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6. Einbezug ganzheitlicher Behandlungs- und Pflegestrategien in die Patientenversorgung: Vermittlung eines Kommunikationsmodells zur ���Spiritual Care��� mittels blended learning ��� ein Pilotprojekt

Author

Brem, B, Peng Keller, S, Schnabel, KP, and Guttormsen Schär, S

Subjects
ddc: 610, Medicine and health
Abstract

Im Kontakt mit Gesundheitsfachpersonen ist es den meisten Patienten*innen wichtig ���als ganze Person��� und nicht nur definiert ��ber ihre Krankheit wahrgenommen zu werden [ref:1]. Dies wird zunehmend in Richtlinien f��r die Patientenversorgung aufgenommen. So empfiehlt [zum vollst��ndigen Text gelangen Sie ��ber die oben angegebene URL]

Published
2022
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10. Über’s Sterben sprechen: Das Wesentliche der Kommunikation über den nahenden Tod aus unterschiedlichen Perspektiven

Author

Felber, SJ, Guffi, T, Brem, B, Schmitz, FM, Schnabel, K, Guttormsen Schär, S, Eychmüller, S, and Zambrano, SC

Subjects
ddc: 610, Medicine and health
Abstract

Fragestellung: Obwohl die Betreuung von sterbenden Patientinnen und Patienten und ihren Angehörigen zum Alltag von Gesundheitsfachpersonen gehört, ist entsprechendes Training in Bezug auf die Kommunikation über den bevorstehenden Tod in der Ausbildung von medizinischen Fachkräften [zum vollständigen Text gelangen Sie über die oben angegebene URL]

Published
2021
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11. Entwicklung und Validierung einer Checkliste zur Bewertung von Medizin- und Pflegestudierenden aus Sicht von Simulationspatient*innen in OSCEs

Author

Lörwald, AC, Beatty, I, Brem, B, Herrmann-Werner, A, Hitzblech, T, Loda, T, Schlegel, C, Schnabel, K, Stricker, D, Waldner, N, and Huwendiek, S

Subjects
ddc: 610, Medicine and health
Abstract

Fragestellung/Zielsetzung: Obwohl der*die Patient*in im Mittelpunkt der ärztlichen Behandlung oder Pflege steht, fehlt die Patient*Innenperspektive häufig in der Bewertung der ärztlichen und pflegerischen Fähigkeiten von Studierenden. Um eine solche Bewertung [zum vollständigen Text gelangen Sie über die oben angegebene URL]

Published
2021
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13. Using self and peer video annotations of simulated patient encounters in communication training to facilitate the reflection of communication skills: an implementation study

Author

Pless, A, Hari, R, Brem, B, Woermamm, U, Schnabel, KP, Pless, A, Hari, R, Brem, B, Woermamm, U, and Schnabel, KP

Abstract

Background: The mandatory communication skills course for fourth-year medical students at the University of Bern Medical School aims to prepare students for challenging communication situations. Students role-play four different scenarios with simulated patients (SPs) and receive feedback from the patient's perspective. The scenarios are video-recorded and uploaded onto the University's virtual learning environment. Students can watch and annotate their own videos and give others access to view them.Project description: Although the course is well liked by students, we identified three areas for improvement: lack of faculty feedback; little active use of the video-recordings; lack of opportunity for students to discuss their experiences with each other. We aimed to address these shortcomings by introducing an additional learning task: students are asked to annotate a section of the video in which they had performed well, and one in which they thought they could have done better, in both their own and a colleague's videos. These video clips and annotations served as the basis of a subsequent two-hour small-group seminar with a physician tutor. The course was evaluated by a mandatory online questionnaire. Results: All 247 students completed the questionnaire. The annotation tool and task were deemed to be comprehensible. Students believed they had learnt more from annotating a peers' video than from their own and most thought being assessed by peers was acceptable. The physician tutors' comments were largely deemed as helpful. The mean mark for the course given by students was 4.6 (median 5) (1=very poor, 6=very good).Conclusion: A communication skills course expanded by video-annotations and group discussions with a physician tutor was shown to be feasible and was well received by students and faculty., Hintergrund: Der obligatorische Kommunikationskurs für Berner Medizinstudierende im vierten Jahr hat zum Ziel, die Studierenden auf herausfordernde Kommunikationssituationen vorzubereiten. Die Studierenden spielen vier verschiedene Szenarien mit Simulationspatienten (SP) und erhalten von diesen Feedback aus der Patientenperspektive. Die Szenarien werden auf Video aufgezeichnet und auf die virtuelle Lernplattform der Universität geladen. Die Studierenden können ihre eigenen Videos anschauen und annotieren und anderen den Zugang dazu erteilen.Projektbeschreibung: Obschon die Kommunikationskurse bei den Studierenden beliebt sind, identifizierten wir drei Verbesserungsmöglichkeiten: Fehlendes ärztliches Feedback Spärliche Nutzung der Video-Aufnahmen Fehlende Möglichkeit für Erfahrungsaustausch unter den Studierenden Diesen Defiziten versuchten wir mit einer zusätzlichen Aufgabe entgegenzutreten: Die Studierenden erhielten den Auftrag, von ihren eigenen Videos und denjenigen eines Mitstudierenden jeweils eine gelungene Sequenz, sowie eine in ihren Augen verbesserungswürdige Sequenz zu annotieren. Diese Videosequenzen und Annotationen dienten als Grundlage für ein zweistündiges Kleingruppenseminar mit einem ärztlichen Tutor. Der Kurs wurde mittels eines obligatorischen Online-Fragebogens evaluiert.Ergebnisse: Alle 247 Studierenden füllten den Fragebogen aus. Das Annotations-Tool und die Aufgabenstellung wurden als verständlich beurteilt. Die Studierenden gaben an, mehr von der Annotation des Videos eines Mitstudierenden profitiert zu haben als von der Annotation ihrer eigenen Videos. Die meisten Studierenden störte es nicht, von Mitstudierenden beurteilt zu werden. Die Rückmeldungen durch die ärztlichen Tutoren wurden grösstenteils als hilfreich erachtet. Die Studierenden bewerteten den Kurs durchschnittlich mit der Note 4.6 (Median: 5), (1=sehr schlecht, 6=sehr gut). Fazit: Die Ergänzung des Kurses durch Video-Annotationen und Gruppendiskussionen mit ärztlichen Tutoren k

