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Objectives Opioid use disorder is a major public health concern that accounts for a high number of potential years of life lost. Buprenorphine/naloxone is a recommended treatment for opioid use disorder that can be started in the emergency department (ED). We developed an ED-based program to initiate buprenorphine/naloxone for eligible patients who live with opioid use disorder, and to provide unscheduled, next-day follow-up referrals to an opioid use disorder treatment clinic (in person or virtual) for continuing patient care throughout Alberta. Methods In this quality improvement initiative, we supported local ED teams to offer buprenorphine/naloxone to eligible patients presenting to the ED with suspected opioid use disorder and refer these patients for follow-up care. Process, outcome, and balancing measures were evaluated over the first 2 years of the initiative (May 15, 2018–May 15, 2020). Results The program was implemented at 107 sites across Alberta during our evaluation period. Buprenorphine/naloxone initiations in the ED increased post-intervention at most sites with baseline data available (11 of 13), and most patients (67%) continued to fill an opioid agonist prescription at 180 days post-ED visit. Of the 572 referrals recorded at clinics, 271 (47%) attended their first follow-up visit. Safety events were reported in ten initiations and were all categorized as no harm to minimal harm. Conclusions A standardized provincial approach to initiating buprenorphine/naloxone in the ED for patients living with opioid use disorder was spread to 107 sites with dedicated program support staff and adjustment to local contexts. Similar quality improvement approaches may benefit other jurisdictions.

Previous studies have found that race is associated with emergency department triage scores, raising concerns about potential health care inequity. As part of a project on quality of care for First Nations people in Alberta, we sought to understand the relation between First Nations status and triage scores.We conducted a population-based retrospective cohort study of health administrative data from April 2012 to March 2017 to evaluate acuity of triage scores, categorized as a binary outcome of higher or lower acuity score. We developed multivariable multilevel logistic mixed-effects regression models using the levels of emergency department visit, patient (for patients with multiple visits) and facility. We further evaluated the triage of visits related to 5 disease categories and 5 specific diagnoses to better compare triage outcomes of First Nations and non-First Nations patients.First Nations status was associated with lower odds of receiving higher acuity triage scores (odds ratio [OR] 0.93, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.92-0.94) compared with non-First Nations patients in adjusted models. First Nations patients had lower odds of acute triage for all 5 disease categories and for 3 of 5 diagnoses, including long bone fractures (OR 0.82, 95% CI 0.76-0.88), acute upper respiratory infection (OR 0.90, 95% CI 0.84-0.98) and anxiety disorder (OR 0.67, 95% CI 0.60-0.74).First Nations status was associated with lower odds of higher acuity triage scores across a number of conditions and diagnoses. This may reflect systemic racism, stereotyping and potentially other factors that affected triage assessments.

The population that visits emergency departments frequently is heterogeneous and at high risk for mortality. This study aimed to characterize these patients in Ontario and Alberta, compare them with controls who do not visit emergency departments frequently, and identify subgroups.This was a retrospective cohort study that captured patients in Ontario or Alberta from fiscal years 2011/12 to 2015/16 in the Dynamic Cohort from the Canadian Institute for Health Information, which defined people with frequent visits to the emergency department in the top 10% of annual visits and randomly selected controls from the bottom 90%. We included patients 18 years of age or older and linked to emergency department, hospitalization, continuing care, home care and mental health-related hospitalization data. We characterized people who made frequent visits to the emergency department over time, compared them with controls and identified subgroups using cluster analysis. We examined emergency department visit acuity using the Canadian Triage and Acuity Scale.The number of patients who made frequent visits to the emergency department ranged from 435 334 to 477 647 each year in Ontario (≥ 4 visits per year), and from 98 840 to 105 047 in Alberta (≥ 5 visits per year). The acuity of these visits increased over time. Those who made frequent visits to the emergency department were older and used more health care services than controls. We identified 4 subgroups of those who made frequent visits: "short duration" (frequent, regularly spaced visits), "older patients" (median ages 69 and 64 years in Ontario and Alberta, respectively; more comorbidities; and more admissions), "young mental health" (median ages 45 and 40 years in Ontario and Alberta, respectively; and common mental health-related and alcohol-related visits) and "injury" (increased prevalence of injury-related visits).From 2011/12 to 2015/16, people who visited emergency departments frequently had increasing visit acuity, had higher health care use than controls, and comprised distinct subgroups. Emergency departments should codevelop interventions with the identified subgroups to address patient needs.

The factors that underlie persistent frequent visits to the emergency department are poorly understood. This study aimed to characterize people who visit emergency departments frequently in Ontario and Alberta, by number of years of frequent use.This was a retrospective cohort study aimed at capturing information about patients visiting emergency departments in Ontario and Alberta, Canada, from Apr. 1, 2011, to Mar. 31, 2016. We identified people 18 years or older with frequent emergency department use (top 10% of emergency department use) in fiscal year 2015/16, using the Dynamic Cohort from the Canadian Institute of Health Information. We then organized them into subgroups based on the number of years (1 to 5) in which they met the threshold for frequent use over the study period. We characterized subgroups using linked emergency department, hospitalization and mental health-related hospitalization data.We identified 252 737 people in Ontario and 63 238 people in Alberta who made frequent visits to the emergency department. In Ontario and Alberta, 44.3% and 44.7%, respectively, met the threshold for frequent use in only 1 year and made 37.9% and 38.5% of visits; 6.8% and 8.2% met the threshold for frequent use over 5 years and made 11.9% and 13.2% of visits. Many characteristics followed gradients based on persistence of frequent use: as years of frequent visits increased (1 to 5 years), people had more comorbidities, homelessness, rural residence, annual emergency department visits, alcohol- and substance use-related presentations, mental health hospitalizations and instances of leaving hospital against medical advice.Higher levels of comorbidities, mental health issues, substance use and rural residence were seen with increasing years of frequent emergency department use. Interventions upstream and in the emergency department must address unmet needs, including services for substance use and social supports.

Background Frequent emergency department users disproportionately account for rising health care costs. We aimed to characterize frequent emergency department users in British Columbia, Canada. Methods We performed a retrospective analysis using health administrative databases. We included patients aged 18 years or more with at least 1 emergency department visit from 2012/13 to 2015/16, linked to hospital, physician billing, prescription and mortality data. We used annual emergency department visits made by the top 10% of patients to define frequent users (≥ 3 visits/year). Results Over the study period, 13.8%-15.3% of patients seen in emergency departments were frequent users. We identified 205 136 frequent users among 1 196 353 emergency department visitors. Frequent users made 40.3% of total visits in 2015/16. From 2012/13 to 2015/16, their visit rates per 100 000 BC population showed a relative increase of 21.8%, versus 13.1% among all emergency department patients. Only 1.8% were frequent users in all study years. Mental illness accounted for 8.2% of visits among those less than 60 years of age, and circulatory or respiratory diagnoses for 13.3% of visits among those aged 60 or more. In 2015/16, frequent users were older and had lower household incomes than nonfrequent users; the sex distribution was similar. Frequent users had more prescriptions (median 9, interquartile range [IQR] 5-14 v. 1, IQR 1-3), primary care visits (median 15, IQR 9-27 v. 7, IQR 4-12) and hospital admissions (median 2, IQR 1-3 v. 1, IQR 1-1), and higher 1-year mortality (10.2% v. 3.5%) than nonfrequent users. Interpretation Emergency department use by frequent users increased in BC between 2012/13 and 2015/16; these patients were heterogenous, had high mortality and rarely remained frequent users over multiple years. Our results suggest that interventions must account for heterogeneity and address triggers of frequent use episodes.

