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Background: Tranexamic acid (TXA) has been shown to reduce perioperative blood loss in elective orthopedic surgery. The safety of intravenous TXA in nonelective hip fracture surgery is uncertain. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of topical TXA in hip fracture surgery. Methods: Adult patients presenting to a community hospital with a hip fracture requiring surgery were randomly assigned to receive topical TXA or placebo. Hemoglobin and troponin I levels were measured preoperatively and on postoperative days 1, 2 and 3. All postoperative blood transfusions were recorded. Complications, including acute coronary syndrome (ACS), venous thromboembolism (VTE), cerebrovascular accidents (CVA), surgical site infections (SSI) and 90-day mortality, were recorded. Results: Data were analyzed for 65 patients (31 in the TXA group, 34 in the control group). Hemogloblin level was significantly higher on postoperative days 1 and 2 in the TXA group than in the control group. The difference in hemoglobin level between the groups was not statistically significant by postoperative day 3. Significantly fewer units of packed red blood cells were transfused in the TXA group (2 units v. 8 units); however, 2 of the units in the control group were given intraoperatively, and when these were excluded the difference was not significant. The incidence of ACS, CVA, VTE, SSI, transfusion and all-cause mortality at 90 days did not differ significantly between the groups. Conclusion: Topical TXA reduces early postoperative blood loss after hip fracture surgery without increased patient risk. Trial registration: Clinicaltrials.gov, no. NCT02993341.

As electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves may play an important role in radiation belt dynamics, there has been a push to better include them into global simulations. How to best include EMIC wave effects is still an open question. Recently many studies have attempted to parameterize EMIC waves and their characteristics by geomagnetic indices. However, this does not fully take into account important physics related to the phase of a geomagnetic storm. In this paper we first consider how EMIC wave occurrence varies with the phase of a geomagnetic storm and the SYM-H, AE, and Kp indices. We show that the storm phase plays an important role in the occurrence probability of EMIC waves. The occurrence rates for a given value of a geomagnetic index change based on the geomagnetic condition. In this study we also describe the typical plasma and wave parameters observed in L and magnetic local time for quiet, storm, and storm phase. These results are given in a tabular format in the supporting information so that more accurate statistics of EMIC wave parameters can be incorporated into modeling efforts.

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality in new-onset type 1 diabetes (T1D). Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), however, is a very rare complication of DKA. We present the case of a patient with new-onset T1D who presented with DKA. He received intravenous fluid resuscitation, insulin and potassium supplementation and subsequently developed SVT, confirmed on a 12-lead electrocardiograph despite a structurally normal heart. Vagal manoeuvres and adenosine failed to restore sinus rhythm, but flecainide was successful. We conclude that SVT can occur as a complication of DKA, including in new-onset T1D. Our case is the first of this phenomenon occurring in new-onset childhood diabetes, as the few prior documented cases had established diabetes. Furthermore, a combination of potassium derangement, hypophosphataemia and falling magnesium levels may have precipitated the event.

Electromagnetic Ion Cyclotron (EMIC) waves cause electron loss in the radiation belts by resonating with high-energy electrons at energies greater than about 500 keV. However, their effectiveness has not been fully quantified. Here we determine the effectiveness of EMIC waves by using wave data from the fluxgate magnetometer on CRRES to calculate bounce-averaged pitch angle and energy diffusion rates for L*=3.5–7 for five levels of Kp between 12 and 18 MLT. To determine the electron loss, EMIC diffusion rates were included in the British Antarctic Survey Radiation Belt Model together with whistler mode chorus, plasmaspheric hiss, and radial diffusion. By simulating a 100 day period in 1990, we show that EMIC waves caused a significant reduction in the electron flux for energies greater than 2 MeV but only for pitch angles lower than about 60°. The simulations show that the distribution of electrons left behind in space looks like a pancake distribution. Since EMIC waves cannot remove electrons at all pitch angles even at 30 MeV, our results suggest that EMIC waves are unlikely to set an upper limit on the energy of the flux of radiation belt electrons.

We simulate electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) wave growth and evolution within three regions, the plasmasphere (or plasmaspheric plume), the plasmapause, and the low-density plasmatrough outside the plasmapause. First, we use a ring current simulation with a plasmasphere model to model the particle populations that give rise to the instability for conditions observed on 9 June 2001. Then, using two different models for the cold ion composition, we do a full-scale hybrid code simulation in dipole coordinates of the EMIC waves on a meridional plane at magnetic local time = 18 and at 1900 UT within a range of L shell from L=4.9 to 6.7. EMIC waves were observed during 9 June 2001 by Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) spacecraft. While an exact comparison between observed and simulated spectra is not possible here, we do find significant similarities between the two, at least at one location within the region of largest wave growth. We find that the plasmapause is not a preferred region for EMIC wave growth, though waves can grow in that region. The density gradient within the plasmapause does, however, affect the orientation of wavefronts and wave vector both within the plasmapause and in adjacent regions. There is a preference for EMIC waves to be driven in the He+ band (frequencies between the O+ and He+ gyrofrequencies) within the plasmasphere, although they can also grow in the plasmatrough. If present, H+ band waves are more likely to grow in the plasmatrough. This fact, plus L dependence of the frequency and possible time evolution toward lower frequency waves, can be explained by a simple model. Large O+ concentration limits the frequency range of or even totally quenches EMIC waves. This is more likely to occur in the plasmatrough at solar maximum. Such large O+ concentration significantly affects the H+ cutoff frequency and hence the width in frequency of the stop band above the He+ gyrofrequency. EMIC wave surfaces predicted by cold plasma theory are altered by the finite temperature of the ring current H+.

