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Cefazolin is commonly used for surgical site infection prophylaxis due to its low cost and effective coverage. However, it is controversial to use cefazolin in patients with a penicillin allergy despite the cross-reactivity between cefazolin and penicillin being only 1%. Ample literature shows that it is safe to use cefazolin in patients with non-anaphylactic penicillin allergies. However, there is often hesitation by anesthesiologists or orthopedists when prescribing this medication in this population. The current authors sent a 16-question survey to all the residency programs in the United States in anesthesiology and orthopedics asking physicians affiliated with these programs to answer a series of questions about their demographics, prescribing patterns, and knowledge of the cross-reactivity between penicillin and cefazolin. A total of 146 responses in each group, with 82.9% (n=121) of orthopedists and 78.8% (n=115) of anesthesiologists preferring cefazolin for patients with non-anaphylactic penicillin allergies. However, only 57.5% of anesthesiologists and 41.1% of orthopedists knew the correct cross-reactivity between cephalosporins and penicillin. If a provider knew the correct cross-reactivity between cefazolin and penicillin, he or she had an increased odds of prescribing cefazolin to patients with nonanaphylactic penicillin allergies (orthopedics odds ratio [OR], 4.77, P P Orthopedics . 2019; 42(5):e437–e442.]

Objectives: To compare the strength of the inverted triangle (IT) versus the L-shaped cannulated screw fixation technique for stabilizing a Pauwels 2 femoral neck fracture. To demonstrate the risk to the blood supply to the femoral head from a posterior–superior screw. Methods: The IT construct was compared with the L-shaped design in 10 composite femurs. A Pauwels 2 fracture was made with a 5 mm gap. Each specimen was loaded over 5000 cycles, measuring angular/shear displacement then loaded to failure. The data were analyzed using Mann–Whitney U test. Three separate fresh frozen cadavers were injected with low-viscosity epoxy. The intraosseous bloody supply was inspected in each femoral head (no fixation, IT, L-shaped). Results: There was no difference in angular (P = .3) or shear displacement (P = .99) between either screw design after cyclical loading. Also, there was not statistical difference in load to failure testing between either construct (P = .99). The average load to failure in the IT group was 3204.4 N. The average was 3180.2 N in the L-shaped design. We demonstrated the presence of the intraosseous portion of the lateral epiphyseal vessel in the specimen without screw fixation. This was preserved in the specimen with the L-shaped design but absent in the specimen following IT fixation. Conclusions: The strength of the L-shaped construct was not statistically different than the strength of the IT design. The posterior–superior screw may put the main blood supply to the femoral head at risk and should be avoided.

Fractures of the proximal fifth metatarsal are relatively common and can be treated with a variety of treatment modalities. The goals of the current study were to answer the following questions: (1) Is there a difference in functional outcomes with different nonoperative treatment modalities for avulsion and Jones fractures? (2) What is the long-term functional impairment? This study included 53 patients who were treated for proximal fifth metatarsal fracture at 1 university health care system between 2004 and 2013. Treatment methods included shoe modification, cast, and boot. Patients completed a telephone questionnaire that included selected questions from the Musculoskeletal Outcomes Data Evaluation and Management System (MODEMS). Treatment groups were stratified as shoe modification or immobilization, and the results of the MODEMS survey were compared. At most recent follow-up, no significant difference was found between the 2 patient groups ( P =.062) for self-reported effects of the injury on work and quality of life. No significant difference was found for frequency of use of pain medication ( P =.157), patient satisfaction with current symptoms ( P =.633), ambulatory status ( P =.281), or pain level with strenuous activity ( P =.772). Obese patients were more likely to have severe pain with strenuous activity ( P =.015). Most (87%) patients were able to ambulate without the need for assistive devices. Of the study patients, 79% could wear dress shoes, excluding high heels, comfortably. The findings showed that patients who were treated with a variety of nonoperative methods for closed proximal fifth metatarsal fracture had acceptable functional outcomes, regardless of treatment method. [ Orthopedics. 2017; 40(6):e1030–e1035.]

OBJECTIVE This study compares the cost and cost-effectiveness of treatments options for Sanders II/III displaced intra-articular calcaneus fractures (DIACFs) in laborers. METHODS Literature on Sanders type II and III fractures was reviewed to determine complication rates and utility values for each treatment option. Costs were calculated using Medicare reimbursement and implant prices from our institution. Monte Carlo simulations were used to analyze a decision tree to determine the cost and cost-effectiveness of each treatment from a societal perspective. Sensitivity analysis was performed on all variables. RESULTS Minimally invasive open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) (sinus tarsi approach with 4 screws alone) was least expensive ($23,329), followed by nonoperative care ($24,530) and traditional ORIF using extensile lateral approach ($27,963) (P < 0.001); this result was most sensitive to time out of work. Available cost-effectiveness data were limited, but our analysis suggests that minimally invasive ORIF is a dominant strategy, and traditional ORIF is superior to nonoperative care (incremental cost-effectiveness ratio $57,217/quality-adjusted life year). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that minimally invasive ORIF (sinus tarsi approach) is the least expensive option for managing Sanders II/III displaced intra-articular calcaneus fractures, followed by nonoperative care. Our cost-effectiveness results favor operative management but are highly sensitive to utility values and are weakened by scarce utility data. We therefore cannot currently recommend a treatment course based on value, and our primary conclusion must be that more extensive effectiveness research (ie, health-related quality of life data, not just functional outcomes) is desperately needed to elucidate the value of treatment options in this field. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Economic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Femoral shaft fractures are commonly treated with closed reduction and reamed intramedullary nailing. However, some reductions are difficult to obtain or maintain, especially in muscular or large patients. When closed methods fail to achieve reduction, percutaneous techniques are extremely useful. In addition, the use of either permanent or temporarily placed blocking implants offer a minimally invasive option for improving sagittal and coronal plane alignment. In the accompanying video, we describe our method of percutaneous reduction techniques in the setting of a comminuted femoral shaft fracture treated with a retrograde femoral intramedullary nail.

The neuropeptide galanin extensively coexists with norepinephrine in locus coeruleus (LC) neurons. Previous research in this laboratory has demonstrated that unlimited access to activity wheels in the home cage increases mRNA for galanin (GAL) in the LC, and that GAL mediates some of the beneficial effects of exercise on brain function. To assess whether capacity for aerobic exercise modulates this upregulation in galanin mRNA, three heterogeneous rat models were tested: rats selectively bred for 1) high intrinsic (untrained) aerobic capacity (High Capacity Runners, HCR) and 2) low intrinsic aerobic capacity (Low Capacity Runners, LCR) and 3) unselected Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats with and without free access to running wheels for three weeks. Following this exercise protocol, mRNA for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and GAL was measured in the LC. The wheel-running distances between the three models were significantly different, and age contributed as a significant covariate. Both selection and wheel access condition significantly affected GAL mRNA expression, but not TH mRNA expression. GAL was elevated in exercising HCR and SD rats compared to sedentary rats while LCR rats did not differ between conditions. Overall running distance significantly correlated with GAL mRNA expression, but not with TH mRNA expression. No strain differences in GAL or TH gene expression were observed in sedentary rats. Thus, intrinsic aerobic running capacity influences GAL gene expression in the LC only insofar as actual running behavior is concerned; aerobic capacity does not influence GAL expression in addition to changes associated with running.