ObjectivesQuality and safety of emergency care is critical. Patients rely on emergency medicine (EM) for accessible, timely and high-quality care in addition to providing a ‘safety-net’ function. Demand is increasing, creating resource challenges in all settings. Where EM is well established, this is recognised through the implementation of quality standards and staff training for patient safety. In settings where EM is developing, immense system and patient pressures exist, thereby necessitating the availability of tiered standards appropriate to the local context.MethodsThe original quality framework arose from expert consensus at the International Federation of Emergency Medicine (IFEM) Symposium for Quality and Safety in Emergency Care (UK, 2011). The IFEM Quality and Safety Special Interest Group members have subsequently refined it to achieve a consensus in 2018.ResultsPatients should expect EDs to provide effective acute care. To do this, trained emergency personnel should make patient-centred, timely and expert decisions to provide care, supported by systems, processes, diagnostics, appropriate equipment and facilities. Enablers to high-quality care include appropriate staff, access to care (including financial), coordinated emergency care through the whole patient journey and monitoring of outcomes. Crowding directly impacts on patient quality of care, morbidity and mortality. Quality indicators should be pragmatic, measurable and prioritised as components of an improvement strategy which should be developed, tailored and implemented in each setting.ConclusionEDs globally have a remit to deliver the best care possible. IFEM has defined and updated an international consensus framework for quality and safety.

ObjectivesHealth disparities between racial and ethnic groups have been documented in Canada, the United States, and Australia. Despite evidence that differences in emergency department (ED) care based on patient race and ethnicity exist, there are no comprehensive literature reviews in this area. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of the literature on the impact of patient ethnicity and race on the processes of ED care.MethodsA scoping review was conducted to capture the broad nature of the literature. A database search was conducted in MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL Plus, Social Sciences Citation Index, SCOPUS, and JSTOR. Five journals and reference lists of included articles were hand searched. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were defined iteratively to ensure literature captured was relevant to our research question. Data were extracted using predetermined variables, and additional extraction variables were added as familiarity with the literature developed.ResultsSearching yielded 1,157 citations, reduced to 153 following removal of duplicates, and title and abstract screening. After full-text screening, 83 articles were included. Included articles report that, in EDs, patient race and ethnicity impact analgesia, triage scores, wait times, treatments, diagnostic procedure utilization, rates of patients leaving without being seen, and patient subjective experiences. Authors of included studies propose a variety of possible causes for these disparities.ConclusionsFurther research on the existence of disparities in care within EDs is warranted to explore the causes behind observed disparities for particular health conditions and population groups in specific contexts.

OBJECTIVE: To develop a template for uniform reporting of standardized measuring and describing of care provided in the emergency department (ED). METHODS: An international group of experts in emergency medicine, with broad experience from different clinical settings, met in Utstein, Norway. Through a consensus process, a limited number of measures that would accurately describe an ED were chosen and a template was developed. RESULTS: The final measures to be reported and their definitions were grouped into six categories: Structure, Staffing and governance, Population, Process times, Hospital and healthcare system and Outcomes. The template for Utstein-style uniform reporting is presented. CONCLUSION: The suggested template is intended for use in studies carried out in EDs to improve comparability and knowledge translation.

Choosing Wisely Canada (CWC) is a national initiative designed to encourage patient-clinician discussions about the appropriate, evidence-based use of medical tests, procedures and treatments. The Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians' (CAEP) Choosing Wisely Canada (CWC) working group developed and released ten recommendations relevant to Emergency Medicine in June 2015 (items 1-5) and October 2016 (items 6-10). In November 2016, the CAEP CWC working group developed a process for updating the recommendations. This process involves: 1) Using GRADE to evaluate the quality of evidence, 2) reviewing relevant recommendations on an ad hoc basis as new evidence emerges, and 3) reviewing all recommendations every five years. While the full review of the CWC recommendations will be performed in 2020, a number of high-impact studies were published after our initial launch that prompted an ad hoc review of the relevant three of our ten recommendations prior to the full review in 2020. This paper describes the results of the CAEP CWC working group's ad hoc review of three of our ten recommendations in light of recent publications.L'initiative nationale Choisir avec soin a été conçue pour favoriser les discussions entre patients et cliniciens sur l'utilisation appropriée et fondée sur des données probantes des examens médicaux, des interventions et des traitements. Le groupe de travail sur l'initiative, de l'Association canadienne des médecins d'urgence, a élaboré et diffusé dix recommandations relatives à la pratique de la médecine d'urgence, d'abord en juin 2015 (points 1-5), puis en octobre 2016 (points 6-10). En novembre 2016, le groupe de travail sur l'initiative s'est penché sur un processus de mise à jour des recommandations. Ce dernier comprend trois éléments : 1) l'application de l'instrument GRADE pour évaluer la qualité des données probantes; 2) une révision ponctuelle des recommandations pertinentes suivant la diffusion de nouvelles données; 3) un réexamen quinquennal de toutes les recommandations. La révision complète des recommandations présentées dans l'initiative est prévue en 2020; toutefois, un certain nombre d’études ayant une incidence importante ont déjà été publiées après le premier lancement des recommandations, ce qui a incité le groupe de travail à procéder à une révision ponctuelle de trois recommandations pertinentes sur les dix existantes, avant l'examen complet prévu en 2020. Il sera donc question, dans l'article, des résultats de la révision ponctuelle de ces trois recommandations, réalisée à la lumière des récentes publications, par le groupe de travail sur l'initiative.

Objective: Frequent emergency department (ED) users are heterogeneous. We aimed to identify subgroups and assess their mortality. Methods: We identified patients ≥18 years with ≥1 ED visit in British Columbia from April 1, 2012 to March 31, 2015, and linked to hospitalization, physician billing, prescription, and mortality data. Frequent users were the top 10% of patients by ED visits. We employed cluster analysis to identify frequent user subgroups. We assessed 365‐day mortality using Kaplan‐Meier curves and conducted Cox regressions to assess mortality risk factors within subgroups. Results: We identified 4 subgroups. Subgroup 1 (“Elderly”) had median age 77 years (interquartile range [IQR]: 66–85), 5 visits/year (IQR: 4–6), median 8 prescription medications (IQR: 5–11), and 24.7% mortality. Subgroup 2 (“Mental Health and Alcohol Use”) had median age 48 years (IQR: 34–61), 13 visits/year (IQR: 10–16), and 12.3% mortality. They made a median 31 general practitioner visits (IQR: 19–51); however, only 23.7% received a majority of services from 1 primary care physician. Subgroup 3 (“Young Mental Health”) had median age 39 years (IQR: 28–51), 5 visits/year (IQR: 4–6), and 2.2% mortality. Subgroup 4 (“Short‐term”) had median age 50 years (IQR: 34–65), 4 visits/year (IQR: 4–5) regularly spaced over a short term, and 1.4% mortality. Male sex (all subgroups), long‐term care (“Mental Health and Alcohol Use;” “Young Mental Health”), and rural residence (“Elderly” in long‐term care; “Young Mental Health”) were associated with increased mortality. Conclusions: Our results identify frequent user subgroups with varying mortality. Future research should explore subgroups’ unmet needs and tailor interventions toward them.