Gyroresonant wave particle interactions with electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves are a potentially important loss process for relativistic electrons in the Earth's radiation belts. Here we perform a statistical analysis of the EMIC waves observed by the Combined Release and Radiation Effects Satellite (CRRES) to determine the global morphology and spectral properties of the waves and to help assess their role in radiation belt dynamics. Helium band EMIC waves, with intensities, inline image, greater than 0.1 nT2, are most prevalent during active conditions (AE > 300 nT), from 4

[1] We analyze a long-duration electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) wave event seen in the inner magnetosphere in order to understand the propagation characteristics of these waves in the vicinity of the plasmapause. The study takes advantage of the south to north orbit of the four-satellite Cluster constellation as it passed through perigee at L ~ 4.2 at ~08 magnetic local time on 2 November 2001. Cluster traversed from a low-density magnetosphere (

Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common reason for referral to the emergency department (ED) especially in unwell infants. Upper UTIs are particularly at risk of significant complications later in life. Rapid dipstick urinalysis and microscopy are often used in unwell children as a screening tool to guide early diagnosis and treatment. This study aims to evaluate the sensitivity of dipstick urinalysis and microscopy in the diagnosis of UTI. Methods: A retrospective review of children aged 16 years and below with positive urine culture (UC) over a 3-year period was done. The results of urine dipstick and microscopy were compared with the positive UC and sensitivities calculated. Results: Dipstick urinalysis and microscopy of 262 children were studied. Female-to -male ratio of 1.8:1. Median age was 0.79 (range: 0.02–15.95) years. The sensitivity of nitrite, blood, and leukocyte esterase (LE) were 0.54, 0.74, and 0.86 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.46–0.62, 0.68–0.80, and 0.82–0.91), respectively. The sensitivity of pyuria of ≥100 cells/mm3 was 0.92 (95% CI = 0.89–0.95). The presence of any of the 3 dipstick parameters increased the sensitivity to 0.97 (95% CI = 0.95–0.99). The lowest sensitivity 0.49 (95% CI = 0.40–0.58) was found with combined positive LE and nitrite. There was a significant comparison between positive LE dipstick test and pyuria (P = 0.000004). Conclusions: Dipstick urinalysis may not be reliable in ruling out UTI in children. However, considering both positive dipstick and pyuria will be more useful in making the diagnosis.

The modulation of electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves by longer-period ULF waves has been proposed as a method for producing pearl structured Pc 1–2 EMIC waves. This study examines frequency and phase relationship between Pc 1 EMIC wavepacket envelopes and simultaneously occurring Pc 5 ULF waves using magnetic data measured by the CRRES spacecraft. Intervals from three days in 1991 where CRRES observed pearls are presented along with simple statistics for 58 EMIC wavepackets. The observations were dominated by EMIC waves propagating away from the equatorial region. Comparisons between pearl wavepacket envelopes and Pc 5 waves show excellent agreement. The pearl wavepacket duration times, τdur, were statistically correlated with Pc 5 wave periods, TPc5, resulting in a correlation coefficient of R=0.7 and best fit equation τdur=0.8·TPc5+6 s. In general, phase differences varied although time intervals of constant in-phase or anti-phase correlation were observed. Anti-phase modulation may be explained by a decreasing background magnetic field due to the negative cycle of the ULF wave decreasing Alfvén velocity and minimum resonant energy. In-phase modulation could be the result of adiabatic modulation of temperature anisotropy in-phase with variations in the background field. Non-adiabatic processes may contribute to intervals that showed varying phase differences with time. Results suggest that future theoretical developments should take into account the full range of possible wave particle interactions inside the magnetosphere.

Oxidative stress, caused by free radicals within the body, has been associated with the process of aging and many human diseases. Because free radicals, in particular superoxide, are difficult to measure, an alternative indirect method for measuring oxidative stress levels has been used successfully in Escherichia coli and yeast. This method is based on a proposed connection between elevated superoxide levels and release of iron from solvent-exposed [4Fe-4S] enzyme clusters that eventually leads to an increase in hydroxyl radical production. In past studies using bacteria and yeast, a positive correlation was found between superoxide production or oxidative stress due to superoxide within the organism and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) detectable "free" iron levels. In the current study, we have developed a reliable and efficient method for measuring "free" iron levels in Caenorhabditis elegans using low-temperature Fe(III) EPR at g=4.3. This method uses synchronized worm cultures grown on plates that are homogenized and treated with desferrioxamine, an Fe(III) chelator, prior to packing the EPR tube. Homogenization was found not to alter "free" iron levels, whereas desferrioxamine treatment significantly raised these levels, indicating the presence of both Fe(II) and Fe(III) in the "free" iron pool. The correlation between free radical levels and the observed "free" iron levels was examined by using heat stress and paraquat treatment. The intensity of the Fe(III) EPR signal, and thus the concentration of the "free" iron pool, varied with the treatments that altered radical levels without changing the total iron levels. This study provides the groundwork needed to uncover the correlation among oxidative stress, "free" iron levels, and longevity in C. elegans.

The outer radiation belt injection, transport, acceleration and loss satellite (ORBITALS) is a small satellite mission proposed as a Canadian contribution to the satellite infrastructure for the International Living With a Star (ILWS) program. The ORBITALS will monitor the energetic electron and ion populations in the inner magnetosphere across a wide range of energies (keV to tens of MeV) as well as the dynamic electric and magnetic fields, waves and cold plasma environment which govern the injection, transport, acceleration and loss of these energetic and space weather critical particle populations. ORBITALS will be launched around 2010–2012 into a low-inclination GTO-like orbit which maximizes the long-lasting apogee-pass conjunctions with both the ground-based instruments of the Canadian Geospace Monitoring (CGSM) array as well as with the GOES East and West and geosynchronous communications satellites in the North American sector. Specifically, the ORBITALS will make the measurements necessary to gain fundamental new understanding of the relative importance of different physical acceleration and loss processes which are hypothesised to shape the energetic particle populations in the inner magnetosphere. The ORBITALS will also provide the raw radiation measurements at MEO altitudes necessary for the development of the next-generation of radiation belt specification models, and on-board experiments will also monitor the dose, single-event upset, and deep-dielectric charging responses of electronic components on-orbit. In this paper we outline the scientific objectives of the ORBITALS mission, discuss how the ORBITALS will lead to solutions to outstanding questions in inner magnetospheric science, and examine how the ORBITALS will complement other proposed inner magnetosphere missions in the ILWS era.

