37 results on '"Brines, Adrian"'
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2. Martian Atmospheric Aerosols Composition and Distribution Retrievals During the First Martian Year of NOMAD/TGO Solar Occultation Measurements: 1. Methodology and Application to the MY 34 Global Dust Storm
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Stolzenbach, Aurélien, primary, López Valverde, Miguel‐Angel, additional, Brines, Adrian, additional, Modak, Ashimananda, additional, Funke, Bernd, additional, González‐Galindo, Francisco, additional, Thomas, Ian, additional, Liuzzi, Giuliano, additional, Villanueva, Gerónimo, additional, Luginin, Mikhail, additional, Aoki, Shohei, additional, Grabowski, Udo, additional, Lopez Moreno, José Juan, additional, Rodrìguez Gòmez, Julio, additional, Wolff, Mike, additional, Ristic, Bojan, additional, Daerden, Frank, additional, Bellucci, Giancarlo, additional, Patel, Manish, additional, and Vandaele, Ann‐Carine, additional
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- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Martian atmospheric temperature and density profiles during the 1st year of NOMAD/TGO solar occultation measurements
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López-Valverde, M. A., Funke, Bernd, Brines, Adrian, Stolzenbach, Aurélien, Modak, Ashimananda, Hill, Brittany, González-Galindo, F., Thomas, Ian R., Trompet, Loic, Aoki, Shohei, Villanueva, Geronimo L., Liuzzi, Giuliano, Erwin, Justin T., Grabowski, Udo, Forget, François, López-Moreno, José Juan, Rodríguez Gómez, Julio, Ristic, Bojan, Daerden, Frank, Bellucci, Giancarlo, Patel, Manish R., Vandaele, Ann Carine, The NOMAD Team, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (España), European Commission, European Space Agency, Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy, Belgian Science Policy Office, UK Space Agency, Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, López-Valverde, M. A., Funke, Bernd, Brines, Adrian, Stolzenbach, Aurélien, Modak, Ashimananda, González-Galindo, F., Thomas, Ian R., Trompet, Loic, Aoki, Shohei, Villanueva, Geronimo L., Liuzzi, Giuliano, Erwin, Justin T., Ristic, Bojan, Daerden, Frank, and Patel, Manish R.
- Abstract
We present vertical profiles of temperature and density from solar occultation (SO) observations by the “Nadir and Occultation for Mars Discovery” (NOMAD) spectrometer on board the Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) during its first operational year, which covered the second half of Mars Year 34. We used calibrated transmittance spectra in 380 scans, and apply an in-house pre-processing to clean data systematics. Temperature and CO2 profiles up to about 90 km, with consistent hydrostatic adjustment, are obtained, after adapting an Earth-tested retrieval scheme to Mars conditions. Both pre-processing and retrieval are discussed to illustrate their performance and robustness. Our results reveal the large impact of the MY34 Global Dust Storm (GDS), which warmed the atmosphere at all altitudes. The large GDS aerosols opacity limited the sounding of tropospheric layers. The retrieved temperatures agree well with global climate models (GCM) at tropospheric altitudes, but NOMAD mesospheric temperatures are wavier and globally colder by 10 K in the perihelion season, particularly during the GDS and its decay phase. We observe a warm layer around 80 km during the Southern Spring, especially in the Northern Hemisphere morning terminator, associated to large thermal tides, significantly stronger than in the GCM. Cold mesospheric pockets, close to CO2 condensation temperatures, are more frequently observed than in the GCM. NOMAD CO2 densities show oscillations upon a seasonal trend that track well the latitudinal variations expected. Results uncertainties and suggestions to improve future data re-analysis are briefly discussed., The IAA/CSIC team acknowledges financial support from the State Agency for Research686of the Spanish MCI through the ‘Center of Excellence Severe Ochoa’ award for the687Instituto de Astrof ́ısica de Andalucia (DEV-2017-0709) and funding by grants688PGC2018-101836-B-100 (MCI/AEI/FEDER, EU),689PID2019-110689RB-I00/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, and RTI2018-100920-J-I00.690ExoMars is a space mission of the European Space Agency (ESA) and Roscosmos. The691NOMAD experiment is led by the Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy692(IASB-BIRA), assisted by Co-PI teams from Spain (IAA-CSIC), Italy (IN AF-IA PS), and693the United Kingdom (Open University). This project acknowledges funding by the Belgian694Science Policy Office (BELLS), with the financial and contractual coordination by the695ESAU Prod ex Office (PEA 4000103401, 4000121493) as well as by UK Space Agency696through grants ST/V002295/1, ST/V005332/1 and ST/S00145X/1 and Italian Space697Agency through grant 2018-2-HHS.0. US investigators were supported by the National698Aeronautics and Space Administration. This work was supported by the Belgian Funds de699la Recherche Scientific – FIRS under grant number 30442502 (ETHOME). This project700has received funding from the European Union Horizon 2020 research and innovation701program under grant agreement No 101004052 (Road Map project). We want to thank the702LMD and LATMOS teams for the continuous development of the LMD-MGCM.
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- 2022
4. Martian atmospheric temperature and density profiles during the 1st year of NOMAD/TGO solar occultation measurements
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Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (España), European Commission, European Space Agency, Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy, Belgian Science Policy Office, UK Space Agency, Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, López-Valverde, M. A. [0000-0002-7989-4267], Funke, Bernd [0000-0003-0462-4702], Brines, Adrian [0000-0002-7044-3638], Stolzenbach, Aurélien [0000-0001-6169-6820], Modak, Ashimananda [0000-0002-3915-5531], González-Galindo, F. [0000-0001-9443-291X], Thomas, Ian R. [0000-0003-3887-6668], Trompet, Loic [0000-0001-6259-2054], Aoki, Shohei [0000-0001-6727-125X], Villanueva, Geronimo L. [0000-0002-2662-5776], Liuzzi, Giuliano [0000-0003-3638-5750], Erwin, Justin T. [0000-0003-0200-3195], Ristic, Bojan [0000-0002-9635-1125], Daerden, Frank [0000-0001-7433-1839], Patel, Manish R. [0000-0002-8223-3566], López-Valverde, M. A., Funke, Bernd, Brines, Adrian, Stolzenbach, Aurélien, Modak, Ashimananda, Hill, Brittany, González-Galindo, F., Thomas, Ian R., Trompet, Loic, Aoki, Shohei, Villanueva, Geronimo L., Liuzzi, Giuliano, Erwin, Justin T., Grabowski, Udo, Forget, François, López-Moreno, José Juan, Rodríguez Gómez, Julio, Ristic, Bojan, Daerden, Frank, Bellucci, Giancarlo, Patel, Manish R., Vandaele, Ann Carine, The NOMAD Team, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (España), European Commission, European Space Agency, Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy, Belgian Science Policy Office, UK Space Agency, Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, López-Valverde, M. A. [0000-0002-7989-4267], Funke, Bernd [0000-0003-0462-4702], Brines, Adrian [0000-0002-7044-3638], Stolzenbach, Aurélien [0000-0001-6169-6820], Modak, Ashimananda [0000-0002-3915-5531], González-Galindo, F. [0000-0001-9443-291X], Thomas, Ian R. [0000-0003-3887-6668], Trompet, Loic [0000-0001-6259-2054], Aoki, Shohei [0000-0001-6727-125X], Villanueva, Geronimo L. [0000-0002-2662-5776], Liuzzi, Giuliano [0000-0003-3638-5750], Erwin, Justin T. [0000-0003-0200-3195], Ristic, Bojan [0000-0002-9635-1125], Daerden, Frank [0000-0001-7433-1839], Patel, Manish R. [0000-0002-8223-3566], López-Valverde, M. A., Funke, Bernd, Brines, Adrian, Stolzenbach, Aurélien, Modak, Ashimananda, Hill, Brittany, González-Galindo, F., Thomas, Ian R., Trompet, Loic, Aoki, Shohei, Villanueva, Geronimo L., Liuzzi, Giuliano, Erwin, Justin T., Grabowski, Udo, Forget, François, López-Moreno, José Juan, Rodríguez Gómez, Julio, Ristic, Bojan, Daerden, Frank, Bellucci, Giancarlo, Patel, Manish R., Vandaele, Ann Carine, and The NOMAD Team
- Abstract
We present vertical profiles of temperature and density from solar occultation (SO) observations by the “Nadir and Occultation for Mars Discovery” (NOMAD) spectrometer on board the Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) during its first operational year, which covered the second half of Mars Year 34. We used calibrated transmittance spectra in 380 scans, and apply an in-house pre-processing to clean data systematics. Temperature and CO2 profiles up to about 90 km, with consistent hydrostatic adjustment, are obtained, after adapting an Earth-tested retrieval scheme to Mars conditions. Both pre-processing and retrieval are discussed to illustrate their performance and robustness. Our results reveal the large impact of the MY34 Global Dust Storm (GDS), which warmed the atmosphere at all altitudes. The large GDS aerosols opacity limited the sounding of tropospheric layers. The retrieved temperatures agree well with global climate models (GCM) at tropospheric altitudes, but NOMAD mesospheric temperatures are wavier and globally colder by 10 K in the perihelion season, particularly during the GDS and its decay phase. We observe a warm layer around 80 km during the Southern Spring, especially in the Northern Hemisphere morning terminator, associated to large thermal tides, significantly stronger than in the GCM. Cold mesospheric pockets, close to CO2 condensation temperatures, are more frequently observed than in the GCM. NOMAD CO2 densities show oscillations upon a seasonal trend that track well the latitudinal variations expected. Results uncertainties and suggestions to improve future data re-analysis are briefly discussed.
