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Genotype by environment interaction (GEI) is a complex problem that complicates the barley selection and breeding process. The knowledge of the relationship between cereal phenology and climatic data is important for understanding GEI and the physiological pathways responsible for the interaction effect. The grain yield of twenty winter barley genotypes in six environments was observed. Factors influencing the variability were analyzed using a linear mixed model. The partial least squares regression (PLSR) model was applied to determine the most relevant environmental variables in certain stages of development that explained GEI effects. Biplot with environmental variables explained 43.7% of the GEI. The barley was generally the most sensitive to the environmental conditions (relative humidity, maximum temperature and its variation, sun hours, and precipitation) during the anthesis and filling stage (May) which caused GEI. Temperature variables did not show significance only in the vegetative phase. Different genotypes responded differently to environmental factors. Genotypes NS-525, NS-589, and J-103 were highlighted as widely adaptable, and Zajeˇcar was a suitable and reliable location for yield testing. The GEI information presented in this paper can be useful in traditional plant breeding and future breeding programs through molecular research of crop developmental genes and examination of physiological processes in two-row barley.

This research was conducted with some spike traits of twenty winter six-row barley genotypes in six environments. The aim of this study was to determine the significance and take advantage useful genotype by environment interacton (GEI) by applying AMMI-1 model. High statistical significance GEI was determined. Wide adaptability genotypes were J-29, J-33, J-9 and J-21 for spike length (SL) as Grand and Ozren for grain number per spike (GNS). The winner genotypes in all environments were Ozren and Grand for SL as Ozren for GNS. All the examined environments can be considered as one megaenvironment, which indicates that unpredictable interactions dominate in this research.

Interakcija genotipa i spoljašnje sredine (GEI) je kompleksan problem koji komplikuje proces selekcije i oplemenjivanja ratarskih kultura te je stoga važno utvrditi njenu značajnost i iskoristiti njene pozitivne karakteristike. U radu je analiziran prinos zrna dvadeset genotipova ozimog dvoredog ječma u šest spoljašnjih sredina (dve vegetacione sezone na tri lokaliteta). Za analizu interakcije korišćen je linearni mešoviti model i model glavnih efekata i višestruke interakcije (AMMI) sa AMMI1 biplot prikazom. Utvrđena je visoka statistička značajnost interakcije dok je AMMI1 model objasnio 40.1% varijacije interakcije. Stabilnost genotipova određena je parametrima stabilnosti AMMI modela (AMMI1, AMMI2 i ASV) i utvrđena je značajna korelacija rangova genotipova između njih. Prinos nije pokazao značajnu korelaciju ni sa jednim parametrom. Na osnovu Genotip Selekcionog Indeksa (GSI), genotipovi J-82, J-103, NS-589 i J-176 su izdvojeni kao široko adaptabilni i superiorni u pogledu prinosa i stabilnosti što je potvrđeno i biplot prikazom. Genotipovi koji su na osnovu AMMI1 procenjenih vrednosti prinosa preporučeni za svaki od lokaliteta su najprinosniji NS-525, NS-593, J-176, NS-589, J-103 i J-82. Razlike u interakcijskom efektu između godina (Zemun Polje i Zaječar) kao i slab diskriminatorski efekat (Kragujevac) ne izdvajaju ni jedan lokalitet kao pogodnu test lokaciju. Winner pristupom, sve ispitivane sredine možemo smatrati kao jednu mega-sredinu što ukazuje da u ogledu dominiraju nepredvidive interakcije što specifične adaptacije čini manje značajnim. AMMI1 model je pouzdan i informativan u interpretaciji interakcije i ništa se značajno neće promeniti ako se druga interakcijska komponenta naknadno uključi. Izdvojene su neke inbred linije ječma što ovaj model čini pogodnim u selekciji perspektivnih genotipova., Genotype by environment interaction (GEI) is a complex problem which complicates the selection and breeding process of field crops, and therefore it is important to determine the significance and take advantage of GEI. The paper analyzed the grain yield of twenty genotypes of winter two-row barley in six environments (two growing seasons in three localities). A linear mixed model and additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model with AMMI1 biplot display were used for interaction analysis. High statistical significance GEI was determined and AMMI1 model was explain 47% of interaction. The stability of the genotypes was estimated by different AMMI stability parameters (AMMI1, AMMI2 and ASV) and a significant correlation was established between them. Grain yield and stability were not related. Genotypes J-82, J-103, NS-589 and J-176 were selected as superior and wide adaptability using Genotype Selection Index (GSI). They highlight as stable and high yielding which was agreement with results of biplot analysis. On based AMMI1 estimates of grain yield, the genotypes recommended in each of the localities were the most yielding NS-525, NS-593, J-176, NS-589, J-103and J-82. The difference in the interaction effect by year (Zemun Polje and Zaječar) and weak discriminating effect (Kragujevac) does not sepatare any suitable test location. By winner approach, all the examined environments can be considered as one mega-environment, which indicates that unpredictable interactions dominate in this research, due to which specific adaptations were not of high importance. AMMI1 model is reliable and informative in the interpretation of the GEI which indicates that essentially nothing happens when the second interaction axis is subsequently included. Some inbred lines of barley have stood out, which makes this model suitable for the selection of perspective genotypes.

