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This study sought to determine the effect of fermented medicinal herbs (FMH), i.e. cutchery (Kaempferia galanga), turmeric (Curcuma longa) and curcuma (Curcuma xanthorrhiza) in combination with molasses and probiotic drink (Yakult), administered orally on the hematological and physiological profile of striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus). A complete randomized design (CRD) experiment was used with four levels of treatments, namely P0 (control), P1 (FMH 100 mL/kg), P2 (FMH 200 mL/kg) and P3 (FMH 300 mL/kg) of feed. The fish were kept in a farm in cages at 75 fish/m3 and fed with the experimental diets for 60 days. The results revealed that FMH (P2) dietary administration improved hematological and physiological profile of catfish, i.e total erythrocytes of 2.81 x 106 cells/mm3, hematocrit values of 39.00%, hemoglobin levels of 10.73 g/dL, total leukocytes of 11.41 x 104 cells/mm3, blood glucose 97.33 mg/dL, and total serum protein 4.10 mg/dL compared to controls with 1.89 x 106 cells/mm3, 32.33 %, g/dL, 9.67 x 104 cells/mm3, 67.33 mg/dL, and total serum protein of 3.10 mg/dL, respectively. Moreover, the diet improved special growth rate, feed conversion ratio, feed efficiency and the survival rate of catfish. The hematological and physiological profile of catfish improvement are considered to be due to the content of secondary metabolites of FMH, namely curcuminoids, vitamin C, essential oils, tannins, and flavonoids, which trigger immunostimulation. The presence of curcuminoids provide an antioxidant effect on cell membranes reducing erythrocyte cell membrane damage due to oxidation. Similarly, flavonoids are natural antioxidants, which are credited with the ability of reducing free radicals and anti-free radicals.

Abstract Aeromonas salmonicida was isolated from red spot emperor, king soldier bream, white-spotted rabbit fish and tilapia, and an invertebrate (abalone) in Oman during December 2011–May 2012. The cytotoxic enterotoxin ast gene was found widely distributed among the isolates; aerolysin-like protein (act) and the flagellin structural gene lafA less so; and the nuclease gene (nuc) not at all. However, there was not any evidence of pathogenicity among the isolates when tested in laboratory-based experiments using rainbow trout and Nile tilapia. Therefore, the risk of the pathogen to fish in Oman is unclear.

This paper is focused on analyzing the economic impact that migration imposes on Sweden’s economy. Previous research calculates various economic impacts of immigration on a country through multiple approaches, therefore a combination of fiscal factors from previous studies will serve as the basic method of research. After reviewing previous work, an analysis of current Swedish migration that includes a breakdown of the scale and demography of the incoming immigrants will serve to indicate relevant factors that could have an effect to total public costs. The ‘demographic factors’ identified in this population are then attributed to specific government programs that will incur the actual public cost to the Swedish economy. Finally, these factors are analyzed to determine the impact of migration to Sweden’s economy in the form of government budgeting, labor status, the effect on GDP, and other macro indicators of Sweden’s overall economic stability.

Remotely sensed imagery provides a useful tool for land managers to assess the extent and severity of post-wildfire salvage logging disturbance. This investigation uses high resolution QuickBird and National Agricultural Imagery Program (NAIP) imagery to map soil exposure after ground-based salvage operations. Three wildfires with varying post-fire salvage activities and variable ground truth data were used to evaluate the utility of remotely sensed imagery for disturbance classification. The Red Eagle Fire in northwestern Montana had intensive ground truthing with GPS-equipment logging equipment to map their travel paths, the Tripod Fire in north central Washington had ground truthed disturbance transects, and the School Fire in southeastern Washington had no salvage-specific ground truthing but pre-and post-salvage images were available. Spectral mixture analysis (SMA) and principle component analysis (PCA) were used to evaluate the imagery. Our results showed that soil exposure (disturbance) was measureable when pre-and post-salvage QuickBird images were compared at one site. At two of the sites, only post-salvage imagery was available, and the soil exposure correlated well to salvage logging equipment disturbance at one site. When ground disturbance transects were compared to NAIP imagery two years after the salvage operation, it was difficult to identify disturbance due to vegetation regrowth. These results indicate that soil exposure (ground disturbance) by salvage operation can be detected with remotely sensed imagery especially if the images are taken less than two years after the salvage operation.