Background During public health emergencies, people with opioid use disorder (PWOUD) may be particularly impacted. Emergent disasters such as the COVID-19 pandemic disrupt already-strained harm reduction efforts and treatment availability. This study aims to answer three research questions. How do public health emergencies impact PWOUD? How can health systems respond to novel public health emergencies to serve PWOUD? How can the results of this scoping review be contextualized to the province of Alberta to inform local stakeholder responses to the pandemic? Methods We conducted a scoping review using the 6-stage Arksey and O’Malley framework to analyse early-pandemic and pre-pandemic disaster literature. The results of the scoping review were contextualized to the local pandemic response, through a Nominal Group Technique (NGT) process with frontline providers and stakeholders in Alberta, Canada. Results Sixty one scientific journal articles and 72 grey literature resources were included after full-text screening. Forty sources pertained to early COVID-19 responses, and 21 focused on OUD treatment during other disasters. PWOUD may be more impacted than the general population by common COVID-19 stressors including loss of income, isolation, lack of rewarding activities, housing instability, as well as fear and anxiety. They may also face unique challenges including threats to drug supplies, stigma, difficulty accessing clean substance use supplies, and closure of substance use treatment centres. All of these impacts put PWOUD at risk of negative outcomes including fatal overdose. Two NGT groups were held. One group (n = 7) represented voices from urban services, and the other (n = 4) Indigenous contexts. Stakeholders suggested that simultaneous attention to multiple crises, with adequate resources to allow attention to both social and health systems issues, can prepare a system to serve PWOUD during disasters. Conclusion This scoping review and NGT study uncovers how disasters impact PWOUD and offers suggestions for better serving PWOUD.

BackgroundOpioid use disorder is a major public health crisis, and evidence suggests ways of better serving patients who live with opioid use disorder in the emergency department (ED). A multi-disciplinary team developed a quality improvement project to implement this evidence.MethodsThe intervention was developed by an expert working group consisting of specialists and stakeholders. The group set goals of increasing prescribing of buprenorphine/naloxone and providing next day walk-in referrals to opioid use disorder treatment clinics. From May to September 2018, three Alberta ED sites and three opioid use disorder treatment clinics worked together to trial the intervention. We used administrative data to track the number of ED visits where patients were given buprenorphine/naloxone. Monthly ED prescribing rates before and after the intervention were considered and compared with eight nonintervention sites. We considered whether patients continued to fill opioid agonist treatment prescriptions at 30, 60, and 90 days after their index ED visit to measure continuity in treatment.ResultsThe intervention sites increased their prescribing of buprenorphine/naloxone during the intervention period and prescribed more buprenorphine/naloxone than the controls. Thirty-five of 47 patients (74.4%) discharged from the ED with buprenorphine/naloxone continued to fill opioid agonist treatment prescriptions 30 days and 60 days after their index ED visit. Thirty-four patients (72.3%) filled prescriptions at 90 days.ConclusionsEmergency clinicians can effectively initiate patients on buprenorphine/naloxone when supports for this standardized evidence-based care are in place within their practice setting and timely follow-up in community is available.

BACKGROUND: The field of clinical informatics (CI), and specifically the electronic health record, has been identified as a key facilitator to achieve a sustainable evidence‐based health care system for the future. International graduate medical education (GME) programs have been challenged to ensure that their trainees are provided with appropriate skills to deliver effective and efficient health care in an evolving environment. OBJECTIVES: This study explored how international emergency medicine (EM) specialist training standards address competencies and training in relevant areas of CI. METHODS: A list of categories of CI competencies relative to EM was developed following a thematic review of published references documenting CI curriculum and competencies. Publicly available documents outlining core content, curriculum, and competencies from international organizations responsible for specialty GME and/or credentialing in EM for Australasia, Canada, Europe, the United Kingdom, and the United States were identified. These EM training standards were reviewed to identify inclusion of topics related to the relevant categories of CI competencies. RESULTS: A total of 23 EM curriculum documents were included in the review. Curricula content related to critical appraisal/evidence‐based medicine, leadership, quality improvement, and privacy/security were included in all EM curricula. The CI topics related to fundamental computer skills, computerized provider order entry, and patient‐centered informatics were only included in the EM curricula documents for the United States and were absent for the other jurisdictions. CONCLUSION: There is variation in the CI‐related content of the international EM specialty training standards reviewed. Given the increasing importance of CI in the future delivery of health care, organizations responsible for training and credentialing specialist emergency physicians must ensure that their training standards incorporate relevant CI content, thus ensuring that their trainees gain competence in essential aspects of CI.

KEY POINTS Alberta’s population is aging,[1][1] and this increases the need for complex emergency care. Since 2005–2006, emergency department spending in Alberta has grown by an average of 7.5% per year, with a lower percentage change of 4% over the last 5 years.[2][2] Continued growth in

Canadian specialist emergency medicine (EM) residency training is undergoing the most significant transformation in its history. This article describes the rationale, process, and redesign of EM competency-based medical education. The rationale for this evolution in residency education includes 1) improved public trust by increasing transparency of the quality and rigour of residency education, 2) improved fiscal accountability to government and institutions regarding specialist EM training, 3) improved assessment systems to replace poor functioning end-of-rotation assessment reports and overemphasis on high-stakes, end-of-training examinations, and 4) and tailored learning for residents to address individualized needs. A working group with geographic and stakeholder representation convened over a 2-year period. A consensus process for decision-making was used. Four key design features of the new residency education design include 1) specialty EM-specific outcomes to be achieved in residency; 2) designation of four progressive stages of training, linked to required learning experiences and entrustable professional activities to be achieved at each stage; 3) tailored learning that provides residency programs and learner flexibility to adapt to local resources and learner needs; and 4) programmatic assessment that emphasizes systematic, longitudinal assessments from multiple sources, and sampling sentinel abilities. Required future study includes a program evaluation of this complex education intervention to ensure that intended outcomes are achieved and unintended outcomes are identified.