The solar wind almost disappeared on May 11, 1999: the solar wind plasma density and dynamic pressure were less than 1cm−3 and 0.1 nPa respectively, while the interplanetary magnetic field was northward. The polar ionospheric data observed by the multi-instruments at Zhongshan Station in Antarctica on such special event day was compared with those of the control day (May 14). It was shown that geomagnetic activity was very quiet on May 11 at Zhongshan. The magnetic pulsation, which usually occurred at about magnetic noon, did not appear. The ionosphere was steady and stratified, and the F2 layer spread very little. The critical frequency of day-side F2 layer, f0F2, was larger than that of control day, and the peak of f0F2 appeared 2 hours earlier. The ionospheric drift velocity was less than usual. There were intensive auroral Es appearing at magnetic noon. All this indicates that the polar ionosphere was extremely quiet and geomagnetic field was much more dipolar on May 11. There were some signatures of auroral substorm before midnight, such as the negative deviation of the geomagnetic H component, accompanied with auroral Es and weak Pc3 pulsation.

Simultaneous observations at Zhongshan Station, Antarctica, during May 1–7, 1998 are presented to show the responses of the polar ionosphere to the April/May 1998 solar events. One of the main geo-effects of the solar events resulted in the major magnetic storm on May 4. At the storm onset on May 2 the ionosphere F2 layer abruptly increased in altitude, the geomagnetic H-component started negative deviation and the spectral amplitude of the ULF wave intensified. Both large isolated riometer absorption and large negative deviation of the geomagnetic H-component occurred at about 0639UT. There was a time lag of about one hour and ten minutes between the storm onset and the IMF southward turning, as measured by the WIND satellite. The polar ionosphere was highly disturbed, as shown by frequent large deviations of the geomagnetic H-component, large riometer absorption events and strong ULF waves in all the courses of the storm. The absorption increased greatly causing the digisonde to be blackout most of the time. However, the data still showed a substantial decrease in the F2 electron density and oscillation of the F2 layer peak height with an amplitude exceeding 200 km.

Energy from the outer regions of the magnetosphere may be transferred to the polar ionosphere by plasma waves. A magnetometer array operated during the Antarctic winter observed Ultra-Low-Frequency (LJLF)plasmawaves inthe Pc 1-2 (0.1-10.0 Hz) frequencyrange,propagatingparalleltothe surface oftheEarth in a waveguide or duct centred at -300 km altitude in the ionosphere. These compressional fast mode plasma waves most likely originated in the outer magnetosphere as shear mode plasma waves guided along the geomagnetic field. The region oforiginin the magnetosphere for the waves is not certainas several widely spaced volumes map along geomagnetic field lines to a relatively close ensemble in the polar ionosphere. This paper compares the direction ofpropagation for the waves with signatures ofmagnetospheric regions geomagnetically projecting onto the ionosphere. Regions such as the polar cusp, low latitude boundary layer and mantle were observed by DMSP spacecraft and a SuperDARN high-frequency radar. The most likely region in the polar ionosphere for the fast mode waves to have originated from is equatorwards of the polar cusp, suggesting the field guided waves originatedjust inside the magnetopause. A case is made for association ofthe observed Pcl- 2 ULF waves with post-noon, field-aligned-current systems driven by reconnection of the solar Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF) and the geomagnetic field near the magnetopause. Received 10 March 2000, accepted 29 October 2001

Pc3-4 pulsations generally result from field line resonance in the inner magnetosphere or guided Alfven waves in the outer magnetosphere. Regular Pc3-4 pulsations were observed over 0700-1100UT on 13 April 2004 by the Cluster constellation of four satellites on an outbound leg from L∼5.9 to L∼11.1 near 10 MLT in the high latitude cusp region. The waves were mainly transverse with toroidal and poloidal components, and frequency decreasing with increasing L-value, from ∼25 mHz to ∼10mHz. The magnitude of toroidal mode waves significantly increased with L-value, reaching a maximum close to the magnetopause. The poloidal mode did not show the same increase. The waves propagated earthward and westward, perpendicular to the geomagnetic field direction. Furthermore, the sense of polarization was variable, clearly changed from left-hand to right-hand at a crossing point identified by the interval where the main wave packet occurred near the magnetopause. The Poynting flux was in range of 0.04∼0.07mW/m2 nearly perpendicular to the magnetic field vector. The wave properties were also correlated with the solar wind parameters. We conclude that the Pc3-4 waves observed adjacent to the magnetopause are field line resonances, driven by the upstream fast waves.

Ultralow frequency (ULF) waves at the geomagnetic equator are studied by using a small magnetometer array and a one-dimensional electromagnetic wave model. Most ULF waves observed at low latitudes have been associated with shear Alfven mode hydromagnetic resonances in the plasmasphere. Near the equator it is difficult to excite these resonances, and the wave activity is attributed to fast mode waves. The phase difference data recorded at longitudinally spaced, equatorial magnetometers shows a marked change around dawn when one station is sunlit while the other is still in darkness. The phase structure with latitude also shows large phase shifts near the equator, in agreement with previous studies. A model of ULF wave propagation through the equatorial ionosphere is presented and used to compare with the observed amplitude and phase properties. It is shown that the observed frequencies are in the vicinity of the wave cutoff frequency where the phase structure becomes complicated. For frequencies above the cutoff, the phase structure across dawn is directly related to dawn-associated changes in electron density in the ionosphere.

It has generally been assumed in the past that the plasmapause is a preferred region for the generation and propagation of electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves in the Earth's magnetosphere. One assumption invoked the overlap of the expanding cold plasmapause with the inner edge of the hot ring current during storm recovery to provide favourable conditions for EMIC instability. The plasmapause was also expected to provide a convenient gradient for guiding the waves from equatorial sources to higher latitudes. The paper commences from a historic perspective and reviews the development of the ideas from the 1960s that relate the source of EMIC waves to the plasmapause. CRRES spacecraft observations of EMIC wave events over L = 3.5 –8 and associated plasmapause locations indicate that the plasmapause is a region of wave generation and propagation, with significant wave power seen in the plasmatrough, but is not necessarily the preferred region. Other results show that wave occurrence predominates in the afternoon and increases with radial distance and a He+ slot is seen in the data. These agree with earlier AMPTE-CCE results from Anderson et al. (J. Geophys. Res. 97 (1992) 3075, 3089). New results from CRRES show all wave polarisations (left-hand, linear, and right-hand) are seen within 8° of the equator whereas linear predominates over 20–30° latitude. Waves are observed in background plasma densities of 4– 300 cm −3 . Wave frequencies above the He+ cyclotron frequency are concentrated outside the plasmapause in lower density regions of 2– 30 cm −3 .

