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The probabilistic interpretation of the standard Regge-Gribov model with triple pomeron interactions is discussed. It is stated that introduction of probabilities within this model is not unique and depends on what is meant under the relevant substructures, The traditional interpretation in terms of partons (quarks and gluons) is shown to be external to the model, imported from the QCD, and actually referring to the single pomeron exchange without interactions. So this interpretation actually forgets the model as such. Alternative probabilities based on the pomerons as basic quantities within the model are discussed. Two different approaches are considered, based either on the pomerons in Fock's expansion of the wave function or on pomeron propagators in Feynman diagrams. These pomeron probabilities and entropy turn out to be very different from the mentioned standard ones in the purelyp obabilistic treatment. The entropy, in particular, either rises with the rapidity and saturates at a certain fixed value or first rises, reaches some maximum and goes down to zero afterwards. Possible observable manifestations of these probabilities and entropy are to be seen in the distributions of the cross-section in powers of the coupling constants to the participants. 23, Comment: 23 pages, 12 figures

Evaporation profiles have a strong effect on tear film thinning and breakup (TBU), a key factor in dry eye disease (DED). In experiments, TBU is typically seen to occur in patterns that locally can be circular (spot), linear (streak), or intermediate . We investigate a two-dimensional (2D) model of localized TBU using a Fourier spectral collocation method to observe how the evaporation distribution affects the resulting dynamics of tear film thickness and osmolarity, among other variables. We find that the dynamics are not simply an addition of individual 1D solutions of independent TBU events, and we show how the TBU quantities of interest vary continuously from spots to streaks for the shape of the evaporation distribution. We also find a significant speedup by using a proper orthogonal decomposition to reduce the dimension of the numerical system. The speedup will be especially useful for future applications of the model to inverse problems, allowing the clinical observation at scale of quantities that are thought to be important to DED but not directly measurable in vivo within TBU locales.

We refine a recent distributional notion of d'Alembertian of a signed Lorentz distance function to an achronal set in a metric measure spacetime obeying the timelike measure contraction property. We show precise representation formulas and comparison estimates (both upper and lower bounds). Under a condition we call "infinitesimally strict concavity" (known for infinitesimally Minkowskian structures and established here for Finsler spacetimes), we prove the associated distribution is a signed measure certifying the integration by parts formula. This treatment of the d'Alembertian using techniques from metric geometry expands upon its recent elliptic interpretation; even in the smooth case, our formulas seem to pioneer its exact shape across the timelike cut locus. Two central ingredients our contribution unifies are the localization paradigm of Cavalletti-Mondino and the Lorentzian Sobolev calculus of Beran et al. In the second part of our work, we present several applications of these insights. First, we show the equivalence of the timelike curvature-dimension condition with a Bochner-type inequality. Second, we set up synthetic mean curvature (and barriers for CMC sets) exactly. Third, we prove volume and area estimates of Heintze-Karcher-type, which enable us to show several synthetic volume singularity theorems., Comment: 84 pages. Comments welcome

We introduce a variational first-order Sobolev calculus on metric measure spacetimes. The key object is the maximal weak subslope of an arbitrary causal function, which plays the role of the (Lorentzian) modulus of its differential. It is shown to satisfy certain chain and Leibniz rules, certify a locality property, and be compatible with its smooth analog. In this setup, we propose a quadraticity condition termed infinitesimal Minkowskianity, which singles out genuinely Lorentzian structures among Lorentz-Finsler spacetimes. Moreover, we establish a comparison theorem for a nonlinear yet elliptic $p$-d'Alembertian in a weak form under the timelike measure contraction property. As a particular case, this extends Eschenburg's classical estimate past the timelike cut locus., Comment: 132 pages. Comments welcome

This paper presents a pioneering solution to the task of integrating mobile 3D LiDAR and inertial measurement unit (IMU) data with existing building information models or point clouds, which is crucial for achieving precise long-term localization and mapping in indoor, GPS-denied environments. Our proposed framework, SLAM2REF, introduces a novel approach for automatic alignment and map extension utilizing reference 3D maps. The methodology is supported by a sophisticated multi-session anchoring technique, which integrates novel descriptors and registration methodologies. Real-world experiments reveal the framework's remarkable robustness and accuracy, surpassing current state-of-the-art methods. Our open-source framework's significance lies in its contribution to resilient map data management, enhancing processes across diverse sectors such as construction site monitoring, emergency response, disaster management, and others, where fast-updated digital 3D maps contribute to better decision-making and productivity. Moreover, it offers advancements in localization and mapping research. Link to the repository: https://github.com/MigVega/SLAM2REF, Data: https://doi.org/10.14459/2024mp1743877.

