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La ville d’Anvers a joué un rôle essentiel dans le développement du football belge de la fin du xxe siècle à la veille de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Le poids économique et démographique du port a pu permettre la naissance de deux grandes équipes, l’Antwerp FC (1880) et le Beerschot AC (1899). Le développement d’un secteur associatif et d’un football corporatif puissant nourrissent l’intérêt pour le football et des clubs qui dominent le football belge dans l’entre-deux-guerres. La construction et l’extension de stades pouvant accueillir jusqu’à 50 000 spectateurs témoignent de la vigueur de la place d’Anvers qui voit les joutes annuelles entre les sélections belge et hollandaise, autrement dit la « fête nationale du football belge ». Le football anversois a aussi été influent par l’intermédiaire de ses dirigeants avec notamment Alfred Verdyck, secrétaire-général de la fédération belge de 1911 à 1954.

We report here a rare case of an acute peripheral nerve compression by pseudotumoral calcinosis (PCT) at the right elbow in a patient with severe tertiary hyperaparathyroidism. This complication required urgent multidisciplinary management. Surgical decompression by PCT resection enabled rapid motor and sensory recovery.

Abstract Background Microbial communities are of tremendous importance for ecosystem functioning and yet we know little about the ecological processes driving the assembly of these communities in the environment. Here, we used an unprecedented experimental approach based on the manipulation of physical distance between neighboring cells during soil colonization to determine the role of bacterial interactions in soil community assembly. We hypothesized that experimentally manipulating the physical distance between bacterial cells will modify the interaction strengths leading to differences in microbial community composition, with increasing distance between neighbors favoring poor competitors. Results We found significant differences in both bacterial community diversity, composition and co-occurrence networks after soil colonization that were related to physical distancing. We show that reducing distances between cells resulted in a loss of bacterial diversity, with at least 41% of the dominant OTUs being significantly affected by physical distancing. Our results suggest that physical distancing may differentially modulate competitiveness between neighboring species depending on the taxa present in the community. The mixing of communities that assembled at high and low cell densities did not reveal any “home field advantage” during coalescence. This confirms that the observed differences in competitiveness were due to biotic rather than abiotic filtering. Conclusions Our study demonstrates that the competitiveness of bacteria strongly depends on cell density and community membership, therefore highlighting the fundamental role of microbial interactions in the assembly of soil communities.

Abstract Microbial inoculants are attracting growing interest in agriculture, but their efficacy remains unreliable in relation to their poor survival, partly due to the competition with the soil resident community. We hypothesised that recurrent inoculation could gradually alleviate this competition and improve the survival of the inoculant while increasing its impact on the resident bacterial community. We tested the effectiveness of such strategy with four inoculation sequences of Pseudomonas fluorescens strain B177 in soil microcosms with increasing number and frequency of inoculation, compared to a non-inoculated control. Each sequence was carried out at two inoculation densities (106 and 108 cfu.g soil−1). The four-inoculation sequence induced a higher abundance of P. fluorescens, 2 weeks after the last inoculation. No impact of inoculation sequences was observed on the resident community diversity and composition. Differential abundance analysis identified only 28 out of 576 dominants OTUs affected by the high-density inoculum, whatever the inoculation sequence. Recurrent inoculations induced a strong accumulation of nitrate, not explained by the abundance of nitrifying or nitrate-reducing microorganisms. In summary, inoculant density rather than inoculation pattern matters for inoculation effect on the resident bacterial communities, while recurrent inoculation allowed to slightly enhance the survival of the inoculant and strongly increased soil nitrate content.

Abstract Background Microbes typically live in communities where individuals can interact with each other in numerous ways. However, knowledge on the importance of these interactions is limited and derives mainly from studies using a limited number of species grown in coculture. Here, we manipulated soil microbial communities to assess the contribution of interactions between microorganisms for assembly of the soil microbiome. Results By combining experimental removal (taxa depletion in the community) and coalescence (mixing of manipulated and control communities) approaches, we demonstrated that interactions between microorganisms can play a key role in determining their fitness during soil recolonization. The coalescence approach not only revealed the importance of density-dependent interactions in microbial community assembly but also allowed to restore partly or fully community diversity and soil functions. Microbial community manipulation resulted in shifts in both inorganic nitrogen pools and soil pH, which were related to the proportion of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria. Conclusions Our work provides new insights into the understanding of the importance of microbial interactions in soil. Our top-down approach combining removal and coalescence manipulation also allowed linking community structure and ecosystem functions. Furthermore, these results highlight the potential of manipulating microbial communities for the restoration of soil ecosystems. Video Abstract