The spatial structure of ultralow frequency (ULF) waves is usually, though not exclusively, estimated from ground-based magnetometer measurements. This paper compares ULF wave spatial structure obtained from coincident ground magnetometer and HF radar measurements and addresses the interpretation of Pc5 azimuthal wave numbers. ULF spatial structures estimated from magnetometer and radar data were quite different for the October 23, 1994, event presented by Ziesolleck et al. [1998]. Azimuthal wave numbers (m) were 3–5 and 12 for the ground and ionosphere, respectively. We reexamine this event and attempt to explain why the spatial structure of the ULF wave in the ionosphere, seen by the Saskatoon Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) radar, may differ from that deduced from the magnetometer data. The radar data are used to develop a two-dimensional (2-D) model of the spatial distribution of ULF amplitude and phase in the ionosphere. Our modeling shows that the differences between ground and ionosphere measurements may be explained by spatial integration. In general, m numbers deduced from ground measurements should be smaller than the ionospheric values, and they are strongly dependent on the ionospheric ULF amplitude and phase distribution in both latitude and longitude.

Simultaneous observations at Zhongshan Station, Antarctica, are presented for the interval of 13–17 July 2000 to show responses of the polar ionosphere to the Bastille Day (14 July 2000) solar event. The polar ionosphere was highly disturbed, as shown by frequently large deviations of the geomagnetic H-component, large riometer absorption events and strong ULF waves. Associated with the huge solar proton event produced by the X5/3B flare, a polar cap absorption (PCA) was observed. It began at ∼ 10:40 UT on 14 July and ended at ∼ 19:40 UT on 17 July. Superposed on it, there was a large absorption event with a peak of 26 dB, starting at ∼ 03:00 UT and ending at ∼ 11:10 UT on 15 July. This kind of absorption was probably produced by an intense `cloud of energetic electrons' during an auroral substorm. The ULF waves were very intense during the main phase and the recovery phase of the severe magnetic storm on 15 and 16 July. The ionospheric absorption was so strong that the digisonde signal was blacked out most of the time. The ionosphere returned to normal in the afternoon on 17 July.

The power spectra of magnetometer data recorded at low latitudes show a remarkable similarity over the latitudinal range, 1.3

Field line resonances (FLRs) are an important mechanism for the generation of Pc3–4 (∼7–100 mHz) geomagnetic pulsations. There is considerable observational evidence for the existence of FLRs at middle latitudes, both in satellite and ground data. However, the low-latitude regions are less accessible for such studies, and consequently many aspects of low-latitude FLRs are not well understood. A temporary 12-station magnetometer array spanning eastern Australia from L= 1.3–2.0 was used to investigate the variation in Pc3–4 power with latitude, the nature and low-latitude limit of FLRs, and properties of spectral components below the local resonant frequency. Examples are presented for representative days. Power spectra are remarkably similar over this range of latitudes and often exhibit a multitude of peaks separated by ∼3–5 mHz. Using cross-phase techniques, we find that the resonant frequency increases with decreasing latitude to L∼1.6, then decreases at lower latitudes. This is due to the effect of ionospheric heavy ions at low altitudes. The characteristic size of the resonances is L∼0.15, the resonance Q is ∼2 at L=2.0 and 1.3–1.4 at L=1.3, and the normalized damping factor γ/ωR∼0.2–0.4. The low-latitude detection limit of FLRs depends on a number of factors, but on a day examined in detail it was L∼1.4. For signals below the local resonant frequency, amplitude decreased with latitude at ∼3 dB/0.1 L. Interstation phase delays are not consistent with the time of flight of radially propagating fast-mode waves in the equatorial plane, although a peak occurs in the region where the Alfven velocity peaks. We conclude that these results are consistent either with modulation of the incoming fast-mode waves or the existence of cavity or waveguide modes which drive discrete forced oscillations of low-latitude field lines across a range of frequencies, and which couple to the local FLR where the frequencies match.

Quasi-linear studies in the near-Earth (XGSE>-25 RE) central plasma sheet and plasma sheet boundary layer indicate that the ion cyclotron proton anisotropy instability may lead to significant ion heating in these regions. Saturation of the anisotropy instability can yield both narrow and broadband magnetic spectra below the proton gyrofrequency with amplitudes of the order of 1 nT. These waves then heat thermal and suprathermal He+ and O+ ions via resonant and nonresonant processes to energies above 1 keV for He+ ions and up to 100 eV for O+ ions. He++ ions also experience significant heating to temperatures that may exceed that of the unstable proton component. These results are consistent with in situ observations of magnetic noise and heavy ion distributions in the near-Earth magnetotail.

Significant similarities have been identified in the dynamic power spectra of induction magnetometer data recorded at the conjugate cusp stations of Davis, Antarctica (mlat −74.3, mlong 101.5) and Longyearbyen, Svalbard (mlat 75.0, mlong 114.5). A 60 day period in 1993 (January–February) has been studied to characterise two common features, 1) Broadband Pc5 bursts which predominantly occur 2–4 hours before and after local magnetic noon, and which exhibit polarisations suggestive of a Kelvin-Helmholtz-like source mechanism, and 2) A resonance structure which has an arch-shaped local time dependence. Interhemisphere phase measurements indicate odd-mode toroidal standing-waves after field line resonance and azimuthal propagation effects are taken into account. Phase studies such as this may be used to study conjugacy at high latitudes and identify the location of the open and closed field line boundary, an important diagnostic parameter in space weather studies.

The propagation and attenuation of isotropic fast mode waves parallel to the Earth's surface in the ionospheric F2 region waveguide have been observed as Pc 1–2 (0.1–5 Hz) geomagnetic pulsations by a network of three closely spaced stations at Davis, Antarctica. The wave properties observed are consistent with fast mode wave propagation with phase velocities of 300–800 km s−1, close to the Alfven velocity at these heights. Attenuation across the network is in the range 10–95 dB/1000 km with a 1 e folding distance of 310±220 km and are higher than attenuation at low and middle latitudes.