Published
2021

14. Delivering a geriatric OSCE station in times of Covid-19 using makeup artistry

Author

Bauer, D, Germano, M, Stierlin, J, Brem, B, Stöckli, Y, Schnabel, KP, Bauer, D, Germano, M, Stierlin, J, Brem, B, Stöckli, Y, and Schnabel, KP

Abstract

In the wake of the Covid-19 pandemic, people over 65 or suffering from certain conditions were deemed at high risk and asked to isolate themselves. This led to the simulated patient (SP) program at the University of Bern being depleted of middle-aged and elderly SP. Meanwhile, an OSCE had to be delivered using adapted cases that minimized physical contact between candidates and SP. Short of suitable cases at such short notice, the case of an elderly patient with postural instability had to be added to the exam blueprint. With elderly SP off the roster, it was decided to use makeup effects to achieve visual authenticity. A combination of wigs (grey hair, hairdo), 3D Probondo transfers (forehead wrinkles), old age stipple (crow's feet), and colouring (age spots) were used to achieve the old-age effects, while SPs wore scarves to cover their neckline. The lower face was covered with protective face masks in accordance with the exam's Covid-19 hygiene protocol.Case-related feedback from candidates and examiners was analysed for any direct or indirect remark attributable to the ageing effects. As no comment touched upon the subject of the appearance of age, this was interpreted as success, as any distracting effect from the SPs' appearance in this regard would surely have prompted remarks or even complaints. The SPs' feedback revealed how applying the ageing effects helped them adopt the octogenarian's role.This report explains how SP in their fifties were made fit for an octogenarian's case in an OSCE using makeup effects. The effort required for the ageing simulation was considerable, but it is hoped that in future, with more planning time, the amount of effort required can be reduced. The feedback obtained from the candidates suggest the appearance of SPs was not experienced as a distraction, which was the primary objective of this exercise. Adapting our approach to their own contexts allows educators to include cases with elderly patients in their OSCE that cannot be, In der Covid-19-Pandemie wurden ein Lebensalter über 65 oder das Vorliegen bestimmter Gesundheitszustände als Risikofaktoren definiert und Betroffene entsprechend zur Selbstisolation aufgefordert. Dies führte auch dazu, dass das Simulationspersonenprogramm der Universität Bern auf den Einsatz vieler SP v.a. mittleren und vorgerückten Alters verzichten musste. Für eine unaufschiebbare OSCE-Prüfung wurden die Stationen derart angepasst, dass physische Nähe zwischen Kandidat*innen und SP minimiert war. Da sich in der kurzen zur Verfügung stehenden Zeit nur wenige Stationen derart anpassen liessen, musste der Fall einer älteren Patientin mit Haltungsinstabilität in den Prüfungsplan aufgenommen werden. Da ältere SP jedoch nicht aufgeboten werden konnten, wurde beschlossen, die visuelle Authentizität an dieser Station mittels Make-up-Effekten zu erzielen.Die Alterungseffekte wurden mithilfe von Perücken (graues Haar, Frisur), 3D-Probondo-Transfers (Stirnfalten), Old Age Stipple (Krähenfüsse) und Schminke (Altersflecken) bewirkt. Schals bedeckten die Dekolletés und gemäss Covid-19-Schutzreglement wurden chirurgische Masken getragen.Das stationsbezogene Feedback der Kandidat*innen und Prüfer*innen wurde auf direkte oder indirekte Bemerkungen zu den Alterungseffekten überprüft. Dass keine Äusserung bezüglich der altersgerechten Erscheinung der SP identifiziert werden konnte, wurde als Erfolg interpretiert, da jede ablenkende Wirkung des dargestellten Alters sicherlich zu Bemerkungen oder sogar Beschwerden geführt hätte. Das Feedback der SP zeigte ausserdem, wie die Alterungseffekte halfen, die Rolle der Achtzigjährigen anzunehmen.Dieser Bericht erläutert, wie SP in ihren Fünfzigern mithilfe von Make-up-Effekten für die Rolle einer Achtzigjährigen in einem OSCE vorbereitet wurden. Der Aufwand für die Alterungssimulation war beträchtlich, aber mit mehr Planungszeit könnte dieser bei zukünftigen Anwendungen reduziert werden. Die Rückmeldungen der Kandidat*innen deuten darauf hi

Published
2020

20. Grundschulkinder als standardisierte Patienten in einer regulären summativen OSCE-Prüfung: eine Mixed Method Studie bezüglich Fairness, Akzeptanz, Machbarkeit und 'Educational Impact' aus Sicht der Beteiligten

Author

Krings, R, Feller, S, Wiedemar, L, Schnabel, K, Steiner, I, Merz, F, Steinlin, M, Kroiss Benninger, S, Brem, B, Wagner, FL, Huwendiek, S, Krings, R, Feller, S, Wiedemar, L, Schnabel, K, Steiner, I, Merz, F, Steinlin, M, Kroiss Benninger, S, Brem, B, Wagner, FL, and Huwendiek, S