While 3D LiDAR sensor technology is becoming more advanced and cheaper every day, the growth of digitalization in the AEC industry contributes to the fact that 3D building information models (BIM models) are now available for a large part of the built environment. These two facts open the question of how 3D models can support 3D LiDAR long-term SLAM in indoor, GPS-denied environments. This paper proposes a methodology that leverages BIM models to create an updated map of indoor environments with sequential LiDAR measurements. Session data (pose graph-based map and descriptors) are initially generated from BIM models. Then, real-world data is aligned with the session data from the model using multi-session anchoring while minimizing the drift on the real-world data. Finally, the new elements not present in the BIM model are identified, grouped, and reconstructed in a surface representation, allowing a better visualization next to the BIM model. The framework enables the creation of a coherent map aligned with the BIM model that does not require prior knowledge of the initial pose of the robot, and it does not need to be inside the map., Comment: Conference paper in ISARC 2023

Speech pauses, alongside content and structure, offer a valuable and non-invasive biomarker for detecting dementia. This work investigates the use of pause-enriched transcripts in transformer-based language models to differentiate the cognitive states of subjects with no cognitive impairment, mild cognitive impairment, and Alzheimer's dementia based on their speech from a clinical assessment. We address three binary classification tasks: Onset, monitoring, and dementia exclusion. The performance is evaluated through experiments on a German Verbal Fluency Test and a Picture Description Test, comparing the model's effectiveness across different speech production contexts. Starting from a textual baseline, we investigate the effect of incorporation of pause information and acoustic context. We show the test should be chosen depending on the task, and similarly, lexical pause information and acoustic cross-attention contribute differently., Comment: Accepted at INTERSPEECH 2024

3D reconstruction and relighting of objects made from scattering materials present a significant challenge due to the complex light transport beneath the surface. 3D Gaussian Splatting introduced high-quality novel view synthesis at real-time speeds. While 3D Gaussians efficiently approximate an object's surface, they fail to capture the volumetric properties of subsurface scattering. We propose a framework for optimizing an object's shape together with the radiance transfer field given multi-view OLAT (one light at a time) data. Our method decomposes the scene into an explicit surface represented as 3D Gaussians, with a spatially varying BRDF, and an implicit volumetric representation of the scattering component. A learned incident light field accounts for shadowing. We optimize all parameters jointly via ray-traced differentiable rendering. Our approach enables material editing, relighting and novel view synthesis at interactive rates. We show successful application on synthetic data and introduce a newly acquired multi-view multi-light dataset of objects in a light-stage setup. Compared to previous work we achieve comparable or better results at a fraction of optimization and rendering time while enabling detailed control over material attributes. Project page https://sss.jdihlmann.com/, Comment: Project page: https://sss.jdihlmann.com/

Layered two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors have shown enhanced ion migration capabilities along their van der Waals (vdW) gaps and on their surfaces. This effect can be employed for resistive switching (RS) in devices for emerging memories, selectors, and neuromorphic computing. To date, all lateral molybdenum disulfide (MoS${_2}$)-based volatile RS devices with silver (Ag) ion migration have been demonstrated using exfoliated, single-crystal MoS${_2}$ flakes requiring a forming step to enable RS. Here, we present volatile RS with multilayer MoS${_2}$ grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) with repeatable forming-free operation. The devices show highly reproducible volatile RS with low operating voltages of approximately 2 V and fast switching times down to 130 ns considering their micrometer scale dimensions. We investigate the switching mechanism based on Ag ion surface migration through transmission electron microscopy, electronic transport modeling, and density functional theory. Finally, we develop a physics-based compact model and explore the implementation of our volatile memristors as artificial neurons in neuromorphic systems., Comment: 43 pages

Restoring limb motor function in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI), stroke, or amputation remains a critical challenge, one which affects millions worldwide. Recent studies show through surface electromyography (EMG) that spared motor neurons can still be voluntarily controlled, even without visible limb movement . These signals can be decoded and used for motor intent estimation; however, current wearable solutions lack the necessary hardware and software for intuitive interfacing of the spared degrees of freedom after neural injuries. To address these limitations, we developed a wireless, high-density EMG bracelet, coupled with a novel software framework, MyoGestic. Our system allows rapid and tailored adaptability of machine learning models to the needs of the users, facilitating real-time decoding of multiple spared distinctive degrees of freedom. In our study, we successfully decoded the motor intent from two participants with SCI, two with spinal stroke , and three amputees in real-time, achieving several controllable degrees of freedom within minutes after wearing the EMG bracelet. We provide a proof-of-concept that these decoded signals can be used to control a digitally rendered hand, a wearable orthosis, a prosthesis, or a 2D cursor. Our framework promotes a participant-centered approach, allowing immediate feedback integration, thus enhancing the iterative development of myocontrol algorithms. The proposed open-source software framework, MyoGestic, allows researchers and patients to focus on the augmentation and training of the spared degrees of freedom after neural lesions, thus potentially bridging the gap between research and clinical application and advancing the development of intuitive EMG interfaces for diverse neural lesions., Comment: 23 pages, 8 figures

We present the production systematics of open charm hadron yields in high-energy collisions and their description based on the Statistical Hadronization Model. The rapidity density of $D^0, D^+, D^{*+}, D_s^+$ mesons and $\Lambda_c^+$ baryons in heavy ion and proton-proton collisions is analyzed for different collision energies and centralities. The Statistical Hadronization Model is extended to open charm production in minimum-bias and high-multiplicity pp collisions. In this context, we use the link established in [1], see also the further development in [2], between the rapidity density of open charm hadron yields, $dN_i/dy$, and the rapidity density of charm-anticharm quark pairs, $dN_{c\bar c}/d\eta$ to demonstrate that, in pp, pA and AA collisions, $dN_i/dy$ scales in leading order with $dN_{c\bar c}/d\eta$ and the slope coefficient is quantified by the appropriate thermal density ratio calculated at the chiral crossover temperature, $T_c=156.5$ MeV. It is also shown that, in high energy collisions and within uncertainties, $dN_i/dy$ exhibits the power-law scaling with the charged-particle pseudo-rapidity density. Furthermore, presently available data on different ratios of open charm rapidity densities in high-energy collisions are independent of collision energy and system size, as expected in the Statistical Hadronization Model., Comment: 10 pages, 7 figures