Late in the year 2000 Australia will launch its first satellite in thirty years. FedSat is a research microsatellite with a complement four scientific and engineering payloads. It will be placed in a near-circular sun synchronous 10:30 LT polar orbit at an inclination of 98.7° and altitude 800 km. The primary scientific experiment is a fluxgate magnetometer which will observe field aligned current structures above the auroral zones and other current systems and ultra-low frequency (ULF) plasma waves in the upper ionosphere. A major objective is to study the ionospheric signatures of regular and impulsive ULF waves propagating from the magnetosphere along geomagnetic field lines. An on-board GPS receiver will monitor the vertical and oblique total electron content (TEC) up to the GPS satellites at an altitude of 20,000 km. The communications experiment will test systems of use in future LEO constellations and satellite-ground communications. Research in satellite systems will concentrate on the use of GPS for real time tracking of small satellites while a high performance computer will test the operation of reprogrammable hardware. This paper concentrates on the research to be undertaken using the fluxgate magnetometer and describes the instrumentation.

The relatively cold core plasma density in the region where the ionosphere mixes with the plasmasphere is difficult to probe experimentally. It is shown that resonances of ULF magnetohydrodynamic waves can provide unique information on plasma mass density in the region where the ionosphere and plasmasphere merge. The technique depends on the detection of harmonics of ULF field line resonances and allows the determination of plasma mass densities at discrete locations along a magnetic field line without assuming any function for plasma distribution along the field. The plasma mass densities obtained from ULF harmonics at L=1.8 are compared with several plasma mass density models of this region. In addition to describing and illustrating the technique, the method is critically examined for its limitations. These include the finite number of ULF harmonics that can be detected, the complexity of the nonlinear solving scheme, the consequences of using the method at larger L values, and approximating the system of equations with a finite difference scheme. It is shown that the technique can provide independent estimates of plasma mass densities at discrete, magnetic field-aligned altitudes, which gives an additional experimental check on theoretical models that predict the dynamics of plasma from the topside ionosphere to the inner plasmasphere.

This study considers the characteristics and generation mechanisms of bursts of polarized transverse electromagnetic waves observed over the frequency range from 50 up to 500 mHz in the near-Earth magnetotail from ISEE 1 and ISEE 2. Since this range contains the cyclotron frequencies of the ion components found in this region of space, we loosely term these bursts “electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves” (EMICs). Nearly all wave events fall in the frequency and wavelength ranges of 50 to 150 mHz and 1000 to 6700 km, respectively, with amplitudes of the order of 1 nT and may exhibit both left-and right-hand polarizations. These waves propagate at wavenormal angles, θk

We studied the coherence and phase structure of Pc 3 pulsations in the H and D components of the magnetic field observed at latitudinally distributed stations along the 210° magnetic meridian by using the H component at GUA (L = 1.01) as the reference. At GUA, which is located near the magnetic equator, field line resonance does not occur because of the small vertical component of the ambient magnetic field, so pulsations observed there are likely produced by fast mode waves propagating from sources external to the magnetosphere. We found that the D-component Pc 3's in the prenoon sector 0900-1200 LT at L = 1.2-5.5 show a coherent, in-phase (out-of-phase) oscillation in the northern (southern) hemisphere with respect to the H component Pc 3's at GUA. This result indicates that the D-component Pc 3's in the prenoon sector at L = 1.2-5.5 are closely related to the upstream source waves.

William E. Arnal and Michel Desjardins, eds., Whose Historical Jesus?, reviewed by K.C. Hanson Peter R. Carrell, Jesus and the Angels: Angelology and the Christology of the Apocalypse of John, reviewed by A. Robert Nusca Michel Desjardins, Peace, Violence and the New Testament, reviewed by Anna Janzen Peter Doble, The Paradox of Salvation: Luke's Theology of the Cross., reviewed by Richard S. Ascough Terence L. Donaldson, Paul and the Gentiles: Remapping the Apostle's Convictional World, reviewed by L.W. Hurtado Joachim Gnilka, Paulus von Tarsus: Apostel und Zeuge, reviewed by Joseph Plevnik John S. Kloppenborg and Stephen G. Wilson, eds., Voluntary Associations in the Graeco-Roman World, reviewed by Willi Braun David Konstan, Friendship in the Classical World, reviewed by Alicia Batten Irina Levinskaya, The Book of Acts in Its Diaspora Setting, reviewed by Richard S. Ascough Richard Middleton and Brian J. Walsh, Truth Is Stranger than It Used to Be: Biblical Faith in a Postmodern Age, reviewed by Michael Knowles Richard J. Valantasis, The Gospel of Thomas, reviewed by Steven R. Johnson Nancy Christie and Michael Gauvreau, A Full-Orbed Christianity: Protestant Churches and Social Welfare in Canada, 1900-1940, reviewed by Brian J. Fraser Robert M. Grant, lrenaeus of Lyons, reviewed by Tim Hegedus J.E. Merdinger, Rome and the African Church in the Time of Augustine, reviewed by Joanne McWilliam Werner O. Packull, Hutterite Beginnings: Communitarian Experiments during the Reformation, reviewed by A. James Reimer Gilles Routhier, ed., L'Eglise canadienne et Vatican II., reviewed by Michael Attridge Johanna M. Selles, Methodists and Women's Education in Ontario, 1836-1925, reviewed by Cora Krommenhoek Paul B. Thompson, The Spirit of the Soil: Agriculture and Environmental Ethics, reviewed by Marvin L. Anderson Paul F. Bradshaw, ed., Essays on Early Eastern Eucharistic Prayers, reviewed by Jaroslav Z. Skira Katie Geneva Cannon, Katie's Canon: Womanism and the Soul of the Black Community, reviewed by LeeCormie Marcel J. Dumestre, A Church at Risk: The Challenge of Spiritually Hungry Adults, reviewed by Ronald M. Barnes James R. Horne, Mysticism and Vocation, reviewed by Ellen M. Leonard David Ng, ed., People on the Way: Asian North Americans Discovering Christ, Culture and Community, reviewed by Eun Hee Shin Joseph Ratzinger, A New Song for the Lord: Faith in Christ and Liturgy Today, reviewed by Daniel Donovan Heinrich Fries, Fundamental Theology, reviewed by Daniel Donovan Richard R. Gaillardetz, Teaching with Authority: A Theology of the Magisterium in the Church, reviewed by John A. Boissonneau Guenther H. Haas, The Concept of Equity in Calvin's Ethics, reviewed by Victor Shepherd Daphne Hampson, After Christianity, reviewed by Tracy Trothen Michael J. Himes, Ongoing Incarnation: Johann Adam Mohler and the Beginnings of Modern Ecclesiology, reviewed by Daniel Donovan Julia Lamm, The Living God: Schleiermacher's Theological Appropriation of Spinoza., reviewed by Iain G. Nicol Robert A. Larmer. Water into Wine? An Investigation of the Concept of Miracle, reviewed by Philip G. Ziegler Robert A. Larmer, ed. Questions of Miracle, reviewed by Philip G. Ziegler Diarmuid O'Murchu, Quantum Theology: Spiritual Implications of the New Physics, reviewed by Stephen G. Dunn Raimundo Panikkar, Invisible Harmony: Essays on Contemplation and Responsibility, reviewed by John Duggan Vinoth Ramachandra, The Recovery of Mission: Beyond the Pluralist Paradigm, reviewed by Carl F. Starkloff Paul Ricoeur, Figuring the Sacred: Religion, Narrative and Imagination, reviewed by James H. Olthuis Stephen Bede Scharper, Redeeming the Time: A Political Theology of the Environment., reviewed by Dennis O'Hara Hedwig Wahle, Juifs et Chretiens en dialogue. Vivre d'un heritage commun, reviewed by Peter Richardson Donald Wiebe, The Irony of Theology and the Nature of Religious Thought, reviewed by Rory A.A. Hinton Donald Wiebe, Beyond Legitimation: Essays on the Problem of Religious Knowledge, reviewed by Rory A.A. Hinton