Background: Since January 1, 2016 2358 people have died from opioid poisoning in Alberta. Buprenorphine/naloxone (bup/nal) is the recommended first line treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD) and this treatment can be initiated in emergency departments and urgent care centres (EDs). Aim Statement: This project aims to spread a quality improvement intervention to all 107 adult EDs in Alberta by March 31, 2020. The intervention supports clinicians to initiate bup/nal for eligible individuals and provide rapid referrals to OUD treatment clinics. Measures & Design: Local ED teams were identified (administrators, clinical nurse educators, physicians and, where available, pharmacists and social workers). Local teams were supported by a provincial project team (project manager, consultant, and five physician leads) through a multi-faceted implementation process using provincial order sets, clinician education products, and patient-facing information. We used administrative ED and pharmacy data to track the number of visits where bup/nal was given in ED, and whether discharged patients continued to fill any opioid agonist treatment (OAT) prescription 30 days after their index ED visit. OUD clinics reported the number of referrals received from EDs and the number attending their first appointment. Patient safety event reports were tracked to identify any unintended negative impacts. Evaluation/Results: We report data from May 15, 2018 (program start) to September 31, 2019. Forty-nine EDs (46% of 107) implemented the program and 22 (45% of 49) reported evaluation data. There were 5385 opioid-related visits to reporting ED sites after program adoption. Bup/nal was given during 832 ED visits (663 unique patients): 7 visits in the 1st quarter the program operated, 55 in the 2nd, 74 in the 3rd, 143 in the 4th, 294 in the 5th, and 255 in the 6th. Among 505 unique discharged patients with 30 day follow up data available 319 (63%) continued to fill any OAT prescription after receiving bup/nal in ED. 16 (70%) of 23 community clinics provided data. EDs referred patients to these clinics 440 times, and 236 referrals (54%) attended their first follow-up appointment. Available data may under-report program impact. 5 patient safety events have been reported, with no harm or minimal harm to the patient. Discussion/Impact: Results demonstrate effective spread and uptake of a standardized provincial ED based early medical intervention program for patients who live with OUD.

Introduction: Emergency Departments (EDs) are at high risk of workforce-directed violence (WDV). To address ED violence in Alberta Health Services (AHS), we conducted key informant interviews to identify successful strategies that could be adopted in AHS EDs. Methods: The project team identified potential participants through their ED network; additional contacts were identified through snowball sampling. We emailed 197 individuals from Alberta (123), Canada (46), and abroad (28). The interview guide was developed and reviewed in partnership with ED managers and Workplace Health and Safety. We conducted semi-structured phone interviews with 26 representatives from urban and rural EDs or similar settings from Canada, the United States, and Australia. This interview process received an ARECCI score of 2. Two researchers conducted a content analysis of the interview notes; rural and urban sites were analyzed separately. We extracted strategies, their impact, and implementation barriers and facilitators. Strategies identified were categorized into emergent themes. We aggregated similar strategies and highlighted key or unique findings. Results: Interview results showed that there is no single solution to address ED violence. Sites with effective violence prevention strategies used a comprehensive approach where multiple strategies were used to address the issue. For example, through a violence prevention working group, one site implemented weekly violence simulations, a peer mentorship support team, security rounding, and more. This multifaceted approach had positive results: a decrease in code whites, staff feeling more supported, and the site no longer being on union “concerned” lists. Another promising strategy included addressing the culture of violence by increasing reporting, clarifying policies (i.e., zero tolerance), and establishing flagging or alert systems for visitors with violent histories. Physician involvement and support was highly valued in responding to violence (e.g., support when refusing care, on the code white response team, flagging). Conclusion: Overall, one strategy is not enough to successfully address WDV in EDs. Strategies need to be comprehensive and context specific, especially when considering urban and rural sites with different resources available. We note that few strategies were formally evaluated, and recommend that future work focus on developing comprehensive metrics to evaluate the strategies and define success.

Introduction: Compared to other areas in Alberta Health Services (AHS), internal data show that emergency departments (EDs) and urgent care centres (UCCs) experience a high rate of workforce violence. As such, reducing violence in AHS EDs and UCCs is a key priority. This project explored staff's lived experience with patient violence with the goal of better understanding its impact, and what strategies and resources could be put in place. Methods: To obtain a representative sample, we recruited staff from EDs and a UCC (n = 6) situated in urban and rural settings across Alberta. As the interviews had the potential to be upsetting, we conducted in-person interviews in a private space. Interviews were conducted with over 60 staff members including RNs, LPNs, unit clerks, physicians, and protective services. Data collection and analysis occurred simultaneously and iteratively until saturation was reached. The analysis involved data reduction, category development, and synthesis. Key phrases and statements were first highlighted. Preliminary labels were then assigned to the data and data was then organized into meaningful clusters. Finally, we identified common themes of participants’ lived experience. Triangulation of sources, independent and team analysis, and frequent debriefing sessions were used to enhance the trustworthiness of the data. Results: Participants frequently noted the worry they carry with them when coming into work, but also said there was a high threshold of acceptance dominating ED culture. A recurring feature of this experience was the limited resources (e.g., no peace officers, scope of security staff) available to staff to respond when patients behave violently or are threatening. Education like non-violent crisis intervention training, although helpful, was insufficient to make staff feel safe. Participants voiced the need for more protective services, the addition of physical barriers like locking doors and glass partitions, more investment in addictions and mental health services (e.g., increased access to psychiatrists or addictions counsellors), and a greater shared understanding of AHS’ zero tolerance policy. Conclusion: ED and UCC staff describe being regularly exposed to violence from patients and visitors. Many of these incidents go unreported and unresolved, leaving the workforce feeling worried and unsupported. Beyond education, the ED and UCC workforce need additional resources to support them in feeling safe coming to work.

Introduction: Emergency care serves as an important health resource for First Nations (FN) persons. Previous reporting shows that FN persons visit emergency departments at almost double the rate of non-FN persons. Working collaboratively with FN partners, academic researchers and health authority staff, the objective of this study is to investigate FN emergency care patient visit statistics in Alberta over a five year period. Methods: Through a population-based retrospective cohort study for the period from April 1, 2012 to March 31, 2017, patient demographics and emergency care visit characteristics for status FN patients in Alberta were analyzed and compared to non-FN statistics. Frequencies and percentages (%) describe patients and visits by categorical variables (e.g., Canadian Triage Acuity Scale (CTAS)). Means and standard deviations (medians and interquartile ranges (IQR)) describe continuous variables (e.g., distances) as appropriate for the data distribution. These descriptions are repeated for the FN and non-FN populations, separately. Results: The data set contains 11,686,288 emergency facility visits by 3,024,491 unique persons. FN people make up 4.8% of unique patients and 9.4% of emergency care visits. FN persons live further from emergency facilities than their non-FN counterparts (FN median 6 km, IQR 1-24; vs. non-FN median 4 km, IQR 2-8). FN visits arrive more often by ground ambulance (15.3% vs. 10%). FN visits are more commonly triaged as less acute (59% CTAS levels 4 and 5, compared to non-FN 50.4%). More FN visits end in leaving without completing treatment (6.7% vs. 3.6%). FN visits are more often in the evening – 4:01pm to 12:00am (43.6% vs. 38.1%). Conclusion: In a collaborative validation session, FN Elders and health directors contextualized emergency care presentation in evenings and receiving less acute triage scores as related to difficulties accessing primary care. They explained presentation in evenings, arrival by ambulance, and leaving without completing treatment in terms of issues accessing transport to and from emergency facilities. Many factors interact to determine FN patients’ emergency care visit characteristics and outcomes. Further research needs to separate the impact of FN identity from factors such as reasons for visiting emergency facilities, distance traveled to care, and the size of facility where care is provided.