Generalizing work of Athanasiadis for the Birkhoff polytope and Reiner and Welker for order polytopes, in 2007 Bruns and R\"omer proved that any Gorenstein lattice polytope with a regular unimodular triangulation admits a regular unimodular triangulation that is the join of a special simplex with a triangulated sphere. These are sometimes referred to as equatorial triangulations. We apply these techniques to give purely combinatorial descriptions of previously-unstudied triangulations of Gorensten flow polytopes. Further, we prove that the resulting equatorial flow polytope triangulations are usually distinct from the family of triangulations obtained by Danilov, Karzanov, and Koshevoy via framings. We find the facet description of the reflexive polytope obtained by projecting a Gorenstein flow polytope along a special simplex. Finally, we show that when a partially ordered set is strongly planar, equatorial triangulations of a related flow polytope can be used to produce new unimodular triangulations of the corresponding order polytope., Comment: 28 pages, 12 figures

Sapphire is a technologically highly relevant material, but it poses many challenges to performing epitaxial thin-film deposition. We have identified and applied the conditions for adsorption-controlled homoepitaxial growth of c-plane sapphire. The films thus grown are atomically smooth, have a controlled termination, and are of outstanding crystallinity. Their chemical purity exceeds that of the substrates. The films exhibit exceptional optical properties such as a single-crystal-like bandgap and a low density of F+ centers.

Superconducting films of alpha-Ta are promising candidates for the fabrication of advanced superconducting qubits. However, alpha-Ta films suffer from many growth-induced structural inadequacies that negatively affect their performance. We have therefore explored a new synthesis method for alpha-Ta films which allows the growth of these films with unprecedented quality. Using this method, high quality alpha-Ta films are deposited at a comparably high substrate temperature of 1150 C. They are single-phase alpha-Ta and have a single out-of-plane (110) orientation. They consist of grains above 2 um that have one of three possible in-plane orientations. As shown by scanning transmission electron microscopy and electron energy loss studies the substrate-film interfaces are sharp with no observable intermixing. The obtained insights into the epitaxial growth of body-centered-cubic films on quasi-hexagonal substrates lay the basis for harnessing the high structural coherence of such films in various applications.

Automotive simulation can potentially compensate for a lack of training data in computer vision applications. However, there has been little to no image quality evaluation of automotive simulation and the impact of optical degradations on simulation is little explored. In this work, we investigate Virtual KITTI and the impact of applying variations of Gaussian blur on image sharpness. Furthermore, we consider object detection, a common computer vision application on three different state-of-the-art models, thus allowing us to characterize the relationship between object detection and sharpness. It was found that while image sharpness (MTF50) degrades from an average of 0.245cy/px to approximately 0.119cy/px; object detection performance stays largely robust within 0.58\%(Faster RCNN), 1.45\%(YOLOF) and 1.93\%(DETR) across all respective held-out test sets., Comment: 8 pages, 2 figures, 2 tables

Medical imaging tasks are very challenging due to the lack of publicly available labeled datasets. Hence, it is difficult to achieve high performance with existing deep-learning models as they require a massive labeled dataset to be trained effectively. An alternative solution is to use pre-trained models and fine-tune them using the medical imaging dataset. However, all existing models are pre-trained using natural images, which is a completely different domain from that of medical imaging, which leads to poor performance due to domain shift. To overcome these problems, we propose a large-scale unlabeled dataset of medical images and a backbone pre-trained using the proposed dataset with a self-supervised learning technique called Masked autoencoder. This backbone can be used as a pre-trained model for any medical imaging task, as it is trained to learn a visual representation of different types of medical images. To evaluate the performance of the proposed backbone, we used four different medical imaging tasks. The results are compared with existing pre-trained models. These experiments show the superiority of our proposed backbone in medical imaging tasks.

We propose a novel training scheme using self-label correction and data augmentation methods designed to deal with noisy labels and improve real-world accuracy on a polyphonic audio content detection task. The augmentation method reduces label noise by mixing multiple audio clips and joining their labels, while being compatible with multiple active labels. We additionally show that performance can be improved by a self-label correction method using the same pretrained model. Finally, we show that it is feasible to use a strong zero-shot model such as CLAP to generate labels for unlabeled data and improve the results using the proposed training and label enhancement methods. The resulting model performs similar to CLAP while being an efficient mobile device friendly architecture and can be quickly adapted to unlabeled sound classes., Comment: accepted at IEEE IWAENC 2024

Graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) with atomically precise widths and edge topologies have well-defined band gaps that depend on ribbon dimensions, making them ideal for room-temperature switching applications like field-effect transistors (FETs). For efficient device integration, it is crucial to optimize growth conditions to maximize GNR length and, consequently, device yield. Here, we investigate the growth and alignment of 9-atom-wide armchair graphene nanoribbons (9-AGNRs) on a vicinal gold substrate, Au(788), with varying molecular precursor doses (PD) and, therefore, different resulting GNR coverages. Our investigation reveals that GNR growth location on the Au(788) substrate is coverage-dependent. Furthermore, scanning tunneling microscopy shows a strong correlation between the GNR length evolution and both the PD and the GNR growth location on the substrate. Employing Raman spectroscopy, we analyze samples with eight different PDs on Au(788). We find that GNR alignment improves with length, achieving near-perfect alignment with an average GNR length of ~40 nm for GNRs growing solely at Au(788) step edges. To fully exploit GNR properties in device architectures, GNRs need to be transferred from the gold to semiconducting or insulating substrates. Upon substrate transfer, samples with higher PD present systematically better alignment preservation and less surface disorder, which we attribute to reduced GNR mobility during the transfer process. PD also affects the substrate transfer success rate, with higher success rates observed for samples with higher GNR coverages (77%) compared to those with lower GNR coverages (53%). Our findings characterize the important relationship between precursor dose, GNR length, alignment quality, and surface disorder during GNR growth and upon substrate transfer, offering crucial insights for the further development of GNR-based nanoelectronic devices.

Emerging active regions are associated with convective flows on the spatial scale and lifetimes of supergranules. To understand how these flows are involved in the formation of active regions, we aim to identify where active regions emerge in the supergranulation flow pattern. We computed supergranulation scale flow maps at the surface for all active regions in the Solar Dynamics Observatory Helioseismic Emerging Active Region Survey. We classified each of the active regions into four bins, based on the amplitude of their average surface flow divergence at emergence. We then averaged the flow divergence over the active regions in each bin as a function of time. We also considered a corresponding set of control regions. We found that, on average, the flow divergence increases during the day prior to emergence at a rate independent of the amount of flux that emerges. By subtracting the averaged flow divergence of the control regions, we found that active region emergence is associated with a remaining converging flow at 0.5-1 days prior to emergence. This remnant flow, $\Delta \, \mathrm{div} \, \mathbf{v_h} = (-4.9 \pm 1.7) \times 10^{-6}$ 1/s, corresponds to a flow speed of 10-20 m/s (an order of magnitude less than supergranulation flows) out to a radius of about 10 Mm. We show that these observational results are qualitatively supported by simulations of a small bipole emerging through the near-surface convective layers of the Sun. The question remains whether these flows are driving the emergence, or are caused by the emergence., Comment: 22 pages, 27 figures, accepted to be published in MNRAS

Closed quantum systems follow a unitary time evolution that can be simulated on quantum computers. By incorporating non-unitary effects via, e.g., measurements on ancilla qubits, these algorithms can be extended to open-system dynamics, such as Markovian processes described by the Lindblad master equation. In this paper, we analyze the convergence criteria and the convergence speed of a Markovian, purely dissipative quantum random walk on an unstructured search space. We analytically derive the mixing time for continuous- and discrete-time processes for different coupling regimes that control the random walk. Then, we map the results onto an actual implementation to correctly estimate the potential and show that it is no more efficient than classical search. Despite this, we highlight the connections between the classical random walks and open quantum random walks and demonstrate how to recover a quadratic speedup in the unitary limit. Moreover, the study of the Grover problem reveals how the hyperparameters affect the cost of implementation. This helps us refine the complexity analysis of the investigated algorithm to simulate the Lindblad equation., Comment: 32 pages, 4 figures, submitted to Quantum Journal

Visual validation of regression models in scatterplots is a common practice for assessing model quality, yet its efficacy remains unquantified. We conducted two empirical experiments to investigate individuals' ability to visually validate linear regression models (linear trends) and to examine the impact of common visualization designs on validation quality. The first experiment showed that the level of accuracy for visual estimation of slope (i.e., fitting a line to data) is higher than for visual validation of slope (i.e., accepting a shown line). Notably, we found bias toward slopes that are "too steep" in both cases. This lead to novel insights that participants naturally assessed regression with orthogonal distances between the points and the line (i.e., ODR regression) rather than the common vertical distances (OLS regression). In the second experiment, we investigated whether incorporating common designs for regression visualization (error lines, bounding boxes, and confidence intervals) would improve visual validation. Even though error lines reduced validation bias, results failed to show the desired improvements in accuracy for any design. Overall, our findings suggest caution in using visual model validation for linear trends in scatterplots., Comment: Preprint and Author Version of a Full Paper, accepted to the 2024 IEEE Visualization Conference (VIS)