U radu je ispitano 20 genotipova ozimog dvoredog ječma u dvogodišnjem periodu (2008/09 i 2009/10) na tri lokaliteta (Kragujevac, Zemun Polje i Zaječar). Analiziran je prinos zrna i dve komponente prinosa: broj zrna po klasu i masa 1000 zrna. Primenom mešovitog modela utvrđena je visoka značajnost (p<0,01) efekta genotipa i interakcije genotipa i spoljašnje sredine, dok je efekat sredine statistički značajan (p<0,05). Interakcija je analizirana primenom AMMI-1 modela. Na osnovu biplota izdvojeni su široko adaptabilni genotipovi koji imaju stabilnost i iznad prosečne vrednosti ispitivane osobine. Širokom adaptabilnošću za prinos zrna isticao se genotip J-176, a za broj zrna po klasu genotip NS-595. Genotip NS-565 bio je superioran u masi 1000 zrna. Na osnovu razlike u interakcijskom efektu sredina i njihovoj stabilnosti izdvojeni su i lokaliteti pogodni za ispitivanje osobina. Ni jedan lokalitet nije se izdvojio kao pogodan za ispitivanje prinosa i broja zrna po klasu dok je Zaječar bio pogodan za ispitivanje mase 1000 zrna., In the paper, 20 genotypes of winter two-row barley were examined in a two-year period (2008/09 and 2009/10) at three localities (Kragujevac, Zemun Polje and Zajecar). Grain yield and the two yield components were analyzed: the number of grains per spike and the weight of 1000 grains. Using the mixed model, the high significance (p<0,01) of the genotype effect and the interaction between the genotype and the environment was determined, while the effect of the environment is statistically significant (p<0,05). The interaction was analyzed using the AMMI-1 model. On the basis of the biplot, wide adaptability genotypes with stable and high average values of the examined trait were separeted. Genotype J-176 had wide adaptability for grain yield and genotype NS- 595 stood out for the number of grains per spike. Genotype NS-565 was superior in weight of 1000 grains. On the basis of the difference in the interaction effect of the environments and their stable, suitable localities were also selected for testing the characteristics. Not a single location stood out as suitable for testing the grain yield and number of grains per spike, while Zaječar was suitable for testing the mass of 1000 grains.

Poljski ogled sa sortama pšenice Takovčanka, Kruna i Aleksandra postavljen je na zemljištu tipa smonica tokom dve vegetacione sezone. Cilj istraživanja je bio da se kod tri kragujevačke sorte pšenice analizira prinos, masa 1000 zrna i hektolitarska masa. Najveće vrednosti ispitivanih osobina ustanovljene su u vegetacionoj 2019/20. godini. Najveći prinos zrna tokom dvogodišnjeg istraživanja ustanovljen je kod sorte Kruna. Sorta Takovčanka odlikovala se najvećom masom 1000 zrna. Najveće vrednosti hektolitarske mase ustanovljene su kod sorte Aleksandra, u obe ispitivane godine. Analizom varijanse ustanovljen je visoko značajan uticaj interakcije agroklimatskih uslova na prinos, masu 1000 zrna i hektolitarsku masu i značajan uticaj genotipa na hektolitarsku masu kod ispitivanih sorti ozime pšenice., The field experiment with the wheat varieties Takovčanka, Kruna and Aleksandra was set up on the smonitza-type soil during the two growing seasons. The aim of the research was to analyse the yield, weight of 1000 grains and hectolitre weight of three Kragujevac wheat varieties. The highest values of the observed properties were established in the 2019/20 vegetation year. Variety Kruna had the highest grain yield during the twoyear study. The Takovčanka variety was characterized by the highest weight of 1000 grains. The highest values of hectolitre weight were found in the Aleksandra variety in both study years. The analysis of variance established a highly significant influence of agro climatic conditions on the yield, weight of 1000 grains and the hectolitre weight and significant influence of genotype on the hectolitre weight of the tested varieties of winter wheat.

Climate change and the resulting increase in the frequency and severity of drought can have significant impacts on plant production. The use of drought-tolerant crop varieties can significantly improve plant production under drought conditions. Therefore, the goal of this research was to evaluate the drought tolerance of different wheat genotypes using stress resistance indicators. An experiment was conducted with sixteen wheat genotypes in Novi Bečej (Vojvodina) in different growing seasons. The spike weight was used as a phenotypic marker of the effect of drought stress on the plant. Selection based on resistance indicators such as stress tolerance index (STI), mean productivity (MP), and geometric mean productivity (GMP) favors the selection of genotypes Dunavka, Skopjanka, and Fundulea 4, which were characterized by the highest average values of spike weight, especially in favorable growing conditions. However, genotype Fundulea 4 is characterized by the highest stress susceptibility index (SSI) and the lowest yield stability index (YSI), which makes this genotype undesirable for growing under drought conditions. The parameters SSI and YSI favor the selection of the genotype Pitoma, which showed the highest value of spike weight in drought conditions as well as the least reduction in value caused by stress. Genotypes Pitoma, Dunavka, and Skopjanka, characterized by a high yield index (YI), are suitable for cultivation in drought conditions, where they achieved above-average trait values. The most suitable stress resistance indicators for selecting drought-tolerant wheat genotypes are SSI, YSI, and YI.

