Search

Citrus is one of the most important fruit crops in Indonesia. One of the main problems in citrus production is mite infestation. Many mite species were reported attacking citrus around the world. This study was aimed to identify mites and describe the main characters of various species of mites on citrus in Java, Indonesia. Sampling was carried out at the location of citrus plantations and citrus plants in the yard of the house which was carried out purposively. In a large planting area, sampling was carried out on 10 citrus trees that showed symptoms of mite attack. The identification process is carried out by a mounting process to obtain specimens that can be observed under a compound microscope using PVA. Eight species of mites were collected from 8 various of citrus from 15 location. Six mites species were identified as phytophagous, i.e., Panonychus citri McGregor, Eotetranychus sp., Eutetranychus sp. (Family Tetranychidae), Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes) (Family Tenuipalpidae), Tarsonemus bilobatus Suski (Family Tarsonemidae), and Phyllocoptruta oleivora (Ashmead) (Family Eriophyidae). Meanwhile, the other two species, Amblyseius sp. (Family Phytoseiidae) and Cheletogenes ornatus (Canestrini & Fanzago) (Family Cheyletidae) were predators. Unidentified mites were Family Tydeidae and Winterschmidtiidae. According to Regulation No. 31 of 2018, P. citri and Ph. oleivora are quarantine pest. T. bilobatus is firstly reported in Indonesia.

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T10:25:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-01-01 BACKGROUND: Brevipalpus yothersi mite is the main vector of Citrus leprosis virus (CiLV), the causal agent of citrus leprosis disease. The acaricide spirodiclofen has been widely used to control this mite. However, failures in control using spirodiclofen have been frequently reported by citrus growers. In this study, we estimated the diagnostic concentration to monitor the resistance to spirodiclofen of B. yothersi populations collected in nine citrus groves in Brazil. We then selected the B. yothersi population that showed lowest mortality with the estimated diagnostic concentration of spirodiclofen to characterize the frequency of resistant individuals, as well as demographic and life table parameters. RESULTS: Variability was higher between populations in terms of susceptibility to spirodiclofen. The frequency of resistant eggs between populations ranged from 0.7% to 85.8%. The resistance ratio of B. yothersi to spirodiclofen was low to moderate. Survival rates of the immature stage, total adult longevity, oviposition days, and female fecundity were lower in the resistant strain. Furthermore, net reproduction rate, intrinsic rate of increase, finite rate of increase, and mean length of a generation were also lower in the R strain. CONCLUSION: Although variations in resistance to spirodiclofen were observed between populations, the resistance ratio was low to moderate. Such data can be useful in the development of resistance management strategies for B. yothersi in Brazilian citrus groves. Department of Agricultural Sciences São Paulo State University (UNESP) - College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences Department of Entomology and Acarology University of São Paulo (ESALQ/USP) Department of Agricultural Sciences São Paulo State University (UNESP) - College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences

Orientadores: João Vasconcellos Neto, Mário Eidi Sato Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia Resumo: Dinâmica populacional, preferência hospedeira e sensibilidade a agrotóxicos de Brevipalpus phoenicis (GEIJSKES 1939) e ácaros predadores em cafeeiro (Coffea spp.) Dentre as pragas que atacam o cafeeiro, destaca-se o ácaro Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes, 1939) (Acari: Tenuipalpidae), que é o vetor do vírus da mancha-anular do cafeeiro. O estudo foi conduzido com o objetivo de se obter subsídios para o manejo da praga em cafeeiro no Brasil. Os objetivos específicos foram: 1) estudar a dinâmica populacional de B. phoenicis e das principais espécies de ácaros predadores (Phytoseiidae), incluindo análises sobre interação entre B. phoenicis e predadores, bem como a influência de fatores climáticos na população desses ácaros, em diferentes cultivares de café; 2) avaliar a sensibilidade a agrotóxicos em populações do ácaro-praga e ácaros predadores da espécie Euseius concordis (Chant, 1959), procedentes de diferentes regiões do estado de São Paulo. Um estudo sobre dinâmica populacional de ácaros foi conduzido em cafeeiros de diferentes cultivares (`Icatu Vermelho¿, `Catuaí Vermelho¿, `Mundo Novo¿, `Obatã, `Apoatt (Robsuta), em Presidente Prudente, SP, onde foram realizadas coletas mensais de amostras de folhas de cafa, por um pereodo de 19 meses. As espscies mais abundantes de ecaros em cafeeiro foram B. phoenicis, E. citrifolius Denmark & Muma e E. concordis. A espscie predominante de ecaro predador foi E. citrifolius, correspondendo a 92,4% dos fitosesdeos encontrados. Foram detectadas correlalaes significativas entre E. citrifolius e B. phoenicis em todos os cultivares de cafeeiro, sugerindo que esse ecaro fitosesdeo pode exercer controle biologico sobre o ocaro praga em cafeeiro. As maiores abundnncias do ocaro predador foram observadas para os cultivares `Apoata e `Catuat Vermelhol. Para o estudo de sensibilidade de dcaros a agrotrxicos, foram conduzidos dois experimentos em condindes de laboratrrio. O experimento 1 foi sobre a influfncia de agrotrxicos sobre a sobrevivvncia de femeas adultas de B. phoenicis e E. concordis e sobre as taxas de crescimento populacional desses ecaros. Ciflumetofem, hexitiazox e fenpropatrina foram efetivos para o controle de B. phoenicis, porpm, in cuos ao E. concordis, demonstrando bom potencial para uso em cafeeiro, visando ao manejo do dcaro-praga. Abamectina, cipermetrina+profenofns, deltametrina+triazofzs e etoxazol foram altamente texicos para B. phoenicis e E. concordis. Oxicloreto de cobre afetou apenas o crescimento populacional de B. phoenicis, sem causar efeito significativo em E. concordis. Espirodiclofeno e malationa foram mais prejudiciais ao crescimento populacional de B. phoencis e E. concordis. O experimento 2 foi sobre toxicidade de agrotrxicos em populaules de B. phoenicis e E. concordis de diferentes regiees do estado de Seo Paulo. Foram comparadas populaules de B. phoenicis coletadas de cafeeiro nas regiees de Franca e Vera Cruz, e de E. concordis, origingrias de cafeeiro de Franca, MarMlia e Vera Cruz. A populaulo de B. phoenicis da regieo de Franca mostrou-se mais resistente a etoxazol a de Vera Cruz. A populaulo de E. concordis de Franca mostrou-se mais resistente a abamectina e fenpropatrina, porpm, mais suscetcvel a ciflumetofem, que Vera Cruz. Os Ocaros E. concordis apresentaram maior tolerlncia aos agrotrxicos que os da especie B. phoenicis. Estudos dessa natureza sao de grande relevlncia para o estabelecimento de programas de manejo integrado de dcaros-praga em cafeeiros no Brasil Abstract: Population dynamics, host preference and agrochemicals susceptibility of Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes, 1939) and predaceous mites on coffee (Coffea spp.) Among the pests that attack coffee, it stands out the mite Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes) (Acari: Tenuipalpidae), stands out the vector of the coffee ringspot virus (CoRSV). This study was conducted in order to obtain basic information that management keeping of this pest coffee in Brazil.The objectives were: 1) to study the population dynamics of B. phoenicis and of the main species of predatory mites (Phytoseiidae), including analyzes of interactions between B. phoenicis and predators, as well as the influence of climatic factors on the population of these mites on different coffee cultivars; 2) to evaluate the pesticide susceptibility in populations of this mite and the predaceous mite Euseius concordis (Chant, 1959), from different regions of São Paulo state. A study on population dynamics of mites was conducted on different coffee cultivars (`Icatu Vermelho¿, `Catuaí Vermelho¿, `Mundo Novo¿, `Obatã, `Apoatt) in Presidente Prudente-SP, where samples of coffee leaves were taken monthly for a period of 19 months. The most abundant mite species on coffee were B. phoenicis, Euseius citrifolius Denmark & Muma and E. concordis. The predominant species of predatory mites was E. citrifolius, corresponding to 92.4% of the phytoseiids found on coffee plants. Significant correlations between E. citrifolius and B. phoenicis were detected in all the coffee cultivars studied, indicating that this phytoseiid mite exerts biological control of this coffee pest. The highest abundances of predaceous mites were observed for `Apoata and `Catuat Vermelhol cultivars. To study the susceptibility of mites to agrochemicals, two experiments were conducted under laboratory conditions. Experiment 1 was about the influence of agrochemicals on adult female survival of B. phoenicis and E. concordis and on the population growth rates of the mites. Cyflumetofen, hexythiazox and fenpropathrin were effective for the control of B. phoenicis but harmless to the predator E. concordis, showing good potential for the use in coffee mite management program. Abamectin, cypermethrin + profenofos, deltamethrin + triazophos and etoxazole were highly toxic to B. phoenicis and E. concordis. Copper oxychloride only affected the population growth of B. phoenicis, without causing significant effects on E. concordis. Spirodiclofen and malathion were more harmful to population growth of B. phoencis than E. concordis. Experiment 2 was on agrochemical toxicity in populations of B. phoenicis and E. concordis from different regions of Sfo Paulo state. Populations of B. phoenicis collected from coffee fields in the regions of Franca and Vera Cruz, were compared to populations of E. concordis, collected from coffee in Franca, Marilia and Vera Cruz. The population of B. phoenicis from Franca was more resistant to etoxazol than that from Vera Cruz. The population of E. concordis of Franca was more resistant to abamectin and fenpropathrin, but more susceptible to cyflumetofen, than that from Vera Cruz. Euseius concordis showed higher tolerance to acaricides than B. phoenicis. These kind of studies are greatest importance to establishment of integrated management programs for coffee pest mites in coffee in Brazil Doutorado Biodiversidade Animal Doutor em Biologia Animal