Introduction: Context: The development of knee osteoarthritis (OA) after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is now widely recognized. The impact of surgical or non-surgical management on the development of post-traumatic osteoarthritis is still debated in the medical community.Here, we present a meta-analysis comparing the impact of surgical or non-surgical management of ACL injuries on the development of knee OA. Method: A systematic literature review was conducted using data from the PubMed, EMBASE, Medline, and Cochrane libraries from February to May 2019. Only randomized clinical trials published between 2005 and 2019 with a non-surgical group and a surgical group were included to explore the onset or progression of knee OA after ACL injury. Trials had to have at least one radiographic endpoint (Kellgren—Lawrence scoring system). Heterogeneity was assessed using the Cochrane's Q and I2 statistical methods. Results: Only three randomized controlled trials met the inclusion criteria and were selected for meta-analysis. Of the 343 injured knees included in the studies, 180 underwent ACL reconstruction and 163 underwent non-surgical treatment. The relative risk of knee osteoarthritis was higher after surgery than after non-surgical treatment (RR 1.72, CI 95% [1.18–2.53], I2 ​= ​0%). Conclusion: The results of this meta-analysis suggest a predisposition to knee osteoarthritis after ACL reconstruction surgery compared with non-surgical management. Due to the small number of good quality studies available, further well-conducted randomised studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Les Coupes du monde de football féminin sont devenues un évènement majeur du calendrier sportif international. L’épreuve suscite un intérêt croissant de la part des passionnés de football et des médias. Aussi est-il légitime de s’interroger sur la capacité de ce sport à bouleverser les équilibres géopolitiques traditionnels du football. Après avoir analysé les premières Coupes du monde organisées par des hommes d’affaires, cet article démontre que les épreuves se déroulant sous l’égide de la FIFA ont permis l’émergence de nouveaux pays, voire de nouveaux continents, sur la scène footballistique internationale.

Abstract Background The delayed diagnosis of acute kidney injury (AKI) episodes and the lack of specificity of current single AKI biomarkers hamper its management. Urinary peptidome analysis may help to identify early molecular changes in AKI and grasp its complexity to identify potential targetable molecular pathways. Methods In derivation and validation cohorts totalizing 1170 major cardiac bypass surgery patients and in an external cohort of 1569 intensive care unit (ICU) patients, a peptide-based score predictive of AKI (7-day KDIGO classification) was developed, validated, and compared to the reference biomarker urinary NGAL and NephroCheck and clinical scores. Results A set of 204 urinary peptides derived from 48 proteins related to hemolysis, inflammation, immune cells trafficking, innate immunity, and cell growth and survival was identified and validated for the early discrimination (

Abstract Background Sentinel networks composed of general practitioners (GPs) represent a powerful tool for epidemiologic surveillance and ad-hoc studies. Globalization necesitates greater international cooperation among sentinel networks. The aim of this study was to inventory GP sentinel networks involved in epidemiological surveillance on a global scale. Methods GP sentinel surveillance networks were inventoried globally between July 2016 and December 2019. Each identified network was required to fill out an electronic descriptive survey for inclusion. Results A total of 148 networks were identified as potential surveillance networks in general practice and were contacted. Among them, 48 were included in the study. Geographically, 33 networks (68.8%) were located in Europe and 38 (79.2%) had national coverage. The number of GPs registered in these networks represented between 0.1 and 100% of the total number of GPs in the network’s country or region, with a median of 2.5%. All networks were involved in continuous epidemiologic surveillance and 47 (97.9%) monitored influenza-like illness. Data collection methods were paper-based forms (n = 26, 55.3%), electronic forms on a dedicated website (n = 18, 38.3%), electronic forms on a dedicated software program (n = 14, 29.8%), and direct extraction from electronic medical records (n = 14, 29.8%). Along with this study, a website has been created to share all data collected. Conclusions This study represents the first global geographic mapping of GP sentinel surveillance networks. By sharing this information, collaboration between networks will be easier, which can strengthen the quality of international epidemiologic surveillance. In the face of crises like that of COVID-19, this is more imperative than ever before.

