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Firefighting is known to be demanding, but low retirement age in this field means the capacity of the older worker to fight fires is less understood. In the Royal Fleet Auxiliary (RFA), firefighting is a critical secondary task that all personnel must be capable of. Heart rate (HR), work ability index and subjective work demand were obtained from 48 RFA personnel (18-58 years) during compulsory training. Measures of stature, mass, waist circumference (WC) and self-reported regular physical exercise were taken. The aim was to determine if cardiovascular responses were affected by age. Both cardiovascular and self-reported work demand scores were high but there was no evidence of any age-related increase in cardiovascular responses. Participation in extra-mural exercise and WC accounted for significant variance in both age-corrected HR and HR recovery. Results suggest that, in this sample, self-reported exercise and WC are more important determinants of HR response to fighting fires than age. Some limitations of the study are briefly discussed. Statement of Relevance: There is renewed interest in the work capacity of older people, particularly in demanding tasks such as firefighting. The findings suggest that factors such as self-reported regular exercise and measures of overweight/obesity are more important determinants of cardiovascular responses to high physical demands than age in firefighters up to the age of 58 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stress, strain and fatigue are words that have a variety of meanings and are used in different ways. For present purposes, they are used in relation to an exposure-outcome model that regards stress as the total demand or load acting on the person. The two most common outcomes resulting from exposure to excess stress are strain and fatigue, which in the present paper are seen as states of the whole person, rather than localised responses. Table 1 contrasts stress, strain and fatigue, seen as global ergonomic issues that act at the level of the whole person, with individual exposures that have local health outcomes. In the following discussion, 'stress' 'strain' and 'fatigue' are discussed at the macro-ergonomic or job/organisation level, rather than the micro-ergonomic or task/workspace level. This paper aims to: 1. Show that terms such as stress, strain and fatigue have specific meanings over and above their colloquial meanings 2. Demonstrate how workplace stress, strain and fatigue can be measured using valid and reliable instruments designed for the purpose. The prevalence of stress, strain and fatigue in a workplace can be compared with standards and norms, often in comparable occupations. 3. Show that components of risk can be identified and prioritised to support ergonomic interventions. 4. Give examples of interventions. 5. Discuss recovery from stressful work and present recent some research themes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Provides information on an experiment determining whether less energy was consumed while shovelling a load of sand with the two-handled (levered) shovel compared to a conventional tool. Methodology used to conduct the experiment; Results of the experiment; Discussion on the results; Conclusions reached.

Data on health and lifestyle from the Naval service cohort study of occupational stress form the background to a discussion of employee health and the sustainability of a healthy workforce in relation to secular changes - in particular, the increasing prevalence of obesity. One thousand two hundred and forty-one Naval personnel returned questionnaires in 2007 and 2011 and reported their body mass index (BMI), alcohol consumption and smoking, general health and health conditions such as back pain and high blood pressure on both occasions. Health risk due to high BMI and waist circumference in 2011 was predicted by low participation in exercise in 2007. Those performing physically demanding work in 2007 were more likely to be in the 'no risk' category in 2011. High BMI in 2007 was associated with the development of back pain, musculoskeletal conditions and high blood pressure in 2011. The findings are discussed in relation to two aspects of sustainability: the sustainability of current ergonomics practice in relation to health and safety; and the role of ergonomics in sustaining a healthy and productive workforce., Practitioner Summary: Evidence is presented for the benefits of exercise in sustaining employee health and for an association between a high BMI and a number of common health complaints that have traditionally been tackled through workplace ergonomics. This evidence can be used to support the development of workplace design concepts that promote physical activity.

Methods and results are reported from a study of ships companies' exposure to low-frequency motions on three vessels of the Royal Navy. The aim of the study was to investigate relationships between deck accelerations and the incidence of problems such as difficulties with physical tasks, cognitive activities, motion sickness, and work effort. Ship motions were recorded continuously during sea patrols of 10-14 days. The data collected from the three vessels comprised 105 days of ship motions over 12 patrols, with 779 associated daily diaries from 78 participants. Problems most strongly associated with vessel motions were related to the difficulties with physical tasks. Some cognitive aspects of task performance and motion sickness were associated with vertical acceleration magnitudes, but the correlations were less strong than with physical tasks. Practitioner Summary: Little is known about the severity of ship motions that degrade physical and mental performance. The paper offers preliminary estimates of the motion threshold values below which the performance will not be degraded by motion.