Published
2016

23. Aufbau eines strukturierten Auswahlverfahrens für Schauspielpatienten

Author

Christen, R, Richter, S, Schnabel, K, and Brem, B

Subjects
ddc: 610, 610 Medicine & health, 610 Medical sciences, Medicine
Abstract

Fragestellung/Einleitung: In unserer Institution sind die Anforderungen an Schauspielpatienten (SPs) seit 2010 stetig angestiegen [ref:1]. Zudem stieg auch die Zahl der benötigten SPs insgesamt, so dass wir uns entschieden ein effektives Aufnahmeverfahren gemäss professioneller[for full text, please go to the a.m. URL], Jahrestagung der Gesellschaft für Medizinische Ausbildung (GMA)

Published
2014

25. Qualitätssicherung des Feedbacks von Simulationspatienten

Author

Brem, B, Fritz, AH, Kampel, B, Kujumdshiev, S, Rietfort, A, Strohmer, R, and Thrien, C

Subjects
Qualitätssicherung, ddc: 610, Simulationspatienten, 610 Medical sciences, Medicine, Feedback
Abstract

In diesem Workshop soll das bei der GMA-Tagung in Aachen vom Ausschuss „Simulationspatienten“ bereits bearbeitete Thema der Qualitätssicherung des Feedbacks von Simulationspatienten wieder aufgegriffen werden. Wir sind zu dem Ergebnis gekommen, dass sowohl der MaSP, der mQSF als auch[for full text, please go to the a.m. URL], Jahrestagung der Gesellschaft für Medizinische Ausbildung (GMA)

Published
2013
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41. Changes in black carbon emissions over Europe due to COVID-19 lockdowns

Author

N. Evangeliou, S. M. Platt, S. Eckhardt, C. Lund Myhre, P. Laj, L. Alados-Arboledas, J. Backman, B. T. Brem, M. Fiebig, H. Flentje, A. Marinoni, M. Pandolfi, J. Yus-Dìez, N. Prats, J. P. Putaud, K. Sellegri, M. Sorribas, K. Eleftheriadis, S. Vratolis, A. Wiedensohler, A. Stohl, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), European Commission, Pandolfi, Marco, Pandolfi, Marco [0000-0002-7493-7213], Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement (IGE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique (LaMP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Evangeliou, N. [0000-0001-7196-1018], Eckhardt, S. [0000-0001-6958-5375], Lund Myhre, C. [0000-0003-3587-5926], Alados Arboledas, L. [0000-0003-3576-7167], Backman, J. [0000-0002-4444-8777], Brem, B. T. [0000-0001-6211-2815], Fiebig, M. [0000-0002-3380-3470], Marinoni, A. [0000-0002-6580-7126], Yus Díez, J. [0000-0002-8124-1492], Sorribas, M. [0000-0003-2131-9021], Eleftheriadis, K. [0000-0003-2265-4905], Wiedensohler, A. [0000-0001-8298-491X], Stohl, A. [0000-0002-2524-5755], Research Council of Norway, and European Commission (EC)

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Pollutant emissions, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), Black carbon emissions, 010501 environmental sciences, 050905 science studies, 114 Physical sciences, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, World health, lcsh:Chemistry, Black carbon, REANALYSIS, Bayesian inversion, EAST-ASIA, COVID-19 lockdowns, Effective treatment, China, Socioeconomics, Air quality index, 1172 Environmental sciences, Carbon emissions, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, TREND, Pandemic, SARS-CoV-2, 05 social sciences, ATTRIBUTION, COVID-19, LIGHT-ABSORPTION, lcsh:QC1-999, TRANSPORT, 3. Good health, Europe, Geography, lcsh:QD1-999, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], 13. Climate action, Air quality, 0509 other social sciences, lcsh:Physics, PARTICLE DISPERSION MODEL
Abstract