AimBuprenorphine mainly acts as an agonist of mu-opioid receptors (mu-OR). High dose buprenorphine does not cause respiratory depression and can be safely administered to elicit typical opioid effects and explore pharmacodynamics. Acute buprenorphine, associated with functional and quantitative neuroimaging, may therefore provide a fully translational pharmacological challenge to explore the variability of response to opioids in vivo. We hypothesized that the CNS effects of acute buprenorphine could be monitored through changes in regional brain glucose metabolism, assessed using 18F-FDG microPET in rats.Materials and methodsFirst, level of receptor occupancy associated with a single dose of buprenorphine (0.1 mg/kg, s.c) was investigated through blocking experiments using 11C-buprenorphine PET imaging. Behavioral study using the elevated plus-maze test (EPM) was performed to assess the impact of the selected dose on anxiety and also locomotor activity. Then, brain PET imaging using 18F-FDG was performed 30 min after injection of unlabeled buprenorphine (0.1 mg/kg, s.c) vs. saline. Two different 18F-FDG PET acquisition paradigms were compared: (i) 18F-FDG injected i.v. under anesthesia and (ii) 18F-FDG injected i.p. in awake animals to limit the impact of anesthesia.ResultsThe selected dose of buprenorphine fully blocked the binding of 11C-buprenorphine in brain regions, suggesting complete receptor occupancy. This dose had no significant impact on behavioral tests used, regardless of the anesthetized/awake handling paradigm. In anesthetized rats, injection of unlabeled buprenorphine decreased the brain uptake of 18F-FDG in most brain regions except in the cerebellum which could be used as a normalization region. Buprenorphine treatment significantly decreased the normalized brain uptake of 18F-FDG in the thalamus, striatum and midbrain (p

The newly described horned iguana Iguana insularis from the southern Lesser Antilles is separated in two easily recognized subspecies: I. insularis sanctaluciae from St. Lucia and I. insularis insularis from the Grenadines. Its former description is completed by the use of 38 new samples for genetic and morphological analysis. Seventeen microsatellites were used to estimate genetic diversity, population structure and the level of introgression with other Iguana species over nearly the whole range of the species. ND4 and PAC sequences were also used to better characterize hybridization and to complete the description of this lineage. The I. insularis population of St. Vincent shows a high level of introgression from I. iguana whereas in the Grenadines, most islands present pure insularis populations but several show evidence of introgressions. Of the two remaining populations of I. insularis sanctaluciae, only one is still purebred. The recent identification of this and other distinct insular species and subspecies in the eastern Caribbean, and evaluation of where hybridization has occurred, are timely and important because the native iguanas are in urgent need of conservation action. Among the greatest threats is the ongoing human-mediated spread of invasive iguanas from Central and South America, which are destroying the endemic insular lineages through multiple diachronic introgression events.

Abstract Background Soil microbial communities are major drivers of cycling of soil nutrients that sustain plant growth and productivity. Yet, a holistic understanding of the impact of land-use intensification on the soil microbiome is still poorly understood. Here, we used a field experiment to investigate the long-term consequences of changes in land-use intensity based on cropping frequency (continuous cropping, alternating cropping with a temporary grassland, perennial grassland) on bacterial, protist and fungal communities as well as on their co-occurrence networks. Results We showed that land use has a major impact on the structure and composition of bacterial, protist and fungal communities. Grassland and arable cropping differed markedly with many taxa differentiating between both land use types. The smallest differences in the microbiome were observed between temporary grassland and continuous cropping, which suggests lasting effects of the cropping system preceding the temporary grasslands. Land-use intensity also affected the bacterial co-occurrence networks with increased complexity in the perennial grassland comparing to the other land-use systems. Similarly, co-occurrence networks within microbial groups showed a higher connectivity in the perennial grasslands. Protists, particularly Rhizaria, dominated in soil microbial associations, as they showed a higher number of connections than bacteria and fungi in all land uses. Conclusions Our findings provide evidence of legacy effects of prior land use on the composition of the soil microbiome. Whatever the land use, network analyses highlighted the importance of protists as a key element of the soil microbiome that should be considered in future work. Altogether, this work provides a holistic perspective of the differential responses of various microbial groups and of their associations to agricultural intensification.

BackgroundMotor imagery practice (MIP) and anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (a-tDCS) are innovative methods with independent positive influence on motor sequence learning (MSL) in older adults.ObjectiveThe present study investigated the effect of MIP combined with a-tDCS over the primary motor cortex (M1) on the learning of a finger tapping sequence of the non-dominant hand in healthy older adults.MethodsThirty participants participated in this double-blind sham-controlled study. They performed three MIP sessions, one session per day over three consecutive days and a retention test 1 week after the last training session. During training / MIP, participants had to mentally rehearse an 8-element finger tapping sequence with their left hand, concomitantly to either real (a-tDCS group) or sham stimulation (sham-tDCS group). Before and after MIP, as well as during the retention test, participants had to physically perform the same sequence as fast and accurately as possible.ResultsOur main results showed that both groups (i) improved their performance during the first two training sessions, reflecting acquisition/on-line performance gains, (ii) stabilized their performance from one training day to another, reflecting off-line consolidation; as well as after 7 days without practice, reflecting retention, (iii) for all stages of MSL, there was no significant difference between the sham-tDCS and a-tDCS groups.ConclusionThis study highlights the usefulness of MIP in motor sequence learning for older adults. However, 1.5 mA a-tDCS did not enhance the beneficial effects of MIP, which adds to the inconsistency of results found in tDCS studies. Future work is needed to further explore the best conditions of use of tDCS to improve motor sequence learning with MIP.