Interaction-induced charge orders with electronic origin occur as states of spontaneously broken symmetry in several materials platforms. An electronic mechanism for charge order requires an attractive component in the effective charge vertex. We put forward such a mechanism for the formation of unconventional charge density waves in a metal. These states result from the condensation of particle-hole pairs with finite wave vector and non-zero angular momentum and correspond to bond or loop current order on a lattice. The mechanism we describe can be viewed as Kohn Luttinger analysis in the particle-hole channel with finite transferred momentum. It incorporates one-loop spin and pairing correctionsn, which are then used as an input for a summation in the charge channel triggering an instability. We extend our analysis to a spin-fluctuation approach, where the effective charge interaction is dressed by the particle-hole ladder with exchanged momentum. We argue that this mechanism works for weakly-interacting metals with nested Fermi surface and a large number of fermion flavors. We apply the Kohn-Luttinger-like approach to square- and triangular-lattice Hubbard models with SU($N_f$) flavour symmetry and show that it leads to different types of $p$-wave charge density waves. We also study effects beyond weak coupling at and away from Van Hove filling in terms of a phenomenological model with additional exchange interaction. In the vicinity of Van Hove filling, we obtain $d$-wave charge density waves with wave vectors determined by nesting as leading instabilities. In addition, we find another charge density wave with wave vector $K/4$ on the triangular lattice on both sides of Van Hove filling. We demonstrate that this $K/4$ instability can win the competition against pairing for $N_f=4$ via an unbiased functional renormalisation group calculation., Comment: 12+5 pages, 8+1 figures

Theoretical treatments of non-equilibrium dynamics in strongly interacting Bose-Fermi mixtures are complicated by the inherent non-Gaussian nature of the vacuum two-body physics, invalidating the typical Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov approximation. Here, we apply the cumulant expansion to study non-equilibrium Bose-Fermi mixtures, which allows us to explicitly include the missing non-Gaussian quantum correlations, leading to a consistent dynamical theory of a Bose-Fermi mixture near an interspecies Feshbach resonance. We first apply our theory to a study of atom-pair coherence in the gas, which is significantly enhanced by the competing influences of the Fermi sea and Bose-Einstein condensation, in agreement with analytical calculations. Then, we study the depletion of a degenerate Bose-Fermi mixture following a quench to the unitary regime, characterizing the resulting depletion of the Bose-Einstein condensate, the deformation of the Fermi surface, and the production of molecules. We find that at early times, the population dynamics scale quadratically with the hold time, and define an associated characteristic timescale set by the parameters of the mixture and the width of the Feshbach resonance., Comment: 14 pages, 11 figures

Turbulent convection models treat stellar convection more physically than standard mixing-length theory by including non-local effects. We recently successfully applied the Kuhfuss version to convective cores in main sequence stars. Its usefulness for convective envelopes remains to be tested. The solar convective envelope constitutes a viable test bed for investigating the usefulness of the 1-equation Kuhfuss turbulent convection model. We used the one-dimensional stellar evolution code GARSTEC to calculate a standard solar model with the 1-equation Kuhfuss turbulent convection model, and compared it to helioseismic measurements and a solar model using standard mixing-length theory. Additionally, we investigated the influence of the additional free parameters of the convection model on the solar structure. The 1-equation Kuhfuss model reproduces the sound-speed profile and the lower boundary of the convective region less well than the mixing-length model, because the inherent non-local effects overestimate the amount of convective penetration below the Schwarzschild boundary. We trace this back to the coupling of the temperature gradient to the convective flux in the 1-equation version of the Kuhfuss theory. The temperature stratification of the solar convective envelope is not well modelled by the 1-equation Kuhfuss turbulent convection model, and the more complex 3-equation version is needed to improve the modelling of convection in the envelopes of 1D stellar evolution models., Comment: 12 pages, 8 figures, accepted for publication in A&A

Generating diverse samples under hard constraints is a core challenge in many areas. With this work we aim to provide an integrative view and framework to combine methods from the fields of MCMC, constrained optimization, as well as robotics, and gain insights in their strengths from empirical evaluations. We propose NLP Sampling as a general problem formulation, propose a family of restarting two-phase methods as a framework to integrated methods from across the fields, and evaluate them on analytical and robotic manipulation planning problems. Complementary to this, we provide several conceptual discussions, e.g. on the role of Lagrange parameters, global sampling, and the idea of a Diffused NLP and a corresponding model-based denoising sampler.

Future energy systems are subject to various uncertain influences. As resilient systems they should maintain a constantly high operational performance whatever happens. We explore different levels and time scales of decision making in energy systems, highlighting different uncertainty sources that are relevant in different domains. We discuss how the uncertainties can be represented and how one can react to them. The article closes by summarizing, which uncertainties are already well examined and which ones still need further scientific inquiry to obtain resilient energy systems.

Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) are prime candidate sources of the high-energy, astrophysical neutrinos detected by IceCube. This is demonstrated by the real-time multi-messenger detection of the blazar TXS 0506+056 and the recent evidence of neutrino emission from NGC 1068 from a separate time-averaged study. However, the production mechanism of the astrophysical neutrinos in AGN is not well established which can be resolved via correlation studies with photon observations. For neutrinos produced due to photohadronic interactions in AGN, in addition to a correlation of neutrinos with high-energy photons, there would also be a correlation of neutrinos with photons emitted at radio wavelengths. In this work, we perform an in-depth stacking study of the correlation between 15 GHz radio observations of AGN reported in the MOJAVE XV catalog, and ten years of neutrino data from IceCube. We also use a time-dependent approach which improves the statistical power of the stacking analysis. No significant correlation was found for both analyses and upper limits are reported. When compared to the IceCube diffuse flux, at 100 TeV and for a spectral index of 2.5, the upper limits derived are $\sim3\%$ and $\sim9\%$ for the time-averaged and time-dependent case, respectively., Comment: 14 Pages 7 Figures