Introduction: Efforts to engage patients in research when presenting to emergency departments (EDs) have explored the utility of online tools; for example, through QR-based applications. It is unclear whether these are effective strategies for engaging patients in research activities while saving costs of in-person surveys. This study evaluated whether patients would participate in QR codes or short URL-linked surveys available in EDs across Alberta. Methods: A patient waiting room poster was developed as part of a stepped-wedge randomized controlled trial. The waiting room poster was introduced in 15 urban and regional Alberta EDs with a median annual volume of approximately 60,000. A QR-code and short URL were placed on the poster inviting patients to participate in an online survey and evaluate the poster's usefulness and acceptability. Additionally, written discharge instructions, which were part of the intervention materials, were distributed with QR-code and short URL link to surveys for patients to share their ED care experience. Patients were not prompted by any staff or research personnel to encourage use of the QR codes or the short URLs; however, a survey was conducted with ED waiting room patients in 3 urban EDs to ascertain whether they had downloaded a QR reader on their devices and the frequency of use of these applications. Results: Given the stepped-wedge nature of the study, these materials were available for a total of approximately 123 months (3 sites for 13 months, 4 sites for 10 months, 4 sites for 7 months, and 4 sites for 4 months). Over the study period, 15 patients accessed and completed the online survey linked to the QR code or the short URL placed on the posters. No patients completed the online surveys linked to the QR code or the short URL placed on the discharge instructions. The in-person survey conducted within the ED waiting room identified that 34% of respondents had a QR code reader downloaded on their phone (108/316). Of those with a QR reader, 33% reported using the reader at least once within the last 6 months. Conclusion: In this study, few patients downloaded QR readers on their electronic devices while in the ED waiting room. Without prompting, this appears to be an ineffective strategy for engaging patients in emergency medicine research. Other engagement strategies optimizing human resource investment are urgently needed to effectively conduct research in EDs.

Objectives Atrial fibrillation and flutter (AFF) are the most common arrhythmias seen in the outpatient setting, and they affect more than 300,000 adult Canadians. The aims of this study were to examine temporal and geographic trends in emergency department (ED) presentations made by adults (age ≥ 35 years) for AFF in Alberta, Canada, from 1999 to 2011. Statistical disease cluster detection techniques were used to identify geographic areas with higher numbers of individuals presenting with AFF and higher numbers of ED presentations for AFF than expected by chance alone. Geographic clusters of individuals with stroke or heart failure follow-up within 365 days of ED presentations for AFF were also identified. Methods All ED presentations for AFF made by individuals aged ≥35 years were extracted from Alberta's Ambulatory Care Classification System. The Alberta Health Care Insurance Plan provided population counts and demographics for the patients presenting (age, sex, year, geographic unit). The Physician Claims File provided non-ED physician claims data after a patient's ED presentation. Statistical analyses included numerical and graphical summaries, directly standardized rates, and statistical disease cluster detection tests. Results During 12 years, there were 63,395 ED presentations for AFF made by 32,101 individuals. Standardized rates remained relatively stable over time, at about two per 1,000 for individuals presenting to the ED for AFF and about three per 1,000 for ED presentations for AFF. The northern and southeastern parts of the province were identified as clusters of individuals presenting for AFF, and ED presentations for AFF, and several of the areas demonstrated clusters in multiple years. Further, several of the geographic clusters were also identified as potential clusters for stroke or heart failure within 365 days after the ED presentations for AFF. Conclusions This population-based study spanned 12 fiscal years and showed variations in the number of people presenting to EDs for AFF and the number of ED presentations for AFF over geography. The potential clusters identified may represent geographic areas with higher disease severity or a lower availability of non-ED health services. The clusters are not all likely to have occurred by chance, and further investigation and intervention could occur to reduce ED presentations for AFF.

ObjectivesWe sought to 1) identify best practices for training and mentoring clinician researchers, 2) characterize facilitators and barriers for Canadian emergency medicine researchers, and 3) develop pragmatic recommendations to improve and standardize emergency medicine postgraduate research training programs to build research capacity.MethodsWe performed a systematic review of MEDLINE and Embase using search terms relevant to emergency medicine research fellowship/graduate training. We conducted an email survey of all Canadian emergency physician researchers. The Society for Academic Emergency Medicine (SAEM) research fellowship program was analysed, and other similar international programs were sought. An expert panel reviewed these data and presented recommendations at the Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians (CAEP) 2014 Academic Symposium. We refined our recommendations based on feedback received.ResultsOf 1,246 potentially relevant citations, we included 10 articles. We identified five key themes: 1) creating training opportunities; 2) ensuring adequate protected time; 3) salary support; 4) infrastructure; and 5) mentorship. Our survey achieved a 72% (67/93) response rate. From these responses, 42 (63%) consider themselves clinical researchers (i.e., spend a significant proportion of their career conducting research). The single largest constraint to conducting research was funding. Factors felt to be positive contributors to a clinical research career included salary support, research training (including an advanced graduate degree), mentorship, and infrastructure. The SAEM research fellowship was the only emergency medicine research fellowship program identified. This 2-year program requires approval of both the teaching centre and each applying fellow. This program requires training in 15 core competencies, manuscript preparation, and submission of a large grant to a national peer-review funding organization.ConclusionsWe recommend that the CAEP Academic Section create a process to endorse research fellowship/graduate training programs. These programs should include two phases: Phase I: Research fellowship/graduate training would include an advanced research university degree and 15 core learning areas. Phase II: research consolidation involves a further 1-3 years with an emphasis on mentorship and scholarship production. It is anticipated that clinician scientists completing Phase I and Phase II training at a CAEP Academic Section-endorsed site(s) will be independent researchers with a higher likelihood of securing external peer-reviewed funding and be able to have a meaningful external impact in emergency medicine research.

ObjectivesChoosing Wisely Canada (CWC) is an initiative to encourage patient-physician discussions about the appropriate, evidence based use of medical tests, procedures and treatments. We present the Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians’ (CAEP) top five list of recommendations, and the process undertaken to generate them.MethodsThe CAEP Expert Working Group (EWG) generated a candidate list of 52 tests, procedures, and treatments in emergency medicine whose value to care was questioned. This list was distributed to CAEP committee chairs, revised, and then divided and randomly allocated to 107 Canadian emergency physicians (EWG nominated) who voted on each item based on: action-ability, effectiveness, safety, economic burden, and frequency of use. The EWG discussed the items with the highest votes, and generated the recommendations by consensus.ResultsThe top five CAEP CWC recommendations are: 1) Don’t order CT head scans in adults and children who have suffered minor head injuries (unless positive for a validated head injury clinical decision rule); 2) Don’t prescribe antibiotics in adults with bronchitis/asthma and children with bronchiolitis; 3) Don’t order lumbosacral spinal imaging in patients with non-traumatic low back pain who have no red flags/pathologic indicators; 4) Don’t order neck radiographs in patients who have a negative examination using the Canadian C-spine rules; and 5) Don’t prescribe antibiotics after incision and drainage of uncomplicated skin abscesses unless extensive cellulitis exists.ConclusionsThe CWC recommendations for emergency medicine were selected using a mixed methods approach. This top 5 list was released at the CAEP Conference in June 2015 and should form the basis for future implementation efforts.