Sixty one percent of respondents to a questionnaire survey of occupational stress (Phase I) returned follow-up questionnaires twelve months later (Phase II). The Phase I questionnaire measured psychological strain resulting from exposure to occupational stressors, and measured the presence of stress buffers and demographic, psychological and lifestyle-related confounding factors, including age, rank and gender, mood state and the occurrence of stressful life events outside of work. The prevalence of strain was 31% at Phase I and 33% at Phase II. Fifty percent of personnel had no strain on either occasion, 15% had strain on both occasions and the remainder had strain on one occasion. The main stressor associated with strain at Phase I was an inability to disengage from work and this stressor accounted for a greater proportion of the variance in strain in personnel serving on ships than those serving ashore. The twelve-month follow-up questionnaire (Phase II) re-assessed psychological strain. A multiple linear regression analysis was conducted to identify factors measured at Phase I that predicted strain at Phase II in previously strain-free individuals. A lack of autonomy and control and dissatisfaction with living conditions predicted strain twelve months later in those serving on ships. Of the living conditions assessed, lack of privacy was the most strongly associated with strain twelve months later in those serving on ships. These stressors were not associated with strain twelve months later in those serving ashore. The findings suggest that improvements to the design of the environment on ships may have benefits for the psychological health of personnel., (Crown Copyright © 2010. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: A previous survey by Shear et al. revealed a high prevalence of back pain in Royal Navy helicopter aircrew, compared with controls. It was recommended that a second survey be undertaken, taking account of flying tasks and cockpit ergonomics. This was the purpose of the present investigation., Method: A questionnaire containing items on back pain and posture was circulated to all 246 acting pilots, with returns of 75%. The questionnaire sought information on pain in both the flying pilot and co-pilot/instructor roles., Results: The 12-mo prevalence of back pain was 80%. Task-related back pain was greatest in instrument flying (72%) and least in the co-pilot and instructor roles (24%). Self-ratings of posture indicated that forward flexed trunk postures predominated in the flying roles and were most extreme in instrument flying. In non-flying roles, symmetrical, reclining postures were more often reported. No demographic or psychosocial variables were significantly related to back pain prevalence or disability., Conclusions: Much of the back pain experienced by helicopter pilots appears to be due to the posture needed to operate the cyclic and collective controls. In instrument flying, it is suggested that the visual demands of scanning the displays may exacerbate the pain by causing the pilot to lean further forward.

This study examined the anthropometry and anthropometric fit of a group of nurses in Western Cape private hospitals. Anthropometric variables were measured using a sample of nurses and a correlation matrix generated. All nurses were given a questionnaire concerned with operational problems in the work environment and musculoskeletal pain. The nurses reported numerous problems in the working environment, including lumbar backache, inadequate space and equipment that caused bodily discomfort. There were consistent, statistically significant associations between the frequency of occurrence of these problems and the anthropometric data indicating that the problems were caused or amplified by body size variability and were not simply general usability problems which would affect all nurses irrespective of their body dimensions.

Lumbar and thoracic spinal angles of 25 male and 25 female subjects were measured in four sitting postures, with standing angles used as reference. Subjects sat with either 90 deg or 65 deg of hip flexion on either flat or forward-sloping seats. Lumbar kyphosis was greatest when the flat seat/90-deg posture was adopted and least when the sloping seat/65-deg posture was adopted. The opposite was observed for the thoracic angles, and intermediate results were observed for the other two sitting postures. No statistically significant interactions were observed among seat slope, hip flexion, and subject sex. The findings are discussed with reference to the anatomy of sitting and factors influencing pelvic tilt and the implications for the ergonomic design of chairs.

The spinal angles of 25 female subjects were measured in standing and in four different sitting postures with various trunk-thigh angles. Additionally, measurements of hip and lumbar mobility were made in an attempt to relate mobility to spinal curvature in the different sitting postures. Lumbar curvature was observed to decrease as the trunk-thigh angle decreased across the different sitting postures, and reduction in curvature was associated with hip mobility. An exploratory analysis of interrelationships among hip mobility, spinal mobility, and spinal curvature was also carried out. A significant correlation between lumbar and thoracic angular deviations in standing and hip flexion/extension range was obtained. The findings are discussed with reference to theories of sitting posture and the influence of hip joint mobility on postural adaptations to furniture. Further investigations, including studies of male subjects, are indicated.