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International audience; Cretaceous ambers have been discovered in France since the beginning of the 18th century. The best known are those from south-western France which are Late Albian-Early Cenomanian in age, but there are other important amber deposits in other regions. Here, we summarise the data on one of these other Cretaceous amber regions, the Sarthe Department. These deposits have been mentioned in the literature since the end of the 18th century, but they have remained relatively unknown. The material, that has been studied during the 1970's and 1980's, yielded a well-diversified arthropod fauna (72 arthropod specimens, including arachnids, cockroaches, bugs, beetles, flies, wasps...) dated to late Early-Middle Cenomanian. In the last decade, 4 types of bacteria, a possible testate amoeba and fungal remains were also found. A re-examination of the historical collections of the Sarthe amber, housed in the "Musée Vert" (Le Mans, France), allows to estimate the geographical extent of the amber deposits in the Sarthe Department. The study of the microfossils of these samples provides new data on their palaeoenvironment.

International audience; Oysters of the Marnes à Pycnodonte biauriculata Formation, Upper Cenomanian (Guerangeri biozone) were significantly sampled in building works within the town of Le Mans (Sarthe, France). They are colonized by episkeletobionts (encrusting organisms) and endoskeletobionts (boring and bioeroding organisms). First ones include bivalves, polychaetes, foraminiferans and bryozoans. Second ones are represented by about fifteen ichnotaxa, the producers of which, when they are known, belong to ten taxa. The oysters, some of which have a large fixation surface, are allochtonous or at least parautochtonous. The settlement of sclerobionts began when the oysters were alive (Entobia isp.) and continued post-mortem on isolated valves, transported in their final depositional environment (Gnathichnus pentax). The significance of the coexistence of both Entobia and Gnathichnus ichnocoenosis is discussed; Les huîtres de la Formation des Marnes à Pycnodonte biauriculata, Cénomanien supérieur (biozone à Guerangeri), dont un échantillon significatif a été collecté dans un chantier de terrassement de la ville du Mans (Sarthe, France) portent des épiskeletobiontes (encroûtants) et des endoskeletobiontes (perforants). Les premiers comprennent des bivalves, des polychètes, des foraminifères et des bryozoaires. Les seconds sont représentés par une quinzaine environ d’ichnotaxons dont les producteurs, lorsqu’ils sont connus, se répartissent entre une dizaine de taxons. Les huîtres, dont certaines montrent une large surface de fixation, sont allochtones ou au moins paraautochtones. L’implantation des sclérobiontes a commencé du vivant de l’huître (Entobia isp.) et s’est poursuivie sur les valves isolées, transportées dans le milieu de dépôt final (Gnathichnus pentax). La signification de la coexistence des ichnocénoses à Entobia et à Gnathichnus est discutée.

National audience; Quelques gisements importants de spongiaires crétacésfrançais ont retenu l'attention des paléontologues. Ce sontpar exemple :- le Cénomanien de Coulonges-les-Sablons (aujourd'huiSablons-sur-Huisne, Orne), réputé pour la conservation desspécimens, mais aujourd ' hui inaccessible (Regnard, 1926) ;- les "prairies" de spongiaires du Cénomanien Inférieur dela région du Havre (Seine-Maritime) (Juignet, 1974 ; Termier& Termier, 1986 ; Termier, 1990) ;- la faune de spongiaires du Campanien Supérieur de larégion de Royan (Charente-Maritime), malheureusement malétudiée et peu diverse (Lachasse, 1943 ; Termier & Termier,1985, 1990) , et plus généralement du Campanien stratotypique;- mais, surtout, les célèbres formations argilo-siliceuses"sénoniennes" de Touraine (p. ex. : Courtiller, 1861 ; Auxerréet al. , 1982) qui ont fourni des spongiaires peut-être plusdi vers, certainement mieux conservés, dans une régiondistincte et un paléoenvironnement différent, mais d'âgecomparable au site du Chalvet.

International audience; The Cenomanian stage of the geological time scale was named for Cenomanum, the Latin name ofLe Mans (Sarthe, France). D’Orbigny (1847) has chosen the locality of Le Mans as a type area forits outstanding richness in marine fossils, especially molluscs, bryozoans, brachiopods andechinoderms. The Gueranger collection, at the Musée Vert (Le Mans) houses a unique echinodermfauna, including many taxa unknown elsewhere. Preservation is exceptional with the occurrence ofechinoids with still-attached spines (Tetragramma roissyi), starfish body fossils with plates, spines,and granules, still looking as in living conditions (Cenomanaster cenomanensis, Tethyasterguerangeri, Alkaidia sp.), two forms of ophiuroids (Ophiotitanos sp., an unpublished taxon) andCrinoids (“Isocrinus” cenomanensis) known from articulated bodies. All specimens were found inthe so-called “lentilles à Echinodermes” of the “Sables du Mans” Formation. The sedimentarymatrix usually combines clay and sand. Juignet (1974) recognized shallow marine conditions for theformation, with evidence of tidal currents. Individuals were buried rapidly and coated with claysbrought by River floods, which favoured the preservation. The contrasted ecologies of theassociated taxa suggest some mixing of individuals from distinct, not necessarily distant,environments, and the transport of bodies by coastal and/or storms currents. Similar preservationconditions are reported in the literature for other uncommon fossil sites that sample uncommonechinoderm faunas.The Cenomanian is a critical time for understanding of Asteroida and Ophiuroida. Their fossilrecord remains sparsely and unevenly distributed in time and space during the Early Cretaceous. Ahigh diversity emerged in the Cenomanian of Europe at the dawn of Chalk age. The varied faunadescribed in the Chalk of Anglo-Paris basin, the North Aquitaine margin, German-Polish basin, andthe Elbe valley, all show a high endemicity. The European fauna homogenize later with extensionof the chalk and migration of lineages.