As a result of the continuous evolution of microbial pathogens towards antibiotic-resistance, there have been demands for the development of new and effective antimicrobial compounds. Since the 1960s, the scientific literature has accumulated many publications about novel pharmaceutical compounds produced by a diverse range of marine bacteria. Indeed, marine micro-organisms continue to be a productive and successful focus for natural products research, with many newly isolated compounds possessing potentially valuable pharmacological activities. In this regard, the marine environment will undoubtedly prove to be an increasingly important source of novel antimicrobial metabolites, and selective or targeted approaches are already enabling the recovery of a significant number of antibiotic-producing micro-organisms. The aim of this review is to consider advances made in the discovery of new secondary metabolites derived from marine bacteria, and in particular those effective against the so called “superbugs”, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE), which are largely responsible for the increase in numbers of hospital acquired, i.e., nosocomial, infections.

Una práctica mundial en granjas de cultivo acuícola es el uso rutinario de antimicrobianos, incluyendo compuestos de valor en terapéutica humana; sin embargo, todavía prevalecen las vibriosis atribuibles fundamentalmente a Vibrio harveyi luminiscentes. Se determinó la resistencia frente a 12 antimicrobianos y al agente vibriostático, con el método en disco de difusión en agar, de miembros del género Vibrio aislados de lisas criollas silvestres (Mugil curema) y de camarones peneidos (Litopenaeus schmitti, L. vannamei y L. stylirostris), silvestres y cultivados, así como del agua y sedimento de su entorno. Se tomaron muestras del riñón, hepatopáncreas e intestino de los animales, y también de macerados de larvas de camarones. En general los ejemplares se observaron sanos a su llegada al laboratorio, con excepción de los provenientes de los 3 primeros muestreos realizados en una camaronera en 1996, donde un grupo de larvas de cultivo presentó problemas sanitarios. Fueron aislados 629 vibrios, de los cuales el mayor grupo, claramente identificado, estuvo formado por bacterias de la especie V. harveyi. Se detectó que el 93% de los vibrios presentaron resistencia múltiple, la cual fue elevada (R ³ 50%) a la eritromicina, estreptomicina, kanamicina, novobiocina, penicilina G, polimixina B, tetraciclina y triple sulfa. No se encontró diferencia estadística significativa (P £ 0,05) entre la especie V. harveyi y el resto de las especies de Vibrio ubicadas en un segundo grupo, considerando en conjunto los ambientes silvestre y de cultivo. Sin embargo, el nivel de resistencia de las cepas de esta especie se hizo significativamente mayor (P £ 0,05), al analizar en forma individual las de V. harveyi aisladas de las larvas enfermas. Aquí las cepas fueron 100% resistentes en un rango comprendido entre 7 y 10 de los antimicrobianos probados. El alto nivel de resistencia de las bacterias recuperadas de animales cultivados, puede ser una consecuencia del amplio uso de antimicrobianos. En lo referente a los animales silvestres, la alta resistencia detectada podría involucrar la transferencia de factores R mediante plásmidos.

This study sought to determine the effect of fermented medicinal herbs (FMH), i.e. cutchery ( Kaempferia galanga), turmeric ( Curcuma longa) and curcuma ( Curcuma xanthorrhiza) in combination with molasses and probiotic drink (Yakult), administered orally on the hematological and physiological profile of striped catfish ( Pangasi a nodon hypophthalmus). A complete randomized design (CRD) experiment was used with four levels of treatments, namely P0 (control), P1 (FMH 100 mL/kg), P2 (FMH 200 mL/kg) and P3 (FMH 300 mL/kg) of feed. The fish were kept in a farm in cages at 75 fish/m 3 and fed with the experimental diets for 60 days. The results revealed that FMH (P2) dietary administration improved hematological and physiological profile of catfish, i.e total erythrocytes of 2.81 x 10 6 cells/mm 3, hematocrit values of 39.00%, hemoglobin levels of 10.73 g/dL, total leukocytes of 11.41 x 10 4 cells/mm 3, blood glucose 97.33 mg/dL, and total serum protein 4.10 mg/dL compared to controls with 1.89 x 10 6 cells/mm 3, 32.33 %, g/dL, 9.67 x 10 4 cells/mm 3, 67.33 mg/dL, and total serum protein of 3.10 mg/dL, respectively. Moreover, the diet improved special growth rate, feed conversion ratio, feed efficiency and the survival rate of catfish. The hematological and physiological profile of catfish improvement are considered to be due to the content of secondary metabolites of FMH, namely curcuminoids, vitamin C, essential oils, tannins, and flavonoids, which trigger immunostimulation. The presence of curcuminoids provide an antioxidant effect on cell membranes reducing erythrocyte cell membrane damage due to oxidation. Similarly, flavonoids are natural antioxidants, which are credited with the ability of reducing free radicals and anti-free radicals.