We present a search for an eV-scale sterile neutrino using 7.5 years of data from the IceCube DeepCore detector. The analysis uses a sample of 21,914 events with energies between 5 and 150 GeV to search for sterile neutrinos through atmospheric muon neutrino disappearance. Improvements in event selection and treatment of systematic uncertainties provide greater statistical power compared to previous DeepCore sterile neutrino searches. Our results are compatible with the absence of mixing between active and sterile neutrino states, and we place constraints on the mixing matrix elements $|U_{\mu 4}|^2 < 0.0534$ and $|U_{\tau 4}|^2 < 0.0574$ at 90% CL under the assumption that $\Delta m^2_{41}\geq 1\;\mathrm{eV^2}$. These null results add to the growing tension between anomalous appearance results and constraints from disappearance searches in the 3+1 sterile neutrino landscape., Comment: 11 pages, 5 figures. To be submitted to Physical Review D

SpeechBrain is an open-source Conversational AI toolkit based on PyTorch, focused particularly on speech processing tasks such as speech recognition, speech enhancement, speaker recognition, text-to-speech, and much more. It promotes transparency and replicability by releasing both the pre-trained models and the complete "recipes" of code and algorithms required for training them. This paper presents SpeechBrain 1.0, a significant milestone in the evolution of the toolkit, which now has over 200 recipes for speech, audio, and language processing tasks, and more than 100 models available on Hugging Face. SpeechBrain 1.0 introduces new technologies to support diverse learning modalities, Large Language Model (LLM) integration, and advanced decoding strategies, along with novel models, tasks, and modalities. It also includes a new benchmark repository, offering researchers a unified platform for evaluating models across diverse tasks., Comment: Submitted to JMLR (Machine Learning Open Source Software)

This report summarizes the work of the EMMI Rapid Reaction Task Force on "Real and Virtual Photon Production at Ultra-Low Transverse Momentum and Low Mass at the LHC". We provide an overview of the soft-photon puzzle, i.e., of the long-standing discrepancy between experimental data and predictions based on Low's soft-photon theorem, also referred to as "anomalous" soft photon production, and we review the current theoretical understanding of soft radiation and soft theorems. We also focus on low-mass dileptons as a tool for determining the electrical conductivity of the medium produced in high-energy nucleus-nucleus collisions. We discuss how both topics can be addressed with the planned ALICE 3 detector at the LHC., Comment: 63 pages, 20 figures

This paper introduces the Bosch street dataset (BSD), a novel multi-modal large-scale dataset aimed at promoting highly automated driving (HAD) and advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS) research. Unlike existing datasets, BSD offers a unique integration of high-resolution imaging radar, lidar, and camera sensors, providing unprecedented 360-degree coverage to bridge the current gap in high-resolution radar data availability. Spanning urban, rural, and highway environments, BSD enables detailed exploration into radar-based object detection and sensor fusion techniques. The dataset is aimed at facilitating academic and research collaborations between Bosch and current and future partners. This aims to foster joint efforts in developing cutting-edge HAD and ADAS technologies. The paper describes the dataset's key attributes, including its scalability, radar resolution, and labeling methodology. Key offerings also include initial benchmarks for sensor modalities and a development kit tailored for extensive data analysis and performance evaluation, underscoring our commitment to contributing valuable resources to the HAD and ADAS research community.

We derive the scalar-tensor modification of the gravitational field of an ultrarelativistic particle beam and its effect on a test particle that is used as sensor. To do so, we solve the linearized scalar-tensor gravity field equations sourced by an energy-momentum tensor of a moving point particle. The geodesic equation and the geodesic deviation equation then predict the acceleration of the test particle as well as the momentum transfer due to a passing source. Comparing the momentum transfer predicted by general relativity and scalar tensor gravity, we find that there exists a relevant parameter regime where this difference increases significantly with the velocity of the source particle. Since ultrarelativistic particles are available at accelerators like the Large Hadron Collider, ultra-precise acceleration sensors in the vicinity of the particle beam could potentially detect deviations from general relativity or constrain modified gravity models.

Local polynomial regression of order at least one often performs poorly in regions of sparse data. Local constant regression is exceptional in this regard, though it is the least accurate method in general, especially at the boundaries of the data. Incorporating information from differential equations which may approximately or exactly hold is one way of extending the sparse design capacity of local constant regression while reducing bias and variance. A nonparametric regression method that exploits first order differential equations is introduced in this paper and applied to noisy mouse tumour growth data. Asymptotic biases and variances of kernel estimators using Taylor polynomials with different degrees are discussed. Model comparison is performed for different estimators through simulation studies under various scenarios which simulate exponential-type growth., Comment: 18 pages, 3 figures

Despite recent surge of interest in deploying colon capsule endoscopy (CCE) for early diagnosis of colorectal diseases, there remains a large gap between the current state of CCE in clinical practice, and the state of its counterpart optical colonoscopy (OC). Our study is aimed at closing this gap, by focusing on the full integration of AI in CCE's pathway, where image processing steps linked to the detection, localization and characterisation of important findings are carried out autonomously using various AI algorithms. We developed a recognition network, that with an impressive sensitivity of 99.9%, a specificity of 99.4%, and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 99.8%, detected colorectal polyps. After recognising a polyp within a sequence of images, only those images containing polyps were fed into two parallel independent networks for characterisation, and estimation of the size of those important findings. The characterisation network reached a sensitivity of 82% and a specificity of 80% in classifying polyps to two groups, namely neoplastic vs. non-neoplastic. The size estimation network reached an accuracy of 88% in correctly segmenting the polyps. By automatically incorporating this crucial information into CCE's pathway, we moved a step closer towards the full integration of AI in CCE's routine clinical practice.

