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Latin America has seen vast improvements in gender educational and health equality. Favourable supply-side conditions, however, have not translated into greater gender economic equality, a process that also depends on structural economic change and global macroeconomic conditions. In this paper, we assess the role of a variety of macro-level policies and structures in influencing trends in women's access to high-quality jobs for a sample of 15 countries in Latin America over the period 1990-2018. Using micro-level data, we first evaluate women's relative share of good jobs, defined as women's weekly earnings in an industry or occupation relative to the median wage. Further, we econometrically estimate the impact of a variety of macro-level variables on the relative quality of women's jobs. Results indicate that the most significant and robust positive predictor of women's relative access to good jobs is public social spending as a share of GDP. Other important macro-covariates include measures of labour market policy, monetary and fiscal policy, and macroeconomic structure and global orientation, including financial openness. The results suggest that macro-level structures and policies related to globalization that hamper the achievement of greater gender equality can be offset by appropriately targeted government policies.

International audience; " Elissa Braunstein is a Professor and Chair of Economics at Colorado State University, as well as Editor of the journal Feminist Economics. Most recently she worked for 2.5 years as a Senior Economist at the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). Her work focuses on the international and macroeconomic aspects of development, with particular emphasis on economic growth, macro policy, social reproduction and gender. She publishes widely in both academic and policy venues, and has done consulting work for a number of international development institutions, including the International Labour Organization, the World Bank, the United Nations Research Institute on Social Development, and UN Women. She holds a Ph.D. in economics from the University of Massachusetts Amherst, and a Master’s of Pacific International Affairs from the School of Global Policy and Strategy at the University of California San Diego." (source éditeur)

Toplumsal Cinsiyet Eşitliği Ve Ekonomik Büyüme Bugünlerde kalkınma çalışan profesyonellerinin öne sürdüğü politika tavsiyelerinden biri, toplumsal cinsiyet eşitsizliğinin iktisadi büyüme için olumsuz etkisini dikkate alır: etkinlik amacıyla toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliği savı. Bu savın ardındaki iktisadi mantık çok açıktır: kadınların eğitim, istihdam ve diğer iktisadi olanaklardan dışlanması potansiyel işgücü ve girişimci havuzunu kısıtlar ve ekonomileri önemli bir iktisadi değerden mahrum bırakır. Kadına karşı ayrımcılık ve toplumsal cinsiyet eşitsizliği ayrıca doğurganlığı artırma eğilimindedir. Bunun yanı sıra bir sonraki dönemde beşeri sermayenin oluşturulması için mevcut dönemde yapılan yatırımları düşürür ve hane üretkenliğinin büyümesini kısıtlar ki bütün bunlar kişi başına düşen gelir düzeyinin büyüme oranının düşük kalmasıyla ilişkilendirilmiştir. Bu makalede, öncelikle, birçok iktisatçının iktisadi büyümeyi nasıl ele aldığını ve oluşturulan modellerde toplumsal cinsiyetin rolünü kısaca özetleyerek, toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliğinin büyümeye nasıl bir katkı sağladığını eleştirel bir biçimde inceliyoruz. Daha sonra, toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliğinin iktisadi büyüme ve verimlilik üzerindeki doğrudan etkilerine dair yapılmış makro ve mikroekonomik çalışmaları tarayarak toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliğinden iktisadi büyümeye götürdüğü varsayılan patikaları ayrıntılarıyla inceliyoruz. Bu bağlamda, doğurganlığın azalması, çocuklara yapılan yatırımlar ve siyasi yolsuzlukların daha az olması gibi dolaylı mekanizmalara dair yapılmış araştırmaları da değerlendiriyoruz. Çalışmayı, yakın zamanda yapılmış, belli bazı koşullar altında toplumsal cinsiyet eşitsizliğinin aslında iktisadi büyümeye katkıda bulunduğunu savunan araştırmalara değinerek sonlandırıyoruz, One of the most compelling policy arguments proffered by development professionals these days is that gender inequality is bad for economic growth – the efficiency argument for gender equality. The economic logic for this argument is straightforward: excluding women from education, employment and other economic opportunities limits the pool of potential workers and innovators and robs economies of a key productive asset. Discrimination against women and gender inequality also tend to raise fertility, lower investments in the next generation of human capital, and restrict household productivity growth, all of which have been linked with lower rates of per capita income growth. In this article we critically explore how gender equality contributes to economic growth, beginning with a brief overview of how most economists think about economic growth, and the role of gender in these models. We then detail the hypothesized pathways from gender equality to economic growth, covering both macroeconomic and microeconomic studies of the direct effects that gender equality has on economic growth and productivity, as well as research on the indirect mechanisms of fertility decline, investments in children, and less political corruption. We conclude with a discussion of recent research which argues that, under certain circumstances, gender inequality may actually contribute to economic growth