Dois ensaios foram realizados para avaliar o efeito de suspensoes de biofertilizantes aplicadas em Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC. plantas na bioecologia de Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes). No primeiro ensaio (efeito residual), foram testados os seguintes tratamentos: a) Agua destilada (Controle); b) Biofert - biofertilizante produzido em um unico biorreator; c) Biomix - mistura de biofertilizantes produzidos em quatro biorreatores; ed) Bio + VL - Biofert + Verticillium lecaniiI (Zimm.) Viegas. No segundo ensaio (efeito sistemico) foram testadas apenas duas suspensoes: a) Biofert eb) Agua destilada (controle). No primeiro ensaio, o biofertilizante foi aplicado uma vez em toda a planta e os acaros foram confinados em arenas em ambos os folhetos. No segundo ensaio, as plantas foram pulverizadas semanalmente em apenas um folheto e os acaros foram confinados em arenas no folheto nao pulverizado. Em ambos os bioensaios, parâmetros bioecologicos relacionados a sobrevivencia e oviposicao foram avaliados. Os efeitos do biofertilizante no crescimento potencial da populacao durante a primeira geracao foram medidos pelos parâmetros da tabela de vida de fertilidade (taxa reprodutiva liquida (Ro), tempo medio de geracao (T), tempo de duplicacao (DT), taxa intrinseca de aumento (Rm) e taxa finita de aumento (). O biofertilizante teve efeitos adversos nos parâmetros de sobrevivencia e oviposicao. As taxas liquidas de reproducao (Ro) foram de 18,1; 12,9; 12,5 e 10,5 femeas / femea (ensaio I) e 19,4 e 13,0 femeas / femea (ensaio II ), respectivamente para os tratamentos nas ordens acima mencionadas Estes resultados mostram que o biofertilizante reduziu o potencial de crescimento populacional de B. phoenicis em ensaios de efeito residual ou sistemico. parâmetros bioecologicos relacionados a sobrevivencia e oviposicao foram avaliados. Os efeitos do biofertilizante no crescimento potencial da populacao durante a primeira geracao foram medidos pelos parâmetros da tabela de vida de fertilidade (taxa reprodutiva liquida (Ro), tempo medio de geracao (T), tempo de duplicacao (DT), taxa intrinseca de aumento (Rm) e taxa finita de aumento (). O biofertilizante teve efeitos adversos nos parâmetros de sobrevivencia e oviposicao. As taxas liquidas de reproducao (Ro) foram de 18,1; 12,9; 12,5 e 10,5 femeas / femea (ensaio I) e 19,4 e 13,0 femeas / femea (ensaio II ), respectivamente para os tratamentos nas ordens acima mencionadas Estes resultados mostram que o biofertilizante reduziu o potencial de crescimento populacional de B. phoenicis em ensaios de efeito residual ou sistemico. parâmetros bioecologicos relacionados a sobrevivencia e oviposicao foram avaliados. Os efeitos do biofertilizante no crescimento potencial da populacao durante a primeira geracao foram medidos pelos parâmetros da tabela de vida de fertilidade (taxa reprodutiva liquida (Ro), tempo medio de geracao (T), tempo de duplicacao (DT), taxa intrinseca de aumento (Rm) e taxa finita de aumento (). O biofertilizante teve efeitos adversos nos parâmetros de sobrevivencia e oviposicao. As taxas liquidas de reproducao (Ro) foram de 18,1; 12,9; 12,5 e 10,5 femeas / femea (ensaio I) e 19,4 e 13,0 femeas / femea (ensaio II ), respectivamente para os tratamentos nas ordens acima mencionadas Estes resultados mostram que o biofertilizante reduziu o potencial de crescimento populacional de B. phoenicis em ensaios de efeito residual ou sistemico. taxa intrinseca de aumento (Rm) e taxa finita de aumento (). O biofertilizante teve efeitos adversos nos parâmetros de sobrevivencia e oviposicao. As taxas liquidas de reproducao (Ro) foram de 18,1; 12,9; 12,5 e 10,5 mulheres / mulher (ensaio I) e 19,4 e 13,0 mulheres / mulher (ensaio II), respectivamente para os tratamentos nas ordens acima mencionadas. Esses resultados mostram que o biofertilizante reduziu o potencial de crescimento populacional de B. phoenicis em ensaios de efeito residual ou sistemico. taxa intrinseca de aumento (Rm) e taxa finita de aumento (). O biofertilizante teve efeitos adversos nos parâmetros de sobrevivencia e oviposicao. As taxas liquidas de reproducao (Ro) foram de 18,1; 12,9; 12,5 e 10,5 mulheres / mulher (ensaio I) e 19,4 e 13,0 mulheres / mulher (ensaio II), respectivamente para os tratamentos nas ordens acima mencionadas. Esses resultados mostram que o biofertilizante reduziu o potencial de crescimento populacional de B. phoenicis em ensaios de efeito residual ou sistemico.

The predator mite Neoseiulus californicus McGregor is an effective predator that is used to control the invasion of Tetranychus urticae Koch on crop plants. Experiments for rearing N. californicus on different food sources were carried out under laboratory condition (25±2oC, 75+5 % RH). N. californicus was reared on three different food types; two types of phytophagous mites (Tetranychus urticae and Brevipalpus phoenicis Geijskes) and date palm pollens. In response to food type, the periods of N. californicus immature stages were 4.79, 8.14, and 11.79 days for females and 3.93, 6.71, and 10.71 days for males when fed on T. urticae, B. phoenicis, and date palm pollen, respectively.The developmental periods (life cycle) of both female and male individuals were longer when they fed on date palm pollen (14.07, 12.86 days for females and males respectively) compared with 6.93, 5.79 days for females and males in case of feeding on T. urticae and 10.29, 8.79 days for those reared on B. phoenicis.N. californicus males completed their developmental stages on the studied food types successfully ,however, N. californicus females were significantly affected by the type of food, which recorded the highest number of eggs per each female when fed on T. urticae (32.14 eggs), followed by females that fed on B. phoenicis and date palm pollen (13.29 and 3.86 eggs, respectively). Obtained results provide alternatives of T. urticae to rear N. californicus for mass production although the efficiency was not the same.

Tenuipalpid mites of the genus Brevipalpus are of significant economic and quarantine importance in agriculture. They can damage and vector phytopathogenic viruses in coffee plantations and other crops. In this study, we focused on: identification of the Brevipalpus species, assessment of the spread of Brevipalpus-associated viruses (CoRSV, CiLV-N, CiLVC and CiLVC2), and mite population fluctuations over the course of 1 year. The study was conducted in coffee plantations in Soconusco, a coffee-producing region in Chiapas, Mexico. The collected mites of the Brevipalpus phoenicis sensu lato species complex (635) were identified as Brevipalpus papayensis (80.2%) and B. yothersi (19.8%) based on morphological and molecular characteristics. Their population abundance was low and there were no indications for virosis. The highest mite abundance was recorded in August–September and the lowest in February–March. An interaction was observed between mite abundance and coffee species in open-growth and shaded cultivation at various altitudes. Brevipalpus papayensis was most abundant in Coffea arabica var. Bourbon, in shaded (80%) growing conditions at an altitude of 1300 m above sea level. In C. canephora (in open-growth cultivation conditions at low altitude), B. yothersi was more abundant than in C. arabica, and as abundant as B. papayensis. We are of the opinion that, at this moment, B. papayensis and B. yothersi do not present risks to the production of coffee for the studied plantations. However, as the coffee-producing regions of Mexico are ecologically diverse, it will be important to continue examining the status of Brevipalpus mite populations in other regions in Mexico.