NV centers in diamond are a promising platform for highly sensitive quantum sensors for magnetic fields and other physical quantities. The quest for high sensitivity combined with high spatial resolution leads naturally to dense ensembles of NV centers, and hence to strong, long-range interactions between them. Hence, simulating strongly interacting NVs becomes essential. However, obtaining the exact dynamics for a many-spin system is a challenging task due to the exponential scaling of the Hilbert space dimension, a problem that is exacerbated when the system is modelled as an open quantum system. In this work, we employ the Matrix Product Density Operator (MPDO) method to represent the many-body mixed state and to simulate the dynamics of an ensemble of NVs in the presence of strong long-range couplings due to dipole-dipole forces. We benchmark different time-evolution algorithms in terms of numerical accuracy and stability. Subsequently, we simulate the dynamics in the strong interaction regime, with and without dissipation., Comment: 8 pages, 10 figures

We study online capacitated resource allocation, a natural generalization of online stochastic max-weight bipartite matching. This problem is motivated by ride-sharing and Internet advertising applications, where online arrivals may have the capacity to serve multiple offline users. Our main result is a polynomial-time online algorithm which is $(1/2 + \kappa)$-approximate to the optimal online algorithm for $\kappa = 0.0115$. This can be contrasted to the (tight) $1/2$-competitive algorithms to the optimum offline benchmark from the prophet inequality literature. Optimum online is a recently popular benchmark for online Bayesian problems which can use unbounded computation, but not "prophetic" knowledge of future inputs. Our algorithm (which also works for the case of stochastic rewards) rounds a generalized LP relaxation from the unit-capacity case via a two-proposal algorithm, as in previous works in the online matching literature. A key technical challenge in deriving our guarantee is bounding the positive correlation among users introduced when rounding our LP relaxation online. Unlike in the case of unit capacities, this positive correlation is unavoidable for guarantees beyond $1/2$. Conceptually, our results show that the study of optimum online as a benchmark can reveal problem-specific insights that are irrelevant to competitive analysis., Comment: Full version of EC'24 paper

The recent IceCube detection of TeV neutrino emission from the nearby active galaxy NGC 1068 suggests that active galactic nuclei (AGN) could make a sizable contribution to the diffuse flux of astrophysical neutrinos. The absence of TeV $\gamma$-rays from NGC 1068 indicates neutrino production in the vicinity of the supermassive black hole, where the high radiation density leads to $\gamma$-ray attenuation. Therefore, any potential neutrino emission from similar sources is not expected to correlate with high-energy $\gamma$-rays. Disk-corona models predict neutrino emission from Seyfert galaxies to correlate with keV X-rays, as they are tracers of coronal activity. Using through-going track events from the Northern Sky recorded by IceCube between 2011 and 2021, we report results from a search for individual and aggregated neutrino signals from 27 additional Seyfert galaxies that are contained in the BAT AGN Spectroscopic Survey (BASS). Besides the generic single power-law, we evaluate the spectra predicted by the disk-corona model. Assuming all sources to be intrinsically similar to NGC 1068, our findings constrain the collective neutrino emission from X-ray bright Seyfert galaxies in the Northern Hemisphere, but, at the same time, show excesses of neutrinos that could be associated with the objects NGC 4151 and CGCG 420-015. These excesses result in a 2.7$\sigma$ significance with respect to background expectations., Comment: 17 pages, 9 figures

Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) are promising candidate sources of high-energy astrophysical neutrinos since they provide environments rich in matter and photon targets where cosmic ray interactions may lead to the production of gamma rays and neutrinos. We searched for high-energy neutrino emission from AGN using the $\textit{Swift}$-BAT Spectroscopic Survey (BASS) catalog of hard X-ray sources and 12 years of IceCube muon track data. First, upon performing a stacked search, no significant emission was found. Second, we searched for neutrinos from a list of 43 candidate sources and found an excess from the direction of two sources, Seyfert galaxies NGC 1068 and NGC 4151. We observed NGC 1068 at flux $\phi_{\nu_{\mu}+\bar{\nu}_{\mu}}$ = $4.02_{-1.52}^{+1.58} \times 10^{-11}$ TeV$^{-1}$ cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$ normalized at 1 TeV, with power-law spectral index, $\gamma$ = 3.10$^{+0.26}_{-0.22}$, consistent with previous IceCube results. The observation of a neutrino excess from the direction of NGC 4151 is at a post-trial significance of 2.9$\sigma$. If interpreted as an astrophysical signal, the excess observed from NGC 4151 corresponds to a flux $\phi_{\nu_{\mu}+\bar{\nu}_{\mu}}$ = $1.51_{-0.81}^{+0.99} \times 10^{-11}$ TeV$^{-1}$ cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$ normalized at 1 TeV and $\gamma$ = 2.83$^{+0.35}_{-0.28}$.

