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Enhanced suberin1 (ESB1) is a protein whose mutation is correlated with an increase in root suberin and altered nutrient concentrations. Here, we show a physiological and histological characterization of esb1 mutant plants of Brassica rapa L. Therefore, the potential use of this mutant in selenium (Se) biofortification and/or cadmium (Cd) phytoremediation programs was also evaluated by applying 20 μM of Na2SeO4 and 0.49 μM of CdCl2 to a nutrient solution. With respect to wild type (WT) plants, an increase in root suberin was observed in esb1 at the level of the exodermis. This increase in root suberin did not affect photosynthesis performance. However, the esb1 mutant showed an increase in transpiration rate and a decrease in water use efficiency. Additionally, root histological changes affected the transport and concentration of some mineral elements. Thus, our results suggest that esb1 mutants of B. rapa would not be useful for Se biofortification because no significant differences were observed between the two genotypes at the leaf level. Nevertheless, the esb1 mutant reduced Cd translocation to the leaves and increased Fe and Cu uptake, so ESB1 mutation could be useful for Cd phytoremediation and Fe and Cu biofortification, although further research is needed. Therefore, this study provides detailed information on the effect of ESB1 mutation in B. rapa and suggests its potential use in biofortification and phytoremediation programs.

This research was funded by the PAI program (Plan Andaluz de Investigación, Grupo de Investigación AGR282) and by a grant from the FPU of the Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia awarded to S.A.C., grant number FPU20/05049., The following supporting information can be downloaded at https:// www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/agronomy13061642/s1, Figure S1: Cross-section of the WT B. rapa root unstained with FY 088., Enhanced suberin1 (ESB1) is a protein whose mutation is correlated with an increase in root suberin and altered nutrient concentrations. Here, we show a physiological and histological characterization of esb1 mutant plants of Brassica rapa L. Therefore, the potential use of this mutant in selenium (Se) biofortification and/or cadmium (Cd) phytoremediation programs was also evaluated by applying 20 & mu;M of Na2SeO4 and 0.49 & mu;M of CdCl2 to a nutrient solution. With respect to wild type (WT) plants, an increase in root suberin was observed in esb1 at the level of the exodermis. This increase in root suberin did not affect photosynthesis performance. However, the esb1 mutant showed an increase in transpiration rate and a decrease in water use efficiency. Additionally, root histological changes affected the transport and concentration of some mineral elements. Thus, our results suggest that esb1 mutants of B. rapa would not be useful for Se biofortification because no significant differences were observed between the two genotypes at the leaf level. Nevertheless, the esb1 mutant reduced Cd translocation to the leaves and increased Fe and Cu uptake, so ESB1 mutation could be useful for Cd phytoremediation and Fe and Cu biofortification, although further research is needed. Therefore, this study provides detailed information on the effect of ESB1 mutation in B. rapa and suggests its potential use in biofortification and phytoremediation programs., PAI AGR282, Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia FPU20/05049

Brassica rapa L. (BR), a traditional biennial herb belonging to the Brassica species of Brassicaceae, has been widely used for functions of anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antioxidation, antiaging, and regulation of immunity. In this study, antioxidant activity and protective effects on H2O2-induced oxidative damage in PC12 cells of the active fractions of BR were investigated in vitro. Among all active fractions, the ethyl acetate fraction of ethanol extract from BR (BREE-Ea) showed the strongest antioxidant activity. Additionally, it was noted that BREE-Ea and n-butyl alcohol fraction of ethanol extract from BR (BREE-Ba) both have protective effects in oxidatively damaged PC12 cells, while BREE-Ea displayed the best protective effect in all determined experimental doses. Furthermore, flow cytometry (DCFH-DA staining) analysis indicated that BREE-Ea could reduce the H2O2-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells by reducing the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increasing enzymatic activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px). Moreover, BREE-Ea could decrease the malondialdehyde (MDA) content and reduce the release of extracellular lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) from H2O2-induced PC12 cells. All these results demonstrate that BREE-Ea has a good antioxidant capacity and protective effect on PC12 cells against apoptosis induced by H2O2 and that it can be used as a good edible antioxidant to improve the body’s endogenous antioxidant defense.