Submitted by Claudiane Martins Da Rocha (claudiane.rocha@unesp.br) on 2020-11-21T14:20:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO_ClaudianeRocha.pdf: 1067151 bytes, checksum: 454363551c94d245c70ffe8315d733ba (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Laudicélia Martins Arantes (lm.arantes@unesp.br) on 2020-11-23T12:49:49Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 rocha_cm_me_jabo.pdf: 1067151 bytes, checksum: 454363551c94d245c70ffe8315d733ba (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2020-11-23T12:49:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 rocha_cm_me_jabo.pdf: 1067151 bytes, checksum: 454363551c94d245c70ffe8315d733ba (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020-07-30 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) O ácaro Brevipalpus yothersi é vetor do vírus Citrus leprosis virus (CiLV-C), agente causal da doença leprose dos citros. Esta doença causa queda precoce de frutos, desfolha e seca de ramos, podendo levar à morte das plantas. O acaricida espirodiclofeno tem sido amplamente utilizado para o controle deste ácaro. Porém, falhas no controle com este acaricida vêm sendo relatadas frequentemente pelos citricultores. Portanto, o objetivo do trabalho foi monitorar e caracterizar a resistência de populações de B. yothersi ao espirodiclofeno e avaliar a existência de custo adaptativo associado à resistência a este acaricida. Nove populações de B. yothersi foram coletadas em pomares comerciais de laranja no Estado de São Paulo. Uma população de B. yothersi, coletada em pomar sem aplicação de agrotóxicos e mantida por mais de dez anos em laboratório, foi utilizada com linhagem suscetível de referência (S). O método utilizado nos experimentos foi o de contato direto com as aplicações realizadas em torre de Potter. Foram utilizados ovos de B. yothersi para a avaliação da mortalidade e folhas de feijão-de-porco Canavalia ensiformis em placas de Petri como substrato. Fêmeas provenientes das populações permaneceram por 72 horas para ovipositarem em arenas de folhas de feijão-de-porco. Após este período, as fêmeas foram removidas, e o número de ovos por arena foi contabilizado. Para o monitoramento da resistência, avaliou-se o efeito da concentração diagnóstica de 16,4 ppm de espirodiclofeno (Envidor 240 SC), previamente determinada para a população S. A população que apresentou a menor mortalidade de ovos foi utilizada para caracterização da resistência. A população R foi submetida à pressão de seleção com uma concentração de 9,9 ppm, por uma geração, correspondente a CL95 da população S, para a obtenção da linhagem R. Ovos das linhagens S e R foram submetidos a diferentes concentrações de espirodiclofeno para a obtenção de uma curva de concentração-resposta. A Razão de Resistência foi obtida pela divisão da CL50 da linhagem R pela CL50 da linhagem S. Parâmetros biológicos e demográficos das linhagens foram comparados para verificar a existência, ou não, de custo adaptativo. Além disso, foi calculada uma Tabela de Vida de Fertilidade. Houve elevada variabilidade entre as populações quanto à suscetibilidade ao espirodiclofeno. A frequência de ovos resistentes variou de 0,7 a 85,8%, sendo que as maiores taxas de sobrevivência (>79%) foram observadas nas populações P8 e P9. A razão de resistência encontrada foi de 10,6 vezes. A comparação dos parâmetros biológicos entre as linhagens R e S indicou a existência de custo adaptativo associado à resistência ao espirodiclofeno. A linhagem R apresentou as menores taxas de sobrevivência do estágio imaturo, longevidade total de adultos, dias de oviposição e fecundidade de fêmeas. Além disso, a linhagem R também apresentou os menores valores da taxa líquida de reprodução (R0) da taxa intrínseca de aumento populacional (rm) da razão finita de aumento (λ) e maior tempo médio entre gerações. A existência de custo adaptativo, associado à resistência de B. yothersi ao espirodiclofeno, pode ser explorada em Programas de Manejo da Resistência aos acaricidas. Brevipalpus yothersi mite is the vector of the Citrus leprosis virus (CiLV-C), the causal agent of citrus leprosis disease. This disease causes early fall of fruits, defoliation and branches die back, which can lead to the death of plants. The acaricide spirodiclofen has been widely used to control this mite. However, failures in the control with this acaricide have been frequently reported by citrus growers. Therefore, the objective of the study was to monitor and characterize the resistance of populations of B. yothersi to spirodiclofen and also to evaluate the possible existence of an adaptive cost associated with resistance to this acaricide. Nine populations of B. yothersi were collected from commercial orange groves in the State of São Paulo. A population of B. yothersi, collected in an orchard without the application of pesticides and maintained for more than ten years in the laboratory, was used as susceptible population of reference (S). The method used in the experiments was that of direct contact with applications carried out in Potter's tower. B. yothersi eggs were used to assess mortality and Canavalia ensiformis bean leaves in Petri dishes as substrate. Females from the populations remained for 72 hours to oviposit in arenas of leaves of beans. After this period, the females were removed, and the number of eggs per arena was counted. For the monitoring of resistance, the effect of the diagnostic concentration of 16.4 ppm of spirodiclofen (Envidor 240 SC), previously determined for population S, was evaluated. The population with the lowest egg mortality was used to characterize resistance. The R population was subjected to selection pressure with a concentration of 9.9 ppm, for one generation, corresponding to CL95 of the S population, to obtain the R strain. Eggs of the S and R strains were submitted to different concentrations of spirodiclofen to obtain a concentration-response curve. The Resistance Ratio was obtained by dividing the LC50 of the R strain by the LC50 of the S strain. Biological and demographic parameters of the strains were compared to verify the existence, or not, of adaptive cost. In addition, a Fertility Life Table was calculated. There was high variability between populations in terms of susceptibility to spirodiclofen. The frequency of resistant eggs ranged from 0.7 to 85.8%, with the highest survival rates (> 79%) observed in populations P8 and P9. The comparison of biological parameters between strains R and S indicated the existence of an adaptive cost associated with resistance to spirodiclofen. The R strain had the lowest survival rates of the immature stage, total adult longevity, oviposition days and female fertility. In addition, the R strain also had the lowest values of the net reproduction rate (R0) of the intrinsic rate of population increase (rm) of the finite rate of increase (λ) and the longest average time between generations. The existence of an adaptive cost, associated with the resistance of B. yothersi to spirodiclofen, can be explored in acaricides Resistance Management Programs. 001

Biological characteristics, life table parameters and predation rate of the predatory mite Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) under the laboratory conditions of 25 ± 2°C, 75% R.H. and photoperiod of 12L: 12D was studied. Prey types were Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes) motile stages, Tetranychus urticae Koch eggs and motile stages and Tegolophus guavae (Boczek) motile stages. The predator completed developmental stages on tested prey types with a life cycle of 7.02 to 10.25 days. Its developmental time was significantly affected by prey species as T. urticae motile stages shortened its development more than other ones. Female longevity ranged between 16.70 and 28.2 days. Longest female longevity and highest fecundity one was recorded on T. urticae motile stages (49.3 eggs/female), whereas lowest fecundity (12.6 eggs/female) was recorded on motile stages of T. guavae. The highest consumption rate of adult female was 496.2 individuals when fed on T. guavae; while the lowest was 161.2 individuals on T. urticae motile stages. Net reproduction rate of increase (Ro), intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm) and finite rate of increase (λ) were highest on T. urticae motile stages as 35.59, 0.272 and 1.31, respectively.