This study has been supported by the Research Council of Norway (project ID: 275407, COMBAT - Quantification of Global Ammonia Sources constrained by a Bayesian Inversion Technique). Nikolaos Evangeliou and Sabine Eckhardt received funding from the Arctic Monitoring & Assessment Programme (AMAP). John Backman was supported by the Academy of Finland project Novel Assessment of Black Carbon in the Eurasian Arctic: From Historical Concentrations and Sources to Future Climate Impacts (NABCEA; project no. 296302), the Academy of Finland Centre of Excellence programme (project no. 307331) and COST Action CA16109 Chemical On-Line cOmpoSition and Source Apportionment of fine aerosoL, COLOSSAL. The research leading to the ACTRIS measurements has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research And Innovation programme (grant agreement no. 654109) and the Cloudnet project (European Union contract EVK2-2000-00611)., All measurement data and model outputs used for the present publication are publicly available and can be downloaded from https://doi.org/10.21336/gen.b5vj-sn33 (Evangeliou et al., 2020) or upon request to the corresponding author. All prior emission datasets are also available for download. ECLIPSE emissions can be obtained from http://www.iiasa.ac.at/web/home/research/researchPrograms/air/Global_emissions.html (Klimont et al., 2017), EDGAR version HTAP_V2.2 from http://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/methodology.php# (Janssens-Maenhout et al., 2015), ACCMIP version 5 from http://accent.aero.jussieu.fr/ACCMIP_metadata.php (Lamarque et al., 2010) and PKU from http://inventory.pku.edu.cn (Peking University, 2021). FLEXPART is publicly available and can be downloaded from https://www.flexpart.eu (Pisso et al., 2019) and FLEXINVERT+ from https://flexinvert.nilu.no (Thompson and Stohl, 2014). MERRA-2 reanalysis data can be obtained from https://disc.gsfc.nasa.gov (NASA Earth Data, 2021) and AERONET measurements from https://aeronet.gsfc.nasa.gov (Holben et al., 1998)., The supplement related to this article is available online at: https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2675-2021-supplement., Following the emergence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) responsible for COVID-19 in December 2019 in Wuhan (China) and its spread to the rest of the world, the World Health Organization declared a global pandemic in March 2020. Without effective treatment in the initial pandemic phase, social distancing and mandatory quarantines were introduced as the only available preventative measure. In contrast to the detrimental societal impacts, air quality improved in all countries in which strict lockdowns were applied, due to lower pollutant emissions. Here we investigate the effects of the COVID-19 lockdowns in Europe on ambient black carbon (BC), which affects climate and damages health, using in situ observations from 17 European stations in a Bayesian inversion framework. BC emissions declined by 23 kt in Europe (20 % in Italy, 40 % in Germany, 34 % in Spain, 22 % in France) during lockdowns compared to the same period in the previous 5 years, which is partially attributed to COVID-19 measures. BC temporal variation in the countries enduring the most drastic restrictions showed the most distinct lockdown impacts. Increased particle light absorption in the beginning of the lockdown, confirmed by assimilated satellite and remote sensing data, suggests residential combustion was the dominant BC source. Accordingly, in central and Eastern Europe, which experienced lower than average temperatures, BC was elevated compared to the previous 5 years. Nevertheless, an average decrease of 11 % was seen for the whole of Europe compared to the start of the lockdown period, with the highest peaks in France (42 %), Germany (21 %), UK (13 %), Spain (11 %) and Italy (8 %). Such a decrease was not seen in the previous years, which also confirms the impact of COVID-19 on the European emissions of BC., Research Council of Norway, rctic Monitoring & Assessment Programme (AMAP)., Academy of Finland project Novel Assessment of Black Carbon in the Eurasian Arctic: From Historical Concentrations and Sources to Future Climate Impacts (NABCEA) 296302, Academy of Finland 307331, European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) CA16109, European Union's Horizon 2020 Research And Innovation programme 654109, Cloudnet project European Union EVK2-2000-00611

Published
2021

42. A global analysis of climate-relevant aerosol properties retrieved from the network of Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) near-surface observatories