Low light caused by industrial development and environment change has become a limitation in crop production. This condition inhibits the petiole anthocyanin synthesis and even its tastes in purple cai-tai (Brassicarapa L. var. purpurea); however, the molecular basis of the inhibitory effects by low light on anthocyanin synthesis in purple cai-tai petiole is less reported. In this study, we performed an integrated analysis of transcriptomes and metabolisms to decipher key genes and/or metabolites that responsible for low light acclimation in a purple cai-tai cultivar, XH1. Results shows that anthocyanin is obviously repressed by low light treatment, and consistently the structural genes related to the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway is significantly enriched in the list of differentially expressed genes according to both GO and KEGG analysis. Furthermore, the amounts of some metabolites related to anthocyanin are dramatically decreased under low light treatment, such as cyanindin 3-O-glucoside chloride, cyanindin O-syringic acid, and cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside. In addition, we found that five transcription factors in TCP gene family especially BrTCP15 is substantially downregulated by low light treatments. The expression pattern of BrTCP15 in response to low light treatment was further confirmed by qPCR. This study reports the inhibitory effects of the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway and BrTCP15 by low light treatments, and extends our knowledge on regulatory mechanism of the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway in response to low light in B. rapa L.

Introduction. Vegetables are an integral part of human diet. Specialists from many countries of the world develop and improve technologies for storing vegetables in order to ensure the safety, quality, and quantity of commercial products. Turnip is one of the most promising vegetables from the point of view of healthy nutrition. Its production has been revived in recent years. This root vegetable has a high nutritional value and contains a significant amount of physiologically active components. There are regulatory documents for the storage of potatoes, carrots, and cabbage. However, storage standards for turnip are still under development due to the variability of their chemical composition, place of growth, etc. As a result, any rationale for storage methods for fresh and ripened turnips of different varieties grown on farms in the Novosibirsk region is relevant. Study objects and methods. The research featured fresh and ripened turnips of the “Kometa”, “Luna”, and “Orbita” varieties. Research methods were generally accepted and standard. The samples were stored at 0–1°C and relative humidity of 90–95% on pallets in opened plastic bags, board boxes with plastic liners, and board boxes without liners. Results and discussion. After 6 months, the method with polymer materials showed the best results, regardless of the variety: the average yield of quality products was 88%. Storage in wooden boxes without plastic liners provided only 70% of standard products. The decrease in the mass during 6-month storage was about 2% when stored in opened plastic bags and board boxes with plastic liners, while in board boxes without liners it was 20.6%. After the latter storage method, 9.8% of root crops appeared affected by microbiological diseases. A similar trend was observed in the content of total sugars: an average loss of 2.7% was detected when using polymer materials and 3.6% – without them. The board boxes with plastic liners proved better in preserving vitamin C: the average loss was 22.3%, while it reached 30.3% for plastic bags and 37.3% for board boxes without liners. After 6 months of storage, all samples maintained satisfactory quality. The sensory properties ranged from 7.01 to 7.94 points. The points were discarded for decreased consistency of epithelial tissues, pulp, taste, and aroma. Conclusion. The turnips of the “Kometa”, “Luna”, and “Orbita” varieties grown in the Novosibirsk region should be stored at 0–1°C and a relative humidity of 90–95% in plastic bags or board boxes with plastic liners placed on pallets.

The diverse genetic variation in pak choi germplasm provides the fundamental basis for breeding folate-rich pak choi varieties and helps to unravel the physiological regulation of folate homeostasis in planta., Folates are one of the essential micronutrients for all living organisms. Due to inadequate dietary intake, folate deficiency remains prevalent in humans. Genetically diverse germplasms can potentially be used as parents in breeding programs and also for understanding the folate regulatory network. Therefore, we investigated the natural genetic diversity of folates and their physiological regulation in pak choi (Brassica rapa subsp. Chinensis) germplasm. The total folate concentration ranged from 52.7 μg 100 gFW–1 to 166.9 μg 100 gFW–1, with 3.2-fold variation. The main folate vitamer was represented by 5-CH3-H4folate, with 4.5-fold variation. The activities of GTP cyclohydrolase I and aminodeoxy chorismate synthase, the first step of folate synthesis, were high in high folate accessions and low in low folate accessions. Analysis of the transcription levels of 11 genes associated with folate metabolism demonstrated that the difference in folate concentrations may be primarily controlled at the post-transcriptional level. A general correlation between total folate and their precursors was observed. Folate diversity and chlorophyll content were tightly regulated through the methyl cycle. The diverse genetic variation in pak choi germplasm indicated the great genetic potential to integrate breeding programs for folate biofortification and unravel the physiological basis of folate homeostasis in planta.