- Published
- 2022
5. Retrieval of Martian Atmospheric CO Vertical Profiles From NOMAD Observations During the First Year of TGO Operations
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Modak, Ashimananda, primary, López‐Valverde, Miguel Angel, additional, Brines, Adrian, additional, Stolzenbach, Aurélien, additional, Funke, Bernd, additional, González‐Galindo, Francisco, additional, Hill, Brittany, additional, Aoki, Shohei, additional, Thomas, Ian, additional, Liuzzi, Giuliano, additional, Villanueva, Gerónimo, additional, Erwin, Justin, additional, Lopez Moreno, José Juan, additional, Yoshida, Nao, additional, Grabowski, Udo, additional, Forget, Francois, additional, Daerden, Frank, additional, Ristic, Bojan, additional, Bellucci, Giancarlo, additional, Patel, Manish, additional, Trompet, Loic, additional, and Vandaele, Ann‐Carine, additional
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- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Carbon Dioxide Retrievals From NOMAD-SO on ESA's ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter and Temperature Profiles Retrievals With the Hydrostatic Equilibrium Equation: 1. Description of the Method
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Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), European Commission, Belgian Science Policy Office, Trompet, L., Vandaele, A. C., Thomas, I., Aoki, S., Daerden, F., Erwin, J., Flimon, Z., Mahieux, A., Neary, L., Robert, S., Villanueva, G., Liuzzi, G., López-Valverde, M. A., Brines, Adrian, Bellucci, G., López-Moreno, José Juan, Patel, M. R., Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), European Commission, Belgian Science Policy Office, Trompet, L., Vandaele, A. C., Thomas, I., Aoki, S., Daerden, F., Erwin, J., Flimon, Z., Mahieux, A., Neary, L., Robert, S., Villanueva, G., Liuzzi, G., López-Valverde, M. A., Brines, Adrian, Bellucci, G., López-Moreno, José Juan, and Patel, M. R.
- Abstract
The Solar Occultation (SO) channel of the Nadir and Occultation for Mars Discovery (NOMAD) instrument has been scanning the Martian atmosphere for almost 2 Martian years. In this work, we present a subset of the NOMAD SO data measured at the mesosphere at the terminator. From the data set, we investigated 968 vertical profiles of carbon dioxide density and temperature covering the Martian Year (MY) 35 as well as MY 36 up to a solar longitude (Ls) of 135° and altitudes around 60–100 km. While carbon dioxide density profiles are directly retrieved from the spectral signature in the spectra, temperature profiles are more challenging to retrieve as unlike density profiles, temperature profiles can present some spurious features if the regularization is not correctly managed. Comparing seven regularization methods, we found that the expected error estimation method provides the best regularization parameters. The vertical resolution of the profiles is on average 1.6 km. Numerous warm layers and cold pockets appear in this data set. The warm layers are found in the Northern hemisphere at dawn and dusk as well as in the Southern hemisphere at dawn. Strong warm layers are present in more than 13.5% of the profiles. The Southern hemisphere at dusk does not present any warm layer between Ls 50° and 150°. The height and latitudinal distribution of those warm layers were similar in MY 35 and MY 36 during the first half of the year (Ls = 0°–135°). © 2023. The Authors.
- Published
- 2023
7. Carbon Dioxide Retrievals From NOMAD-SO on ESA's ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter and Temperature Profile Retrievals With the Hydrostatic Equilibrium Equation: 2. Temperature Variabilities in the Mesosphere at Mars Terminator
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Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), European Commission, Belgian Science Policy Office, Trompet, L., Vandaele, A. C., Thomas, I., Aoki, S., Daerden, F., Erwin, J., Flimon, Z., Mahieux, A., Neary, L., Robert, S., Villanueva, G., Liuzzi, G., López-Valverde, M. A., Brines, Adrian, Bellucci, G., López-Moreno, José Juan, Patel, M. R, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), European Commission, Belgian Science Policy Office, Trompet, L., Vandaele, A. C., Thomas, I., Aoki, S., Daerden, F., Erwin, J., Flimon, Z., Mahieux, A., Neary, L., Robert, S., Villanueva, G., Liuzzi, G., López-Valverde, M. A., Brines, Adrian, Bellucci, G., López-Moreno, José Juan, and Patel, M. R
- Abstract
The Solar Occultation (SO) channel of the Nadir and Occultation for Mars Discovery (NOMAD) instrument scans the Martian atmosphere since 21 April 2018. In this work, we present a subset of the NOMAD SO data measured at the mesosphere. We focused on a spectral range that started to be recorded in Martian year (MY) 35. A total of 968 vertical profiles of carbon dioxide density and temperature covering MY 35 and the beginning of MY 36 were investigated until 135° of solar longitude. We compared 47 profiles with co-located profiles of the Mars Climate Sounder onboard the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. Most profiles show a good agreement as SO temperatures are only 1.8 K higher, but some biases lead to an average absolute difference of 7.4°K. The SO data set is also compared with simulations from the Global Environmental Multiscale-Mars general circulation model. Both data sets are in good agreement except for the presence of a cold layer in the winter hemisphere and a warm layer at dawn in the Northern hemisphere for solar longitudes between 240° and 360°. Five profiles contain temperatures lower than the limit for CO2 condensation. Strong warm layers were found in 13.5% of the profiles. They are present mainly at dawn and in the winter hemisphere, while the Northern dusks appear featureless. The data set mainly covers high latitudes around 60° and we derived some non-migrating tides. In the Southern winter hemisphere, we derived apparent zonal wavenumber-1 (WN-1) and WN-3 tidal components with a maximum amplitude of 10% and 5% at 63 km, respectively. © 2023. The Authors.
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- 2023
8. Retrieval of Martian Atmospheric CO Vertical Profiles From NOMAD Observations During the First Year of TGO Operations
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Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), European Commission, Belgian Science Policy Office, Modak, Ashimananda, López-Valverde, M. A., Brines, Adrian, Stolzenbach, Aurélien, Funke, Bernd, González-Galindo, F., Hill, Brittany, Aoki, Shohei, Thomas, Ian, Liuzzi, Giuliano, Villanueva, Geronimo L., Erwin, Justin, López-Moreno, José Juan, Yoshida, Nao, Grabowski, Udo, Forget, Francois, Daerden, Frank, Ristic, Bojan, Bellucci, Giancarlo, Patel, Manish, Trompet, Loic, Vandaele, Ann-Carine, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), European Commission, Belgian Science Policy Office, Modak, Ashimananda, López-Valverde, M. A., Brines, Adrian, Stolzenbach, Aurélien, Funke, Bernd, González-Galindo, F., Hill, Brittany, Aoki, Shohei, Thomas, Ian, Liuzzi, Giuliano, Villanueva, Geronimo L., Erwin, Justin, López-Moreno, José Juan, Yoshida, Nao, Grabowski, Udo, Forget, Francois, Daerden, Frank, Ristic, Bojan, Bellucci, Giancarlo, Patel, Manish, Trompet, Loic, and Vandaele, Ann-Carine
- Abstract
We present CO density profiles up to about 100 km in the Martian atmosphere obtained for the first time from retrievals of solar occultation measurements by the Nadir and Occultation for Mars Discovery (NOMAD) onboard ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO). CO is an important trace gas on Mars, as it is controlled by CO2 photolysis, chemical reaction with the OH radicals, and the global dynamics. However, the measurements of CO vertical profiles have been elusive until the arrival of TGO. We show how the NOMAD CO variations describe very well the Mars general circulation. We observe a depletion of CO in the upper troposphere and mesosphere during the peak period, LS = 190°–200°, more pronounced over the northern latitudes, confirming a similar result recently reported by Atmospheric Chemistry Suite onboard TGO. However, in the lower troposphere around 20 km, and at least at high latitudes of the S. hemisphere, NOMAD CO mixing ratios increase over 1,500 ppmv during the GDS (Global Dust Storm) onset. This might be related to the downwelling branch of the Hadley circulation. A subsequent increase in tropospheric CO is observed during the decay phase of the GDS around LS = 210°–250° when the dust loading is still high. This could be associated with a reduction in the amount of OH radicals in the lower atmosphere due to lack of solar insolation. Once the GDS is over, CO steadily decreases globally during the southern summer season. A couple of distinct CO patterns associated with the Summer solstice and equinox circulation are reported and discussed. © 2023. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.