Introduction: Health disparities between racial and ethnic groups have been well documented in Canada, the United States, and Australia. Despite evidence that differences in emergency department (ED) care based on patient race and ethnicity exist, there is a lack of scientific reviews in this important area. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of the literature on the impact of patient race and ethnicity on ED care. Methods: A scoping review guided by the framework described by Arksey and O'Malley was undertaken. This approach was taken because it was best suited to the goal of providing an overview of all of the literature, given the broad nature of the topic. All studies with primary outcomes considering the impact of patient race and ethnicity on “throughput” factors in the ED as defined by Asplin et al., were considered. Outcomes considered included triage scores, wait times, analgesia, diagnostic testing, treatment, leaving without being seen, and patient experiences. Literature from Canada, the United States, Australia, and New Zealand was considered. A database search protocol was developed iteratively as familiarity with the literature developed. Inclusion and exclusion decisions were made using an established model. Results: The original search yielded 1157 citations, reduced to 453 after duplicate removal. 153 full texts were included for screening, of which 85 were included for final data extraction. Results indicate there is evidence that minority racial and ethnic groups experience disparities in triage scores, wait times, analgesia, treatment, diagnostic testing, leaving without being seen, and subjective experiences. Authors’ suggested explanations for these disparities can be placed in the following categories: (1) communication differences; (2) conscious or unconscious bias; (3) facility and resource factors in hospitals with higher minority presentation rates; and (4) differences in clinical presentations. Conclusion: This scoping review provides an overview of the literature on the impacts of race and ethnicity on ED care. As disparities have been shown to exist in numerous contexts, further research on the impact of race and ethnicity in ED care is warranted, especially in the Canadian literature. Such explorations could aid in the informing and creation of policy, and guide practice.

Introduction: Qualitative research with emergency department (ED) patients in Alberta has revealed that some patients have limited understanding of the ED care process and that this increases the anxiety, frustration and confusion experienced throughout their visit. The objective of this study was to design, implement, and test the usefulness of a poster explaining the ED care process. Methods: As part of a stepped-wedge ED intervention trial in Alberta, a 4′ x 3′ poster portraying the patient ED care process was developed and posted in 15 study site waiting rooms. Trained research assistants approached patients in 3 urban ED waiting areas and invited them to complete a short paper-based survey on the acceptability and usefulness of the poster. Results are reported as proportions. Results: A total of 316 patients agreed to participate in this study. Approximately half of the participants were male and 60% were between the ages of 17 and 49. The majority of participants identified themselves as white (72%) and nearly half (49%) were accompanied by someone. A third (37%) of patients had read the wall poster prior to being approached to complete the survey. Most patients (62%) who had not read it prior to being approached hadn't noticed the poster or couldn't see it because of its location. Once patients reviewed the poster, the vast majority (92%) reported completely or largely understanding the information and most (84%) found it at least moderately helpful in preparing them for their ED journey. Approximately 45% of respondents agreed that they learned something new about the ED care process by reading the poster and 20% wanted additional information added to the poster; largely, wait time estimates (53% of responses). Conclusion: Placing posters in the ED is one method for equipping patients for their ED care process; however, this study revealed the potential limited utility of this engagement method by the small number of patients who noticed the poster and read the information. Location and content (e.g., time estimates) were identified as key factors for implementation. Condition-specific guides may need to supplement general ED process guides to better prepare patients for their individual ED journey and to actively engage them in their ED care.

Background: Buprenorphine/naloxone (bup/nal) is a partial opioid agonist/antagonist and recommended first line treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD). Emergency departments (EDs) are a key point of contact with the healthcare system for patients living with OUD. Aim Statement: We implemented a multi-disciplinary quality improvement project to screen patients for OUD, initiate bup/nal for eligible individuals, and provide rapid next business day walk-in referrals to addiction clinics in the community. Measures & Design: From May to September 2018, our team worked with three ED sites and three addiction clinics to pilot the program. Implementation involved alignment with regulatory requirements, physician education, coordination with pharmacy to ensure in-ED medication access, and nurse education. The project is supported by a full-time project manager, data analyst, operations leaders, physician champions, provincial pharmacy, and the Emergency Strategic Clinical Network leadership team. For our pilot, our evaluation objective was to determine the degree to which our initiation and referral pathway was being utilized. We used administrative data to track the number of patients given bup/nal in ED, their demographics and whether they continued to fill bup/nal prescriptions 30 days after their ED visit. Addiction clinics reported both the number of patients referred to them and the number of patients attending their referral. Evaluation/Results: Administrative data shows 568 opioid-related visits to ED pilot sites during the pilot phase. Bup/nal was given to 60 unique patients in the ED during 66 unique visits. There were 32 (53%) male patients and 28 (47%) female patients. Median patient age was 34 (range: 21 to 79). ED visits where bup/nal was given had a median length of stay of 6 hours 57 minutes (IQR: 6 hours 20 minutes) and Canadian Triage Acuity Scores as follows: Level 1 – 1 (2%), Level 2 – 21 (32%), Level 3 – 32 (48%), Level 4 – 11 (17%), Level 5 – 1 (2%). 51 (77%) of these visits led to discharge. 24 (47%) discharged patients given bup/nal in ED continued to fill bup/nal prescriptions 30 days after their index ED visit. EDs also referred 37 patients with OUD to the 3 community clinics, and 16 of those individuals (43%) attended their first follow-up appointment. Discussion/Impact: Our pilot project demonstrates that with dedicated resources and broad institutional support, ED patients with OUD can be appropriately initiated on bup/nal and referred to community care.