The purpose of this study was to determine the concentration of Jatropha ( Jatropha curcas L.) leaves extract on the germination and growth of Bok Choy ( Brassica rapa L.). This study employed the completely randomized design with Jatropha ( Jatropha curcas L.) leaves extract as the primary factor within 5 levels of concentration, namely 0% v/v, 5% v/v, 10% v/v, 15% v/v, and 20% v/v. The treatments were repeated 5 times. The variables measured in this study were root length, fresh and dry weight (aerial part and root), the length of aerial part, relative water content, and the total count of chlorophyll a,b. The homogeneity of the data was tested using the Levene statistics . The results showed that allelopathy of the Jatropha caused a stimulatory effect on the fresh weight and the dry weight of the sprouts with a maximum concentration of 10% v/V. The fresh weight increased from 38.22 to 49.16 or 22.25% while the dry weight increased from 3.40 to 4.42 or 23.07%. Karakteristik Efek Alelopati Ekstrak Air Daun Segar Jarak Pagar (Jatropha Curcas L.) Terhadap Perkecambahan Dan Pertumbuhan Kecambah Sawi Pakcoy (Brasicca Rapa L.) Abstrak : Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui konsentrasi ekstrak air daun jarak pagar (Jatropha curcas L.) terhadap perkecambahan dan pertumbuhan kecambah sawi pakcoy (Brassica rapa L.). Penelitian ini menggunakan metode RAL (Rancangan Acak Lengkap) dengan faktor utamanya adalah ekstrak air daun jarak pagar (Jatropha curcas L.) dengan 5 taraf konsentrasi yaitu 0% v/v, 5% v/v, 10% v/v, 15% v/v, dan 20% v/v sebagai perlakuan dan setiap perlakuan diulang sebanyak 5x. Variabel yang diukur dalam penelitian ini panjang akar, berat segar dan berat kering (aerial part dan akar), panjang aerial part, kadar air relative, dan kandungan klorofil a,b serta total kecambah. Data yang diperoleh di homogenitas dengan uji Levene. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa alelopati dari jarak pagar menyebabkan efek stimulasi terhadap berat segar kecambah dan berat kering kecambah dengan konsentrasi maksimum 10% v/v. Berat segar mengalami peningkatan dari 38,22 menjadi 49,16 atau sebesar 22,25% sedangkan berat kering mengalami peningkatan dari 3,40 menjadi 4,42 atau sebesar 23,07% .

Plasmodiophora brassicae, an obligate biotrophic pathogen-causing clubroot disease, can seriously affect Brassica crops worldwide, especially Chinese cabbage. Understanding the transcriptome and metabolome profiling changes during the infection of P. brassicae will provide key insights in understanding the defense mechanism in Brassica crops. In this study, we estimated the phytohormones using targeted metabolome assays and transcriptomic changes using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) in the roots of resistant (BrT24) and susceptible (Y510-9) plants at 0, 3, 9, and 20 days after inoculation (DAI) with P. brassicae. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in resistant vs. susceptible lines across different time points were identified. The weighted gene co-expression network analysis of the DEGs revealed six pathways including “Plant–pathogen interaction” and “Plant hormone signal transduction” and 15 hub genes including pathogenic type III effector avirulence factor gene (RIN4) and auxin-responsive protein (IAA16) to be involved in plants immune response. Inhibition of Indoleacetic acid, cytokinin, jasmonate acid, and salicylic acid contents and changes in related gene expression in R-line may play important roles in regulation of clubroot resistance (CR). Based on the combined metabolome profiling and hormone-related transcriptomic responses, we propose a general model of hormone-mediated defense mechanism. This study definitely enhances our current understanding and paves the way for improving CR in Brassica rapa.

Clubroot is an infectious root disease caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae in Brassica crops, which can cause immeasurable losses. We analyzed integrative transcriptome, small RNAs, degradome, and phytohormone comprehensively to explore the infection mechanism of P. brassicae. In this study, root samples of Brassica rapa resistant line material BrT24 (R-line) and susceptible line material Y510-9 (S-line) were collected at four different time points for cytological, transcriptome, miRNA, and degradome analyses. We found the critical period of disease resistance and infection were at 0–3 DAI (days after inoculation) and 9–20 DAI, respectively. Based on our finding, we further analyzed the data of 9 DAI vs. 20 DAI of S-line and predicted the key genes ARF8, NAC1, NAC4, TCP10, SPL14, REV, and AtHB, which were related to clubroot disease development and regulating disease resistance mechanisms. These genes are mainly related to auxin, cytokinin, jasmonic acid, and ethylene cycles. We proposed a regulatory model of plant hormones under the mRNA–miRNA regulation in the critical period of P. brassicae infection by using the present data of the integrative transcriptome, small RNAs, degradome, and phytohormone with our previously published results. Our integrative analysis provided new insights into the regulation relationship of miRNAs and plant hormones during the process of disease infection with P. brassicae.