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- 2023
9. Martian Atmospheric Temperature and Density Profiles During the First Year of NOMAD/TGO Solar Occultation Measurements
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Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), European Commission, Belgian Science Policy Office, UK Space Agency, López-Valverde, M. A., Funke, Bernd, Brines, Adrian, Stolzenbach, Aurélien, Modak, Ashimananda, Hill, Brittany, González-Galindo, F., Thomas, Ian, Trompet, Loic, Aoki, Shohei, Villanueva, Geronimo L., Liuzzi, Giuliano, Erwin, Justin, Grabowski, Udo, Forget, Francois, López-Moreno, José Juan, Rodríguez Gómez, Julio, Ristic, Bojan, Daerden, Frank, Bellucci, Giancarlo, Patel, Manish, Vandaele, Ann-Carine, NOMAD team, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), European Commission, Belgian Science Policy Office, UK Space Agency, López-Valverde, M. A., Funke, Bernd, Brines, Adrian, Stolzenbach, Aurélien, Modak, Ashimananda, Hill, Brittany, González-Galindo, F., Thomas, Ian, Trompet, Loic, Aoki, Shohei, Villanueva, Geronimo L., Liuzzi, Giuliano, Erwin, Justin, Grabowski, Udo, Forget, Francois, López-Moreno, José Juan, Rodríguez Gómez, Julio, Ristic, Bojan, Daerden, Frank, Bellucci, Giancarlo, Patel, Manish, Vandaele, Ann-Carine, and NOMAD team
- Abstract
We present vertical profiles of temperature and density from solar occultation (SO) observations by the “Nadir and Occultation for Mars Discovery” (NOMAD) spectrometer on board the Trace Gas Orbiter during its first operational year, which covered the second half of Mars Year 34. We used calibrated transmittance spectra in 380 scans, and apply an in-house pre-processing to clean data systematics. Temperature and CO2 profiles up to about 90 km, with consistent hydrostatic adjustment, are obtained, after adapting an Earth-tested retrieval scheme to Mars conditions. Both pre-processing and retrieval are discussed to illustrate their performance and robustness. Our results reveal the large impact of the MY34 Global Dust Storm (GDS), which warmed the atmosphere at all altitudes. The large GDS aerosols opacity limited the sounding of tropospheric layers. The retrieved temperatures agree well with global climate models (GCM) at tropospheric altitudes, but NOMAD mesospheric temperatures are wavier and globally colder by 10 K in the perihelion season, particularly during the GDS and its decay phase. We observe a warm layer around 80 km during the Southern Spring, especially in the Northern Hemisphere morning terminator, associated to large thermal tides, significantly stronger than in the GCM. Cold mesospheric pockets, close to CO2 condensation temperatures, are more frequently observed than in the GCM. NOMAD CO2 densities show oscillations upon a seasonal trend that track well the latitudinal variations expected. Results uncertainties and suggestions to improve future data re-analysis are briefly discussed. © 2022 The Authors. This article has been contributed to by U.S. Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.
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- 2023
10. Water Vapor Vertical Distribution on Mars During Perihelion Season of MY 34 and MY 35 With ExoMars-TGO/NOMAD Observations
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Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), European Commission, Brines, Adrian, López-Valverde, M. A., Stolzenbach, Aurélien, Funke, Bernd, González-Galindo, F., López-Moreno, José Juan, Rodríguez Gómez, Julio, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), European Commission, Brines, Adrian, López-Valverde, M. A., Stolzenbach, Aurélien, Funke, Bernd, González-Galindo, F., López-Moreno, José Juan, and Rodríguez Gómez, Julio
- Abstract
The water vapor in the Martian atmosphere plays a significant role in the planet's climate, being crucial in most of the chemical and radiative transfer processes. Despite its importance, the vertical distribution of HO in the atmosphere has not still been characterized precisely enough. The recent ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter mission, with its Nadir and Occultation for MArs Discovery instrument, has allowed us to measure the HO vertical distribution with unprecedented resolution. Recent studies of vertical profiles have shown that high dust concentration in the atmosphere, in particular during dust storms, induces an efficient transport of the HO to higher altitudes, from 40 km up to 80 km. We study the HO vertical distribution in a subset of solar occultations during the perihelion of two Martian years (MYs), including the 2018 Global Dust Storm (GDS), in order to compare the same Martian season under GDS and non-GDS conditions. We present our state-of-the-art retrieval scheme, and we apply it to a combination of two diffraction orders, which permits sounding up to about 100 km. We confirm recent findings of HO increasing at high altitudes during L = 190°–205° in MY 34, reaching abundances of about 150 ppmv at 80 km in both hemispheres not found during the same period of MY 35. We found a hygropause's steep rising during the GDS from 30 up to 80 km. Furthermore, strong supersaturation events have been identified at mesospheric altitudes even in presence of water ice layers retrieved by the IAA team. © 2022. The Authors
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- 2023
11. Martian Atmospheric Temperature and Density Profiles During the First Year of NOMAD/TGO Solar Occultation Measurements
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NOMAD Team, López-Valverde, Miguel Angel, Funke, Bernd, Brines, Adrian, Stolzenbach, Aurèlien, Modak, Ashimananda, Hill, Brittany, González-Galindo, Francisco, Thomas, Ian, Trompet, Loic, Aoki, Shohei, Villanueva, Gerónimo, Liuzzi, Giuliano, Erwin, Justin, Grabowski, Udo, Forget, Francois, López-Moreno, José Juan, Rodriguez-Gómez, Julio, Ristic, Bojan, Daerden, Frank, Bellucci, Giancarlo, Patel, Manish, Vandaele, Ann-Carine, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), European Commission, Belgian Science Policy Office, and UK Space Agency
- Subjects
Atmosphere ,IAA ,KOPRA ,Temperature ,Mars ,Density ,ExoMars/TGO ,Earth sciences ,RCP ,Geophysics ,IMK-ASF-SAT ,Remote sounding ,Atmospheric structure ,Space and Planetary Science ,Geochemistry and Petrology ,ddc:550 ,TGO ,Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous) ,NOMAD ,Planetary atmospheres - Abstract
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited., We present vertical profiles of temperature and density from solar occultation (SO) observations by the “Nadir and Occultation for Mars Discovery” (NOMAD) spectrometer on board the Trace Gas Orbiter during its first operational year, which covered the second half of Mars Year 34. We used calibrated transmittance spectra in 380 scans, and apply an in-house pre-processing to clean data systematics. Temperature and CO2 profiles up to about 90 km, with consistent hydrostatic adjustment, are obtained, after adapting an Earth-tested retrieval scheme to Mars conditions. Both pre-processing and retrieval are discussed to illustrate their performance and robustness. Our results reveal the large impact of the MY34 Global Dust Storm (GDS), which warmed the atmosphere at all altitudes. The large GDS aerosols opacity limited the sounding of tropospheric layers. The retrieved temperatures agree well with global climate models (GCM) at tropospheric altitudes, but NOMAD mesospheric temperatures are wavier and globally colder by 10 K in the perihelion season, particularly during the GDS and its decay phase. We observe a warm layer around 80 km during the Southern Spring, especially in the Northern Hemisphere morning terminator, associated to large thermal tides, significantly stronger than in the GCM. Cold mesospheric pockets, close to CO2 condensation temperatures, are more frequently observed than in the GCM. NOMAD CO2 densities show oscillations upon a seasonal trend that track well the latitudinal variations expected. Results uncertainties and suggestions to improve future data re-analysis are briefly discussed. © 2022 The Authors. This article has been contributed to by U.S. Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA., The IAA/CSIC team acknowledges financial support from the State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCI through the ‘Center of Excellence Severe Ochoa’ award for the Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucia (DEV-2017-0709) and funding by grants PGC2018-101836-B-100 (MCI/AEI/FEDER, EU), PID2019-110689RB-I00/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, and RTI2018-100920-J-I00. ExoMars is a space mission of the European Space Agency (ESA) and Roscosmos. The NOMAD experiment is led by the Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (IASB-BIRA), assisted by Co-PI teams from Spain (IAA-CSIC), Italy (INAF-IAPS), and the United Kingdom (Open University). This project acknowledges funding by the Belgian Science Policy Office (BELLS), with the financial and contractual coordination by the ESAU Prod ex Office (PEA 4000103401, 4000121493) as well as by UK Space Agency through Grant ST/V002295/1, ST/V005332/1 and ST/S00145X/1 and Italian Space Agency through Grant 2018-2-HHS.0. US investigators were supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. This work was supported by the Belgian Funds de la Recherche Scientific—FIRS under Grant 30442502 (ET_HOME). This project has received funding from the European Union Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No 101004052 (Road Map project)., With funding from the Spanish government through the "Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence" accreditation (CEX2021-001131-S).
