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Background: People who inject drugs (PWID) are a key population affected by hepatitis C virus (HCV). Treatment options are improving and may enhance prevention; however access for PWID may be poor. The availability in the literature of information on seven main topic areas (incidence, chronicity, genotypes, HIV co-infection, diagnosis and treatment uptake, and burden of disease) to guide HCV treatment and prevention scale-up for PWID in the 27 countries of the European Union is systematically reviewed. Methods and Findings: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane Library for publications between 1 January 2000 and 31 December 2012, with a search strategy of general keywords regarding viral hepatitis, substance abuse and geographic scope, as well as topic-specific keywords. Additional articles were found through structured email consultations with a large European expert network. Data availability was highly variable and important limitations existed in comparability and representativeness. Nine of 27 countries had data on HCV incidence among PWID, which was often high (2.7-66/100 person-years, median 13, Interquartile range (IQR) 8.7-28). Most common HCV genotypes were G1 and G3; however, G4 may be increasing, while the proportion of traditionally 'difficult to treat' genotypes (G1+G4) showed large variation (median 53, IQR 43-62). Twelve countries reported on HCV chronicity (median 72, IQR 64-81) and 22 on HIV prevalence in HCV-infected PWID (median 3.9%, IQR 0.2-28). Undiagnosed infection, assessed in five countries, was high (median 49%, IQR 38-64), while of those diagnosed, the proportion entering treatment was low (median 9.5%, IQR 3.5-15). Burden of disease, where assessed, was high and will rise in the next decade. Conclusion: Key data on HCV epidemiology, care and disease burden among PWID in Europe are sparse but suggest many undiagnosed infections and poor treatment uptake. Stronger efforts are needed to improve data availability to guide an increase in HCV treatment among PWID., peer-reviewed

Introducción: España es de los pocos países que ha implementado generalizadamente tratamientos con sustitutivos opioides (TSO) y programas de intercambio de jeringas (PIJ) para los consumidores de drogas en prisión. Se analiza la evolución de la necesidad, cobertura y oportunidad temporal de estas intervenciones en España durante 1992-2009. Material y métodos: La provisión de intervenciones procede de publicaciones oficiales. La necesidad se estimó aplicando métodos multiplicativos a datos secundarios de varias fuentes. La cobertura se estimó mediante el cociente entre provisión y necesidad, y la diferencia entre dichas magnitudes. La oportunidad temporal se estimó observando el decalaje entre el acmé de incidencia de consumo, de infección por VIH o de necesidad y las curvas de provisión. Resultados: Los TSO comenzaron en 1992. Su máxima cobertura se alcanzó en 2002 (63.8%), y posteriormente se estabilizó. Los PIJ comenzaron en 1997. Su máxima cobertura se alcanzó en 2006 (20.7%), pero disminuyó a la mitad en dos años. El retraso entre el acmé de las epidemias o de la necesidad y la máxima cobertura de las intervenciones fue de 8-25 años. Conclusiones: La implementación de TSO y PIJ en las prisiones españolas supuso un enorme avance de salud pública, pero el retraso en su implementación y la baja cobertura de los PIJ pueden haber limitado mucho su impacto potencial en la mejora de la salud de los consumidores de drogas en prisión. El descenso de la cobertura de los PIJ a la mitad en los últimos años es especialmente preocupante para la evolución de las epidemias de VIH y hepatitis C. Introduction: Spain is one of the few countries to have widely implemented opioid substitution treatments (OST) and needle exchange programmes (NEP) for drug users in prison. We analyze the evolution of the need, coverage and the timelinessof these interventions in Spain between 1992 and 2009. Methods: Data on the provision of interventions is taken from official publications. The need was calculated by applying multiplicative methods to secondary data from several sources. Coverage was estimated as the quotient between provision and need. Temporal opportunity was estimated by observing the gap between the acme of the incidence of consumption, of HIV infection or need and the curve of provision. Results: OST's began to be implemented in 1992. In 2002 they reached their maximum coverage (63.8%) and subsequently stabilized. NEP's started in 1997. Their maximum coverage reached 20.7% in 2006, but halved in a period of two years. The delay between the epidemic acme and the need and maximum intervention coverage was of 8-25 years. Conclusions: OST and NEP introduction in Spanish prisons was a great advance, but the delay in their implementation and the low level of NEP coverage could have limited their potential impact on the improvement of the health of incarcerated drug users. The decline of NEP coverage in recent years is a cause of major concern for the evolution of HIV and Hepatitis C epidemics.