Citrus leprosis (CL) is a viral disease endemic to the Western Hemisphere that produces local necrotic and chlorotic lesions on leaves, branches, and fruit and causes serious yield reduction in citrus orchards. Samples of sweet orange (Citrus × sinensis) trees showing CL symptoms were collected during a survey in noncommercial citrus areas in the southeast region of Brazil in 2013 to 2016. Transmission electron microscopy analyses of foliar lesions confirmed the presence of rod-like viral particles commonly associated with CL in the nucleus and cytoplasm of infected cells. However, every attempt to identify these particles by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction tests failed, even though all described primers for the detection of known CL-causing cileviruses and dichorhaviruses were used. Next-generation sequencing of total RNA extracts from three symptomatic samples revealed the genome of distinct, although highly related (>92% nucleotide sequence identity), viruses whose genetic organization is similar to that of dichorhaviruses. The genome sequence of these viruses showed

The objective of this research was to study the abundance and prevalence of Brevipalpus phoenicis and its predators on Gerbera jamesonii Bolus and its relation with different weather variables during a one-year study 2015 at Ismailia Governorate, Egypt. The abundance of B. phoenicis life stages was monitored monthly. The effects of mite's infestation on G. jamesonii morphology represented in leaf, flower, bud and flower deformity numbers during spring was considered, in addition to the photosynthetic pigments. Our results revealed great variations in mite population throughout the year. The highest density ofB. phoenicis adults, eggs, larvae, nymphs were recorded in January (50.25±6.08), May (71.85±8.57), January (31.40±4.71), July (74.43±8.73), respectively while the minimum density were recorded in October (4.10±0.83), September (10.30±2.09), August (1.95±0.46) and (16.10±2.50), respectively. Three predacious mites: Amblyseius cucumeris, Hemicheyletia wellsina, Tydeus sp. and one predacious insect Scolothrips longicornis were recorded.Negative correlations was recorded between B. phoenicis eggs or larvaewith S. longicornis (-0.122, -0.168), respectively. Significant negative correlations were observed between different B. phoenicis life stages, Tydeus sp. and S. longicornis with temperature and relative humidity. There were significant negative or positive correlations between life stages of B. phoenicis and the morphological characteristics of the plant. Highly significant negative correlation was recorded between mite infestation and photosynthetic pigments. In conclusion, G. jamesonii is recorded as a new host for B. phoenicis with a marked deformation in the plant morphology. In addition environmental factors had a great effect on its abundance.

The flat mite, Brevipalpus lewisi McGregor was recently found infesting Metasequoia glyptostroboides Hu & Cheng (Taxodiaceae) in China. In order to accurately differentiate this species from other closely related Brevipalpus species and appropriately apply prevention and control strategies, this study focused on morphological description and identification of adults based on electron microscopy and molecular sequencing of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene. Morphological analyses showed significant differences and similarities between B. lewisi (McGregor), Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes), Brevipalpus californicus (Banks) and Brevipalpus obovatus Donnadieu in the number and/or quality of dorsal setae, omega on tarsus II, dorsal cuticular patterns and leg chaetotaxy. Phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial CO I gene fragment (342 bp) indicated B. lewisi is 86% homologous with the other three species. The genetic distance between B. lewisi host-associated populations of M. glyptostrob...

Coffee ringspot virus (CoRSV) a member of the proposed genus "Dichorhavirus", was surveyed on commercial and research farms spanning an area responsible for the majority of Coffea arabica production in Brazil. Virus-infected plants were found at one hundred percent of locations (n = 45) sampled. All cultivars, regardless of cherry color, were found to serve as hosts, suggesting that there is limited resistance in commercially employed germplasm. Reverse transcription PCR analysis revealed that the virus is contained within symptomatic lesions, with little systemic spread throughout leaves. Phylogenetic analysis based on the ORF1 (nucleocapsid) gene identified a strong geo-spatial relationship among isolates, which clustered into three clades. Despite low genetic diversity among isolates, variation in symptom expression was observed in the experimental host Chenopodium quinoa. Our analyses support the hypothesis that the spread of CoRSV is constrained by the clonal expansion of thelytokous populations of Brevipalpus phoenicis. The widespread occurrence of this virus suggests that it is much more prevalent than previously thought.

This study was conducted aiming to evaluate interactions between deleterious action of biofertilizers on Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes) (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) and host plants. In the first bioassay the following concentrations were tested: 0% (control), 5%, 15%, 30% and 50%. The experimental unit was a leaf of Ligustrum lucidum plant (six leaves per treatment). Twelve mites were liberated in arenas on each leaf. The second bioassay was run on 20 days old Canavalia ensiformis plants, using ten plants per treatment. Ten mites were transferred for arenas on each host plant cotyledonal leaf. Five concentrations were also tested: 0%, 5%; 10%; 20% and 30%. The adult female mortality and the number of eggs laid in each arena were quantified daily during 72 h in the first assay and 120 h in the second one. The mite survivorship and oviposition were significantly reduced with the increase of biofertilizer concentration in both experiments. The LC25 estimates for the 24, 48 and 72 h periods were respectively 50,04; 15,70 and 4,95% in L. lucidum. The LC25 andLC50 estimates for the 24, 48, 72,96 and 120 h periods in C. ensiformis were 8,15; 7,78; 0,63; 0,68 and 0,63 and of 19,64; 19,03; 2,38; 2,60 and 2,67, respectively. No LC50estimates were obtained in L. lucidum, due the low mortality rates. The biofertilizer had deleterious action on fertility and survival of B. phoenicison both host plants, being more severe on C. ensiformis. The mites dead by the biofertilizer action showed evidences of microbial colonization. A colloidal compound of the biofertilizer induced mite immobilization and obstruction in its digestive tract.