Капустные (Brassicaceae) – семейство, объединяющее многие широко возделываемые сельскохозяйственныекультуры с ценным биохимическим составом. Важными компонентами биохимического состава капустных являются микроэлементы – вещества, присутствующие в относительно малых количествах, но необходимые для нормального развития растений и здорового питания человека. Целью данной работы являлось изучение влияния фотопериода на содержание эссенциальных микроэлементов (меди, железа, марганца и цинка) в капустных культурах. На примере двух картирующих популяций удвоенных гаплоидов Brassica rapa L., выращенных в условиях регулируемой агроэкосистемы, установлено, что содержание микроэлементов – высоко варьирующий признак, на формирование которого оказывает влияние как генотип, так и факторы окружающей среды. Полученные результаты можно использовать в генетико-селекционной работе, в том числе для создания новых генотипов, линий и сортов с ценным биохимическим составом, адаптированных к выращиванию в конкретных фотопериодических условиях., Агрофизика, Выпуск 2 2021

The present study aimed to assess population structure and phylogenetic relationships of nine subspecies of Brassica rapa L. represented with thirty-five accessions cover a wide range of species distribution area using isozyme analysis in order to select more diverse accessions as supplementary resources that can be utilized for improvement of B. napus. Enzyme analysis resulted in detecting 14 putative polymorphic loci with 27 alleles. Mean allele frequency 0.04 (rare alleles) was observed in Cat4A and Cat4B in sub species Oleifera accession CR 2204/79 and in subspecies trilocularis accessions CR 2215/88 and CR 2244/88. The highest genetic diversity measures were observed in subspecies dichotoma, accession CR 1585/96 (the highest average of observed (H0) and expected heterozygosity (He), and number of alleles per locus (Ae)). These observations make this accession valuable genetic resource to be included in breeding programs for the improvement of oilseed B. napus. The average fixation index (F) is significantly higher than zero for the analysis accessions indicating a significant deficiency of heteozygosity. The divergence among subspecies indicated very great genetic differentiation (FST = 0.8972) which means that about 90% of genetic diversity is distributed among subspecies, while 10% of the diversity is distributed within subspecies. This coincides with low value of gene flow (Nm = 0.0287). B. rapa ssp. oleifera (turnip rape) and B. rapa ssp. trilocularis (sarson) were grouped under one cluster which coincides with the morphological classification. Resumo O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a estrutura populacional e as relações filogenéticas de nove subespécies de Brassica rapa L. representadas com 35 acessos, cobrindo uma ampla gama de áreas de distribuição de espécies usando análise isoenzimática, a fim de selecionar acessos mais diversos como recursos suplementares que podem ser utilizados para melhoria de B. napus. A análise enzimática resultou na detecção de 14 loci polimórficos putativos com 27 alelos. A frequência média de 0,04 alelo (alelos raros) foi observada em Cat4A e Cat4B, nas subespécies Oleifera CR 2204/79 e nas subespécies trilocularis CR 2215/88 e CR 2244/88. As maiores medidas de diversidade genética foram observadas na subespécie dicotômica CR 1585/96 (a média mais alta observada (H0) e heterozigosidade esperada (He) e número de alelos por locus (Ae). Essas observações tornam esse acesso um valioso recurso genético a ser incluído em programas de melhoramento de oleaginosas B. napus. O índice médio de fixação (F) é significativamente maior que 0 para os acessos à análise, indicando uma deficiência significativa de heterozigose. A divergência entre as subespécies indicou uma grande diferenciação genética (FST = 0,8972), o que significa que cerca de 90% da diversidade genética é distribuída entre as subespécies, enquanto 10% da diversidade é distribuída nas subespécies. Isso coincide com o baixo valor do fluxo gênico (Nm = 0,0287). B. rapa ssp. oleifera (nabo) e B. rapa ssp. trilocularis (sarson) foram agrupados conforme a classificação morfológica.