Using first-principles calculations, we explore the magnetoelectric properties of the room-temperature multiferroic crystal BiCoO$_3$. We use both applied magnetic field and finite-difference techniques to show that BiCoO$_3$ is anti-magnetoelectric at the linear level. The calculation of the dynamical effective charges reveals that the total magnetoelectric response is zero due to the compensating non-zero magnetoelectric response of each magnetic sublattice. This calculation also highlights that the the orbital contribution to the response is remarkably larger than the spin one and that each sublattice has a rather large total magnetoelectric response of 85 ps/m. Furthermore, we provide an intuitive recipe to visualize the dynamical magnetic effective charge, allowing to examine its multipolar nature which we confirm by means of ab initio calculations. Given the large value of the local response, we investigate the ferromagnetic phase as well, which gives a giant magnetoelectric response of about 1000 ps/m and coming mainly from the spin contribution this time. Finally, we discuss the possible reasons for such a large magnetoelectric response in BiCoO3 and propose possible strategies to unveil this potentially large response.

Legal tasks and datasets are often used as benchmarks for the capabilities of language models. However, openly available annotated datasets are rare. In this paper, we introduce AGB-DE, a corpus of 3,764 clauses from German consumer contracts that have been annotated and legally assessed by legal experts. Together with the data, we present a first baseline for the task of detecting potentially void clauses, comparing the performance of an SVM baseline with three fine-tuned open language models and the performance of GPT-3.5. Our results show the challenging nature of the task, with no approach exceeding an F1-score of 0.54. While the fine-tuned models often performed better with regard to precision, GPT-3.5 outperformed the other approaches with regard to recall. An analysis of the errors indicates that one of the main challenges could be the correct interpretation of complex clauses, rather than the decision boundaries of what is permissible and what is not.

A lot of effort is currently invested in safeguarding autonomous driving systems, which heavily rely on deep neural networks for computer vision. We investigate the coupling of different neural network calibration measures with a special focus on the Area Under the Sparsification Error curve (AUSE) metric. We elaborate on the well-known inconsistency in determining optimal calibration using the Expected Calibration Error (ECE) and we demonstrate similar issues for the AUSE, the Uncertainty Calibration Score (UCS), as well as the Uncertainty Calibration Error (UCE). We conclude that the current methodologies leave a degree of freedom, which prevents a unique model calibration for the homologation of safety-critical functionalities. Furthermore, we propose the AUSE as an indirect measure for the residual uncertainty, which is irreducible for a fixed network architecture and is driven by the stochasticity in the underlying data generation process (aleatoric contribution) as well as the limitation in the hypothesis space (epistemic contribution)., Comment: Accepted at the German Conference on Pattern Recognition (GCPR) 2024

We present the first three-parameter fit to a 3+1 sterile neutrino model using 7.634 years of data from the IceCube Neutrino Observatory on $\nu_\mu+\overline{\nu}_\mu$ charged-current interactions in the energy range 500-9976 GeV. Our analysis is sensitive to the mass-squared splitting between the heaviest and lightest mass state ($\Delta m_{41}^2$), the mixing matrix element connecting muon flavor to the fourth mass state ($|U_{\mu4}|^2$), and the element connecting tau flavor to the fourth mass state ($|U_{\tau4}|^2$). Predicted propagation effects in matter enhance the signature through a resonance as atmospheric neutrinos from the Northern Hemisphere traverse the Earth to the IceCube detector at the South Pole. The result is consistent with the no-sterile neutrino hypothesis with a probability of 4.3 %. Profiling the likelihood of each parameter yields the 90 % confidence levels: $ 2.4\,\mathrm{eV}^{2} < \Delta m_{41}^2 <9.6\,\mathrm{eV}^{2} $ , $0.0081 < |U_{\mu4}|^2 < 0.10$ , and $|U_{\tau4}|^2< 0.035$, which narrows the allowed parameter-space for $|U_{\tau4}|^2$. However, the primary result of this analysis is the first map of the 3+1 parameter space exploring the interdependence of $\Delta m_{41}^2$, $|U_{\mu4}|^2$, and $|U_{\tau4}|^2$.

With the growing number of qubits of quantum information processing devices, the task of fully characterizing these processors becomes increasingly unfeasible. From a practical perspective, one wants to find possible errors in the functioning of the device as quickly as possible, or otherwise establish its correct functioning with high confidence. In response to these challenges, we propose a pattern-based approach inspired by classical memory testing algorithms to evaluate the functionality of a quantum memory, based on plausible failure mechanisms. We demonstrate the method's capability to extract pattern dependencies of important qubit characteristics, such as $T_1$ and $T_2$ times, and to identify and analyze interactions between adjacent qubits. Additionally, our approach enables the detection of different types of crosstalk effects and of signatures indicating non-Markovian dynamics in individual qubits., Comment: 9+5 pages, 10+7 figures. Comments welcome