Magnetic fluctuations in the 22–100 millihertz (Pc3) band are a consistent indicator of the presence of the cusp in the overhead ionosphere at high latitudes. Correlation of the signals from a variety of instruments have shown that the sources of these pulsations are local (ionospheric) rather than distant (magnetospheric) [Engebretson et al., 1990]. Modulated electron precipitation is presumed to be the source of the fluctuations through the modulations in ionospheric conductivity that they produce. Olson and Szuberla [1997] used data from a pair of cusp stations to deduce the scale size of the precipitating beams using a simple model in which the beams were assumed to have circular cross section. They obtained an upper bound for the coherence length of the order of 200 km. In this paper we extend the analysis of Olson and Szuberla by incorporating data from the Magnetometer Array for Cusp and Cleft Studies (MACCS) magnetometer array and the Australian ANARE antarctic sites to give a broader range of station separations. Using a statistical approach we computed the cumulative distribution function of the interstation coherence and from that distribution we established a measure of coherence, CL. The result of this analysis is a coherence that diminishes with inter-station distance as CL ≈ 1.4 exp(−S/250) where S is the station separation in km. When this result is interpreted in the context of the simple model mentioned above we find a coherence length of 140–180km.

Induction magnetometer data recorded at three closely spaced sites (∼120 Km) in Antarctica (mlat ∼ −75°) have been examined for ionospheric signatures of the cusp/cleft region of the magnetosphere. Crossphase analysis of the 1–10 mHz band, using pure-state filtering techniques reveal diurnally varying field line resonances embedded in the spectra, while interstation phase lag measurements indicate azimuthal propagation of waves away from local magnetic noon. Using the T89 external field model crossphase measurements are put in the context of diurnally changing field line topology due to compression at the subsolar region and stretching along the dawn and dusk flanks. On six of the eight days of this study we have identify a consistent two dimensional phase pattern projected in the dayside ionosphere, indicating closed field lines thread these sites during periods of low to moderate geomagnetic activity (Kp

Data from a low-latitude ground array of 10 fluxgate magnetometer stations spanning a geomagnetic latitude range from 38°N through the equator to 47°S, with a geomagnetic longitudinal extent from 185°E to 227°E covering ∼3 hours in magnetic local time, and an additional high-latitude station (65°N) are used to study the spatial and conjugate properties of Pi2 geomagnetic pulsation wave frequency, amplitude, phase, and polarization. Using fast fourier transform and pure state vector analysis techniques, multistation observations show that individual frequency elements of the Pi2 waves are constant with latitude and longitude, but the dominant frequency may vary. In fact, the higher frequencies often dominate at low latitudes, and the lower frequencies often dominate at higher latitudes. The D component amplitude shows a clearly decreasing trend to a near-zero minimum at the equator, while the H component amplitude does not show a simple behavior. The H component phase is nearly constant at low latitudes, while the high-latitude station may be out of phase or in phase with the low-latitude stations for different events. The D component phase is constant in each hemisphere with a 180° phase difference between hemispheres. Azimuthal wave numbers m obtained from interstation phase differences are small, typically |m| < 3, and show a dominance of westward propagation at most longitudes. It is concluded that the main features of low-latitude Pi2 properties are most easily explained by magnetospheric cavity or wave guide mode resonances, and field line resonances are most likely responsible for the high-latitude Pi2s. This supports the idea that midlatitude and low-latitude Pi2s are two-source phenomena.

The potential chilling effect on businesses wishing to engage in legitimate (but aggressive or innovative) marketing activities through email and other electronic messages is likely to be aggravated by the severe consequences of non-compliance. Davit Akman, Brenda Pritchard, Brian Fraser, & Christopher Oates (Gowlings)

Ion distributions in the near-Earth magnetotail often deviate significantly from a bi-Maxwellian, the form usually assumed in previous studies of instability in this region of space. Here the electromagnetic dispersion equation for propagation parallel to the background magnetic field is derived from the linearised Vlasov equation for both the generalised bi-Lorenztian (kappa) distribution and a crescent shaped distribution. For the hot drifting proton distributions in the near Earth magnetotail it is found that increasing deviation from bi-Maxwellian toward bi-Lorentzian and crescent shaped forms reduces the maximum temporal growth rates and extends the range of wavenumbers and frequencies where instability occurs. The extension of the range of unstable wavenumbers has the significant effect of increasing convective growth rates in the vicinity of the crossover frequency.