Author

P. Laj, A. Bigi, C. Rose, E. Andrews, C. Lund Myhre, M. Collaud Coen, Y. Lin, A. Wiedensohler, M. Schulz, J. A. Ogren, M. Fiebig, J. Gliß, A. Mortier, M. Pandolfi, T. Petäja, S.-W. Kim, W. Aas, J.-P. Putaud, O. Mayol-Bracero, M. Keywood, L. Labrador, P. Aalto, E. Ahlberg, L. Alados Arboledas, A. Alastuey, M. Andrade, B. Artíñano, S. Ausmeel, T. Arsov, E. Asmi, J. Backman, U. Baltensperger, S. Bastian, O. Bath, J. P. Beukes, B. T. Brem, N. Bukowiecki, S. Conil, C. Couret, D. Day, W. Dayantolis, A. Degorska, K. Eleftheriadis, P. Fetfatzis, O. Favez, H. Flentje, M. I. Gini, A. Gregorič, M. Gysel-Beer, A. G. Hallar, J. Hand, A. Hoffer, C. Hueglin, R. K. Hooda, A. Hyvärinen, I. Kalapov, N. Kalivitis, A. Kasper-Giebl, J. E. Kim, G. Kouvarakis, I. Kranjc, R. Krejci, M. Kulmala, C. Labuschagne, H.-J. Lee, H. Lihavainen, N.-H. Lin, G. Löschau, K. Luoma, A. Marinoni, S. Martins Dos Santos, F. Meinhardt, M. Merkel, J.-M. Metzger, N. Mihalopoulos, N. A. Nguyen, J. Ondracek, N. Pérez, M. R. Perrone, J.-E. Petit, D. Picard, J.-M. Pichon, V. Pont, N. Prats, A. Prenni, F. Reisen, S. Romano, K. Sellegri, S. Sharma, G. Schauer, P. Sheridan, J. P. Sherman, M. Schütze, A. Schwerin, R. Sohmer, M. Sorribas, M. Steinbacher, J. Sun, G. Titos, B. Toczko, T. Tuch, P. Tulet, P. Tunved, V. Vakkari, F. Velarde, P. Velasquez, P. Villani, S. Vratolis, S.-H. Wang, K. Weinhold, R. Weller, M. Yela, J. Yus-Diez, V. Zdimal, P. Zieger, N. Zikova, INAR Physics, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement (IGE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia = University of Modena and Reggio Emilia (UNIMORE), Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique (LaMP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado [Boulder]-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Norwegian Meteorological Institute [Oslo] (MET), Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), School of Earth and Environmental Sciences [Seoul] (SEES), Seoul National University [Seoul] (SNU), JRC Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), Universidad Mayor de San Andrés (UMSA), Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas [Madrid] (CIEMAT), Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry [Paul Scherrer Institute] (LAC), Agence Nationale pour la Gestion des Déchets Radioactifs (ANDRA), Iinstitute of Environmental Protection - National Research Institute (IOS-PIB), Environmental Radioactivity laboratory (ERL), Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Sciences and Technology, Energy and Safety (INRASTES), National Center for Scientific Research 'Demokritos' (NCSR)-National Center for Scientific Research 'Demokritos' (NCSR), National Centre for Scientific Research Demokritos, Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Deutscher Wetterdienst [Offenbach] (DWD), Department of Computer Science and Engineering [Minneapolis], University of Minnesota [Twin Cities] (UMN), University of Minnesota System-University of Minnesota System, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology [Dübendorf] (EMPA), Arctic Space Centre [Helsinki], Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (BAS), University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC), Institute for Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology (TU Wien), Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory [Heraklion] (ECPL), Department of Chemistry [Heraklion], University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC)-University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC), Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry [Stockholm] (ACES), Stockholm University, South African Weather Service (SAWS), Department of Medicine [New York], Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai [New York] (MSSM), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de La Réunion (OSU-Réunion), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR), Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development (IERSD), National Observatory of Athens (NOA), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Chimie Atmosphérique Expérimentale (CAE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'aérologie (LAERO), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), NERC National Centre for Earth Observation (NCEO), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Laboratoire de l'Atmosphère et des Cyclones (LACy), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France, Institute for Applied Environmental Research [Stockholm], Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA), European Project: 654109,H2020,H2020-INFRAIA-2014-2015,ACTRIS-2(2015), 10092390 - Beukes, Johan Paul, European Commission, Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), CNR - National Research Council of Italy, University of Helsinki, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France, Laj, P., Bigi, A., Rose, C., Andrews, E., Lund Myhre, C., Collaud Coen, M., Lin, Y., Wiedensohler, A., Schulz, M., A. Ogren, J., Fiebig, M., Gliss, J., Mortier, A., Pandolfi, M., Petaja, T., Kim, S. -W., Aas, W., Putaud, J. -P., Mayol-Bracero, O., Keywood, M., Labrador, L., Aalto, P., Ahlberg, E., Alados Arboledas, L., Alastuey, A., Andrade, M., Artinano, B., Ausmeel, S., Arsov, T., Asmi, E., Backman, J., Baltensperger, U., Bastian, S., Bath, O., Paul Beukes, J., T. Brem, B., Bukowiecki, N., Conil, S., Couret, C., Day, D., Dayantolis, W., Degorska, A., Eleftheriadis, K., Fetfatzis, P., Favez, O., Flentje, H., I. Gini, M., Gregoric, A., Gysel-Beer, M., Gannet Hallar, A., Hand, J., Hoffer, A., Hueglin, C., K. Hooda, R., Hyvarinen, A., Kalapov, I., Kalivitis, N., Kasper-Giebl, A., Eun Kim, J., Kouvarakis, G., Kranjc, I., Krejci, R., Kulmala, M., Labuschagne, C., Lee, H. -J., Lihavainen, H., Lin, N. -H., Loschau, G., Luoma, K., Marinoni, A., Martins Dos Santos, S., Meinhardt, F., Merkel, M., Metzger, J. -M., Mihalopoulos, N., Anh Nguyen, N., Ondracek, J., Perez, N., Rita Perrone, M., Pichon, J. -M., Picard, D., Pont, V., Prats, N., Prenni, A., Reisen, F., Romano, S., Sellegri, K., Sharma, S., Schauer, G., Sheridan, P., Patrick Sherman, J., Schutze, M., Schwerin, A., Sohmer, R., Sorribas, M., Steinbacher, M., Sun, J., Titos, G., Toczko, B., Tuch, T., Tulet, P., Tunved, P., Vakkari, V., Velarde, F., Velasquez, P., Villani, P., Vratolis, S., Wang, S. -H., Weinhold, K., Weller, R., Yela, M., Yus-Diez, J., Zdimal, V., Zieger, P., and Zikova, N.

Subjects
Earth's energy budget, 1171 Geosciences, Atmospheric Science, Eearth radiation balance, PARTICLE NUMBER, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Particle number, Meteorology, VISIBLE-LIGHT ABSORPTION, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, Atmosphere, PARTICULATE MATTER, Solar radiation, Cloud condensation nuclei, lcsh:TA170-171, ORGANIC AEROSOL, Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS, lcsh:TA715-787, Global Atmosphere Watch, REGIONAL BACKGROUND SITES, lcsh:Earthwork. Foundations, Aerosol particles, OPTICAL-PROPERTIES, Albedo, Particulates, RADIATIVE PROPERTIES, Aerosol, lcsh:Environmental engineering, 13. Climate action, Greenhouse gas, FILTER-BASED MEASUREMENTS, BLACK CARBON, Environmental science, Trollobservatoriet, Global Climate Monitoring System
Abstract