Poljski ogled sa sortama pšenice Takovčanka, Kruna i Aleksandrapostavljen je na zemljištu tipa smonica tokom dve vegetacione sezone.Cilj istraživanja je bio da se kod tri kragujevačke sorte pšenice analiziraprinos, masa 1000 zrna i hektolitarska masa. Najveće vrednostiispitivanih osobina ustanovljene su u vegetacionoj 2019/20. godini.Najveći prinos zrna tokom dvogodišnjeg istraživanja ustanovljen je kodsorte Kruna. Sorta Takovčanka odlikovala se najvećom masom 1000zrna. Najveće vrednosti hektolitarske mase ustanovljene su kod sorteAleksandra, u obe ispitivane godine. Analizom varijanse ustanovljen jevisoko značajan uticaj interakcije agroklimatskih uslova na prinos, masu1000 zrna i hektolitarsku masu i značajan uticaj genotipa na hektolitarskumasu kod ispitivanih sorti ozime pšenice., The field experiment with the wheat varieties Takovčanka, Kruna andAleksandra was set up on the smonitza-type soil during the two growing seasons. The aim of the research was to analyse the yield, weight of 1000grains and hectolitre weight of three Kragujevac wheat varieties. Thehighest values of the observed properties were established in the 2019/20vegetation year. Variety Kruna had the highest grain yield during the twoyearstudy. The Takovčanka variety was characterized by the highestweight of 1000 grains. The highest values of hectolitre weight were foundin the Aleksandra variety in both study years. The analysis of varianceestablished a highly significant influence of agro climatic conditions on theyield, weight of 1000 grains and the hectolitre weight and significantinfluence of genotype on the hectolitre weight of the tested varieties ofwinter wheat.

Centar za strna žita i razvoj sela Kragujevac predstavlja istraživačkorazvojnu ustanovu, čiji koreni datiraju od Poljoprivredne i hemijske ogledne stanice u Topčideru, prve naučne institucije formirane u Kraljevini Srbije. Tokom 75 godina samostalnog postojanja u Kragujevcu, u vidu Instituta, Zavoda ili Centra, brojni naučni radnici i ostali zaposleni dali su značajan doprinos razvoju poljoprivredne proizvodnje u Srbiji, u prvom redu strnih žita. Stvoreno je 95 sorti ozimih i jarih strnih žita i formirane su kolekcije genotipova svih vrsta strnih žita sa preko 4.000 uzoraka. Odbranjen je veliki broj magistarskih teza i doktorskih disertacija i objavljeno skoro 2000 radova. Očuvan je bibliotečki fond sa velikim brojem starih i vrednih knjiga iz oblasti poljoprivredne proizvodnje. Relizovan je veliki broj projekata u saradnji sa domaćim i inostranim institucijama., Centre for Small Grains and Rural Development in Kragujevac is a research and development institution, whose roots date back to the Agricultural and Chemical Experiment Station in Topčider, the first scientific institution formed in the Kingdom of Serbia. During the 75 years of independent existence in Kragujevac, in the form of an Institute or Center, numerous scientific workers and other employees made a significant contribution to the development of agricultural production in Serbia, primarily small grains. 95 varieties of winter and spring small grains were created and collections of genotypes of all types of small grains with over 4,000 samples were formed. A large number of master's theses and doctoral dissertations were created and almost 2000 papers were published. The library fund with a large number of old and valuable books in the field of agricultural production has been preserved. A large number of projects were realized in cooperation with domestic and foreign institutions.

U radu je prikazana uporedna efikasnost dva insekticida prirodnog porekla, Spinosada i Abamektina, koji nisu registrovani za uskladištenu zrnastu robu, ali su u širokoj upotrebi u organskoj proizvodnji. Efikasnost ovih insekticida ispitivana je na žitnom kukuljičaru Rhyzopertha dominica F., kao primarnoj štetočini koja može da infestira sve vrste uskladištenih strnih žita. Insekticidi Laser 240 SC i Abastate EC primenjeni su u količini 0,25, 0,5 i 1,0 g a.s. kg-1 žita (pšenica, raž, tritikale, ječam i ovas). Utvrđena je veća inicijalna efikasnost Spinosada, čijom primenom nije ustanovljen „efekat zrna“. Povećanjem doze primene i dužine ekspozicije povećava se efikasnost Abamektina i smanjuje razlika u efikasnosti između ispitivanih vrsta žita. Deset sedmica posle tretiranja Spinosadom i Abamektinom nije utvrđena pojava potomstva R. dominica. Iako imaju različite mehanizme delovanja, rezultati ukazuju na moguću upotrebu i Spinosada i Abamektina u zaštiti uskladištenog strnog žita., This paper analyzed the comparative effectiveness of two insecticides of natural origin, Spinosad and Abamectin, which are not registered for grain storage, but are widely used in organic production. The effectiveness of these insecticides was tested on the lesser grain borer Rhyzopertha dominica F. as a primary pest that can infest all types of small grains. The insecticides Laser 240 SC and Abastate EC were applied in the amount of 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 g a.s. kg-1 grain (wheat, rye, triticale, barley and oats). A greater initial efficiency of Spinosad was established, with the application of which no "grain effect" was recorded. Increasing the application dose and the length of exposure of R. dominica increases the effectiveness of Abamectin, and reduces the difference in the effectiveness to the tested types of grain. Ten weeks after exposure to Spinosad and Abamectin the research did not determine the presence of R. dominica offspring. Although they have different mechanisms of action, the results indicate the possible use of Spinosad and Abamectin in the protection of stored small grains.