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- 2023
12. Measurements of water and its D/H as released from both Martian polar caps
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Villanueva, Geronimo, primary, Liuzzi, Giuliano, additional, Aoki, Shohei, additional, Stone, Shane, additional, Brines, Adrian, additional, Thomas, Ian, additional, Lopez-Valverde, Miguel, additional, Trompet, Loic, additional, Erwin, Justin, additional, Daerden, Frank, additional, Ristic, Bojan, additional, Smith, Michael, additional, Mumma, Michael, additional, Faggi, Sara, additional, Kofman, Vincent, additional, Robert, Severine, additional, Neary, Lori, additional, Patel, Manish, additional, Bellucci, Giancarlo, additional, and Vandaele, Ann-Carine, additional
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- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Mesospheric and thermospheric carbon dioxide and temperature profiles from NOMAD-SO onboard TGO.
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Trompet, Loïc, primary, Vandaele, Ann Carine, additional, Thomas, Ian, additional, Aoki, Shohei, additional, Daerden, Frank, additional, Erwin, Justin, additional, Flimon, Zachary, additional, Neary, Lori, additional, Mahieux, Arnaud, additional, Robert, Séverine, additional, Villanueva, Geronimo, additional, Liuzzi, Giuliano, additional, Lopez-Valverde, Miguel Angel, additional, Brines, Adrian, additional, Bellucci, Giancarlo, additional, Lopez-Moreno, José Juan, additional, and Patel, Manish, additional
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- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. Mars water vapor vertical distributions from the troposphere to the mesosphere from NOMAD Solar Occultation for Martian Years 34 and 35
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Brines, Adrian, primary, Lopez Valverde, Miguel Ángel, additional, Stolzenbach, Aurélien, additional, Modak, Ashim, additional, Funke, Bernd, additional, Gonzalez Galindo, Francisco, additional, Lopez Moreno, Jose Juan, additional, Aoki, Shohei, additional, Vandaele, Ann Carine, additional, Daerden, Frank, additional, Thomas, Ian, additional, Erwin, Justin, additional, Trompet, Loïc, additional, Ristic, Bojan, additional, Villanueva, Gerónimo Luis, additional, Liuzzi, Giuliano, additional, Patel, Manish, additional, and Bellucci, Giancarlo, additional
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- 2022
- Full Text
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15. Vertical distribution of atmospheric temperature and density from the solar occultation instruments NOMAD and ACS on board the Trace Gas Orbiter
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Lopez-Valverde, Miguel Angel, primary, Funke, Bernd, additional, Brines, Adrian, additional, Stolzenbach, Aurélien, additional, Modak, Ashimananda, additional, Gonzalez-Galindo, Francisco, additional, Aoki, Shohei, additional, Trompet, Loic, additional, Thomas, Ian, additional, Villanueva, Gerónimo, additional, Liuzzi, Giuliano, additional, Belyaev, Denis, additional, Olsen, Kevin, additional, Trokhimovsky, Alexander, additional, Lopez-Moreno, Jose Juan, additional, Vandaele, Ann Carine, additional, Patel, Manish, additional, Bellucci, Giancarlo, additional, Korablev, Oleg, additional, and Montmessin, Franck, additional
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- 2022
- Full Text
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16. Composition and size of Martian aerosols as seen in the IR from solar occultation measurements by NOMAD onboard TGO
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stolzenbach, aurélien, primary, López Valverde, Miguel-Angel, additional, Brines, Adrian, additional, Modak, Ashimananda, additional, Funke, Bernd, additional, González-Galindo, Francisco, additional, Thomas, Ian, additional, Liuzzi, Giuliano, additional, Villanueva, Geronimo, additional, Luginin, Mikhail, additional, and Aoki, Shohei, additional
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- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. Mapping of Martian CO from NOMAD solar occultation measurements for MY35 and 36
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Modak, Ashimananda, primary, Lopez-Valverde, Miguel-Angel, additional, Brines, Adrian, additional, Stolzenbach, Aurelien, additional, Funke, Bernd, additional, Gonzalez-Galindo, Francisco, additional, Lopez-Moreno, Jose-Juan, additional, Aoki, Shohe, additional, Villanueva, Geronimo, additional, Liuzzi, Giuliano, additional, Bellucci, Giancarlo, additional, Yoshida, Nao, additional, Erwin, Justin, additional, Trompet, Loic, additional, Thomas, Ian, additional, Daerden, Frank, additional, Ristic, Bojan, additional, Patel, Manish, additional, Vandaele, Ann Carine, additional, and Montmessin, Franck, additional
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- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. The Deuterium Isotopic Ratio of Water Released From the Martian Caps as Measured With TGO/NOMAD
- Author
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Villanueva, Geronimo L., Liuzzi, Giuliano, Aoki, Shohei, Stone, Shane W., Brines, Adrian, Thomas, Ian R., Lopez‐Valverde, Miguel Angel, Trompet, Loic, Erwin, Justin, Daerden, Frank, Ristic, Bojan, Smith, Michael D., Mumma, Michael J., Faggi, Sara, Kofman, Vincent, Robert, Séverine, Neary, Lori, Patel, Manish, Bellucci, Giancarlo, Lopez‐Moreno, Jose Juan, Vandaele, Ann Carine, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), European Commission, Belgian Science Policy Office, UK Space Agency, and Agenzia Spaziale Italiana
- Subjects
History ,Geophysics ,Atmosphere ,Mars ,Water ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,Polar - Abstract
We report vertical profiles of water and D/H for one Martian year as measured with the TGO/NOMAD instrument. The observations were performed via solar occultation, providing water profiles up to ∼100 km and D/H up to ∼60 km, with a vertical resolution of 1–2 km. The measurements reveal dramatic variability of water and D/H over short timescales and with altitude and location on the planet. We investigated the release of seasonal water from the polar caps during southern and northern summer, by mapping water and its D/H near the polar regions. Above the hygropause, the D/H drops substantially below 2 VSMOW, and both seasonal polar caps show a consistent and enriched D/H of 5–7 VSMOW within the hygrosphere. © 2022 American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved., This work was supported by NASA’s Mars Program Office under WBS 604796, “Participation in the TGO/NOMAD Investigation of Trace Gases on Mars.” ExoMars is a space mission of the European Space Agency (ESA) and Roscosmos. The NOMAD experiment is led by the Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (IASB-BIRA), assisted by Co-PI teams from Spain (IAA-CSIC), Italy (INAF-IAPS), and the United Kingdom (The Open University). This project acknowledges funding by the Belgian Science Policy Office (BELSPO), with the financial and contractual coordination by the ESA Prodex Office (PEA 4000103401, 4000121493), by the Spanish MICINN through its Plan Nacional and by European funds under grants PGC2018-101836-B-I00 and ESP2017-87143-R (MINECO/FEDER) and by the Spanish Science Ministry Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa Program under grant SEV-2017-0709, as well as by the UK Space Agency through grants ST/V002295/1, ST/V005332/1, and ST/S00145X/1 and Italian Space Agency through grant 2018-2-HH.0. This work was supported by the Belgian Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique – FNRS (grant number 30442502, ET_HOME) and has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant agreement no. 101004052, RoadMap project). SR thanks BELSPO for the FED-tWIN funding (Prf-2019-077 - RT-MOLEXO).
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- 2022
19. Variations in Vertical CO/CO2 Profiles in the Martian Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere Measured by the ExoMars TGO/NOMAD: Implications of Variations in Eddy Diffusion Coefficient
- Author
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Yoshida, Nao, Nakagawa, Hiromu, Aoki, Shohei, Erwin, Justin, Vandaele, Ann Carine, Daerden, Frank, Thomas, Ian, Trompet, Loïc, Koyama, Shungo, Terada, Naoki, Neary, Lori, Murata, Isao, Villanueva, Geronimo, Liuzzi, Giuliano, Lopez‐Valverde, Miguel Angel, Brines, Adrian, Modak, Ashimananda, Kasaba, Yasumasa, Ristic, Bojan, Bellucci, Giancarlo, López‐Moreno, José Juan, Patel, Manish, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), European Commission, Belgian Science Policy Office, UK Space Agency, and Agenzia Spaziale Italiana
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Geophysics ,Retrieval ,Atmospheric composition ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,Mars ,Eddy diffusion coefficient ,Spectroscopy ,Mesosphere - Abstract
This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited., Using the Nadir and Occultation for MArs Discovery instrument aboard Trace Gas Orbiter, we derived the CO/CO2 profiles between 75 and 105 km altitude with the equivalent width technique. The derived CO/CO2 profiles showed significant seasonal variations in the southern hemisphere with decreases near perihelion and increases near aphelion. The estimation of the CO/CO2 profiles with a one-dimensional photochemical model shows that an altitude-dependent eddy diffusion coefficient better reproduces the observed profiles than a vertically uniform one. Our estimation suggests that the eddy diffusion coefficient in Ls = 240–270 is uniformly larger by a factor of ∼2 than that in Ls = 90–120 in the southern hemisphere, while they are comparable in the northern hemisphere. This fact demonstrates that the eddy diffusion coefficient is variable with season and latitude. © 2022. The Authors., The NOMAD experiment is led by the Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (IASB-BIRA), assisted by Co-PI teams from Spain (IAA-CSIC), Italy (INAF-IAPS), and the United Kingdom (Open University). This project acknowledges funding by the Belgian Science Policy Office (BELSPO), with the financial and contractual coordination by the ESA Prodex Office (PEA 4000103401, 4000121493), by Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MCIU) and by European funds under Grants PGC2018-101836-B-I00 and ESP2017-87143-R (MINECO/FEDER), as well as by UK Space Agency through Grants ST/V002295/1, ST/V005332/1, and ST/S00145x/1 and Italian Space Agency through Grant 2018-2-HH.0. This work was supported by the Belgian Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique–FNRS under Grant No. 30442502 (ET_HOME). The IAA/CSIC team acknowledges financial support from the State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the “Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa” award for the Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (SEV-2017-0709). US investigators were supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Canadian investigators were supported by the Canadian Space Agency. Y. N. is supported by The international Joint Graduate Program in Earth and Environmental Sciences, Tohoku University (GP-EES), and the Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science (JP21J13710). This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Nos. 20H04605 and 19K03943.