Aerosol particles are essential constituents of the Earth’s atmosphere, impacting the earth radiation balance directly by scattering and absorbing solar radiation, and indirectly by acting as cloud condensation nuclei. In contrast to most greenhouse gases, aerosol particles have short atmospheric residence times, resulting in a highly heterogeneous distribution in space and time. There is a clear need to document this variability at regional scale through observations involving, in particular, the in situ near-surface segment of the atmospheric observation system. This paper will provide the widest effort so far to document variability of climate-relevant in situ aerosol properties (namely wavelength dependent particle light scattering and absorption coefficients, particle number concentration and particle number size distribution) from all sites connected to the Global Atmosphere Watch network. High-quality data from almost 90 stations worldwide have been collected and controlled for quality and are reported for a reference year in 2017, providing a very extended and robust view of the variability of these variables worldwide. The range of variability observed worldwide for light scattering and absorption coefficients, single-scattering albedo, and particle number concentration are presented together with preliminary information on their long-term trends and comparison with model simulation for the different stations. The scope of the present paper is also to provide the necessary suite of information, including data provision procedures, quality control and analysis, data policy, and usage of the ground-based aerosol measurement network. It delivers to users of the World Data Centre on Aerosol, the required confidence in data products in the form of a fully characterized value chain, including uncertainty estimation and requirements for contributing to the global climate monitoring system., European Commission Joint Research Centre 654109, European ERDF funds through different Spanish R&D projects of the Spanish Ministerio de Economia, Industria y Competitividad, NorthWest University, University of Helsinki, Academy of Finland 272041, Academy of Finland project Greenhouse gas 269095 296302, Korea Meteorological Administration Research and Development Program "Development of Monitoring and Analysis Techniques for Atmospheric Composition in Korea KMA2018-00522, National Research Foundation of Korea 2017R1D1A1B06032548, Korea Meteorological Administration Research and Development Program KMI2018-01111, Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration, Ministry of Research, France, French Ministry of the Environment, United States Environmental Protection Agency, MeteoSwiss (GAW-CH aerosol monitoring programme), Swiss State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI), Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of CR within National Sustainability Program I (NPU I) LO1415, ERDF "ACTRISCZ RI" CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_013/0001315 CGL2017-85344-R MINECO/AEI/FEDER, TIGAS-CM (Madrid Regional Government) Y2018/EMT-5177, AIRTECCM (Madrid Regional Government) P2018/EMT4329 REDMAAS2020 RED2018-102594-T CIENCIA, Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness, European Union (EU) CGL2016-78594-R, Generalitat de Catalunya AGAUR 2017 SGR41, National Institute for Aerospace Technology, Ministerio Espanol de Economia, Industria y Competitividad (MINECO) MIS 5021516, Competitiveness, Entrepreneurship and Innovation, NSRF, Ministry of Education, Universities and Research (MIUR), Norwegian Environment Agency, Swedish FORMAS; Swedish Research Council (VR), Magnus Bergvall foundation, Marta och Erik Holmberg foundation, Swedish EPA

Published
2020

43. Atmospheric new particle formation identifier using longitudinal global particle number size distribution data.

Author

Kecorius S, Madueño L, Lovric M, Racic N, Schwarz M, Cyrys J, Casquero-Vera JA, Alados-Arboledas L, Conil S, Sciare J, Ondracek J, Hallar AG, Gómez-Moreno FJ, Ellul R, Kristensson A, Sorribas M, Kalivitis N, Mihalopoulos N, Peters A, Gini M, Eleftheriadis K, Vratolis S, Jeongeun K, Birmili W, Bergmans B, Nikolova N, Dinoi A, Contini D, Marinoni A, Alastuey A, Petäjä T, Rodriguez S, Picard D, Brem B, Priestman M, Green DC, Beddows DCS, Harrison RM, O'Dowd C, Ceburnis D, Hyvärinen A, Henzing B, Crumeyrolle S, Putaud JP, Laj P, Weinhold K, Plauškaitė K, and Byčenkienė S

Abstract

Atmospheric new particle formation (NPF) is a naturally occurring phenomenon, during which high concentrations of sub-10 nm particles are created through gas to particle conversion. The NPF is observed in multiple environments around the world. Although it has observable influence onto annual total and ultrafine particle number concentrations (PNC and UFP, respectively), only limited epidemiological studies have investigated whether these particles are associated with adverse health effects. One plausible reason for this limitation may be related to the absence of NPF identifiers available in UFP and PNC data sets. Until recently, the regional NPF events were usually identified manually from particle number size distribution contour plots. Identification of NPF across multi-annual and multiple station data sets remained a tedious task. In this work, we introduce a regional NPF identifier, created using an automated, machine learning based algorithm. The regional NPF event tag was created for 65 measurement sites globally, covering the period from 1996 to 2023. The discussed data set can be used in future studies related to regional NPF., Competing Interests: Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NIHR, UKHSA or the Department of Health and Social Care., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Published
2024
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44. Using self and peer video annotations of simulated patient encounters in communication training to facilitate the reflection of communication skills: an implementation study.

Author

Pless A, Hari R, Brem B, Woermamm U, and Schnabel KP

Subjects
Clinical Competence, Humans, Peer Group, Students, Medical, Communication, Education, Medical, Undergraduate methods, Education, Medical, Undergraduate standards, Patient Simulation, Video Recording
Abstract

Background: The mandatory communication skills course for fourth-year medical students at the University of Bern Medical School aims to prepare students for challenging communication situations. Students role-play four different scenarios with simulated patients (SPs) and receive feedback from the patient's perspective. The scenarios are video-recorded and uploaded onto the University's virtual learning environment. Students can watch and annotate their own videos and give others access to view them. Project description: Although the course is well liked by students, we identified three areas for improvement: lack of faculty feedback; little active use of the video-recordings;lack of opportunity for students to discuss their experiences with each other. We aimed to address these shortcomings by introducing an additional learning task: students are asked to annotate a section of the video in which they had performed well, and one in which they thought they could have done better, in both their own and a colleague's videos. These video clips and annotations served as the basis of a subsequent two-hour small-group seminar with a physician tutor. The course was evaluated by a mandatory online questionnaire. Results: All 247 students completed the questionnaire. The annotation tool and task were deemed to be comprehensible. Students believed they had learnt more from annotating a peers' video than from their own and most thought being assessed by peers was acceptable. The physician tutors' comments were largely deemed as helpful. The mean mark for the course given by students was 4.6 (median 5) (1=very poor, 6=very good). Conclusion: A communication skills course expanded by video-annotations and group discussions with a physician tutor was shown to be feasible and was well received by students and faculty., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests., (Copyright © 2021 Pless et al.)

Published
2021
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45. Delivering a geriatric OSCE station in times of Covid-19 using makeup artistry.