David Aberbach, Imperialism and Biblical Prophecy 750-500 BCE, reviewed by Robert Delsynder Anthony Ceresko, Psalmists and Sages: Studies in Old Testament Poetry and Religion,reviewed by Robert Delsynder Michael Duggan, The Consuming Fire: A Christian Introduction to the Old Testament, reviewed by Gordon F. Davies J. Cheryl Exum, Fragmented Women: Feminist (Sub)versions of Biblical Narratives, reviewed by Jacqueline R. Isaac Jeffrey A. Fager, Land Tenure and the Biblical Jubilee: Uncovering Hebrew Ethics through the Sociology of Knowledge,reviewed by John Kessler Naomi Steinberg, Kinship and Marriage in Genesis: A Household Economics Perspective, reviewed by Jacqueline R. Isaac Emanuel Tov, Textual Criticism of the Hebrew Bible, reviewed by Claude E. Cox Claus Westermann, Roots of Wisdom: The Oldest Proverbs of Israel and Other Peoples, reviewed by John E. Harvey C. Clifton Black, Mark: Images of an Apostolic Interpreter, reviewed by Joseph Vlcek Kozar Willi Braun, Feasting and Social Rhetoric in Luke 14, reviewed by David B. Gowler Richard A. Burridge, Four Gospels, One Jesus?reviewed by Daniel A. Smith Stevan L. Davies, New Testament Fundamentals, reviewed by Leif E. Vaage Andreas Ennulat, Die “Minor Agreements”: Untersuchungen zu einer offenen Frage des synoptischen Problems, reviewed by John S. Kloppenborg Gordon D. Fee, God's Empowering Presence: The Holy Spirit in the Letters of Paulreviewed by Grant LeMarquand William Hamilton, A Quest for the Post-Historical Jesus, reviewed by Mark Husbands Donald H. Juel, A Master of Surprise: Mark Interpreted, reviewed by Steven C. Muir Aryeh Kasher, Jews and Hellenistic Cities in Eretz Israel: Relations of the Jews in Eretz-Israel with the Hellenistic Cities during the Second Temple Period (332 BCE-70 CE), reviewed by John S. Kloppenborg John S. Kloppenborg, ed., Conflict and Invention: Literary, Rhetorical, and Social Studies on the Sayings Gospel Q, reviewed by Kristen M. Sweder S.R. Llewelyn, New Documents Illustrating Early Christianity. Vol. 7: A Review of Greek Inscriptions and Papyri Published in 1982-83 reviewed by John S. Kloppenborg Elaine Pagels, The Origin of Satan, reviewed by John C. Meagher James Carleton Paget, The Epistle of Barnabas: Outlook and Backgroundreviewed by Grant Le MarQuand Kevin Quast, Reading the Corinthian Correspondence: An Introduction, reviewed by Douglas A. Campbell Rainer Riesner, Die Frühzeit des Apostels Paulus: Studien zur Chronologie, Missionsstrategie und Theologie, reviewed by Terence L. Donaldson Vernon K. Robbins, New Boundaries in Old Territory: Form and Social Rhetoric in Markreviewed by Grant LeMarquand Barnes W. Tatum, John the Baptist and Jesus: A Report of the Jesus Seminar, reviewed by L. Gregory Bloomquist David. Trobisch, Paul's Letter Collection: Tracing the Origin, reviewed by Robert A. Derrenbacker Graham H. Twelftree, Jesus the Exorcist: A Contribution to the Study of the Historical Jesus, reviewed by Wendy Cotter Leif E. Vaage, Galilean Upstarts: Jesus ' First Followers According to Q, reviewed by William E. Arnal Walter H. Wagner, After the Apostles: Christianity in the Second Century, reviewed by Harry O. Maier Khiok-Khing Yeo, Rhetorical Interaction in Corinthians 8 and 10: A Formal Analysis with Preliminary Suggestions for a Chinese, Cross-Cultural Hermeneutic, reviewed by Grant LeMarquand Léonie J. Archer, Susan Fischler and Maria Wyke, eds., Women in Ancient Societies: An Illusion of the Night, reviewed by Marion Ann Taylor Martin Brecht, Martin Luther: The Preservation of the Church, 1532-1546, reviewed by Victor Shepherd William R. Hutchison and Hartmut Lehmann, Many Are Chosen: Divine Election and Western Nationalismreviewed by Alan Davies William Klempa, ed., The Burning Bush and a Few. Acres of Snow: The Presbyterian Contribution to Canadian Life and Culture, reviewed by Brian J. Fraser Heiko A. Oberman, The Impact of the Reformation, reviewed by Gordon A. Jensen Heiko A. Oberman, The Reformation: Roots and Ramifications, reviewed by Gordon A. Jensen Peter Widdicombe, The Fatherhood of God from Origen to Athanasius, reviewed by John P. Egan Paul F. Bradshaw, Two Ways of Prayingreviewed by Pamella Ann Moeller Gertrude Lebans, ed., Gathered by the River: Reflections and Essays of Women Doing Ministry, reviewed by Lillian Perigoe Elisabeth Moltmann-Wendel, I Am My Body: A Theology of Embodiment, reviewed by Pamella Ann Moeller Claudio Naranjo, The End of Patriarchy: And the Dawning of a Tri-une Societyreviewed by Ronald Barnes W. Norris Clarke, Person and Being, reviewed by Jean-Marc Laporte Catherine Cornille and Valeer Neckebrouck, A Universal Faith? Peoples, Cultures, Religions, and the Christ, reviewed by Joseph Quinn Raab Harvey Cox, Fire from Heaven: The Rise of Pentecostalism and the Reshaping of Religion in the Twenty-first Centuryreviewed by Peter Althouse Paul E. Dinter, Beyond Naive Belief: The Bible and Adult Catholic Faith, reviewed by Daniel Donovan Jacques Dupuis, Who Do You Say I Am? Introduction to Christology, reviewed by Joseph Quinn Raab Hans Küng, Great Christian Thinkersreviewed by Daniel Donovan Karl-Josef Kuschel, Born Before All Time? The Dispute Over Christ's Origin, reviewed by Daniel Donovan John Macquarrie, Heidegger and Christianity, reviewed by Michael T. Dempsey Emmanuel Martey, African Theology: Inculturation and Liberationreviewed by Harold Wells Ted Peters, God—The World's Future: Systematic Theology for a Postmodern Era, reviewed by Dennis Ngien Ted Peters, Sin: Radical Evil in Soul and Society, reviewed by Dennis Ngien Eleanor Rae, Women, the Earth, the Divine, reviewed by Sheila Kappler Jon Sobrino, Jesus the Liberator: A Historical-Theological Reading of Jesus of Nazareth, reviewed by Gerard K. Whelan Dennis E. Tamburello, Union with Christ: John Calvin and the Mysticism of St. Bernard, reviewed by Peter Wyatt