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- 2022
20. The Deuterium Isotopic Ratio of Water Released From the Martian Caps as Measured With TGO/NOMAD
- Author
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Villanueva, Geronimo L., primary, Liuzzi, Giuliano, additional, Aoki, Shohei, additional, Stone, Shane W., additional, Brines, Adrian, additional, Thomas, Ian R., additional, Lopez‐Valverde, Miguel Angel, additional, Trompet, Loic, additional, Erwin, Justin, additional, Daerden, Frank, additional, Ristic, Bojan, additional, Smith, Michael D., additional, Mumma, Michael J., additional, Faggi, Sara, additional, Kofman, Vincent, additional, Robert, Séverine, additional, Neary, Lori, additional, Patel, Manish, additional, Bellucci, Giancarlo, additional, Lopez‐Moreno, Jose Juan, additional, and Vandaele, Ann Carine, additional
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Variations in Vertical CO/CO 2 Profiles in the Martian Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere Measured by the ExoMars TGO/NOMAD: Implications of Variations in Eddy Diffusion Coefficient
- Author
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Yoshida, Nao, primary, Nakagawa, Hiromu, additional, Aoki, Shohei, additional, Erwin, Justin, additional, Vandaele, Ann Carine, additional, Daerden, Frank, additional, Thomas, Ian, additional, Trompet, Loïc, additional, Koyama, Shungo, additional, Terada, Naoki, additional, Neary, Lori, additional, Murata, Isao, additional, Villanueva, Geronimo, additional, Liuzzi, Giuliano, additional, Lopez‐Valverde, Miguel Angel, additional, Brines, Adrian, additional, Modak, Ashimananda, additional, Kasaba, Yasumasa, additional, Ristic, Bojan, additional, Bellucci, Giancarlo, additional, López‐Moreno, José Juan, additional, and Patel, Manish, additional
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- 2022
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22. Global Vertical Distribution of Water Vapor on Mars: Results From 3.5 Years of ExoMars-TGO/NOMAD Science Operations
- Author
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Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), European Commission, Belgian Science Policy Office, UK Space Agency, Aoki, S., Vandaele, A. C., Daerden, F., Villanueva, Geronimo L., Liuzzi, G., Clancy, R. T., López-Valverde, M. A., Brines, Adrian, Thomas, I. R., Trompet, L., Erwin, J. T., Neary, L., Robert, S., Piccialli, A., Holmes, J. A., Patel, M. R., Yoshida, N., Whiteway, J., Smith, M. D., Ristic, B., Bellucci, G., López-Moreno, José Juan, Fedorova, A. A., Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), European Commission, Belgian Science Policy Office, UK Space Agency, Aoki, S., Vandaele, A. C., Daerden, F., Villanueva, Geronimo L., Liuzzi, G., Clancy, R. T., López-Valverde, M. A., Brines, Adrian, Thomas, I. R., Trompet, L., Erwin, J. T., Neary, L., Robert, S., Piccialli, A., Holmes, J. A., Patel, M. R., Yoshida, N., Whiteway, J., Smith, M. D., Ristic, B., Bellucci, G., López-Moreno, José Juan, and Fedorova, A. A.
- Abstract
We present water vapor vertical distributions on Mars retrieved from 3.5 years of solar occultation measurements by Nadir and Occultation for Mars Discovery onboard the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter, which reveal a strong contrast between aphelion and perihelion water climates. In equinox periods, most of water vapor is confined into the low-middle latitudes. In aphelion periods, water vapor sublimated from the northern polar cap is confined into very low altitudes—water vapor mixing ratios observed at the 0–5 km lower boundary of measurement decrease by an order of magnitude at the approximate altitudes of 15 and 30 km for the latitudes higher than 50°N and 30–50°N, respectively. The vertical confinement of water vapor at northern middle latitudes around aphelion is more pronounced in the morning terminators than evening, perhaps controlled by the diurnal cycle of cloud formation. Water vapor is also observed over the low latitude regions in the aphelion southern hemisphere (0–30°S) mostly below 10–20 km, which suggests north-south transport of water still occurs. In perihelion periods, water vapor sublimated from the southern polar cap directly reaches high altitudes (>80 km) over high southern latitudes, suggesting more effective transport by the meridional circulation without condensation. We show that heating during perihelion, sporadic global dust storms, and regional dust storms occurring annually around 330° of solar longitude (LS) are the main events to supply water vapor to the upper atmosphere above 70 km. © 2022. The Authors.
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- 2022
23. The Deuterium Isotopic Ratio of Water Released From the Martian Caps as Measured With TGO/NOMAD
- Author
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Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), European Commission, Belgian Science Policy Office, UK Space Agency, Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Villanueva, Geronimo L., Liuzzi, Giuliano, Aoki, Shohei, Stone, Shane W., Brines, Adrian, Thomas, Ian R., López-Valverde, M. A., Trompet, Loic, Erwin, Justin T., Daerden, Frank, Ristic, Bojan, Smith, Michael D., Mumma, Michael J., Faggi, Sara, Kofman, Vincent, Robert, Séverine, Neary, Lori, Patel, Manish R., Bellucci, Giancarlo, López-Moreno, José Juan, Vandaele, Ann Carine, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), European Commission, Belgian Science Policy Office, UK Space Agency, Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Villanueva, Geronimo L., Liuzzi, Giuliano, Aoki, Shohei, Stone, Shane W., Brines, Adrian, Thomas, Ian R., López-Valverde, M. A., Trompet, Loic, Erwin, Justin T., Daerden, Frank, Ristic, Bojan, Smith, Michael D., Mumma, Michael J., Faggi, Sara, Kofman, Vincent, Robert, Séverine, Neary, Lori, Patel, Manish R., Bellucci, Giancarlo, López-Moreno, José Juan, and Vandaele, Ann Carine
- Abstract
We report vertical profiles of water and D/H for one Martian year as measured with the TGO/NOMAD instrument. The observations were performed via solar occultation, providing water profiles up to ∼100 km and D/H up to ∼60 km, with a vertical resolution of 1–2 km. The measurements reveal dramatic variability of water and D/H over short timescales and with altitude and location on the planet. We investigated the release of seasonal water from the polar caps during southern and northern summer, by mapping water and its D/H near the polar regions. Above the hygropause, the D/H drops substantially below 2 VSMOW, and both seasonal polar caps show a consistent and enriched D/H of 5–7 VSMOW within the hygrosphere. © 2022 American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.
- Published
- 2022
24. Variations in Vertical CO/CO2 Profiles in the Martian Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere Measured by the ExoMars TGO/NOMAD: Implications of Variations in Eddy Diffusion Coefficient
- Author
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Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), European Commission, Belgian Science Policy Office, UK Space Agency, Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Yoshida, Nao, Nakagawa, Hiromu, Aoki, Shohei, Erwin, Justin T., Vandaele, Ann Carine, Daerden, Frank, Thomas, Ian R., Trompet, Loïc., Koyama, Shungo, Terada, Naoki, Neary, Lori, Murata, Isao, Villanueva, Geronimo L., Liuzzi, Giuliano, López-Valverde, M. A., Brines, Adrian, Modak, Ashimananda, Kasaba, Yasumasa, Ristic, Bojan, Bellucci, Giancarlo, López-Moreno, José Juan, Patel, Manish R., Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), European Commission, Belgian Science Policy Office, UK Space Agency, Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Yoshida, Nao, Nakagawa, Hiromu, Aoki, Shohei, Erwin, Justin T., Vandaele, Ann Carine, Daerden, Frank, Thomas, Ian R., Trompet, Loïc., Koyama, Shungo, Terada, Naoki, Neary, Lori, Murata, Isao, Villanueva, Geronimo L., Liuzzi, Giuliano, López-Valverde, M. A., Brines, Adrian, Modak, Ashimananda, Kasaba, Yasumasa, Ristic, Bojan, Bellucci, Giancarlo, López-Moreno, José Juan, and Patel, Manish R.