Author

Bauer D, Germano M, Stierlin J, Brem B, Stöckli Y, and Schnabel KP

Subjects
Clinical Competence, Humans, Pandemics, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 epidemiology, Education, Medical organization & administration, Educational Measurement methods, Geriatrics education, Patient Simulation
Abstract

In the wake of the Covid-19 pandemic, people over 65 or suffering from certain conditions were deemed at high risk and asked to isolate themselves. This led to the simulated patient (SP) program at the University of Bern being depleted of middle-aged and elderly SP. Meanwhile, an OSCE had to be delivered using adapted cases that minimized physical contact between candidates and SP. Short of suitable cases at such short notice, the case of an elderly patient with postural instability had to be added to the exam blueprint. With elderly SP off the roster, it was decided to use makeup effects to achieve visual authenticity. A combination of wigs (grey hair, hairdo), 3D Probondo transfers (forehead wrinkles), old age stipple (crow's feet), and colouring (age spots) were used to achieve the old-age effects, while SPs wore scarves to cover their neckline. The lower face was covered with protective face masks in accordance with the exam's Covid-19 hygiene protocol. Case-related feedback from candidates and examiners was analysed for any direct or indirect remark attributable to the ageing effects. As no comment touched upon the subject of the appearance of age, this was interpreted as success, as any distracting effect from the SPs' appearance in this regard would surely have prompted remarks or even complaints. The SPs' feedback revealed how applying the ageing effects helped them adopt the octogenarian's role. This report explains how SP in their fifties were made fit for an octogenarian's case in an OSCE using makeup effects. The effort required for the ageing simulation was considerable, but it is hoped that in future, with more planning time, the amount of effort required can be reduced. The feedback obtained from the candidates suggest the appearance of SPs was not experienced as a distraction, which was the primary objective of this exercise. Adapting our approach to their own contexts allows educators to include cases with elderly patients in their OSCE that cannot be re-written for younger SP, so long as Covid-19 prevents elderly SP from participating., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests., (Copyright © 2020 Bauer et al.)

Published
2020
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46. Aircraft soot from conventional fuels and biofuels during ground idle and climb-out conditions: Electron microscopy and X-ray micro-spectroscopy.

Author

Liati A, Schreiber D, Alpert PA, Liao Y, Brem BT, Corral Arroyo P, Hu J, Jonsdottir HR, Ammann M, and Dimopoulos Eggenschwiler P

Subjects
Air Pollutants chemistry, Air Pollution, Hydrocarbons, Kerosene, Microscopy, Electron, Transmission, Spectrum Analysis, X-Rays, Air Pollutants analysis, Aircraft, Biofuels, Soot chemistry, Vehicle Emissions analysis
Abstract

Aircraft soot has a significant impact on global and local air pollution and is of particular concern for the population working at airports and living nearby. The morphology and chemistry of soot are related to its reactivity and depend mainly on engine operating conditions and fuel-type. We investigated the morphology (by transmission electron microscopy) and chemistry (by X-ray micro-spectroscopy) of soot from the exhaust of a CFM 56-7B26 turbofan engine, currently the most common engine in aviation fleet, operated in the test cell of SR Technics, Zurich airport. Standard kerosene (Jet A-1) and a biofuel blend (Jet A-1 with 32% HEFA) were used at ground idle and climb-out engine thrust, as these conditions highly influence air quality at airport areas. The results indicate that soot reactivity decreases from ground idle to climb-out conditions for both fuel types. Nearly one third of the primary soot particles generated by the blended fuel at climb-out engine thrust bear an outer amorphous shell implying higher reactivity. This characteristic referring to soot reactivity needs to be taken into account when evaluating the advantage of HEFA blending at high engine thrust. The soot type that is most prone to react with its surrounding is generated by Jet A-1 fuel at ground idle. Biofuel blending slightly lowers soot reactivity at ground idle but does the opposite at climb-out conditions. As far as soot reactivity is concerned, biofuels can prove beneficial for airports where ground idle is a common situation; the benefit of biofuels for climb-out conditions is uncertain., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Published
2019
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47. Novel Thiazolo[5,4-b]phenothiazine Derivatives: Synthesis, Structural Characterization, and In Vitro Evaluation of Antiproliferative Activity against Human Leukaemia.

Author

Brem B, Gal E, Găină L, Silaghi-Dumitrescu L, Fischer-Fodor E, Tomuleasa CI, Grozav A, Zaharia V, Filip L, and Cristea C

Subjects
Antineoplastic Agents chemical synthesis, Apoptosis drug effects, Cell Line, Tumor, Cell Proliferation drug effects, HL-60 Cells, Humans, Leukemia, Models, Molecular, Molecular Conformation, Molecular Structure, Phenothiazines chemical synthesis, Spectrum Analysis, Structure-Activity Relationship, Antineoplastic Agents chemistry, Antineoplastic Agents pharmacology, Phenothiazines chemistry, Phenothiazines pharmacology
Abstract

The molecular frame of the reported series of new polyheterocyclic compounds was intended to combine the potent phenothiazine and benzothiazole pharmacophoric units. The synthetic strategy applied was based on oxidative cyclization of N -(phenothiazin-3-yl)-thioamides and it was validated by the preparation of new 2-alkyl- and 2-aryl-thiazolo[5,4- b ]phenothiazine derivatives. Optical properties of the series were experimentally emphasized by UV-Vis absorption/emission spectroscopy and structural features were theoretically modelled using density functional theory (DFT). In vitro activity as antileukemic agents of thiazolo[5,4- b ]phenothiazine and N -(phenothiazine-3-yl)-thioamides were comparatively evaluated using cultivated HL-60 human promyelocytic and THP-1 human monocytic leukaemia cell lines. Some representatives proved selectivity against tumour cell lines, cytotoxicity, apoptosis induction, and cellular metabolism impairment capacity. 2-Naphthyl-thiazolo[5,4- b ]phenothiazine was identified as the most effective of the series by displaying against THP-1 cell lines a cytotoxicity close to cytarabine antineoplastic agent., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Published
2017
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48. Activity of selected phytochemicals against Plasmodium falciparum.