This paper provides a summary of the empirical and policy-related literature on the multifaceted relationships between gender inequalities and foreign direct investment (FDI). The literature on gender and FDI is evaluated with reference to the broader literature on FDI and economic development, new research directions are identified, and the policy implications of managing FDI for development and gender equity are discussed. The empirical literature on the relationship between FDI and growth and development is surprisingly mixed. The paper reviews the research on the impact of FDI on investment, productivity, trade, employment, wages and working conditions, and finds few of the straightforward conclusions that the popularity of FDI as a tool for development would seem to indicate. However, despite a number of open questions and seeming contradictions, two consistent issues repeatedly arise. First, very little is understood about the dynamic impact of FDI. Even where positive correlations between FDI and investment, employment or wages appear, there is little analysis of whether and how the impact is sustained - to what extent (and how) FDI impacts the process and trajectory of development. Second, the research in which there does seem to be an emerging consensus is on the importance of the economic and policy context for FDI in determining its eventual impact. In terms of women and FDI, it is clear that foreign investment in labour-intensive, largely export-oriented industries has had a significant impact on women's work and development. While there has been a positive relationship between women's employment and FDI in semi-industrialized countries, there is mounting evidence that women either lose jobs to more highly qualified men as industries upgrade, or get pushed down the production chain into subcontracted work as competition forces firms to continually lower costs. There is likely to be some short-term improvement in women's incomes as FDI expands, but the longer-term trajectory of women's wages is less promising. In terms of gender-based wage inequality, the research on FDI is consistent with other findings that trade does not systematically narrow the gender wage gap. The nature of gender segmentation and industrial distribution - where women are concentrated in highly competitive traded sectors - and the high mobility of transnational capital are instrumental in determining the gender wage gap...

Between 1995 and 2000, inflation-adjusted federal corporate income taxes grew an average of 2.0 percent a year; the annual average for state and local corporate tax revenue actually declined by 0.12 percent during the same period. A number of statelevel studies have documented this decline by showing that corporations are paying a declining share of state taxes. But such results are inconclusive because they do not control for changes in corporate profitability. In this paper we use data from the National Income and Product Accounts to create a time series of corporate profits by state, enabling us to investigate corporate income taxes while controlling for corporate profits. Our findings are striking: out of the 42 states studied, 41 show a statistically significant decline in their effective corporate income tax rates between 1991 and 2001. The average decline for all states is 4.6 percent per year, which means that effective corporate income tax rates fell by a little over one-third over the decade of the 1990s and into 2001. After accounting for the impact of the growth in income of S corporations, this means that states lost about $11 billion on corporate income tax revenue in fiscal 2002 due to the decline in effective corporate income tax rates.

Foreign direct investment (FDI) has become a much desired commodity by nations, regions and cities throughout the world. Indeed, governments bid for FDI because it is commonly thought to be an important engine of economic growth, job creation, and technological upgrading. The People’s Republic of China (PRC), the developing world’s largest recipient of FDI and one of the world’s fastest growing economies, is often cited as evidence for the beneficial effects of FDI. Given the PRC’s size and the huge allure of its cheap labor force and customer base, one would think that if any country had the bargaining power vis a vis multinational corporations to benefit from FDI, it would be China. But does FDI really deliver these commonly perceived benefits? To answer this question, we study the impact of inward FDI on wages, job creation, investment and tax generation in the PRC from 1986-1999 by running panel regression analysis on provincial level data. An innovation of our analysis is to distinguish the impact of FDI inflows from that of economic liberalization, per se. We find that, contrary to the conventional wisdom, inward FDI has a relatively small positive impact on wages and employment, while having a negative impact on domestic investment and tax revenue. We suggest that the decentralization of the FDI bidding process in China contributes to these negative outcomes, and argue that the limitation on FDI management tools associated with China’s WTO entry is likely to further reduce the benefits of FDI for Chinese workers and citizens .

If one accounts for the shift of women’s work from the household to the market during the course of economic development, what does the trajectory of growth and structural change look like? In this paper, I present an accounting of one such shift by looking at the role of women in Taiwanese growth between 1965 and 1995, a thirty-year stretch when an enviable per capita market growth rate of 6.9 percent, which later came to be called the “East Asian miracle,” was accompanied by large increases in female labor force participation.