Kurkela, Esa, and Suomalainen, Marjut

Subjects
Nitrogen oxide -- Analysis, Combustion -- Analysis, Engineering and manufacturing industries
Abstract

Byline: Anders Brink, Mikko Hupa, Esa Kurkela, Marjut Suomalainen The nitrogen oxide yield in a combustor burning an ammonia rich product gas from a bubbling bed gasifier has been investigated. The measurements showed a surprisingly small effect of the excess air in the combustor on the NOx emissions. To understand the reason for this behaviour the nitrogen chemistry in the combustor has been studied using CFD combined with a detailed description of the fuel-N chemistry. With higher oxygen excess a NOx yield of 22% is calculated compared to a measured NOx yield of 21%. In the case with lower oxygen excess the corresponding numbers are 20% and 18%, respectively.

Published
2006

46. Future Combustion Technology for Synthetic and Renewable Fuels in Compression Ignition Engines (REFUEL): Final report

Author

Aakko-Saksa, Päivi, Brink, Anders, Happonen, Matti, Heikkilä, Juha, Hulkkonen, Tuomo, Imperato, Matteo, Kaario, Ossi, Koponen, Päivi, Larmi, Martti, Lehto, Kalle, Murtonen, Timo, Sarjovaara, Teemu, Tilli, Aki, and Väisänen, Esa

Subjects
EGR, efficiency, Miller cycle, emissions, alternative fuel, paraffinic fuel, Cetane number, SDG 7 - Affordable and Clean Energy, HVO, synthetic fuel, oxygenate, diesel engines
Abstract

This domestic project, Future Combustion Technology for Synthetic and Renewable Fuels in Compression Ignition Engines (ReFuel), was part of a Collaborative Task "Future Combustion Technology for Synthetic and Renewable Fuels in Transport" of International Energy Agency (IEA) Combustion Agreement. This international Collaborative Task is coordinated by Finland. The three-year (2009-2011) project was a joint research project with Aalto University (Aalto), Tampere University of Technology (TUT), Technical Research Centre of Finland (VTT) and Åbo Akademi University (ÅAU). The project was funded by TEKES, Wärtsilä Oyj, Neste Oil Oyj, Agco Sisu Power, Aker Arctic Technology Oy and the research partners listed above.Modern renewable diesel fuels have excellent physical and chemical properties, in comparison to traditional crude oil based fuels. Purely paraffinic fuels do not contain aromatic compounds and they are totally sulphur free. Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil (HVO) was studied as an example of paraffinic high cetane number (CN) diesel fuels.HVO has no storage and low temperature problems like the fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) have. The combustion properties are better than those of crude oil based fuels and FAME, because they have very high cetane numbers and contain no polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). With low HVO density, viscosity and distillation temperatures, these advantageous properties allow far more advanced combustion strategies, such as very high exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) rates or extreme Miller timings, than has been possible with current fossil fuels. The implementation of these advanced combustion technologies, together with the novel renewable diesel fuel, brought significant nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulate matter (PM) emission reductions with no efficiency losses.The objective of ReFuel project was to develop new extremely low emission combustion technologies for new renewable fuels in compression ignition engines. The target was to decrease emissions at least by 70%. The scope was to utilize the physical and chemical properties of the renewable fuels that differ from properties of the traditional crude oil based fuels and to develop optimum combustion technologies for them. The project focused firstly, on paraffinic high cetane number fuels i.e. hydrotreated vegetable oil fuel as a typical representative of this kind of fuel and secondly, on fuels with high content of oxygenates. This was implemented by blending oxygenate to HVO fuel.

Published
2012

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