Author

Astelbauer F, Gruber M, Brem B, Greger H, Obwaller A, Wernsdorfer G, Congpuong K, Wernsdorfer WH, and Walochnik J

Subjects
Humans, Inhibitory Concentration 50, Malaria, Falciparum parasitology, Parasitic Sensitivity Tests, Phytotherapy methods, Plasmodium falciparum isolation & purification, Thailand, Antimalarials pharmacology, Benzofurans pharmacology, Plant Extracts pharmacology, Plasmodium falciparum drug effects
Abstract

According to the WHO, in 2008, there were 247 million reported cases of malaria and nearly one million deaths from the disease. Parasite resistance against first-line drugs, including artemisinin and mefloquine, is increasing. In this study the plant-derived compounds aglafolin, rocaglamid, kokusaginine, arborine, arborinine and tuberostemonine were investigated for their anti-plasmodial activity in vitro. Fresh Plasmodium falciparum isolates were taken from patients in the area of Mae Sot, north-western Thailand in 2008 and the inhibition of schizont maturation was determined for the respective compounds. With inhibitory concentrations effecting 50%, 90% and 99% inhibition (IC(50), IC(90) and IC(99)) of 60.95 nM, 854.41 nM and 7351.49 nM, respectively, rocaglamid was the most active of the substances, closely followed by aglafoline with 53.49 nM, 864.55 nM and 8354.20 nM. The activity was significantly below that of artemisinin, but moderately higher than that of quinine. Arborine, arborinine, tuberostemonine and kokusaginine showed only marginal activity against P. falciparum characterized by IC(50) and IC(99) values higher than 350 nM and 180 μM, respectively, and regressions with relatively shallow slopes S>14.38. Analogues of rocaglamid and aglafoline merit further exploration of their anti-plasmodial activity., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Published
2012
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49. Anti-leishmanial activity of plant-derived acridones, flavaglines, and sulfur-containing amides.

Author

Astelbauer F, Obwaller A, Raninger A, Brem B, Greger H, Duchêne M, Wernsdorfer W, and Walochnik J

Subjects
Acridines pharmacology, Acridines standards, Acridones, Amides pharmacology, Antiprotozoal Agents standards, Asteraceae, Hepatocytes drug effects, Humans, Inhibitory Concentration 50, Leishmania infantum growth & development, Meliaceae, Phytotherapy standards, Plant Extracts standards, Plant Preparations pharmacology, Plant Preparations standards, Rutaceae, Stemonaceae, Sulfur pharmacology, Sulfur standards, Antiprotozoal Agents pharmacology, Leishmania infantum drug effects, Leishmaniasis drug therapy, Magnoliopsida, Phytotherapy methods, Plant Extracts pharmacology
Abstract

Visceral and cutaneous leishmaniases are an important public health problem in endemic geographic regions in 88 countries worldwide, with around 12 million infected people. Treatment options are limited due to toxicity and teratogenicity of the available drugs, response problems in HIV/Leishmania co-infections, and upcoming resistances. In this study, we investigated the anti-leishmanial activity of 13 plant-derived compounds in vitro aiming to find new drug candidates. Toxicity of the compounds was evaluated in human primary hepatocytes, and hemolytic activity was examined in freshly isolated erythrocytes. Two acridones, 5-hydroxynoracronycine and yukocitrine, two flavaglines, aglafoline and rocaglamide, and the sulfur-containing amide methyldambullin showed promising anti-leishmanial activities with 50% effective concentrations (EC50s) of 34.84, 29.76, 7.45, 16.45, and 6.29 μM, respectively. Hepatotoxic activities of 5-hydroxynoracronycine, yukocitrine, and methyldambullin were significantly lower compared to miltefosine and lower or equal compared to artesunate, whereas the ones of rocaglamide and aglafoline were slightly higher compared to miltefosine and significantly higher compared to artesunate. None of the compounds showed hemolytic activity.

Published
2011
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50. High antitrypanosomal activity of plant-derived sulphur-containing amides.

Author

Astelbauer F, Obwaller A, Raninger A, Brem B, Greger H, Duchêne M, Wernsdorfer W, and Walochnik J

Subjects
Amides isolation & purification, Antiprotozoal Agents isolation & purification, Humans, Inhibitory Concentration 50, Plant Extracts isolation & purification, Sulfur Compounds isolation & purification, Amides pharmacology, Antiprotozoal Agents pharmacology, Plant Extracts pharmacology, Plants chemistry, Sulfur Compounds pharmacology, Trypanosoma cruzi drug effects
Abstract

Chagas disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, represents an important public health problem in endemic geographic regions in Middle and South America, affecting 15 million infected people. Treatment options are still limited due to the toxicity of available drugs, parasite resistance and poor drug activity during the chronic phase of the disease. In this study, we investigated the in vitro antitrypanosomal activity of 15 tropical plant-derived compounds with the aim of finding new drug candidates. Three novel sulphur-containing amides (methyldambullin, methylgerambullin and sakambullin) showed promising antitrypanosomal activities, with 50% effective concentrations (EC₅₀ values) after 72 h exposure of 1.7, 1.23 and 5.18 μM, respectively, compared with EC₅₀ values for amphotericin B and benznidazole of 0.71 μM and 30.89 μM, respectively., (Copyright © 2010 Elsevier B.V. and the International Society of Chemotherapy. All rights reserved.)

Published
2010
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