- Abstract
Using the Nadir and Occultation for MArs Discovery instrument aboard Trace Gas Orbiter, we derived the CO/CO2 profiles between 75 and 105 km altitude with the equivalent width technique. The derived CO/CO2 profiles showed significant seasonal variations in the southern hemisphere with decreases near perihelion and increases near aphelion. The estimation of the CO/CO2 profiles with a one-dimensional photochemical model shows that an altitude-dependent eddy diffusion coefficient better reproduces the observed profiles than a vertically uniform one. Our estimation suggests that the eddy diffusion coefficient in Ls = 240–270 is uniformly larger by a factor of ∼2 than that in Ls = 90–120 in the southern hemisphere, while they are comparable in the northern hemisphere. This fact demonstrates that the eddy diffusion coefficient is variable with season and latitude. © 2022. The Authors.
- Published
- 2022
25. Martian Atmospheric Temperature and Density Profiles During the First Year of NOMAD/TGO Solar Occultation Measurements.
- Author
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López‐Valverde, Miguel Angel, Funke, Bernd, Brines, Adrian, Stolzenbach, Aurèlien, Modak, Ashimananda, Hill, Brittany, González‐Galindo, Francisco, Thomas, Ian, Trompet, Loic, Aoki, Shohei, Villanueva, Gerónimo, Liuzzi, Giuliano, Erwin, Justin, Grabowski, Udo, Forget, Francois, López‐Moreno, José Juan, Rodriguez‐Gómez, Julio, Ristic, Bojan, Daerden, Frank, and Bellucci, Giancarlo
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ATMOSPHERIC temperature ,ATMOSPHERIC density ,CLIMATE change models ,FRONTS (Meteorology) ,DUST storms ,GLOBAL warming - Abstract
We present vertical profiles of temperature and density from solar occultation (SO) observations by the "Nadir and Occultation for Mars Discovery" (NOMAD) spectrometer on board the Trace Gas Orbiter during its first operational year, which covered the second half of Mars Year 34. We used calibrated transmittance spectra in 380 scans, and apply an in‐house pre‐processing to clean data systematics. Temperature and CO2 profiles up to about 90 km, with consistent hydrostatic adjustment, are obtained, after adapting an Earth‐tested retrieval scheme to Mars conditions. Both pre‐processing and retrieval are discussed to illustrate their performance and robustness. Our results reveal the large impact of the MY34 Global Dust Storm (GDS), which warmed the atmosphere at all altitudes. The large GDS aerosols opacity limited the sounding of tropospheric layers. The retrieved temperatures agree well with global climate models (GCM) at tropospheric altitudes, but NOMAD mesospheric temperatures are wavier and globally colder by 10 K in the perihelion season, particularly during the GDS and its decay phase. We observe a warm layer around 80 km during the Southern Spring, especially in the Northern Hemisphere morning terminator, associated to large thermal tides, significantly stronger than in the GCM. Cold mesospheric pockets, close to CO2 condensation temperatures, are more frequently observed than in the GCM. NOMAD CO2 densities show oscillations upon a seasonal trend that track well the latitudinal variations expected. Results uncertainties and suggestions to improve future data re‐analysis are briefly discussed. Plain Language Summary: The detailed variation of temperature and density with altitude is of paramount importance to characterize the atmospheric state and to constrain the chemistry and dynamics as a whole. The Nadir and Occultation for Mars Discovery (NOMAD) instrument on board the Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) has among its key targets the characterization of the thermal state with unprecedented vertical resolution. This is the target of this work, where we analyzed transmittance spectra obtained from the NOMAD solar occultation channel, with a state‐of‐the‐art retrieval scheme, adapted from Earth to Mars conditions and geometry. We applied it to the first year of TGO observations, which covered the last two Mars seasons of Mars Year 34. The results permit to study the temperature structure up to 90 km and its seasonal and latitudinal variations, revealing the impact of the MY34 Global Dust Storm, a warm layer at mesospheric altitudes not present in climate models, more frequent cold pockets than in current global climate models, and generally, colder temperature at those altitudes, all of which can be of importance for the validation of these climate models. Key Points: Temperature and density profiles up to 90 km are retrieved from Nadir and Occultation for Mars Discovery (NOMAD) first year of solar occultations, covering two seasons of Mars Year 34NOMAD temperatures agree well with climate model predictions below 50 km but are wavier and globally colder by about 10 K at high altitudesWe report large thermal tides producing warm layers at 80 km in the morning terminator. Also strong warming by the 2018 global dust storm [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Characterization of the Martian Mesosphere by LMD-MGCM Simulations Compared to NOMAD/TGO Observations
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Gonzalez-Galindo, Francisco, Lopez-Valverde, Miguel, Brines, Adrian, Modak, A., Stolzenbach, Aurélien, Funke, B., Lopez Moreno, Josè J., Forget, François, Millour, Ehouarn, Lefèvre, Franck, Vals, Margaux, Montmessin, Franck, Patel, Manish R., Bellucci, Giancarlo, Vandaele, Ann Carine, and Cardon, Catherine
- Subjects
[SDU] Sciences of the Universe [physics] - Published
- 2022
27. Retrieval of Martian CO vertical profiles from NOMAD solar occultation measurements
- Author
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Modak, Ashimananda, primary, Lopez-Valverde, Miguel Angel, additional, Funke, Bernd, additional, Hill, Brittany, additional, Brines, Adrian, additional, Stolzenbach, Aurelien, additional, Gonzalez-Galindo, Francisco, additional, Lopez Moreno, Jose Juan, additional, Erwin, Justin, additional, Trompet, Loic, additional, Thomas, Ian, additional, Daerden, Frank, additional, Vandaele, Ann Carine, additional, Ristic, Bojan, additional, Villanueva, Geronimo, additional, Liuzzi, Giuliano, additional, Bellucci, Giancarlo, additional, and Patel, Manish, additional
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Martian water vapor vertical profiles from solar occultation measurements by NOMAD onboard TGO/ExoMars: H2O-Temperature retrievals with the IAA-KOPRA forward model
- Author
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Brines, Adrian, primary, Lopez-Valverde, Miguel Angel, additional, Stolzenbach, Aurélien, additional, Modak, Ashimananda, additional, Hill, Brittany, additional, Funke, Bernd, additional, González-Galindo, Francisco, additional, Lopez Moreno, Jose Juan, additional, Aoki, Shohei, additional, Vandaele, Ann Carine, additional, Daerden, Frank, additional, Thomas, Ian, additional, Erwin, Justin, additional, Trompet, Loïc, additional, Ristic, Bojan, additional, Villanueva, Gerónimo, additional, Liuzzi, Giuliano, additional, Patel, Manish, additional, and Bellucci, Giancarlo, additional
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Calibration of the Nomad SO Channel on ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter
- Author
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Thomas, Ian, primary, Aoki, Shohei, additional, Trompet, Loic, additional, Erwin, Justin, additional, Villanueva, Geronimo, additional, Liuzzi, Giuliano, additional, Lopez-Valverde, Miguel, additional, Brines, Adrian, additional, Funke, Bernd, additional, Vandaele, Ann Carine, additional, Robert, Severine, additional, Daerden, Frank, additional, Ristic, Bojan, additional, Lopez-Moreno, Jose Juan, additional, Bellucci, Giancarlo, additional, and Patel, Manish, additional
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. CO2 and Temperature vertical profiles in the Martian atmosphere from solar occultation measurements at 2.7 micron by instruments NOMAD and ACS on board the Exomars Trace Gas Orbiter
- Author
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Lopez-Valverde, Miguel Angel, primary, Hill, Brittany, additional, Funke, Bernd, additional, González-Galindo, Francisco, additional, Brines, Adrian, additional, Stolzenbach, Aurélien, additional, Modak, Ashimananda, additional, López-Moreno, José Juan, additional, Trompet, Loic, additional, Aoki, Shohei, additional, Thomas, Ian, additional, Vandaele, Ann Carine, additional, Villanueva, Gerónimo, additional, Belyaev, Denis, additional, Trokhimovskiy, Alexander, additional, Korablev, Oleg, additional, Olsen, Kevin, additional, Montmessin, Franck, additional, Bellucci, Giancarlo, additional, and Patel, Manish, additional
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Variations in Vertical CO/CO2 Profiles in the Martian Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere Measured by the ExoMars TGO/NOMAD: Implications of Variations in Eddy Diffusion Coefficient.