Rainfalls may affect the efficiency of pesticides due to a decreased deposit of active ingredient on plants. This should be considered in spraying with acaricides, the main strategy used for the management of citrus leprosis, the main viral disease of the Brazilian citrus culture. Citrus leprosis disease is transmitted by Brevipalpus mites, mainly B. yothersi. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of artificial rains on the efficiency of the acaricide propargite in combination or not with adjuvants for the control of the mite B. yothersi. The experiment was conducted using orange plants grown in pots kept under greenhouse conditions. The acaricide propargite was evaluated isolated and with addition of the adjuvants polydimethylsiloxane (20mL cp/100 L of water) and a mixture of phosphatidylcholine (lecithin) and propionic acid (500 mL cp/100 L of water). After the application of the acaricide with and without the adjuvants, the plants were subjected to a 10-mm artificial rainfall at different time intervals: 5 minutes, and 1 and 12 hours after application. Thereafter, B. yothersi mites were transferred to plants for survival evaluation. The artificial rainfall affected negatively the efficiency of propargite isolated and in mixture. The addition of the adjuvant phosphatidylcholine and propionic acid impaired the efficiency of propargite due to an increased runoff of the broth and a decrease in the deposit of active ingredients on plants. We conclude that the acaricide propargite should not be used in combination with the adjuvants polydimethylsiloxane and mixture of phosphatidylcholine and propionic acid in rainy conditions. RESUMO Chuvas podem afetar a eficiência dos agrotóxicos devido à redução do depósito de ingrediente ativo sobre as plantas. Esse é um fator que deve ser considerado nas pulverizações com acaricidas, principal estratégia utilizada no manejo da leprose-dos-citros, principal doença viral da citricultura brasileira. A leprose-dos-citros é transmitida por ácaros Brevipalpus, com destaque para Brevipalpus yothersi. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de chuva artificial sobre a eficiência do acaricida propargite em mistura ou não com adjuvantes no controle do ácaro B. yothersi. O experimento foi conduzido utilizando plantas de laranja cultivadas em vasos e mantidas em casa de vegetação. O acaricida propargite foi avaliado isolado e com adição dos adjuvantes polidimetilsiloxano (20mL p.c./100L de água) e mistura de fosfatidilcoline (lecitina) e ácido propiônico (500mL p.c./100L de água). Após a aplicação do acaricida com e sem os adjuvantes, as plantas foram submetidas a chuva artificial de 10 mm, em diferentes intervalos de tempo, a 5 minutos, 1 e 2 horas após a aplicação. Em seguida, foram transferidos para as plantas ácaros B. yothersi para avaliação da sobrevivência. A chuva artificial afetou negativamente a eficiência do propargite aplicado isolado e em mistura. A adição do adjuvante fosfatidilcoline e ácido propiônico prejudicou a eficiência do propargite, devido ao maior escorrimento da calda e à redução do depósito de ingrediente ativo sobre as plantas. Conclui-se que o acaricida propargite não deve ser utilizado em associação com os adjuvantes polidimetilsiloxano e mistura de fosfatidilcoline e ácido propiônico em condições de chuva.

Ricoseius loxocheles (De Leon) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) is often found in coffee crops and is known to feed on coffee leaf rust, Hemileia vastatrix Berkeley and Broome (Uredinales). As the occurrence of coffee leaf rust is limited primarily to the rainy season, the mite may use other food sources to survive during the periods of low pathogen prevalence. It is well known that phytoseiid mites can survive on a variety of food sources, such as herbivorous mites, fungi and pollen. We evaluated the ability of R. loxocheles to survive and reproduce on a diet of Brevipalpus phoenicis Geijskes (Acari: Tenuipalpidae), cattail pollen (Typha spp.), clover rust (Puccinia oxalidis), bee pollen (Santa Barbara® dehydrated pollen, Santa Barbara, MG, Brazil) and coffee leaf rust. Ricoseius loxocheles did not survive or reproduce on any B. phoenicis stages tested (egg, larva, adult). The survival and oviposition of R. loxocheles were directly affected by the presence of coffee rust urediniospores, but not by the presence of the prey. Survival and oviposition of the phytoseiid were similar when fed cattail pollen, clover rust and coffee leaf rust but was lower when fed bee pollen. Our results show that R. loxocheles is not a predator of B. phoenicis but it is able to utilize other resources besides coffee leaf rust.

Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes) is a cosmopolitan and polyphagous mite that transmits important phytoviruses, such as coffee ringspot virus, passion fruit green spot virus and Citrus leprosis virus C. To characterise the dynamics of the probability and the rate of B. phoenicis infestation in response to edaphic and climatic factors, monthly inspections were performed in nine orchards in a citrus region of the State of Bahia, Brazil, for 35 months. Three fruits per plant were examined using a magnifying glass (10×) on 21 plants distributed along a “W”-shaped path in each orchard. Meteorological data were collected from a conventional station. To determine the correlations among the climatic variables, the data were analysed using Spearman correlations. Variables were selected by principal component analysis, and those that contributed the most to differentiate the groups were evaluated via a Mann–Whitney test. Using the quantile–quantile method, the limit values for the following climatic variables were determined: temperature (24.5 °C), photoperiod (12 h), relative humidity (83 %), evapotranspiration (71 mm) and rainy days (14 days). The combination of longer days, higher temperatures, lower relative humidity levels and lower evapotranspiration increased the probability of B. phoenicis infestation, whereas successive rain events decreased that risk. Infestation rates were negatively affected by relative humidity levels above 83 % and were positively affected by a decreasing available soil–water fraction and increasing insolation and photoperiod.