Organic Anion-Transporting Polypeptides (OATPs) are known to control the liver uptake of many drugs. Non-hepatic expression of OATPs has been reported although functional importance for whole-body pharmacokinetics (WBPK) remains unknown. Glyburide is a well described substrate of several hepatic and non-hepatic OATPs. Dynamic whole-body positron emission tomography (DWB-PET) with [11C]glyburide was performed in humans for determination of the importance of OATPs for liver uptake and WBPK. Seven healthy male subjects (24.7 ± 3.2 years) underwent [11C]glyburide PET scan with concomitant blood sampling. All subjects underwent baseline [11C]glyburide PET scan. Five subjects underwent a subsequent [11C]glyburide PET scan after infusion of the potent OATP inhibitor rifampicin (9 mg/kg i.v.). The transfer constant (kuptake) of [11C]glyburide from blood to the liver was estimated using the integration plot method. The tissue exposure of [11C]glyburide was described by the area under the time-activity curve (AUC) and corresponding tissue/blood ratio (AUCR). [11C]glyburide was barely metabolized in both the baseline and rifampicin conditions. Parent (unmetabolized) [11C]glyburide accounted for > 90 % of the plasma radioactivity. Excellent correlation was found between radioactive counting in arterial blood samples and in the image-derived input function, in both the baseline and rifampicin conditions (R2 = 97.9 %, p

Background: Knee osteoarthritis–related pain limits physical function and leads to functional disability. Physical activity is one of the central recommendations for the management of knee osteoarthritis. Although concentric muscle activities are often preferred to eccentric ones, the corresponding rationale remains controversial. Objective: To explore the effect of a 6-week exercise program on function, pain, and performance in patients with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis. Methods: Patients with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis were included in the prospective EX-ART project (Walking performance in osteoARThritic subjects: effect of an ECCentric muscle strengthening program) and randomized in a 6-week rehabilitation program including either eccentric or concentric activities. Metrics of interest chosen as end points measured before and after the rehabilitation were WOMAC score, pain, and muscular performance (quadriceps power P MAX and contraction strength M MAX ). MRI was also used to assess muscle volume and fat infiltration changes. Results: 30 patients were included in each group; mean age was 74 (±7.6); 69% were women. At week 6, both groups showed a significant improvement in the WOMAC without difference between the two groups ( p = 0.7). No difference between the two groups was identified for the pain reduction ( p = 0.7). A significant improvement in the change in P MAX and M MAX at high velocity ( p = 0.001 and p = 0.002) was observed in the eccentric group only. A vastus medialis hypertrophy was quantified in the eccentric group only ( p = 0.002), whereas fat infiltration in the quadriceps muscles was unchanged. Conclusion: Physical activity, whether eccentric or concentric, has a benefit on function and pain in patients with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis. A few differences have been identified between the two types of rehabilitation. More particularly, a gain in muscle performance and vastus medialis volume was found with eccentric rehabilitation only. Registration: www.ClinicalTrials.gov , registration number NCT03167502.

Trafficking in minors for exploitation in criminal activities is a form of human trafficking that is generally not well-recognised and understood by frontline actors. This paper, based on empirical data from frontline actors, shows that this is also the case in the Netherlands. Moreover, the Dutch ethnicised understanding of the phenomenon, which is conceptualised as a ‘Roma’ problem, further obfuscates the identification of these trafficking cases, leading to a blind spot for victims of other ethnicities and differential treatment of itinerant ‘Roma’ victims compared to Dutch and resident victims. It also shows that there is a gender bias among frontline workers, with girls being more readily perceived as victims than boys, and interventions in the girls’ cases geared towards protection, whereas boys were seen as ‘little rascals’ that should be punished. The paper concludes that a focus on indicators of the phenomenon, rather than on victim profiles, could improve this situation and help frontline actors take more transparent as well as ethnic- and gender-neutral decisions.

This Editorial introduces a Special Issue of the journal Anti-Trafficking Review of the topic of ‘Trafficking in Minors’. It argues that the urgency of the phenomena of child trafficking and related issues, such as child labour and child sexual exploitation, and the emotional responses they provoke, have often led to superficial and knee-jerk reactions that obscure the root causes of the problems and deflect attention and resources away from grounded, sustainable solutions. It presents a brief overview of the articles contained in the Special Issue and concludes that policy responses and practical interventions to address trafficking in minors need to have the best interest of the child in mind and address the underlying socio-economic and political root causes.