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This paper describes nine instances of positive anti-doping tests that could be accounted for by the use of permitted generic prescription drugs contaminated with diuretics, which are prohibited in sport at all times under the WADA Prohibited List. The contamination levels found in the medications are reported and were below FDA limits for manufacturers that are based primarily on safety considerations. These cases demonstrate that great care must be taken to identify the source of low-level anti-doping positives for diuretics reported by WADA-accredited laboratories, and possibly other prohibited substances as well, in order to avoid sanctioning innocent athletes. An evaluation of the cases in this paper supports an approach which establishes a laboratory minimum reporting level (MRL) for diuretics found most commonly in medications. A global consensus after extensive review of similar anti-doping cases has resulted in implementation of a recently announced solution regarding potential diuretic contamination cases.

Mask‐wearing has been one of the most prominent, conflicted, and deeply divided issues in the United States during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Across two studies, we seek to understand how beliefs and behaviors around mask‐wearing are associated with the relationship between anxiety about the coronavirus and feelings of control over one's health outcomes during the pandemic. In Study 1, we find that beliefs in the response efficacy of mask‐wearing moderate the relationship between anxiety and control. Study 2 extends these results by investigating the underlying process. Specifically, we find that the relationship between anxiety and control is mediated by self‐reported mask‐wearing behavior and that the relationship between anxiety and mask‐wearing behavior is moderated by consumers' perceived marketplace influence. These findings have important public policy and marketing implications in the context of physical, emotional, and economic well‐being., Special issue on Pandemics and Consumer Well‐being

This research examines effects of on-package licensed characters on children’s and caregivers’ choices of healthy and indulgent food and children’s consumption amount. The authors propose that food liking exerts the greatest influence on children’s choices and consumption, such that the impact of on-package characters will be limited to choices between equally liked options. Caregivers’ choices are primarily influenced by their food goals for their children; thus, the impact of characters will likewise be limited to caregivers’ within-category choices. Two experiments show that a character influences children’s choices between two same-category options but not between indulgent and healthier options. A third experiment reveals that food liking influences amount consumed, while the presence of a character influences neither amount consumed nor food liking. Two additional experiments show that characters influence caregivers’ choice between the same foods, but not between different food types or intention to purchase a food. The expanded framework for the effects of licensed characters—taking into account choice versus consumption, children versus caregivers, and healthy versus unhealthy foods—enhances understanding for consumers, practitioners, and policy makers.

In studies with adult participants, exposure to a prime that activates a stereotype can lead to stereotype-consistent behavior. Given significant differences in cognitive development, stereotype formation, and use of stereotypes from early childhood to adulthood, the emergence of such behavioral priming effects in childhood is uncertain. To begin addressing whether children exhibit behavioral priming effects from stereotype exposure, we conduct three experiments in which children are exposed to either a normal weight or overweight cartoon character prime, and subsequently (as an unrelated activity) have access to high energy, low-nutrient food. Our results with children from 6 to 14 years old indicate that overweight cartoon character primes can activate the overweight stereotype, leading to relatively high levels of food intake. This effect persisted when participants were simultaneously exposed to a normal weight and an overweight character together (study 2), and was successfully moderated by the activation of health knowledge (study 3).

Donor loyalty is linked to revenue generation in nonprofit organizations. This study utilized a consumer-based marketing approach to donors and their contributions via examining loyalty to nonprofit organizations. Through a detailed literature review that identified five specific hypotheses, tested using a secondary analysis of a large survey, and the design and implementation of a second (online) survey, this article empirically assesses donor loyalty and provides findings that develop the literature, support practice, and identify areas of future research. The results demonstrate the linkages between donor loyalty and revenue, and provide a deeper understanding of the relationship of demographic factors, preference for consistency, materialism, and maximization to donor loyalty. Notably, the results clearly illustrate that habitual switchers donate substantially less than loyal donors. A series of areas for future research are identified and a number of recommendations are provided to practitioners vis-...

The use of negative pressure therapy has been reported previously in a variety of care settings, but not in spinal cord-injured (SCI) patients. These individuals are at greatly increased risk of pressure ulcer development because of many factors associated with their neurological deficit and the incidence of pressure ulcers is high among them. This small case series employed objective measures to evaluate the effectiveness of negative pressure therapy when used to prepare pressure ulcers for surgical closure. The treated wounds demonstrated increased granulation tissue development and reduced wound colonization, and the reduced frequency of dressing changes compared with other treatment options may reduce the nursing workload. These case studies highlight the benefits of negative pressure therapy to SCI patients and emphasize the need for further work to compare the technique with other treatment options and determine the optimal application parameters of negative therapy in this patient group.

Humor is ubiquitous and often beneficial, but the conditions that elicit it have been debated for millennia. We examine two factors that jointly influence perceptions of humor: the degree to which a stimulus is a violation (tragedy vs. mishap) and one’s perceived distance from the stimulus (far vs. close). Five studies show that tragedies (which feature severe violations) are more humorous when temporally, socially, hypothetically, or spatially distant, but that mishaps (which feature mild violations) are more humorous when psychologically close. Although prevailing theories of humor have difficulty explaining the interaction between severity and distance revealed in these studies, our results are consistent with the proposal that humor occurs when a violation simultaneously seems benign. This benign-violation account suggests that distance facilitates humor in the case of tragedies by reducing threat, but that closeness facilitates humor in the case of mishaps by maintaining some sense of threat.

This paper examines the momentum investment strategy based on past market information to evaluate performance, time formation/holding period and seasonality impact on the Canadian Market. In doing so, we assess the effectiveness of portfolio formation and holding periods of this strategy. Utilizing variant models of different methodologies, we find strong evidence that assesses a 9 month formation and a 9 month holding period as the most effective formation/holding period in implementing a Momentum Investment Strategy when the formation period begins in January. We also find that regardless of when the formation period begins, the most effective portfolio will be held for 9 months beginning in October. While these findings confirm the short term nature of this investment strategy, they however differ in terms of the length of formation/holding periods commonly utilized in the literature. The shortness of the actual effective formation/holding periods may be caused mainly by the growing knowledgeable participants in the market. Investors who base their portfolio construction on momentum investment strategy would achieve higher returns by shortening their portfolio formation/holding periods.