Naučni skup “125 godina primenjene nauke u poljoprivredi Srbije” organizovan je sa željom da se širem auditorijumu ukaže na sve dobre stvari koje je domaća nauka dala na dar našem društvu do danas. Uticaji globalizacije, kako pozitivni tako i negativni, odavno su prisutni u svakodnevnom životu ali i nauci. Prihvatanje dobrih i odbacivanje loših strana ovog procesa treba da obezbedi dalji razvoj domaće nauke i održanje visokog nivoa ostvarenih rezultata naučno-istraživačkog rada. Pored toga, cilj održavanja skupa je upoznavanje šire naučne i stručne javnosti sa rezultatima najnovijih naučnih istraživanja iz oblasti primenjenih poljoprivrednih nauka, čiji je cilj proučavanje različitih faktora koji u velikoj meri određuju današnju poljoprivrednu proizvodnju. U Zborniku radova naučnog skupa “125 godina primenjene nauke u poljoprivredi Srbije” štampano je 20 radova, od kojih neki predstavljaju multidisciplinarna istraživanja iz oblasti biotehnologije. Osim sa naučnog, Zbornik će biti veoma vredna publikacija koja čitaoca upoznaje sa radom i istorijatom nekih od najvažnijih naučno-istraživačkih ustanova iz oblasti biotehnologije u Republici Srbiji. Zahvaljujemo se članovima Programskog i Organizacionog odbora naučnog skupa, svim ustanovama i kolegama koji su direktno učestvovali ili na bilo koji način pomogli organizaciju ovog skupa. Posebnu zahvalnost izražavamo Ministarstvu nauke, tehnološkog razvoja i inovacija Republike Srbije, koje je finansijski podržalo održavanje naučno skupa. Zahvaljujemo se Gradu Kragujevcu i Univerzitetu u Kragujevcu na podršci tokom organizacije skupa.

U ovom istraživanju je sprovedena karakterizacija perspektivnih genotipova ozime pšenice na osnovu deskriptora morfoloških osobina definisanih od strane Međunarodnog udruženja za zaštitu novih sorti biljaka (UPOV). Karakterizacija KG-linija pšenice je izvršena za 7 kvalitativnih osobina. Poljski ogledi su izvedeni u dvogodišnjem periodu (2013/2014. i 2014/2015.) na tri lokacije: Institut za krmno bilje u Kruševcu, Agroinstitut u Somboru, Centar za strna žita i razvoj sela u Kragujevcu. Ekspresija analiziranih svojstava ispitana je vizuelnim opažanjem i ocenjena odgovarajućim brojem prema UPOV deskriptoru za pšenicu. Većinu KG-genotipova odlikuje piramidalan klas bele boje sa prisutnim zupcima. Izuzetak čini genotip KG-162/7 koji ima paralelan klas, kao i genotip KG-191/5-13 sa vretenastim oblikom klasa. Takođe, za razliku od svih ostalih genotipova, genotip KG-60-3/3 karakteriše klas sa prisutnim osjem. Svojstvo donja plevica – širina ramena se kretala u rasponu od uskog, do veoma širokog, dok su svi genotipovi imali ravan oblik ramena donje plevice. Analizirani genotipovi pšenice pripadaju ozimom tipu., In this research, the characterization of promising winter wheat genotypes was carried out based on the descriptors of morphological traits defined by the International Association for the Protection of New Plant Varieties (UPOV). Characterization of KG-lines of wheat was carried out for 7 qualitative traits. Experimental trial was carried out in a two-year period (2013/2014 and 2014/2015) at three locations: Institute for Forage Crops in Kruševac, Agroinstitut in Sombor and Centre for Small Grains and Rural Development in Kragujevac. The expression of the analyzed properties was examined by visual observation and evaluated with a corresponding number according to the UPOV descriptor for wheat. Most KG-genotypes are characterized by a white pyramidal ear with scurs present. The exception is the genotype KG-162/7, which has a parallel spike, as well as the genotype KG-191/5-13, which has a spindle-shaped spike. Also, unlike all other genotypes, genotype KG-60-3/3 is characterized by a spike with a present awns. Lower glume characteristic – shoulder width ranged from narrow to very wide, while all genotypes had a flat lower glume shoulder shape. The analyzed wheat genotypes belong to the winter type.

Srednje rana sorta ozimog heksaploidnog tritikalea, odličnog produktivnog bokorenja, prosečne visine oko 110 cm i vrlo dobre otpornosti prema poleganju. Ima veoma visoku otpornost prema niskim temperaturama i suši, odličnu otpornost prema pepelnici i lisnoj rđi i vrlo dobru otpornost prema stabljičnoj rđi. Tolerantna je prema napadu leme i drugih štetnih insekata. Ima srednje krupno i dobro naliveno zrno čija masa varira od 35-40 g/1000 zrna. Zrno ove sorte je srednje bogato proteinima koji variraju u granicama od 13,5 do 15%. Veoma je rodna sorta stabilnih prinosa, dok njeni maksimalni prinosi dostižu i do 11 t/ha. Ima dobru tolerantnost prema kiselim, peskovitim i zemljištima slabije plodnosti a može se uspešno gajiti i na većim nadmorskim visinama. Veoma je pogodna za ishranu stoke (za zrno ili zelenu masu) ali se njeno brašno može koristiti i za proizvodnju specijalnih vrsta hleba raženog tipa. Optimalne rezultate kod nas postiže u setvi do polovine oktobra, setvenom normom 550-600 klijavih zrna/m 2 , tj. od 220 do 250 kg/ha semena, na plodnim i srednje plodnim zemljištima uz ishranu koja je uobičajena za intenzivne sorte ozimog tritikalea (100-140 kg/ha azota predsetveno i u prihrani, uz adekvatne količine fosfora i kalijuma). Veoma je konkurentna u odnosu na korove i pogodna za organsku proizvodnju.