Introduction: Variation in image ordering exists across Alberta emergency departments (EDs). Evidence-based, pocket-sized knowledge dissemination tools were developed for two conditions (acute asthma [AA] and benign headache [BHA]) for which imaging (chest x-ray [CXR] and computed tomography [CT], respectively) has limited utility. This study explored tool acceptability among ED patients and emergency physicians (EPs). Methods: Tool feedback was provided by EPs, via online survey, and adult patients with AA and BHA via in-person survey. EPs qualitative interviews further explored communication tools. Preliminary descriptive analyses of survey responses and content analysis of interview data were conducted. Results: Overall, 55 EPs (55/192; 29%) and 38 consecutive patients participated in the AA study; 73 EPs (73/192; 38%) and 160 patients participated in the BHA study. In both studies, approximately 50% of EPs felt comfortable using the tool; however, they suggested including radiation risk details and imaging indications and removing references to imaging variation and health system cost. In the BHA study, EPs opposed the four Choosing Wisely® campaign questions fearing they would increase imaging expectations. In both conditions, most patients ( >90%) understood the content and 68% felt the information applied to them. Less than half (AA:45%; BHA: 38%) agreed that they now knew more about when a patient should have imaging workup done. Following tool review, 71% of AA and 50% of BHA patients stated they would discuss their imaging needs with their ED care provider today or during a future presentation. Both patient groups suggested including: additional imaging details (i.e., indications, risk, clinical utility), removing imaging overuse references, and including instructions that encourage patients to ask their EP questions. EP interviews (n = 12) identified preferences for personalized and interactive tools. Tensions were perceived around ED time pressure as well as remuneration schemes that fail to prioritize patient conversation. Tool centralization, easy access, and connection with outpatient support were also key themes. Conclusion: Both patients and EPs provided valuable information on how to improve ED knowledge dissemination tools, using two chronic conditions to demonstrate how these changes would improve tool utility. Implementing these recommendations, and considering preferences of EPs and patients, may improve future tool uptake and impact.

Introduction: Benign headache (BHA) management varies across emergency departments (EDs). This study documented current BHA management by Alberta emergency physicians (EP) in order to develop a provincial intervention to improve standardized practice. Methods: A convenience sample of Alberta EPs completed an online survey exploring their ED BHA management practices. Results are expressed as proportions. Results: A total of 73 EPs (73/192; 38%) who were mostly male (63%) and practiced emergency medicine for at least 15 years (51%) responded. EPs reported routine ED orders for metoclopramide (97%), ketorolac (90%) and IV fluids (85%) for patients with BHA showing no signs of pathological headache. For moderate-severe BHA's that did not improve with routine treatment, preferences were: IV narcotic (58%), IV dexamethasone (44%), and IV/IM dihydroergotamine (27%). Typically, EPs reported not ordering investigations for moderate-severe BHA presentations (88%); however, for those not improving the most common investigation was computed tomography (CT; 47%). CT ordering was associated with the following clinical scenarios: 1) not responding to traditional therapy and consulted to specialist (64%); 2) not responding to traditional therapy and being admitted (64%); 3) first presentation and afebrile (19%); 4) severe pain (11%); and 5) responding to traditional therapy and febrile (11%). One-quarter of EPs (27%) believed their patients usually or frequently expected a CT. Most EPs (60%) reported being completely or mostly comfortable discussing CT risks. Only 44% reported always or usually discussing risks prior to ordering. EPs reported that they were most frequently prevented from discussing risks because the patient was critically ill (42%) or because they believed explaining risks would not alter patient expectations (21%). These concerns were mirrored in the barriers EPs anticipated to limiting imaging, specifically the fear of missing a severe condition (62%), and patient expectation/request for imaging (48%). Conclusion: Self-reported treatment preferences for uncomplicated BHAs appear to be relatively consistent. Chart reviews could help assessing the reliability of self-reported BHA management practices. Perceived patient expectation appears to be an important influence on EP imaging ordering. Studies examining the communication between EPs and their patients are needed to explore how these expectations and perceived expectations are negotiated in the ED.

Background Atrial fibrillation and flutter (AFF) are the most common arrhythmias presenting to emergency departments (EDs). We examined sex differences in outcomes for patients with AFF discharged from the ED in Alberta, Canada. Methods ED presentations for AFF during 1999-2011 that ended in discharge were extracted from administrative databases for all Alberta residents (age ≥ 35 years). Multivariable models determined the effect of sex on the time to ED return for AFF, the first follow-up visit with a physician, the first follow-up visit with a specialist (cardiologist or internal medicine physician), and death. Results There were 21,062 patients/ED presentations (47.5% women). About 10% returned to the ED for AFF after discharge; the time to return was similar for both sexes ( P = 0.39). Time to a first physician visit was shorter (unadjusted hazard ratio [uHR] = 1.10) and time to a specialist follow-up visit was longer (uHR = 0.93) for women than for men. Interactions between sex and age, socioeconomic groups, and comorbidities were identified that changed the effect of sex on time to follow-up. More women died by 30 (1.3% vs 0.9%; P = 0.009) and 90 (2.9% vs 2.4%, P = 0.02) days. The time between ED discharge and death was shorter for women in 1 socioeconomic group ( P = 0.008) and for those with peripheral vascular disease ( P = 0.02) or diabetes ( P = 0.03). Conclusions We identified sex differences for time to return to the ED, follow-up visit, and death (most importantly, increased mortality rates among women at 30 and 90 days), and time to death remained significant after adjustment for other demographic and health-related variables. Our findings have important potential implications for physicians in the emergency setting.

Background Atrial fibrillation or flutter (AFF) are not infrequent presenting problems in Emergency Departments (ED); however, little is known of the pattern of these presentations. This study provides a description of AFF presentations and outcomes after ED discharge in Alberta. Methods Provincial administrative databases were used to obtain all primary ED encounters for AFF during 1999 to 2011 for patients aged >35 years. Data extracted included demographics, ED visit timing, and subsequent visits to non-ED settings. Analysis included summaries and standardized rates. Results During the study period, there were 63,398 ED AFF visits from 32,104 distinct adults. Median ages for females and males were 75 and 67 years, respectively; more men (52%) and patients > 65 presented. Overall, the standardized rates remained similar (2.8 per 1,000 over the study period). Specific populations of human services recipients and First Nations had higher ED visit rates for AFF than other groups. Predictable daily, weekly, and monthly trends were observed. The ED visits were followed by numerous subsequent visits in non-ED settings; however, First Nations and women had lower rates of specialist follow-up. Conclusions Annually, over 5,000 ED presentations of patients experiencing AFF occur in Alberta and admissions proportions are declining. While presentation rates across the province are stable, follow-up with physicians, consultation with cardiologists and health outcomes vary based on socio-economic, age, sex, and First Nations status. Further research is required to understand the causes and consequences of these inequalities and to standardize care. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12873-016-0113-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

ObjectivesA panel of emergency medicine (EM) leaders endeavoured to define the key elements of leadership and its models, as well as to formulate consensus recommendations to build and strengthen academic leadership in the Canadian EM community in the areas of mentorship, education, and resources.MethodsThe expert panel comprised EM leaders from across Canada and met regularly by teleconference over the course of 9 months. From the breadth of backgrounds and experience, as well as a literature review and the development of a leadership video series, broad themes for recommendations around the building and strengthening of EM leadership were presented at the CAEP 2015 Academic Symposium held in Edmonton, Alberta. Feedback from the attendees (about 80 emergency physicians interested in leadership) was sought. Subsequently, draft recommendations were developed by the panel through attendee feedback, further review of the leadership video series, and expert opinion. The recommendations were distributed to the CAEP Academic Section for further feedback and updated by consensus of the expert panel.ResultsThe methods informed the panel who framed recommendations around four themes: 1) leadership preparation and training, 2) self-reflection/emotional intelligence, 3) academic leadership skills, and 4) gender balance in academic EM leadership. The recommendations aimed to support and nurture the next generation of academic EM leaders in Canada and included leadership mentors, availability of formal educational courses/programs in leadership, self-directed education of aspiring leaders, creation of a Canadian subgroup with the AACEM/SAEM Chair Development Program, and gender balance in leadership roles.ConclusionsThese recommendations serve as a roadmap for all EM leaders (and aspiring leaders) to build on their success, inspire their colleagues, and foster the next generation of Canadian EM academic leaders.