- Author
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Yoshida, Nao, Nakagawa, Hiromu, Aoki, Shohei, Erwin, Justin, Vandaele, Ann Carine, Daerden, Frank, Thomas, Ian, Trompet, Loïc, Koyama, Shungo, Terada, Naoki, Neary, Lori, Murata, Isao, Villanueva, Geronimo, Liuzzi, Giuliano, Lopez‐Valverde, Miguel Angel, Brines, Adrian, Modak, Ashimananda, Kasaba, Yasumasa, Ristic, Bojan, and Bellucci, Giancarlo
- Subjects
DIFFUSION coefficients ,MESOSPHERE ,TRACE gases ,THERMOSPHERE ,MIDDLE atmosphere ,EDDIES - Abstract
Using the Nadir and Occultation for MArs Discovery instrument aboard Trace Gas Orbiter, we derived the CO/CO2 profiles between 75 and 105 km altitude with the equivalent width technique. The derived CO/CO2 profiles showed significant seasonal variations in the southern hemisphere with decreases near perihelion and increases near aphelion. The estimation of the CO/CO2 profiles with a one‐dimensional photochemical model shows that an altitude‐dependent eddy diffusion coefficient better reproduces the observed profiles than a vertically uniform one. Our estimation suggests that the eddy diffusion coefficient in Ls = 240–270 is uniformly larger by a factor of ∼2 than that in Ls = 90–120 in the southern hemisphere, while they are comparable in the northern hemisphere. This fact demonstrates that the eddy diffusion coefficient is variable with season and latitude. Plain Language Summary: The eddy diffusion coefficient is widely used to parameterize the efficiency of vertical diffusion in the planetary atmosphere, whose variation characterizes the transportation of trace gas species. Additionally, it could vary their vertical distributions in the middle and upper atmosphere, which might cause an impact on the species escaping to space. However, the variability of the eddy diffusion coefficient in those altitude regions have been poorly understood. In this study, we focus on the estimation of variation in the eddy diffusion coefficient by analyzing the CO and CO2 measurements made by the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter. The observed CO/CO2 ratio between altitudes of 75 and 105 km shows a significant seasonal variation in the southern hemisphere. The observed CO/CO2 profiles are compared with the simulated profiles obtained with a one‐dimensional photochemical model assigning several shapes and intensity of eddy diffusion coefficient. The comparison shows that the eddy diffusion coefficient is not constant but variable depending on altitude, season, and latitude, which suggests that the efficiency of the vertical diffusion varies with season and latitude. This fact is useful to other 1D photochemical models to reproduce the seasonal and latitudinal variation of atmospheric composition. Key Points: The CO/CO2 profiles from 75 to 105 km measured by NOMAD aboard TGO are used to investigate variations in the eddy diffusion coefficientThe estimated CO/CO2 profiles agree well with the observed profiles if altitude‐dependent eddy diffusion coefficients are consideredOur results demonstrate a substantial seasonal variation in the eddy diffusion coefficient in the southern hemisphere [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Variations in Vertical CO/CO2Profiles in the Martian Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere Measured by the ExoMars TGO/NOMAD: Implications of Variations in Eddy Diffusion Coefficient
- Author
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Yoshida, Nao, Nakagawa, Hiromu, Aoki, Shohei, Erwin, Justin, Vandaele, Ann Carine, Daerden, Frank, Thomas, Ian, Trompet, Loïc, Koyama, Shungo, Terada, Naoki, Neary, Lori, Murata, Isao, Villanueva, Geronimo, Liuzzi, Giuliano, Lopez‐Valverde, Miguel Angel, Brines, Adrian, Modak, Ashimananda, Kasaba, Yasumasa, Ristic, Bojan, Bellucci, Giancarlo, López‐Moreno, José Juan, and Patel, Manish
- Abstract
Using the Nadir and Occultation for MArs Discovery instrument aboard Trace Gas Orbiter, we derived the CO/CO2profiles between 75 and 105 km altitude with the equivalent width technique. The derived CO/CO2profiles showed significant seasonal variations in the southern hemisphere with decreases near perihelion and increases near aphelion. The estimation of the CO/CO2profiles with a one‐dimensional photochemical model shows that an altitude‐dependent eddy diffusion coefficient better reproduces the observed profiles than a vertically uniform one. Our estimation suggests that the eddy diffusion coefficient in Ls= 240–270 is uniformly larger by a factor of ∼2 than that in Ls= 90–120 in the southern hemisphere, while they are comparable in the northern hemisphere. This fact demonstrates that the eddy diffusion coefficient is variable with season and latitude. The eddy diffusion coefficient is widely used to parameterize the efficiency of vertical diffusion in the planetary atmosphere, whose variation characterizes the transportation of trace gas species. Additionally, it could vary their vertical distributions in the middle and upper atmosphere, which might cause an impact on the species escaping to space. However, the variability of the eddy diffusion coefficient in those altitude regions have been poorly understood. In this study, we focus on the estimation of variation in the eddy diffusion coefficient by analyzing the CO and CO2measurements made by the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter. The observed CO/CO2ratio between altitudes of 75 and 105 km shows a significant seasonal variation in the southern hemisphere. The observed CO/CO2profiles are compared with the simulated profiles obtained with a one‐dimensional photochemical model assigning several shapes and intensity of eddy diffusion coefficient. The comparison shows that the eddy diffusion coefficient is not constant but variable depending on altitude, season, and latitude, which suggests that the efficiency of the vertical diffusion varies with season and latitude. This fact is useful to other 1D photochemical models to reproduce the seasonal and latitudinal variation of atmospheric composition. The CO/CO2profiles from 75 to 105 km measured by NOMAD aboard TGO are used to investigate variations in the eddy diffusion coefficientThe estimated CO/CO2profiles agree well with the observed profiles if altitude‐dependent eddy diffusion coefficients are consideredOur results demonstrate a substantial seasonal variation in the eddy diffusion coefficient in the southern hemisphere The CO/CO2profiles from 75 to 105 km measured by NOMAD aboard TGO are used to investigate variations in the eddy diffusion coefficient The estimated CO/CO2profiles agree well with the observed profiles if altitude‐dependent eddy diffusion coefficients are considered Our results demonstrate a substantial seasonal variation in the eddy diffusion coefficient in the southern hemisphere
- Published
- 2022
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33. Variations in Vertical CO/CO2 Profiles in the Martian Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere Measured by the ExoMars TGO/NOMAD: Implications of Variations in Eddy Diffusion Coefficient
- Author
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Yoshida, Nao, Nakagawa, Hiromu, Aoki, Shohei, Erwin, Justin, Vandaele, Ann Carine, Daerden, Frank, Thomas, Ian, Trompet, Loïc, Koyama, Shungo, Terada, Naoki, Neary, Lori, Murata, Isao, Villanueva, Geronimo, Liuzzi, Giuliano, Lopez‐Valverde, Miguel Angel, Brines, Adrian, Modak, Ashimananda, Kasaba, Yasumasa, Ristic, Bojan, Bellucci, Giancarlo, López‐Moreno, José Juan, Patel, Manish, Yoshida, Nao, Nakagawa, Hiromu, Aoki, Shohei, Erwin, Justin, Vandaele, Ann Carine, Daerden, Frank, Thomas, Ian, Trompet, Loïc, Koyama, Shungo, Terada, Naoki, Neary, Lori, Murata, Isao, Villanueva, Geronimo, Liuzzi, Giuliano, Lopez‐Valverde, Miguel Angel, Brines, Adrian, Modak, Ashimananda, Kasaba, Yasumasa, Ristic, Bojan, Bellucci, Giancarlo, López‐Moreno, José Juan, and Patel, Manish
- Abstract
Using the Nadir and Occultation for MArs Discovery instrument aboard Trace Gas Orbiter, we derived the CO/CO2 profiles between 75 and 105 km altitude with the equivalent width technique. The derived CO/CO2 profiles showed significant seasonal variations in the southern hemisphere with decreases near perihelion and increases near aphelion. The estimation of the CO/CO2 profiles with a one‐dimensional photochemical model shows that an altitude‐dependent eddy diffusion coefficient better reproduces the observed profiles than a vertically uniform one. Our estimation suggests that the eddy diffusion coefficient in Ls = 240–270 is uniformly larger by a factor of ∼2 than that in Ls = 90–120 in the southern hemisphere, while they are comparable in the northern hemisphere. This fact demonstrates that the eddy diffusion coefficient is variable with season and latitude.