Bread wheat is one of the most represented field crops whose level and stability of yield is very important for the food security in Republic Serbia. In the paper was investigated stability of yield expression of 15 winter bread wheat genotypes in different agroecological conditions of Serbia, using the Additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model and GGE-biplot method of analysis. Aim of investigation was to determine which of applied analysis is superior in identification of the most desirable genotypes for cultivation in given environments. Analysis of variance showed that genotype and genotype-environment (G×E) interaction represent highly significant sources of variability in expression of grain yield. AMMI and GGE analyses were point out similar results and an indisputable conclusion is that multienvironment trials, besides routine usage of analysis of variance, must be analized with one of this two models, which combine analysis of variance and PCA analysis. AMMI analysis is simpler for interpretation and closer to the concept of view of the agronomical trial, while GGE analysis is more complex and gives more precise interpretation of “which-won-where“, i.e. for defining of narrowly adapted genotypes in given environments. Thus, G11 as the genotype with highest average yield is narrow adapted to the environment Sombor and can be recommended, as well as in the environment 2 (Kruševac), while genotypes with modest requests (G2) rather can be recommended for cultivation in the environment 1 (Kragujevac), which is characterized by less fertile soil and a smaller amount and uneven distribution of precipitation., Hlebna pšenica je jedna od najzastupljenijih ratarskih vrsta, čiji je nivo i stabilnost prinosa veoma važan za prehrambenu sigurnost Republike Srbije. U radu je ispitivana stabilnost ekspresije prinosa zrna 15 genotipova ozime hlebne pšenice u različitim agroekološkim uslovima Srbije, korišćenjem AMMI modela i GGE-biplot analize. Cilj je bio da se utvrdi koja od primenjenih analiza je superiornija u identifikaciji najpoželjnijih genotipova za gajenje u datim sredinama. Analiza varijanse je pokazala da genotip i interakcija genotip-sredina (G×E) predstavljaju veoma značajan izvor varijabilnosti pri ekspresiji prinosa zrna. AMMI i GGE analize su dale slične rezultate, pa je nesporan zaključak da je neophodno višelokacijske oglede, pored analizom varijanse koja se najćešće rutinski koristi, analizirati i jednim od ova dva modela, koji kombinuju analizu varijanse i PCA analizu. AMMI analiza je jednostavnija za interpretaciju i bliža je agronomskom konceptu poimanja ogleda, dok je GGE analiza kompleksnija i jasnija za interpretaciju gde ko pobeđuje, odnosno za definisanje usko prilagođenih genotipova datim sredinama. Tako G11, kao genotip sa najvećim prosečnim prinosom je usko prilagođen lokaciji Sombor, pa se prevashodno može preporučiti toj lokaciji ali i lokaciji 2 (Kruševac), dok se genotipovi skromnijih zahteva (G2) pre mogu preporučiti za gajenje u lokaciji 1 (Kragujevac), koja se odlikuje lošijim zemljištem i manjom količinom i lošijim rasporedom padavina.

U proizvodnji atestiranih količina semena strnih žita u Republici Srbiji primetno je da se koriste veće proizvodne površine u Vojvodini u tu svrhu, kao i dominantan položaj stranih sorti kod pšenice i ječma, dok je kod tritikalea i ovsa obrnut slučaj., Within production of certified seed of small grains in Republic of Serbia it is obvious usage of larger production areas in Vojvodina for this purpose, as well as dominant position of foreign cultivars of wheat and barley while in triticale and oats is vice-versa.

In the two-year field experiment (2013/2014 and 2014/2015), the variability of yield and hectoliter grain mass of 14 winter wheat genotypes was examined. The research was conducted in three locations across the Republic of Serbia: Centre for Small Grains in Kragujevac, Institute for forage crops in Kruševac and Agroinstitute in Sombor. Significant differences in grain yield were found between varieties, locations, years and their interactions, while the influence of the location did not show significant differences in hectoliter mass. Grain yield of studied wheat genotypes in 2013/2014 varied from 3.91 t ha-1 (KG-244/4) to 5.55 t ha-1 (KG-60-3/3), and in 2014/2015 from 5.67 t ha-1 (KG-162/7) to 7.08 t ha-1 (KG-27/6). The hectoliter mass also varied, and most often ranged from 72.1 kg hl-1 (KG-28/6) to 77.2 kg hl-1 (KG-191/5-13) in the first experimental year and from 76.7 kg hl-1 (KG-27/6) to 81.9 kg hl-1 (KG-191/5-13) in the second year. Unfavorable weather conditions which prevailed in the first experimental year, conditioned the formation of smaller and shriveled grains. As a result, the examined KG-wheat genotypes gave lower values in grain yield and hectoliter mass in 2013/2014 compared to 2014/2015. In this study, higher values of heritability in a broad sense were obtained for hectoliter mass (73.66%), and lower values for grain yield (25.82%). This indicates that direct breeding for grain yield is less efficient and it is necessary to have knowledge about the nature of the inheritance of important yield components in order to improve this complex trait.