Aquaponics is a technology that combines the cultivation of vegetable production and fish farming. The aquaponics technology also to fertilization to give nutrients to the plant to support of survival. In facts, fertilization done to plants is located on land. Fertilizing the plants that live in the waters are still very rare, because the waters as a growing medium that is considered to always provide sufficient nutrients for plant growth. In this research, using biofertilizer Euchema cottonii of seaweed. The advantages of biofertilizer seaweed is to have the content of macro and micro nutrients are complete. It also contains substances hyper Grow (PGR) plant (auxin, cytokinin, gibberellin, abisat acid and ethylene). In this research to determine the effect of biofertilizer products of seaweed ( E. cottonii ) commercial on the growth of dumbo catfish ( C. gariepinus ) and pakcoy mustard (B. rapa L) on aquaponics system. The design of experiments in this research using a completely randomized design (CRD) with 5 treatments and 4 replications. The treatment used is fertilizer "AB mix®" 1% (A), without fertilizer (B) and the provision of products biofertilizer seaweed ( E. cottonii ) commercial 0,16% (C), 0,18% (D) and 0,20% (E). The main parameters measured were heavy growth of biomass, plant height pakcoy mustard ( B. rapa L ), growth SGR, length and survival rate of fish of dumbo catfish ( C. gariepinus ). The results showed that the dose of different commercial product biofertilizer seaweed (E. cottonii) gives a significantly different effect on the height growth of pakcoy mustard (B. rapa L) and the survival rate of dumbo catfish ( C. gariepinus ). The optimal dosage of commercial seaweed (E. cottonii) biofertilizer product in increasing the growth of pakcoy mustard (B. rapa L.) and African catfish (C. gariepinus) in the aquaponic system, namely treatment E at a dose of 0.20%.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of microwave ultrasonic-assisted extraction (MUAE) on the content, structure, and biological functions of Brassica rapa L. polysaccharide (BRP). Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the parameters of MUAE, and it obtained a polysaccharide with yield of 21.802%. Then, a neutral polysaccharide named BRP-1-1 with a molecular weight of 31.378 kDa was isolated and purified from BRP using DEAE-650 M and Sephadex G-100. The structures of the BRP-1-1 were elucidated through a combination of FT-IR, GC-MS, NMR, and methylation analysis. The results showed that BRP-1 consisted of mannose (Man) and glucose (Glu) in a molar ratio of 7.62:1. The backbone of BRP-1-1 mainly consisted of →6)-α-D-Glup-(1→4-β-D-Glup-(1→2)-α-D-Manp-(1→2)-α-D-Glup-(1→, the branch was [T-α-D-Manp-(1]n→. BRP-1-1 intervention significantly inhibited α-glucosidase activity; an inhibition rate of 44.623% was achieved at a concentration of 0.5 mg/mL. The results of the in vitro biological activity showed that BRP-1-1 has good antioxidant and hypoglycemic activity, suggesting that BRP-1-1 could be developed as a functional medicine.

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) exert beneficial health effects by regulating immune responses. Brassica rapa L., known as Nozawana, is commonly consumed as a lactic acid-fermented food called nozawana-zuke. Few studies have investigated changes in the bacterial community and cytokine production activities during the fermentation of B. rapa L. In order to obtain more detail information, we herein conducted a study on fresh B. rapa L. fermented for 28 d. An amplicon analysis of the 16S rRNA gene revealed that Lactobacillales predominated during fermentation, and the microbiota became less diverse on day 7 or later. Fermented B. rapa L. promoted the production of interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-10 by mouse spleen cells more than non-fermented vegetables. Lactobacillus curvatus was the predominant species during fermentation, followed by L. plantarum and L. brevis. L. sakei was occasionally detected. A correlation analysis showed that IFN-γ concentrations positively correlated with the numbers of L. curvatus and L. plantarum, while those of IL-10 correlated with the numbers of L. sakei in addition to these 2 species. Significantly higher levels of IFN-γ and IL-10 were induced by fermented B. rapa L. when isolated Lactobacillus strains were added as starter cultures. These results suggest that the Lactobacillus species present in fermented B. rapa L. are beneficial for manufacturing vegetables with immunomodulatory effects.

The recovery of bio-wastes to obtain high added value compounds is of great interest for the pharmaceutical, medicinal and food industries. Therefore, the aerial parts of turnip (Brassica rapa L.), radish (Raphanus sativus L.) and leaf blade of wild cardoon (Cynara cardunculus L. var. sylvestris (Lamk) Fiori) were characterized regarding their nutritional composition, as also their content in soluble sugars, organic acids, fatty acids, and tocopherols. Furthermore, their hydroethanolic extracts and infusion preparations, were profiled regarding individual phenolic compounds by HPLC-DAD/ESI-MS and their antioxidant, antibacterial and hepatotoxic activities were evaluated. Regarding the nutritional content, wild cardoon revealed the best results, however it was radish and turnip that showed higher values for organic acids and phenolic compounds. The hydroethanolic extract and infusion preparation of wild cardoon stood out for its antioxidant and antibacterial activity. Overall, the hydroethanolic extracts seemed more effective (regarding antioxidant and antibacterial activity) than the infusions. Total phenolic acids proved to be strongly correlated with the antioxidant and antibacterial (against Morganella morganii) activities. This study showed that the discarded parts of these plants can be used as an important natural source of valuable nutrient content and new and safe bioactive compounds, beneficial for human health. Moreover, the extraction of those compounds from underused parts of turnip, radish and cardoon could be used to preserve foods, avoiding artificial additives and thus, contributing to the development of new natural ingredients. The authors are grateful to the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal) and FEDER under Programmer PT2020 for financial support to CIMO (UID/AGR/00690/2019). National funding by FCT, P.I., through the institutional scientific employment programcontract for M.I. Dias and L. Barros contracts. The authors are also grateful to FEDER-Interreg España-Portugal programme for financial support through the project 0377_Iberphenol_6_E. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