International audience; The Calcaires à Baculites Fm (Upper Maastrichtian) at Picauville and Cauquigny (Manche) provided more than 70 specimens of a boring showing a hemispherical to irregular chamber, frequently with an horizontal, sometimes stratified, roof. Few thin and rectilinear pipes are connected with the chamber; most are vertical, upwards or downwards, less frequently horizontal or oblique. This trace fossil is described and named Unellichnus calciforans igen. nov., isp. nov. This boring was done after the precocious lithification of the sediment, a bryozoan-rich calcareous sand. The borer remains unidentified: it is seemingly not a sponge, the functional morphology of which appears incompatible with the structure of the trace fossil.; Les Calcaires à Baculites (Maastrichtien supérieur) de Picauville et Cauquigny (Manche) ont livré plus de 70 perforations composées d’une chambre hémisphérique à irrégulière, fréquemment pourvue d’un plancher horizontal parfois lité et d’où partent un nombre restreint de conduits fins et rectilignes, majoritairement verticaux, vers le haut ou vers le bas, plus rarement horizontaux ou obliques. Cette trace fossile est décrite en détail et nommée Unellichnus calciforans igen. nov. isp. nov. La perforation a été faite après la lithification précoce du sédiment, un sable calcaire à bryozoaires. L’auteur de la perforation n’a pas été identifié : les éponges perforantes semblent ne pas pouvoir être à l’origine de cette trace fossile, incompatible avec leur morphologie fonctionnelle.

International audience

International audience; Late Albian amber from Charente-Maritime (southwestern France) contains the first known marine diatoms preserved in a fossil resin. Approximately 70 inclusions were assignable to the genera Basilicostephanus, Coscinodiscus, Hemiaulus, Melosira, Paralia, Skeletonema, Stephanopyxis, Trochosira, ?Aulacoseira, and to the order Rhizosoleniales. Some of them are represented by several species. This diatom assemblage is mainly composed of colonial planktonic genera, which are typical for coastal shallow waters. The newly found amber inclusions extend the fossil record of four genera and one order from the Late Cretaceous and support certain molecular phylogenetic assumptions regarding the diversifi cation of marine diatoms in the Early Cretaceous. The unusual introduction of diatom shells from the beach or sea by wind, spray, or high tide onto the resin fl ows was possible because the amber forest grew close to the seashore.

It has been postulated that, because of its terrestrial origin, amber could not have preserved marine organisms. However, investigation of Upper Albian/Lower Cenomanian amber from south-western France showed that this assumption is wrong. Several highly fossiliferous samples provided the first known amber-preserved marine microfossils. A plethora of marine diatoms has been discovered. More than fifteen different morphospecies have been found corresponding to twelve different genera. A lot of oxea of demosponges, a tetraxone and a microsclere of demonsponges have been found associated with this diatom flora. Two specimens of radiolarians, a foraminifer and a spine of a larval sea urchin complete the assemblage of marine microfossils found in the mid-Cretaceous amber of south-western France. Mixed coastal forests dominated by conifers of the Araucariaceae family, growing at the eastern rim of the young Atlantic Ocean, were the amber source. The peculiar resin pieces containing the marine inclusions solidified on the forest floor and not on the trees, as evidenced by numerous syninclusions of litter and soil dwelling arthropods and microorganisms. The occurrence of marine organisms in the resin suggests that the amber forest must have been temporarily influenced by the nearby sea. The coastal resinous Araucaria forests of New Caledonia can possibly be considered as a modern equivalent of the French Mid-Cretaceous amber forests. The nearby sea influences the resiniferous forest as the mid-Cretaceous amber forest of south-western France should have been influenced by the Atlantic Ocean. In these peculiar conditions, shells and remnants of marine organisms can easily be introduced by wind, spray or high tide from the beach or the sea into the abundant resin flows of these forests. Investigation of other ambers for marine inclusions might become relevant for dating of ambers.

Girard Vincent, Breton Gérard, Neraudeau Didier. Microfauna and Microflora preserved in French Mid Cretaceous ambers. In: Documents des Laboratoires de Géologie, Lyon, n°164, 2008. Mid-Mesozoic life and environments. Cognac (France), June 24th-28th 2008. pp. 40-41.

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