This study sought to determine the effect of fermented medicinal herbs (FMH), i.e. cutchery ( Kaempferia galanga), turmeric ( Curcuma longa) and curcuma ( Curcuma xanthorrhiza) in combination with molasses and probiotic drink (Yakult), administered orally on the hematological and physiological profile of striped catfish ( Pangasi a nodon hypophthalmus). A complete randomized design (CRD) experiment was used with four levels of treatments, namely P0 (control), P1 (FMH 100 mL/kg), P2 (FMH 200 mL/kg) and P3 (FMH 300 mL/kg) of feed. The fish were kept in a farm in cages at 75 fish/m 3 and fed with the experimental diets for 60 days. The results revealed that FMH (P2) dietary administration improved hematological and physiological profile of catfish, i.e total erythrocytes of 2.81 x 10 6 cells/mm 3, hematocrit values of 39.00%, hemoglobin levels of 10.73 g/dL, total leukocytes of 11.41 x 10 4 cells/mm 3, blood glucose 97.33 mg/dL, and total serum protein 4.10 mg/dL compared to controls with 1.89 x 10 6 cells/mm 3, 32.33 %, g/dL, 9.67 x 10 4 cells/mm 3, 67.33 mg/dL, and total serum protein of 3.10 mg/dL, respectively. Moreover, the diet improved special growth rate, feed conversion ratio, feed efficiency and the survival rate of catfish. The hematological and physiological profile of catfish improvement are considered to be due to the content of secondary metabolites of FMH, namely curcuminoids, vitamin C, essential oils, tannins, and flavonoids, which trigger immunostimulation. The presence of curcuminoids provide an antioxidant effect on cell membranes reducing erythrocyte cell membrane damage due to oxidation. Similarly, flavonoids are natural antioxidants, which are credited with the ability of reducing free radicals and anti-free radicals.

This study sought to determine the effect of fermented medicinal herbs (FMH), i.e. cutchery ( Kaempferia galanga), tumeric ( Curcuma longa) and curcuma ( Curcuma xanthorrhiza) in combination with molasses and probiotic drink (Yakult), administered orally on the hematological and physiological profile of striped catfish ( Pangasionodon hypophthalmus). A complete randomized design (CRD) experiment was used with four levels of treatments, namely P0 (control), P1 (FMH 100 ml/kg), P2 (FMH 200 ml/kg) and P3 (FMH 300 ml/kg) of feed. The fish were kept in a farm in cages at 75 fish/m 3 , and fed with the experimental diets for 60 days. The results revealed that FMH (P2) dietary administration improved hematological and physiological profile of catfish, i.e total erythrocytes of 2.81 x 10 6 cells/mm 3, hematocrit values of 39.00 %, hemoglobin levels of 10.73 g/dl, total leukocytes of 11.41 x 10 4 cells/mm 3, blood glucose 97.33 mg/dl, and total serum protein 4.10 mg/dl compared to controls with 1.89 x 10 6 cells/mm 3, 32.33 %, g/dl, 9.67 x 10 4 cells/mm 3, 67.33 mg/dl, and total serum protein of 3.10 mg/dl, respectively. Moreover, the diet improved special growth rate, feed conversion ratio, feed efficiency and the survival rate of catfish