The crops of Brassica rapa L. species are varieties such as pak-choi, tatsoi, wutacai, tsoisum, mizuna, mibuna, brokkoletto and Japanese leafy turnips Komatsuna, Kurona, Hiroshimana, Shirona, Mana, which are all characterized by early-ripening, high productivity, presence of valuable biochemical compounds and relatively simple growing requirements. The nappa cabbage is widespread and cultivated everywhere in the world as open field and greenhouse crop. Other varieties are grown locally, namely brokkoletto is grown in Italy, whereas other mentioned varieties are mostly cultivated in the Southeast Asian countries, where population uses them for different processing technologies. There is the nappa cabbage that is mostly cultivated, particularly for industrial production in Russia. The Chinese cabbage (pak choi), Japanese cabbage, Japanese mustard spinach or Komatsuna are not very widespread and practically unknown crop. However, vegetable growers are interested in using new cole crops, and gardeners know about values of related varieties of nappa cabbage in the group of Asian cole crops. The analysis of incoming genetic accessions of Brassica rapa L. crops that have been included into the VIR plant collection is given. All botanical subspecies and varieties of leafy varieties have been taken for the study. The detailed description of new for Russia varieties, such as purple, brokkoletto, rosette pakchoi as well as well as types of cultivars that haven’t still included into State Register of Breeding Achievements of Russian Federation are given. According to research results obtained at Pushkin VIR laboratories (Saint-Petersburg) the initial breeding accessions have been selected to be sources of such characteristics as productivity, early-ripening, disease resistance and valuable biochemical compounds.

A low-oxygen controlled atmosphere has been reported to be useful in maintaining freshness and qualitative traits of fresh-cut broccoli raab during cold storage, while excessive accumulation of CO2 (10-15%) should be avoided. Starting from these previous findings, the aim of this work was to select the correct modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) for fresh-cut broccoli raab in order to reach, at equilibrium, the target low-oxygen (3%) atmosphere during cold storage. Broccoli raab harvested from a commercial farm was sorted to remove defects and cut from the stalks, obtaining the ready-to-use product. After washing, the product was packaged in plastic trays sealed in bags of different plastic materials. Two commercially available polymeric laminated films [polypropylene/polyethylene terephthalate (PP/PET) and microperforated polypropylene/polyamide (PP/PA)] were used with or without the inclusion of a CO2 absorber (5-g sachet). For each package type, a passive atmosphere (P-MAP) and an active atmosphere achieved by flushing with 5% O2 in nitrogen (A-MAP) were used. Unpackaged samples were used as controls and stored with all packages at 5°C. Quality attributes (overall appearance, odor, color, and weight loss) were evaluated initially and after 3 and 8 days. Gas concentrations (O2 and CO2) inside packages were also monitored. Among the packaging treatments tested, the combination using PP/PA in A-MAP with the use of CO2-absorbing sachets reached an equilibrium condition very close to optimal for broccoli raab (5% O2 and

Pre-sowing magnetic field seed treatment effects on biological characteristics of vegetables and crops have been studied well. However, studies reporting irrigation with magnetically treated water are scanty. Therefore, the effect of irrigation with magnetically treated water on turnip seed germination, seedling growth and enzymatic activities was evaluated. The tap water was treated at 211 mT for 30, 45 and 60 min and used for irrigation of turnip seed and seedlings. Uniform and healthy turnip seed was sown under randomized complete block design (RCBD). The germination, emergence rate index, vigor index I and vigor index II increased up to 28.33%, 11.54%, 57.59% and 32.26%, respectively. The growth parameters such as seedling lengths, fresh & dry weights, chlorophyll content were also enhanced in response of irrigation with magnetically treated water. The seedlings irrigated with magnetically treated water showed 28.92%, 11.36% and 14.76% higher protein content, alpha amylase and protease activities, respectively vs control. Results revealed that irrigation with magnetically treated water has potential to improve turnip germination, seedling growth and enzymatic activities and this study is also extendable to other vegetables and crops for the improvement of germination and growth.