It have been studied 178 animals (the whole population) of the Palmera sheep with 24 microsatellites in order to characterise this autochthonous breed from La Palma Island (Canary Islands, Spain). Ovine and bovine microsatellites recommended by FAO, ISAG (International Society of Animal Genetics) and other authors in the bibliography for ovine biodiversity studies have been used. These markers were amplified by mean of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique and to get the size separation of the obtained fragments we have developed electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel in an automatic sequencer ABI377XL. All the microsatellites have been polymorphic and between 2 (ETH10) and 15 (CSSM66) alleles have been found with an average value of 7.04. The expected heterozigosity has been 0,6039 and the observed heterozigosity 0.5504. The paternity and maternity have been checked with these microsatellites and this has been used to make a paternity panel with 10-12 markers and an a priori exclusion probability higher than 99,9 percent. This panel is useful to check paternity in this threatened breed. Se estudian 178 animales pertenecientes a la raza ovina Palmera, lo que supone la totalidad de la población, mediante 24 marcadores microsatélites con objeto de caracterizar esta raza autóctona de la Isla de la Palma (Islas Canarias, España). Se han empleado microsatélites de ovino y de bovino recomendados por la FAO, por la ISAG (International Society of Animal Genetics) y por otros autores en la bibliografía para este tipo de estudios en ovinos. Los microsatélites se han amplificado mediante la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) y los fragmentos amplificados se han separado mediante electroforesis en un secuenciador automático ABI 377XL. Todos los microsatélites utilizados han resultado polimórficos y se han encontrado entre 2 alelos para el ETH10 y 15 para el CSSM66, con un número medio de alelos de 7,04. La heterocigosidad media esperada ha sido 0,6039 y la observada 0,5504. Se ha llevado a cabo también la comprobación de paternidades y maternidades con estos microsatélites, lo que ha servido para establecer una batería de 10-12 microsatélites con una probabilidad de exclusión a priori superior al 99,9 p.100 que puede resultar muy útil para realizar controles de filiación en esta raza ovina en serio peligro de extinción.

Las investigaciones recientes centradas en el estudio de los antecedentes y consecuentes del cambio de empleo sugieren que este cambio está influido por una evaluación negativa del anterior empleo y puede tener consecuencias positivas para el individuo. Estos resultados proceden de estudios realizados con muestras de profesionales y directivos. Sin embargo, puede que estos resultados no sean generalizables a muestras de trabajadores con un nivel de cualificación menor. El objetivo del presente estudio es analizar los antecedentes y consecuentes psicológicos del cambio de empleo en una muestra de jóvenes pertenecientes a dos grupos ocupacionales: opereradores y aprendices de sistemas de información complejos y operarios del sector del metal. Los resultados indican que la satisfacción laboral está influida por el cambio de empleo. Sin embargo, el bienestar psicológico, el conflicto y la ambigüedad de rol y la centralidad del trabajo son variables que no están relacionadas con el cambio de empleo. Estos resultados son interpretados en función de la literatura revisada sobre el cambio de empleo. Recent research investigating antecedents and consequences of job change suggests that change is influenced by a negative evaluation of the previous job and it has positive outcomes for the individual. Tliose results proceed from studies with professional and white-collar samples. It may be that the conclusions of these studies would be inappropiate for blue-collar workers. This paper aims to analyse the psychological antecedents and consequences of job change amongst young workers who belong to two occupational groups: operators of office technology and machine operators in production manufacturing in the metal industry. It was found that job satisfaction is influenced by the job change while psychological well-being, role conflict and ambiguity, and work centrality are not related to the job change. These results are discussed in relation to the recent research on job change.

TLR2 plays a key role in innate immune response recognizing molecular patterns expressed by pathogens. rs111200466 is a TLR2 promoter Insertion/Deletion polymorphism with contradictory data about its role in HIV-1 infection. We analyzed rs111200466 in HIV-1 disease progression and showed a correlation with a faster progression to the CD4+350cells/μL, Cox P=0.36). Our data suggests rs111200466 as a prognosis factor for HIV-1 disease progression. This work was supported by grant SAF2016-80125-R (Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad, Spain) to AC., grant PI-0001-2017 (Consejería de salud, Spain) to L.M. Real and by grant SAS111229 supported by the Junta de Andalucía to M.J. Bravo.