34. Retrieval of Martian atmospheric CO vertical profiles from NOMAD observations during the 1st year of TGO operations
- Author
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Modak, Ashimananda, López‐Valverde, Miguel Angel, Brines, Adrian, Stolzenbach, Aurélien, Funke, Bernd, González‐Galindo, Francisco, Hill, Brittany, Aoki, Shohei, Thomas, Ian, Liuzzi, Giuliano, Villanueva, Gerónimo, Erwin, Justin, Lopez Moreno, José Juan, Yoshida, Nao, Grabowski, Udo, Forget, Francois, Daerden, Frank, Ristic, Bojan, Bellucci, Giancarlo, Patel, Manish, Trompet, Loic, Vandaele, Ann‐Carine, Modak, Ashimananda, López‐Valverde, Miguel Angel, Brines, Adrian, Stolzenbach, Aurélien, Funke, Bernd, González‐Galindo, Francisco, Hill, Brittany, Aoki, Shohei, Thomas, Ian, Liuzzi, Giuliano, Villanueva, Gerónimo, Erwin, Justin, Lopez Moreno, José Juan, Yoshida, Nao, Grabowski, Udo, Forget, Francois, Daerden, Frank, Ristic, Bojan, Bellucci, Giancarlo, Patel, Manish, Trompet, Loic, and Vandaele, Ann‐Carine
- Abstract
We present CO density profiles up to about 100 km in the Martian atmosphere obtained for the first time from retrievals of solar occultation measurements by the Nadir and Occultation for Mars Discovery (NOMAD) onboard ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO). CO is an important trace gas on Mars, as it is controlled by CO2 photolysis, chemical reaction with the OH radicals, and the global dynamics. However, the measurements of CO vertical profiles have been elusive until the arrival of TGO. We show how the NOMAD CO variations describe very well the Mars general circulation. We observe a depletion of CO in the upper troposphere and mesosphere during the peak period, LS = 190°–200°, more pronounced over the northern latitudes, confirming a similar result recently reported by ACS onboard TGO. However, in the lower troposphere around 20 km, and at least at high latitudes of the S. hemisphere, NOMAD CO mixing ratios increase over 1500 ppmv during the GDS (Global Dust Storm) onset. This might be related to the downwelling branch of the Hadley circulation. A subsequent increase in tropospheric CO is observed during the decay phase of the GDS around LS = 210° − −250° when the dust loading is still high. This could be associated with a reduction in the amount of OH radicals in the lower atmosphere due to lack of solar insolation. Once the GDS is over, CO steadily decreases globally during the southern summer season. A couple of distinct CO patterns associated with the Summer solstice and equinox circulation are reported and discussed.
35. Martian atmospheric temperature and density profiles during the 1st year of NOMAD/TGO solar occultation measurements
- Author
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López Valverde, Miguel‐Angel, Funke, Bernd, Brines, Adrian, Stolzenbach, Aurèlien, Modak, Ashimananda, Hill, Brittany, González‐Galindo, Francisco, Thomas, Ian, Trompet, Loic, Aoki, Shohei, Villanueva, Gerónimo, Liuzzi, Giuliano, Erwin, Justin, Grabowski, Udo, Forget, Francois, Lopez Moreno, José Juan, Rodriguez‐Gómez, Julio, Ristic, Bojan, Daerden, Frank, Bellucci, Giancarlo, Patel, Manish, Vandaele, Ann‐Carine, the NOMAD team, López Valverde, Miguel‐Angel, Funke, Bernd, Brines, Adrian, Stolzenbach, Aurèlien, Modak, Ashimananda, Hill, Brittany, González‐Galindo, Francisco, Thomas, Ian, Trompet, Loic, Aoki, Shohei, Villanueva, Gerónimo, Liuzzi, Giuliano, Erwin, Justin, Grabowski, Udo, Forget, Francois, Lopez Moreno, José Juan, Rodriguez‐Gómez, Julio, Ristic, Bojan, Daerden, Frank, Bellucci, Giancarlo, Patel, Manish, Vandaele, Ann‐Carine, and the NOMAD team
- Abstract
We present vertical profiles of temperature and density from solar occultation (SO) observations by the “Nadir and Occultation for Mars Discovery” (NOMAD) spectrometer on board the Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) during its first operational year, which covered the second half of Mars Year 34. We used calibrated transmittance spectra in 380 scans, and apply an in-house pre-processing to clean data systematics. Temperature and CO2 profiles up to about 90 km, with consistent hydrostatic adjustment, are obtained, after adapting an Earth-tested retrieval scheme to Mars conditions. Both pre-processing and retrieval are discussed to illustrate their performance and robustness. Our results reveal the large impact of the MY34 Global Dust Storm (GDS), which warmed the atmosphere at all altitudes. The large GDS aerosols opacity limited the sounding of tropospheric layers. The retrieved temperatures agree well with global climate models (GCM) at tropospheric altitudes, but NOMAD mesospheric temperatures are wavier and globally colder by 10 K in the perihelion season, particularly during the GDS and its decay phase. We observe a warm layer around 80 km during the Southern Spring, especially in the Northern Hemisphere morning terminator, associated to large thermal tides, significantly stronger than in the GCM. Cold mesospheric pockets, close to CO2 condensation temperatures, are more frequently observed than in the GCM. NOMAD CO2 densities show oscillations upon a seasonal trend that track well the latitudinal variations expected. Results uncertainties and suggestions to improve future data re-analysis are briefly discussed.
36. The Deuterium Isotopic Ratio of Water Released From the Martian Caps as Measured With TGO/NOMAD
- Author
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Villanueva, Geronimo L., Liuzzi, Giuliano, Aoki, Shohei, Stone, Shane W., Brines, Adrian, Thomas, Ian R., Lopez‐Valverde, Miguel Angel, Trompet, Loic, Erwin, Justin, Daerden, Frank, Ristic, Bojan, Smith, Michael D., Mumma, Michael J., Faggi, Sara, Kofman, Vincent, Robert, Séverine, Neary, Lori, Patel, Manish, Bellucci, Giancarlo, Lopez‐Moreno, Jose Juan, Vandaele, Ann Carine, Villanueva, Geronimo L., Liuzzi, Giuliano, Aoki, Shohei, Stone, Shane W., Brines, Adrian, Thomas, Ian R., Lopez‐Valverde, Miguel Angel, Trompet, Loic, Erwin, Justin, Daerden, Frank, Ristic, Bojan, Smith, Michael D., Mumma, Michael J., Faggi, Sara, Kofman, Vincent, Robert, Séverine, Neary, Lori, Patel, Manish, Bellucci, Giancarlo, Lopez‐Moreno, Jose Juan, and Vandaele, Ann Carine
- Abstract
We report vertical profiles of water and D/H for one Martian year as measured with the TGO/NOMAD instrument. The observations were performed via solar occultation, providing water profiles up to ∼100 km and D/H up to ∼60 km, with a vertical resolution of 1–2 km. The measurements reveal dramatic variability of water and D/H over short timescales and with altitude and location on the planet. We investigated the release of seasonal water from the polar caps during southern and northern summer, by mapping water and its D/H near the polar regions. Above the hygropause, the D/H drops substantially below 2 VSMOW, and both seasonal polar caps show a consistent and enriched D/H of 5–7 VSMOW within the hygrosphere.
37. Variations in Vertical CO/CO2 Profiles in the Martian Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere Measured by the ExoMars TGO/NOMAD: Implications of Variations in Eddy Diffusion Coefficient
- Author
-
Yoshida, Nao, Nakagawa, Hiromu, Aoki, Shohei, Erwin, Justin, Vandaele, Ann Carine, Daerden, Frank, Thomas, Ian, Trompet, Loïc, Koyama, Shungo, Terada, Naoki, Neary, Lori, Murata, Isao, Villanueva, Geronimo, Liuzzi, Giuliano, Lopez‐Valverde, Miguel Angel, Brines, Adrian, Modak, Ashimananda, Kasaba, Yasumasa, Ristic, Bojan, Bellucci, Giancarlo, López‐Moreno, José Juan, Patel, Manish, Yoshida, Nao, Nakagawa, Hiromu, Aoki, Shohei, Erwin, Justin, Vandaele, Ann Carine, Daerden, Frank, Thomas, Ian, Trompet, Loïc, Koyama, Shungo, Terada, Naoki, Neary, Lori, Murata, Isao, Villanueva, Geronimo, Liuzzi, Giuliano, Lopez‐Valverde, Miguel Angel, Brines, Adrian, Modak, Ashimananda, Kasaba, Yasumasa, Ristic, Bojan, Bellucci, Giancarlo, López‐Moreno, José Juan, and Patel, Manish
- Abstract
Using the Nadir and Occultation for MArs Discovery instrument aboard Trace Gas Orbiter, we derived the CO/CO2 profiles between 75 and 105 km altitude with the equivalent width technique. The derived CO/CO2 profiles showed significant seasonal variations in the southern hemisphere with decreases near perihelion and increases near aphelion. The estimation of the CO/CO2 profiles with a one‐dimensional photochemical model shows that an altitude‐dependent eddy diffusion coefficient better reproduces the observed profiles than a vertically uniform one. Our estimation suggests that the eddy diffusion coefficient in Ls = 240–270 is uniformly larger by a factor of ∼2 than that in Ls = 90–120 in the southern hemisphere, while they are comparable in the northern hemisphere. This fact demonstrates that the eddy diffusion coefficient is variable with season and latitude.
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