Glucosinolates (GSLs) are sulfur-containing secondary metabolites naturally occurring in Brassica species. The purpose of this study was to identify the GSLs, determine their content, and study their accumulation patterns within and between leaves of kimchi cabbage (Brassica rapa L.) cultivars. GSLs were analyzed using UPLC-MS/MS in negative electron-spray ionization (ESI-) and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The total GSL content determined in this study ranged from 621.15 to 42434.21 &mu, molkg-1 DW. Aliphatic GSLs predominated, representing from 4.44% to 96.20% of the total GSL content among the entire samples. Glucobrassicanapin (GBN) contributed the greatest proportion while other GSLs such as glucoerucin (ERU) and glucotropaeolin (TRO) were found in relatively low concentrations. Principal component analysis (PCA) yielded three principal components (PCs) with eigenvalues &ge, 1, altogether representing 74.83% of the total variation across the entire dataset. Three kimchi cabbage (S/No. 20, 4, and 2), one leaf mustard (S/No. 26), and one turnip (S/No. 8) genetic resources were well distinguished from other samples. The GSL content varied significantly among the different positions (outer, middle, and inner) of the leaves and sections (top, middle, bottom, green/red, and white) within the leaves. In most of the samples, higher GSL content was observed in the proximal half and white sections and the middle layers of the leaves. GSLs are regarded as allelochemicals, hence, the data related to the patterns of GSLs within the leaf and between leaves at a different position could be useful to understand the defense mechanism of Brassica plants. The observed variability could be useful for breeders to develop Brassica cultivars with high GSL content or specific profiles of GSLs.

Low ambient air temperature limits the growth and selection of crops in cold regions, and cold tolerance is a survival strategy for overwintering plants in cold winters. Studies of differences in transcriptional levels of winter rapeseed (Brassica rapa L.) under cold stress can improve our understanding of transcript-mediated cold stress responses. In this study, two winter rapeseed varieties, Longyou-7 (cold-tolerant) and Lenox (cold-sensitive), were used to reveal morphological, physiological, and transcriptome levels after 24 h of cold stress, and 24 h at room temperature, to identify the mechanism of tolerance to cold stress. Compared to Lenox, Longyou-7 has a shorter growth period and greater belowground mass, and exhibits stronger physiological activity after cold stress. Subsequently, more complete genomic annotation was obtained by sequencing. A total of 10,251 and 10,972 differentially expressed genes (DEG) were identified in Longyou-7 and Lenox, respectively. Six terms closely related to cold stress were found by the Gene Ontology (GO) function annotation. Some of these terms had greater upregulated expression in Longyou-7, and the expression of these genes was verified by qRT-PCR. Most of these DEGs are involved in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, plant hormone signal transduction, ribosome biogenesis, MAPK signaling pathway, basal transcription factors, and photosynthesis. Analysis of the genes involved in the peroxisome pathway revealed that Longyou-7 and Lenox may have different metabolic patterns. Some transcription factors may play an important role in winter rapeseed tolerance to cold stress, and Longyou-7 is slightly slower than Lenox. Our results provide a transcriptome database and candidate genes for further study of winter rapeseed cold stress.

Microgreens have been recently introduced as a new category of vegetables, with unexploited potential as functional foods. Due to containerized production, they can be commercialized while growing on the medium, ready for being harvested before use. The chlorophyll content of vegetables is important for both health benefits and visual appearance of the produce. This paper aims to evaluate the feasibility of using simple tools to monitor chlorophyll content in microgreens of two different species, broccoli raab (Brassica rapa L., Broccoletto group) and radish (Raphanus sativus L.), in varying stages of cold storage in their growing vessel. Image acquisition with a CCD camera, followed by image analysis using preset algorithms of an open source software (ImageJ) was the approach used. Image color analysis (median values of L∗, a∗, and b∗indices) and textural parameters obtained from the gray-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) allowed to obtain regression models for chlorophyll content with satisfactory fitting parameters (adjusted R2 was 0.765 and 0.843 for broccoli raab and radish, respectively). These results point out the possibility to set up low-cost, real time, non-destructive monitoring systems for microgreens quality during their growing as well as during storage.