Istraživanja su sprovedena tokom dve godine na oglednom poljuCentra za strna žita u Kragujevcu. Cilj ovog istraživanja je bio utvrđivanje značajnosti izvora varijacije komponenti prinosa dvoredog ječma, kao i sorti i linija na bazi ispitivanih osobina i izdvajanje superiornih genotipova. Prosečna dužina klasa za sve ispitivane genotipove dvoredog ječma varirala je od 8,10 cm(2009/10) do 7,64 cm (2008/09), dok je prosečna dvogodišnja dužina klasa iznosila 7,87 cm. Broj zrna po klasu kod ispitivanih genotipova dvoredog ječma varirao je u opsegu od 20,99 (2009/10) do 23,30 (2008/09), dok je prosečan dvogodišnji brojzrna po klasu iznosio 22,15., The research was conducted for two years in the experimental field of the Centre for Small Grains in Kragujevac. The aim of this study was to determine the significance of the source of the yield components of the two-rowed barley, as well as the varieties and lines based on the investigated properties and the extraction of superior genotypes that exhibit high and stable yields. The average length of spike for all examined genotypes of two-rowed barley ranged from 8.10 cm (2009/10) to 7.64 cm (2008/09), while the average length of spike was 7.87 cm. The number of grains per spike of the studied genotypes of two-rowed barley ranged from 20.99 (2009/10) to 23.30 (2008/09), while the average number of grains per spike was 22.15.

Istraživanja su sprovedena tokom dve godine na oglednom polju Instituta za kukuruz u Zemun Polju. Cilj ovog istraživanja je bio utvrđivanje značajnosti izvora varijacije dužine klasa, mase zrna i broja zrna po klasu kod dvoredog ječma, kao i sorti i linija na bazi ispitivanih osobina i izdvajanje superiornih genotipova. Prosečna dužina klasa za sve ispitivane genotipove dvoredog ječma varirala je od 8,07 cm (2010) do 8,87 cm (2009), dok je prosečna dvogodišnja dužina klasa iznosila 8,47 cm. Prosečan broj zrna po klasu je iznosio 24,1, dok je prosečna masa zrna po klasu za sve ispitivane genotipove iznosila je 1,132 g., The research was conducted for two years in the experimental field of the Maize Research Institute in Zemun Polje. The aim of this study was to determine the significance of the source of the class components of the two-rowed barley, as well as the varieties and lines based on the investigated properties and the extraction of superior genotypes that exhibit high and stable yields of class. The average length of spike for all examined genotypes of two-rowed barley ranged from 8.07 cm (2010) to 8.87 cm (2009), while the average length of spike was 8.47 cm. The average number of grains per spike was 24.1, while the average grain weight per spike for all investigated genotypes was 1.132 g.

U radu je analizirana stabilnost prinosa 14 genotipova ozime hlebne pšenice. Eksperimentalni deo ogleda izveden je tokom 2013/2014. godine na tri lokaliteta (Kragujevac, Kruševac i Sombor). Analiza varijanse AMMI modelom za prinos zrna pokazala je da su svi izvori varijacije (genotip, spoljna sredina, njihova interakcija) značajno uticali na ekspresiju ove kompleksne osobine. U ukupnoj varijaciji ogleda, najveće učešće imala je interakcija genotip/sredina, a najmanje genotip. Izdvojeni su stabilni genotipovi pšenice, adaptirani na nepovoljne uslove spoljašnje sredine, koji mogu poslužiti kao roditelji za ukrštanja u budućim oplemenjivačkim programima., In these investigations, the yield stability of 14 winter bread wheat genotypes were analyzed. The experimental part of the trial was performed at three locations (Kragujevac, Kruševac and Sombor) during 2013/2014. AMMI analysis of variance for grain yield showed that all sources of variation (genotype, environment, their interaction) had a significant effect on the expression of this complex trait. In the total variation of the experiment, the largest contribution had genotype/enviroment interaction, and genotype had the least. The most stable genotypes have been identified, which can be considered as a desirable genotypes, widely adapted to different agroecological conditions.

Stability of grain yield, 1000 kernel weight and sedimentation value were analyzed in 10 winter wheat cultivars (Perfekta, Toplica, KG-52/3, Merkur, Vizeljka, Talas, NS 40S, Zvezdana, Javorka and Pobeda), created in different breeding institutions in Serbia. The experiment was carried out during 2019/2020 in two localities: Centre for Small Grains in Kragujevac and Institute for Forage Crops in Kruševac, Serbia. The analyses of variance showed highly significant differences in grain yield, between genotypes, investigated localities, as well as their interaction. The influence of the locality did not show statistical significance on the expression of 1000 kernel weight and sedimentation value. The highest average values were recorded by Perfekta for grain yield, Zvezdana for 1000 kernel weight and KG-52/3 for sedimentation value at both localities. The AMMI model was used for analysis of genotype × environment interaction. The most stabile cultivars were Vizeljka, NS 40S and Perfekta with values above the average for grain yield. Cultivars Talas, KG-52/3 and Javorka showed the highest stability for the 1000 kernel weight. Cultivar Javorka had the highest, while Talas and KG-52/3 had the lowest average values for this trait. Vizeljka and KG-52/3 were the most stable genotypes for sedimentation value, with KG-52/3 achieving the highest values of the observed trait at the level of the entire experiment. Both analyzed locations had high interaction value for all three analyzed traits.

The aim of this study was to determine the significance of the source of the yield variability and components of the two-rowed barley, as well as the varieties and lines based on the investigated properties and the extraction of superior genotypes that exhibit high and stable yields. The average plant height for all examined genotypes of two-rowed barley ranged from 75.70 cm (2009/10) to 77.87 cm (2008/09), while the average plant height was 76.79 cm. The length of spike of the studied genotypes of two-rowed barley ranged from 8.32 cm (2008/09) to 8.50 cm (2009/10), while the average was 8.41 cm. The number of grains per spike of the studied genotypes of two-rowed barley ranged from 22.50 (2009/10) to 22.69 (2008/09), while the average was 22.59. The grain weight per spike of the barley in the area of Zaječar ranged from 1.066 g (2009/10) to 1.122 g (2008/09), while the average was 1.094 g. Correlations between the length of spike and number of grains per spike and grain weight per spike in the examined genotypes of two-rowed barley at the location Zaječar showed a positive value both in the vegetations 2008/09 and 2009/10 of the study.