Objective Overcrowding is an important issue facing many emergency departments (EDs). Access block (admitted patients occupying ED stretchers) is a leading contributor, and expeditious placement of admitted patients is an area of research interest. This review examined the effectiveness of full capacity protocols (FCPs) on mitigating ED overcrowding. Methods A comprehensive literature search was undertaken to identify potentially relevant studies between 1966 and 2009. Intervention studies in which an FCP was used to influence ED/hospital length of stay and ED/hospital access block were included as a single program or part of a systemwide intervention. Two reviewers independently assessed citation relevance, inclusion, study quality, and extracted data; because of limited data, pooling was not undertaken. Results From 14 446 potentially relevant studies, 2 abstracts from the same comparative study were included. From 29 studies on systemwide intervention, 4 contained an FCP component. The included study was a single-center ED study using a before-after design; its methodological quality was rated as weak. One of the abstracts reported that an FCP was associated with less ED length of stay (5-hour reduction) when compared with the comparison period; the other reported that an FCP decreased ED and hospital access block (28% and 37% reduction, respectively). The ED triggers, format, and implementation of FCP protocols varied widely. Conclusion Although FCPs may be a promising alternative for overcrowded EDs, the available evidence upon which to support implementation of an FCP is limited. Additional efforts are required to improve the outcome reporting of FCP research using high-quality research methods.

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2011; 18:1349–1357 © 2011 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine Abstract Objectives: The objective was to examine the effectiveness of triage nurse ordering (TNO) on mitigating the effect of emergency department (ED) overcrowding. Methods: Electronic databases (Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, SCOPUS, Web of Science, HealthSTAR, Dissertation Abstracts, ABI/INFORM Global), controlled trial registry websites, conference proceedings, study references, experts in the field, and correspondence with authors were used to identify potentially relevant studies. Interventional studies in which TNO was used to influence ED overcrowding metrics (length of stay [LOS] and physician initial assessment [PIA]) were included in the review. Two reviewers independently assessed study eligibility and methodologic quality. Mean differences were calculated and reported with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: From more than 14,000 potentially relevant studies, 14 were included in the systematic review. Most were single-center ED studies; the overall quality was rated as weak, due to methodologic deficiencies and variable outcome reporting. TNO was associated with a 37-minute mean reduction (95% CI = −44.10 to −30.30 minutes) in the overall ED LOS in one randomized clinical trial (RCT); a 51-minute mean reduction (95% CI = −56.3 to −45.5 minutes) was observed in non-RCTs. When applied to injured subjects with suspected fractures, TNO interventions reduced ED LOS by 20 minutes (95% CI = −37.5 to −1.9 minutes) in three RCTs and by 18 minutes (95% CI = −23.2 to −13.2) in two non-RCTs. No significant reduction in PIA was observed in two RCTs. Conclusions: Overall, TNO appears to be an effective intervention to reduce ED LOS, especially in injury and/or suspected fracture cases. The available evidence is limited by small numbers of studies, weak methodologic quality, and incomplete reporting. Future studies should focus on a better description of the contextual factors surrounding these interventions and exploring the impact of TNO on other indicators of productivity and satisfaction with health care delivery.

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2011; 18:111–120 © 2011 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine Abstract Objectives: The objective was to examine the effectiveness of triage liaison physicians (TLPs) on mitigating the effects of emergency department (ED) overcrowding. Methods: Electronic databases (Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, HealthSTAR, Dissertation Abstracts, and ABI/INFORM Global), controlled trial registry websites, conference proceedings, study references, contact with experts in the field, and correspondence with authors were used to identify potentially relevant TLP studies. Intervention studies in which a TLP was used to influence ED overcrowding metrics (length of stay [LOS] in minutes, physician initial assessment [PIA], and left without being seen [LWBS]) were included in the review. Two reviewers independently conducted data extraction and assessed the citation relevance, inclusion, and study quality. For continuous outcomes, weighted mean differences (WMD) were calculated and reported with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). For dichotomous variables, individual and pooled statistics were calculated as relative risk (RR) with 95% CI. Results: From 14,446 potentially relevant studies, 28 were included in the systematic review. Thirteen were journal publications, 12 were abstracts, and three were Web-based articles. Most studies employed before–after designs; 23 of the 28 studies were considered of weak quality. Based on the statistical pooling of data from two randomized controlled trials (RCTs), TLP resulted in shorter ED LOS compared to nurse-led triage (WMD = −36.85 min; 95% CI = −51.11 to –22.58). One of these RCTs showed a significant reduction in the PIA associated to TLP presence (WMD = −30.00 min; 95% CI = −56.91 to –3.09); the other RCT showed no change in LWBS due to a CI that included unity (RR = 0.82; 95% CI = 0.67 to 1.00). Conclusions: While the evidence summarized here suggests that to have a TLP is an effective intervention to mitigate the effects of ED overcrowding, due to the weak research methods identified, more research is required before its widespread implementation.

Background: The Canadian CT Head Rule was developed to allow physicians to be more selective when ordering computed tomography (CT) imaging for patients with minor head injury. We sought to evaluate the effectiveness of implementing this validated decision rule at multiple emergency departments. Methods: We conducted a matched-pair cluster-randomized trial that compared the outcomes of 4531 patients with minor head injury during two 12-month periods (before and after) at hospital emergency departments in Canada, six of which were randomly allocated as intervention sites and six as control sites. At the intervention sites, active strategies, including education, changes to policy and real-time reminders on radiologic requisitions were used to implement the Canadian CT Head Rule. The main outcome measure was referral for CT scan of the head. Results: Baseline characteristics of patients were similar when comparing control to intervention sites. At the intervention sites, the proportion of patients referred for CT imaging increased from the “before” period (62.8%) to the “after” period (76.2%) (difference +13.3%, 95% CI 9.7%–17.0%). At the control sites, the proportion of CT imaging usage also increased, from 67.5% to 74.1% (difference +6.7%, 95% CI 2.6%–10.8%). The change in mean imaging rates from the “before” period to the “after” period for intervention versus control hospitals was not significant ( p = 0.16). There were no missed brain injuries or adverse outcomes. Interpretation: Our knowledge–translation-based trial of the Canadian CT Head Rule did not reduce rates of CT imaging in Canadian emergency departments. Future studies should identify strategies to deal with barriers to implementation of this decision rule and explore more effective approaches to knowledge translation. (ClinicalTrials.gov trial register no. NCT00993252)