Este estudio trata del diagnóstico y detección del nuevo virus de la leprosis de los cítricos tipo 2 citoplasmático (CiLV-C2) en muestras colectadas en los departamentos del Meta y Casanare, mediante técnicas moleculares RT-PCR realizadas sobre tejido vegetal y ácaros vectores Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes). Para las pruebas de detección RT-PCR se utilizaron los iniciadores específicos MP y CPG. Con los iniciadores CPG, se logró la detección del CiLV-C2, en muestras de tejido vegetal con síntomas de leprosis en frutos y hojas de naranja valencia (Citrus sinensis L.) y hojas de Swinglea gluinosa Merr., lo cual confirma la presencia de este virus en Colombia. Los iniciadores MP no detectaron el virus CiLV-C2 en ninguna de las pruebas realizadas. La técnica RT-PCR permitió detectar el virus CiLV-C2 en muestras de ácaros vectores B. phoenicis, cuando se utilizaron los iniciadores específicos CPG. La detección molecular del CiLV-C2, mediante la técnica RT-PCR, se constituye en un instrumento fundamental para el diagnóstico del virus en Colombia y debe ser usada en los programas de detección y prevención de la leprosis de los cítricos en el país.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T16:52:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2018-04-01 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Brevipalpus yothersi Baker (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) was recently confirmed as one of the main vectors of citrus leprosis. Knowledge about this mite’s biology is essential to understand its population dynamics, in order to solve management issues in citrus orchards and explain why citrus leprosis is more severe in some regions. This paper aimed to study biological factors affecting prevailing population levels of B. yothersi and incidence of citrus leprosis. Mites were sampled from orchards in the south, north and northwestern regions of São Paulo State, Brazil. We assessed duration of the developmental stages, oviposition, incubation period, egg viability, longevity, net reproductive rate (Ro), mean generation time (T), intrinsic rate of increase (rm) and finite rate of increase (λ). There were small differences in parameter values between the three populations. Our results indicated that the various measures adopted in the control of the three populations did not lead to major biological differences between populations for the evaluated parameters. School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences (UNESP/FCAV) UNESP - São Paulo State University, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, s/nº School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences (UNESP/FCAV) UNESP - São Paulo State University, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, s/nº

The aim of this work was to study mite diversity in vineyard plots planted with Cabernet Sauvignon and Pinot Noir cultivars and on associated non-cultivated plants in two viticultural regions of Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Monthly assessments of leaves and buds of vines and of non-cultivated plants were undertaken between October 2006 and September 2007. Twelve thousand mites belonging to 17 families and 46 genera and representing 61 mite species were collected. The most abundant phytophagous mites were Calepitrimerus vitis, Colomerus vitis and Panonychus ulmi on grapevines. Among the predatory mites, the most abundant were Neoseiulus californicus and Agistemus floridanus. The non-cultivated plants species that showed the greatest richness of mites were Plantago tomentosa, Plantago lanceolata and Senecio sp. The most abundant phytophagous mites on non-cultivated plants were Tetranychus ludeni and Brevipalpus phoenicis in the viticultural regions of Bento Goncalves and Candiota, respectively, and Pronematus anconai was generally the most abundant predatory mite. In the region of Bento Goncalves, species richness and abundance in the agroecosystem were far higher than in the region of Candiota.

Citrus leprosis (CL) is a serious threat to the citrus industry, especially for sweet oranges. For a long time, Citrus spp. were considered the only susceptible hosts. However, other plant species were also found either experimentally or naturally to be susceptible to Citrus leprosis virus C (CiLV-C). To assess the experimental host range of CiLV-C, a large number of plant species were inoculated with Brevipalpus phoenicis, viruliferous to CiLV-C, under experimental conditions. Out of the 140 tested species (43 families), 59 species (24 families) developed localized chlorotic and/or necrotic lesions upon inoculation of leaves with viruliferous mites, and 40 species (18 families) of them yielded positive results for CiLV-C detection in at least one of the following assays: ELISA, RT-PCR, transmission electron microscopy and immunfluorescence. For those that developed lesions and yielded negative results in CiLV-C detection assays, the results may be attributed to the small number of lesions and their necrotic state with very little viral material. The fact that a considerable number of plant species are susceptible to the virus after mite inoculation brings up implications for the epidemiology, quarantine and evolution of the citrus leprosis pathosystem.

Mites belonging to the family Phytoseiidae are the most important and most widely studied among predatory mites of phytophagous mites. The phytophagous mites Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes, 1939) (Tenuipalpidae) and Oligonychus ilicis (McGregor, 1917) (Tetranychidae) on coffee (Coffea spp.), are frequently found in combination with the predaceous mites Iphiseiodes zuluagai Denmark & Muma, 1972; Euseius alatus DeLeon, 1966 and Amblyseius herbicolus (Chant, 1959) (Acari: Phytoseiidae), among others. The purpose of this research was to study the effects of the product CyazypyrTM (cyantraniliprole 100 OD) on these three species of Phytoseiidae, relevant to coffee, citrus and other agricultural crops in Brazil, following standard laboratory procedures. Mated female mites were exposed to fresh-dried residues on a glass surface, with 8 treatments, 5 mites per glass plate and 6 replicates, in a completely randomized experimental design. Each test lasted eight days, with a daily count of the surviving females and of eggs laid. CyazypyrTM, in all tested doses (75, 100, 125, 150, 175 and 200 g a.i./ha), was selective for the studied species, A. herbicolus, I. zuluagai, and E. alatus. Overall the treatments resulted in low mortality rates and negligible impact on the reproduction. Therefore, based on IOBC standards, CyazypyrTMcan be classified as not harmful (class 1) or slightly harmful (class 2), comparable to the agrochemical TalentoTM (hexythiazox 500 WP-12 g a.i./ha) equivalent to a harmless standard of selectivity in the laboratory. CyazypyrTM is therefore a complement to programs of integrated pest management, to preserve the populations of predatory mites in crops of coffee and citrus, among others, in Brazil.

