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The present paper outlines the development of a sport-specific measure of precompetitive emotion to assess anger, anxiety, dejection, excitement, and happiness. Face, content, factorial, and concurrent validity were examined\ud over four stages. Stage 1 had 264 athletes complete an open-ended questionnaire to identify emotions experienced in sport. The item pool was extended through the inclusion of additional items taken from the literature. In Stage 2\ud a total of 148 athletes verified the item pool while a separate sample of 49 athletes indicated the extent to which items were representative of the emotions\ud anger, anxiety, dejection, excitement, and happiness. Stage 3 had 518 athletes complete a provisional Sport Emotion Questionnaire (SEQ) before competition. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that a 22-item and 5-factor structure provided acceptable model fit. Results from Stage 4 supported the criterion validity of the SEQ. The SEQ is proposed as a valid measure of precompetitive emotion for use in sport settings.

The mortality/morbidity and quality of life benefits of exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation (CR) are well established, yet adherence to exercise is generally poor post-discharge. Recent trials have attempted to enhance adherence to aerobic activities during transition from CR to home-based exercise. However, these trials have not addressed resistance training, which is also an integral part of many participants' CR exercise routines. Because accessibility to familiar training equipment (e.g., weight machines) and instruction may be limited for many patients upon completion of CR, poor adherence to this beneficial form of exercise can be resultant. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a brief intervention involving the provision of a motivation-enhancing instructional manual and elastic Thera-Bands® on self-efficacy for, outcome expectancies for, and adherence to, upper body resistance exercise. It was hypothesized that participants receiving the intervention would report higher self-efficacy, outcome expectancies and greater adherence than those in a standard care control condition. The study was a randomized controlled trial involving informed and consenting CR participants recruited from an established outpatient CR programme at a major urban hospital (N = 40; n_males = 32; M_age= 61.20 ± 11.10). Participants in the intervention group (n=20) received an orientation to home-based upper body resistance training, a theory-based instructional manual designed to enhance self-efficacy and outcome expectations, and Thera-Bands®. The standard care control group received an orientation to home-based upper body resistance training and standard care CR follow-up (n=20). Participants completed baseline measures of self-efficacy for performing resistance training and activities of daily living as well as outcome expectancy measures one week prior to discharge from CR. The same measures were completed again one week later (i.e., at the end of the CR program), and at 4-weeks post-discharge. Participants logged their sets of upper-body resistance exercises continuously throughout the 4-week period following completion of the CR program. There were no differences between groups on any of the study variables at baseline. Participants in the intervention condition reported higher self-efficacy and outcome expectations for resistance training than controls at the 4-week follow-up assessment. Adherence to resistance training was significantly greater with the intervention group completing over twice as many (105%) sets over the four weeks than the control group. Maintaining or increasing upper body strength is an important outcome of CR as it relates to the performance of many activities of daily living. However, adherence to resistance exercises may be difficult upon completion of supervised, facility-based CR. This study illustrates that the provision of a motivation-enhancing instructional manual and low cost materials has a positive impact on self-efficacy, outcome expectations and adherence to resistance training, and may help participants make a successful transition to home-based resistance exercise. Thesis Master of Science (MS)

After looking in the vault copies, the Digitization Centre has determined that page vi is a missing page and may be a printing error. -Digitization Centre This study aimed to improve understanding of walking exercise among individuals with intermittent claudication. Using a prospective design, Ajzen's (1985, 1991) theory of planned behaviour was applied to examine psychosocial determinants of walking exercise. In addition, measures of barrier self-efficacy were explored as determinants of behaviour and perceived pain intensity was examined as a moderator of the intention-behaviour relationship. Ninety-four participants (n = 33 female) completed baseline measures of attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control, and intentions to engage in walking exercise. Additional measures of pain-related barrier self-efficacy and barrier self-efficacy regarding walking exercise were obtained and the Borg CR1 0 Pain Scale (Borg, 1998) was used to assess perceived pain intensity during walking. Participants were contacted weekly by telephone over four consecutive weeks and asked to recall their walking exercise and associated perceived pain intensity for the preceding seven-day period. Attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control contributed significantly to a multiple regression model predicting 67% of the variance in walking intentions. Intentions and perceived behavioural control explained 34% of the variance in walking exercise; however, pain-related barrier self-efficacy and barrier self-efficacy did not explain additional variance in behaviour and perceived pain intensity failed to moderate the intention-behaviour relationship. Findings support the theory of planned behaviour for predicting walking intentions and exercise among individuals with intermittent claudication, and suggest that pain cognitions as measured in this study do not play a role in determining walking. Thesis Master of Science (MS)