While serving as a chaplain during World War I, George G.D. Kilpatrick wrote to his father that he found the men in the Canadian forces "reaching and groping for a coherent interpretation of inner experience." The elder Kilpatrick must have felt considerable disappointment in his son's assessment of the faith of Canadians at the front, for Thomas Buchanan Kilpatrick had spent a lifetime attempting to provide just such an interpretation of the meaning of humanity's experience of God, sin and redemption. Kilpatrick was one of Canada's most prominent Presbyterian theologians and an ardent supporter of church union. His understanding of the theological foundations of the United Church of Canada was widely shared by the leadership of the movement and represents one of the central paradigms within which the new church understood its mission of Christianizing the social order. This essay examines the nature of Kilpatrick's theological vision, focusing on his exposition of the doctrinal section of the Basis of Union of the United Church of Canada in the context of his interpretation of World War I.

Electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves have been observed by the Air Force Geophysics Laboratory triaxial fluxgate magnetometer on the CRRES satellite in the vicinity of the plasmapause. Specific wave events in the 1300–0100 MLT local time sector and over L = 4.8 – 6.7 at magnetic latitudes between ± 20° have been studied with respect to energy propagation. Using the wave magnetic field data and the orthogonal two-component Berkeley electric field experiment data allows the computation of the Poynting vector. Nine events with frequencies below 0.6 Hz have been analyzed. General wave properties showed intensities in the range 4–18 μW m−2. In most events, energy propagation was predominantly away from the equator, supporting the existence of an equatorial source region. There are exceptions and one event, observed 3° from the equator, also showed some propagation back to the equator with equal energy. Four periodic wave packets were seen in another event. This event showed unidirectional propagation away from the equator over all packets with periodicity approximately one-half of the calculated time for a typical bouncing wave packet. Consequently, the periodicity is not the signature of a classical periodic structured Pc 1–2 pulsation event of the type seen on the ground. Generally, the results for these waves with f < fHe+ may be interpreted by assuming an ion cyclotron instability source located near the equator and irregularly emitting wave trains of energy into one or both hemispheres, with minimal reflection at the ionosphere.

The plasmasphere seems the most likely magnetospheric region in which compressional hydromagnetic waves may be trapped to form cavity modes. It has been suggested that substorm-associated Pi 2 magnetic pulsations have a cavity mode character at low latitudes. Recent detailed observations of night-side Pi2 events at low latitudes have also suggested a cavity or waveguide character. We apply a well-tried numerical hydromagnetic wave coupling model at low latitudes, and compare the model output with these observations. We find that the qualitative amplitude and phase characteristics of the model magnetic fields in latitude and longitude fit well with the observations, provided the ionospheric boundary condition at low latitudes gives negligible rotation of magnetic field components between ionosphere and ground. The comparison supports the idea that low-latitude Pi 2 pulsations are cavity/waveguide modes. It also suggests that the magnetic H component observed at the ground near the equator may be a combination of the radial and compressional components above the ionosphere.

Magnetic field data from the 210° magnetic meridian chain of stations have been analyzed to examine which component of the DL and DP fields dominates main impulses of sc and si observed on the ground. The DL and DP fields correspond to transfer processes from the magnetopause through the magnetosphere to the Earth's surface and through the polar ionosphere into the equatorial ionosphere, respectively. Northern and Southern Hemisphere asymmetry of sc and si disturbances appears at low and middle latitudes. Amplitude ranges of the sc and si main impulses observed at low-latitude conjugate pairs (L = 2. and 1.6) in the summer hemisphere are about twice as wide as those in the winter hemisphere. The equatorial enhancement of sc and si main impulses can be seen at Yap island (o = -0.3 °) during the daytime at 0600-1800 LT. These observational facts can be interpreted by invoking an asymmetry in the Northern and Southern Hemisphere twin-vortex-type ionospheric currents driven by the DP field, i.e., by invoking enhanced ionospheric conductivities in the summer hemisphere. The instantaneous penetration of sc and si-associated DP fields through the ionosphere from the polar region to the equator must play an important role in the energy transfer of sc and si disturbances from the solar-wind region to the magnetic equator.

In order to understand the characteristics of lower-latitude Pi 2 geomagnetic pulsations along a magnetic meridian, we have analyzed 1 year's data from the Adelaide (geomagnetic latitude Φ = -46.72°), Birdsville (-37.08°), Weipa (-23.06°), Guam (9.02°), Chichijima (20.65°), Kagoshima (25.23°), and Moshiri (37.76°) stations along the 210° magnetic meridian. The characteristics ofthe lower-latitude (|Φ| < 50°) Pi 2 pulsations are summarized as follows: (1) 80% ofH- and D-component Pi 2 events show very similar wave forms and the same frequency component; (2) not only H-component Pi 2 events but also D-component Pi 2 events are observed within ±5 s; (3) H-component Pi 2 amplitudes are of almost the same order, but D-component Pi 2 pulsations have a minimum near the magnetic equator and increase exponentially from lower to higher latitudes; (4) the observed amplitudes of both H- and D-component Pi 2 pulsations are larger in the summer hemisphere than in the winter hemisphere. Results 1 and 2 show that lower-latitude Pi 2 pulsations are not propagating-mode but global-mode oscillations in the inner magnetosphere. Result 4 cannot be explained by the ordinary screening effect in the ionosphere but gives a clue to the unresolved generation mechanism of lower-latitude Pi 2 pulsations.