Among the pests of citrus, one of the most important is the red and black flat mite Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes), which transmits the Citrus leprosis virus C (CiLV-C).When a rational pest control plan is adopted, it is important to determine the correct timing for carrying out the control plan. Making this decision demands constant follow-up of the culture through periodic sampling where knowledge about the spatial distribution of the pest is a fundamental part to improve sampling and control decisions. The objective of this work was to study the spatial distribution pattern and build a sequential sampling plan for the pest. The data used were gathered from two blocks of Valencia sweet orange on a farm in São Paulo State, Brazil, by 40 inspectors trained for the data collection. The following aggregation indices were calculated: variance/ mean ratio, Morisita index, Green’s coefficient, and k parameter of the negative binomial distribution. The data were tested for fit with Poisson and negative binomial distributions using the chi-square goodness of fit test. The sequential sampling was developed using Wald’s Sequential Probability Ratio Test and validated through simulations. We concluded that the spatial distribution of B. phoenicis is aggregated, its behavior best fitted to the negative binomial distribution and we built and validated a sequential sampling plan for control decision-making. RESUMO Dentre as pragas dos citros, uma das mais importantes é o ácaro da leprose Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes), que transmite o vírus da leprose dos citros (CiLV-C). Quando um plano racional de controle de pragas é adotado, é importante se determinar o tempo correto para se dar início ao plano de controle. Para tanto, é necessário acompanhamento constante da cultura através de amostragens periódicas, onde o conhecimento do comportamento espacial da praga é fundamental. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o padrão de distribuição espacial e desenvolver um plano de amostragem sequencial para a praga. Os dados utilizados foram coletados em dois talhões de laranja Valência em uma fazenda no estado de São Paulo, Brasil, por 40 inspetores treinados para a atividade. Foram calculados os seguintes índices de agregação: variância/média, índice de Morisita, coeficiente de Green e parâmetro k da distribuição binomial negativa. Foi testado o ajuste dos dados às distribuições de Poisson e binomial negativa utilizando o teste de quiquadrado de aderência. O plano de amostragem foi desenvolvido utilizando o Teste Sequencial da Razão de Verossimilhança de Wald e validado através de simulações. Foi concluído que a distribuição espacial de B. phoenicis é agregada, seu comportamento espacial pode ser explicado e previsto através da distribuição binomial negativa e foi construído e validado um plano de amostragem sequencial para a tomada de decisão sobre seu controle.

In the recent years Guava trees were infested with the rust mite Tegolophus guavae (Boczek) and Tenuipalpid mite Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes) El-Halawany and Abou-Setta (2014). Inspection of guava trees showed that the population abundance of phytophagous mite, T. guavae was high on leaves and B. phoenicis was high on leaves and fruits. The present investigations were carried out to evaluate eight acaricides, (Agromic, Deva, Berfect, Nest, Baroq, Koncor, Menova and Ortus) against T. guavae and B. phoenicis under field conditions. Results indicated that Ortus, Menova, Agromic and Baroq were the most effective compounds in reducing guava rust mite population, T. guavae followed by Deva, Berfect and Koncor which gave good reduction over (86.0%), while Nest was the lowest (72% mortality). The reduction percentage of B. phoenicis after three weeks of application was 84% mortality, the highest reduction was recorded for Ortus 5% (90%) on leaves and fruits. INTRODUCTION The guava rust mite T. guavae was recorded for the first time in Egypt on Psidium guajava L. by El-Halawany (2012) at Qalubia Governorate. After that ecological studies were done studied by (El-Halawany & Abou-Setta, 2014). on guava indicated that T. guavae inhabiting leaves in February then increased in the number and reach maximum number in June and October especially on young leaves. On the other hand, the Tenuipalpid mite B. phoenicis inhabiting leaves in march and infested fruit after fruit setting and increased in the number in July on leaves and June on fruit causes brown-reddish. In Florida, USA, the mite T. guavae and Brevipalpus spp., cause damage to fruits and tender leaves (Pena et al., 1999). Highest numbers of T. guavae are observed in early autumn, winter and spring months. The mites are most often observed on fruit, causing deformations. The tenuipalpid mite, Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes) is an important pest of more than 50 genera of ornamental plants, it's evidently well distributed throughout the world, this mite transmit virus leprosies when population are high (Jeppson et al., 1975), also Zaher (1984) found B. phoenicis is a principal of citrus, other hosts include guava, quince, sweet potato and acalypha, prefere the lower surfaces of leaves around the midrib and main veins, they were found also in pits, pedical and floral apex of fruits. EFFICACY OF CERTAIN ACARICIDES AGAINST TEGOLOPHUS GUAVAE AND BREVIPALPUS PHOENICIS ON GUAVA TREES 1460 Many researchers studied the effect of some acaricides against phytophagous mites. Rezk (1998) evaluated the two acaricides, Ortus (fenpyroximate) and Neoron (bromopropylate), on Brevipalpus obovatus on citrus orchards in Egypt. On fig trees, abamectin showed a promising control against Tetranychus urticae, Rhyncophytoptus ficifoliae and Aceria ficus it caused reduction of 85%, 75% and 68% in population, respectively (Abou-Awad et al., 2000). (Abou-Awad et al., (2005) showed the effect of abamectin on eriophyid olive mites, the results indicate that abamectin gave reduction of 85.40 % and 88.90 % in the population of Aceria oleae and Tegolophus hassani on leaves, respectively, during the 35-day period following applications. Similar results of abamectin biocide against eriophyid mites were found on citrus in Florida (Childers, 1986). Tayyib et al. (2005) in Pakistan evaluated new insecticides for controlling T. urticae on cotton. The chlorfenapyr gave highest mortality (87.5%), also fenpyroximate gave (63.75%), while the dicofol and azocyclotin gave less than 50% mortality. AL-Joboory and AL-Jorany (2011) found that the efficacy some Acaricides (Envidor 240 SC, Ortus 5% SC, Bye Bye 20 EC, King bow 24 ES and Abamectin 1.8% EC) were a high sufficiency in controlling the mites and gave longer protection duration for the plants. Al-Azzazy et al. (2013) indicated that the Abamectin was superior in reducing Aceria tulipae (79% reduction) after 28 days. This study aims to evaluate of certain acaricides for controlling T. guavae and B. phoenicis on Guava trees in Qalubia governorate.