This research involved analyses of six genotypes of the winter bread wheat (Toplica, Takovčanka, Perfekta, Vizija, KG-56S, and Aleksandra) on the experimental field of Centre for Small Grains in Kragujevac during two growing seasons (2011/2012 and 2012/2013). The most important parameters of bread-making quality were analysed (wet gluten content and rheological flour and dough properties). Grain samples were milled using a Brabender Quadrumat Junior laboratory mill. The gluten content was determined by the standard method and rheological flour and dough properties by Brabender Farinograph. Wet gluten content of analyzed wheat genotypes varied depending on the genotype and the year. The cultivar Aleksandra had the highest value of wet gluten content in both years of investigation (35.48% and 39.03%). The analyses of variance showed highly significant differences of wet gluten content between cultivars, investigated years as well as their interaction. The lowest water absorption in the first year of study was found in Takovčanka cultivar (59.2%), while in the second year in KG-56S (63.8%). The cultivar Vizija showed the highest water absorption in both years of studying (62.13% and 67.3%). According to the analysis of variance, highly significant differences for the water absorption were determined between genotypes, examined years and their interaction. Farinograph properties showed that flour of analyzed cultivars belonged to B1 and C1 quality groups in the first year, and B1 and B2 in the second year. The analysis of phenotypic variance indicated that the highest impact of variance for wet gluten content belonged to year, while for water absorption belonged to cultivar × year interaction.

In this research, 16 genotypes of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were analyzed where 15 genotypes represent perspective lines created in Center for Small Grains in Kragujevac and one standard cultivar. Field experiment was conducted in three growing seasons (2012/13, 2013/14 and 2014/15) on the experimental field of Center for Small Grains in Kragujevac (Serbia). Some grain quality parameters (hectoliter weight and 1000 grain weight) were analyzed in this paper. In average for three years, values of hectoliter weight varied from 76.65 kg hl-1 (KG-60-3/3) to 80.05 kg hl-1 (KG-1/6). The analyses of variance showed highly significant differences in hectoliter weight between genotypes (F=4.554**) and investigated years (F=150.082 **), but interaction genotype x year was significant (F=1.629*). The highest values of 1000 grains weight expressed line KG- 52/23 (46.75 g) and the lowest line KG-28/6 (39.90 g). Compared to the standard cultivar Pobeda, 10 genotypes had higher values of 1000 grains weight. There were highly significant differences in the weight of 1000 grains among genotypes (F=25.011**), investigated years (F=117.267**), as well as their interaction (F=8.684**).

U radu je analizirano 40 genotipova ozimog dvoredog i višeredog ječma. Genotipovi su na osnovu tipa klasa podeljeni u dva ogleda. U prvom su dvoredi genotipovi i čine ga 12 priznatih sorti i 8 homozigotnih linija, a u drugom su višeredi genotipovi i sastoji se od 11 priznatih sorti i 9 homozigotnih linija. Ogledi su izvedeni na tri lokaliteta (Kragujevac, Zemun Polje, Zaječar) u dvogodišnjem periodu (2008/2009 i 2009/2010). Analizirane su sledeće osobine: visina stabla, dužina klasa, broj zrna po klasu, masa 1000 zrna, hektolitarska masa i prinos zrna. Primenom mešovitog modela kod oba tipa ječma i svih ispitivanih osobina utvrđena je visoka značajnost efekta genotipa i interakcije genotipa i spoljašnje sredine, dok efekat sredine nije bio statistički značajan. Sve razlike prosečnih vrednosti ispitivanih osobina između dvoredog i višeredog bile su značajne. Dvoredi su bili niži, veće dužine klasa, manjeg broja zrna po klasu, veće mase 1000 zrna, većeg hektolitra, većeg prinosa zrna. Na sva tri lokaliteta preporučuje se gajenje dvoredog ječma kao i sorte NS-525 koja je postigla visoke prinose u svakom od njih. Ocena interakcije genotip × spoljašnja sredina utvrđena je AMMI-1 modelom. Zapaženo je da kod prinosa nije postojala značajna razlika u broju stabilnih genotipova između dva tipa ječma iako su dvoredi bili prinosniji kao i da kod oba tipa ječma stabilni genotipovi imaju ispod i iznad prosečne vrednosti prinosa. Kod višeredog ječma linije su bile značajno prinosnije i stabilnije od sorti, dok kod dvoredog razlika nije uočena. Ranostasni genotipovi su kod višeredog bili stabilniji što ukazuje na veću tolerantnost dvoredog tipa ječma u odnosu na višeredi prema suši i visokim temperaturama koje se u našim uslovima često javljaju u toku nalivanja zrna. Ovim modelom izdvojene su i perspektivne linije koje se ističu po visini prinosa i stabilnosti. Kod dvoredog ječma to su linije J-176 i J-82, a kod višeredog J-33 i J-29..., In this study, a set of forty genotypes of two and six-row barley was analyzed in two experiments based on the type of spike. The first experiment with two-row genotypes consisted of twelve cultivars and eight lines, while at the second one of six-row genotypes included eleven cultivars and nine lines. The experiments were conducted at three locations (Kragujevac, Zemun Polje, Zaječar) during two seasons (2008/2009 and 2009/2010). The following characters: stem height SH, length of spike LS, number of grains per spike NPS, 1000 grain weight TGW, test weight TW and grain yield GY were analyzed. By applying the mixed model in both types of barley and all investigated traits was determined by the high significance of the effect of genotype and the interaction of the genotype and environment, while the effect of the environment was not statistically significant. All of differences of average values at the studied characters between two groups were statistically significant. Two-row barleys were higher, spikes were longer, with less number of grains, as well as higher mass of 1000 grains, hectoliters and grain yields. Taking in consideration all three locations it is possible to recommend for cultivation tworow barley varieties and cultivar NS-525, since all of them achieved high grain yields. The genotype × environment interaction was analyzed by the AMMI-1 model (Method of Additive Main effects and Multiplicative Interaction). The graph shows that the yield was no significantly different in the number of stable genotypes between the two types of barley, although two-row were higher yielding and at both groups stable genotypes were below and above the average yield values. Six-row barley lines were significantly productive and stable than cultivars, while in a two-row group the difference wasn’t observed. Early-maturing six-row genotypes were stable indicating tolerance of two-row types in relation to six-row barleys, to since in our conditions drought and high temperat

The winter wheat variety Perfekta (Kg 29/3) is variety enhancer obtained by crossing of Pobeda and Studenica. It was recognized by the Commission for the approval of varieties in 2009th, after two years of investigation in the network of micro-trials in Serbia. Its features are very good resistance to lodging, low temperatures, most of important diseases and pests. It has excellent technological quality (enhancer) and belongs to A2 quality group and I quality class. It is high yielding variety with genetic potential for grain yield about 12 t/ha. It can be grown in different agro-ecological conditions and the best results achieved on fertile and middle fertile soils, with application of intensive crop management. It is suitable for organic production., Ozima pšenica Perfekta (Kg 29/3) je sorta poboljšivač dobijena ukrštanjem sorti Pobeda i Studenica. Priznata je od strane Komisije za priznavanje sorti 2009 godine, posle dvogodišnjeg ispitivanja u mreži mikroogleda. Vrlo dobre je otpornosti prema poleganju, niskim temperaturama, važnijim bolestima i štetočinama. Odličnog je tehnološkog kvaliteta (poboljšivač) i pripada kvalitetnoj grupi A2 i 1 kvalitetnog klasi. Veoma je rodna sorta, genetičkog potencijala za prinos zrna oko 12t/ha. Može se gajiti u različitim agroekološkim uslovima, a najbolje rezultate postiže na srednje plodnim zemljama i u uslovima intenzivne agrotehnike. Prirodna za uslove organske proizvodnje.

Molecular diversity of 145 barley (Hordeum vulgare subsp. vulgare L.) accessions from the Serbian GenBank was assessed by single sequence repeats (SSR) markers. A set of 15 SSRs, covering all chromosomes of the diploid barley genome with 2-3 SSR markers per chromosome, with a range of 4-18 alleles per locus were used. In total, 15 loci and 119 alleles were detected, with an average of 7.93 alleles per locus. The Polymorphic information content value ranged from 0.220 to 0.782 with a mean value of 0.534. Regarding the growth habit and row type groups, gene diversity was comparatively higher for the spring (0.616) and six-rowed accessions (0.616) than for the winter and two- rowed accessions (0.322 and 0.478, respectively). Analysis of molecular variance showed that all sources of variation were significant (P lt 0.01), but the between-group component was predominant (76.85%) for growth habit and 89.45% for row type. Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA) cluster analysis based on the shared allele distance (DSA) matrix estimated on the SSR data assigned the genotypes into two clusters - the first smaller consisting of the six 6-rowed spring cultivars and the second comprising six subclusters. Genotype MBR1012 was separated from all other genotypes that constitute UPGMA tree. The associations of genotypes belonging to different growth habit and row type groups were assessed using Principal Coordinate Analysis revealing separation of winter growth habit group from facultative one. The use of the STRUCTURE clustering algorithm allowed the identification of 2 subpopulations of genotypes., Molekularni diverzitet 145 genotipova ječma (Hordeum vulgare subsp. vulgare L.) iz Gen Banke Srbije je procenjen SSR markerima. Korišćeno je SSR markera sa svih hromozoma diploidnog genoma ječma u proseku 2-3 markera po hromozomu i sa 4-18 alela po lokusu. Utvrđeno je 15 lokusa i 119 alela sa prosekom od 7.93 alela po lokusu. PIC je bio u opsegu od 0.220 do 0.782 sa prosekom 0.534. Genski diverzitet je bio veći za jare (0.616) i šestorede genotipove (0.616) u odnosu na ozime i dvorede (0.322 i 0.478). Analizom molekularne varijanse utvrđena je značajnost svih izvora variranja (P lt 0.01), ali je međugrupna komponenta dominirala. Primenom metoda UPGMA analize zasnovane na zajedničkoj distanci alela (DSA) na osnovu SSR podataka dobijeno je grupisanje genotipove u dva klastera-jedan manji koji sadrži šest šestoredih jarih genotipova ječma i drugi koji je obuhvatao šest podklastera. Genotip MBR1012 je bio odvojen od svih ostalih genotipova. Korišćenjem metoda Osnovna Analiza Koordinata dobijeno je razdvajanje ozimih genotipova ječma od fakultativnih. Utvrđeno je postojanje dve podpopulacije genotipova primenom algoritma grupisanja STRUCTURE.