Submitted by DOGLAS BASSEGIO null (doglas14@hotmail.com) on 2017-04-16T22:03:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese.pdf: 1143011 bytes, checksum: f84f0671d7fde4c59ee46871a3d37883 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-04-18T17:47:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 bassegio_d_dr_bot.pdf: 1143011 bytes, checksum: f84f0671d7fde4c59ee46871a3d37883 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-18T17:47:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 bassegio_d_dr_bot.pdf: 1143011 bytes, checksum: f84f0671d7fde4c59ee46871a3d37883 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-10 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) O gênero Brassica é a terceira maior fonte de óleo vegetal do mundo, com oleaginosas cultivadas no Hemisfério Norte. No Brasil, apesar do aumento nos últimos anos, a espécie Brassica napus L., não é um cultivo tradicional, devido as limitações de fotoperíodo e altas temperaturas. Outras espécies do gênero, como é o caso da Brassica juncea L. e Brassica rapa L., amplamente cultivadas em zonas de baixa precipitação e fertilidade, podem ser opções de cultivo em áreas marginais de sequeiro em condições tropicais, visto que possuem alto teor de óleo com características propicias para o biodiesel, além de menor sensibilidade ao ambiente. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram caracterizar germoplasma de Brassica juncea L. e Brassica rapa L., avaliar o potencial produtivo e a divergência genética de acessos em Botucatu – SP, Brasil. Os experimentos tiveram início em outono-inverno de 2012, com a avaliação de 424 acessos de Brassica juncea L. e 209 de Brassica rapa L. quanto ao florescimento e produção de sementes. Em outono-inverno de 2015 e 2016 acessos de brássicas e um híbrido comercial da espécie Brassica napus L. foram avaliados, em experimentos em blocos ao acaso com três repetições, em relação aos componentes da produção, à produção grãos e óleo e a divergência genética. Do total de acessos introduzidos e avaliados, apenas 51 (12%) de Brassica juncea L. e 59 (28%) de Brassica rapa L. produziram sementes, devido ao efeito de fotoperiodo. Os componentes da produção variaram entre acessos e espécies, com destaque para precocidade e teor de óleo de acessos da espécie Brassica rapa L.; e o número de síliquas e a produtividade de grãos e óleo de acessos da espécie Brassica juncea L.. A produtividade de grãos e óleo foi em média 15% superior nos acessos de Brassica juncea L. em relação a espécie Brassica rapa L., com destaque para o acesso PI 180266 com 2056 kg ha–1 de grãos e 805 kg ha–1 de óleo. A variabilidade genética entre os acessos de brássicas possibilitou a formação de grupos de acessos para futuros ganhos em melhoramento genético. Conclui-se que os acessos selecionados confirmam a hipótese do potencial produtivo sem efeito de fotoperíodo em condições tropicais, o que demonstra que podem ser opções para cultivo em áreas onde a Brassica napus L. não está bem adaptada. Brassica is the third largest source of vegetable oil in the world, with oilseeds grown in the Northern Hemisphere. In Brazil, despite the increase in recent years, Brassica napus L., is not a traditional crop due to limitations of photoperiod and high temperatures. Other species of the genus, such as Brassica juncea L. and Brassica rapa L., widely cultivated in low rainfall zones and fertility, may be cultivation options in marginal rainfed areas under tropical conditions, since they have high oil content with characteristics conducive to biodiesel, in addition to lower sensitivity to environment. The objectives of this work were to characterize the germplasm of Brassica juncea L. and Brassica rapa L. and to evaluate the productive potential, as well as the genetic divergence of accesses in Botucatu – SP, Brazil. The experiments started in autumn-winter of 2012, with the evaluation of 424 accessions of Brassica juncea L. and 209 of Brassica rapa L. regarding flowering and seed production. In the autumn-winter of 2015 and 2016, Brassica napus L. and commercial Brassica napus L. were evaluated in randomized blocks with three replicates, in relation to the production components, grain and oil production, and divergence genetic. Of the total number of accesses introduced and evaluated, only 51 (12%) of Brassica juncea L. and 59 (28%) of Brassica rapa L. produced seeds, due to the effect of photoperiod. The components of the production varied between accesses and species, with emphasis on precocity and oil content of Brassica rapa L.; and the growth and number of siliques of the specie Brassica juncea L. The yield of grains and oil was on average 15% higher in the accessions of Brassica juncea L. in relation to the species Brassica rapa L., with emphasis on access PI 180266 with 2056 kg ha–1 of grains and 805 kg ha–1 of oil yield. The genetic variability among the accessions of brassicas allowed the formation of groups of accessions for future gains in genetic improvement. It is concluded that the selected accessions confirm the hypothesis of the productive potential without photoperiod effect in tropical conditions, which demonstrates that they can be options for cultivation in areas where Brassica napus L. is not well adapted.

Low ambient air temperature limits the growth and selection of crops in cold regions, and cold tolerance is a survival strategy for overwintering plants in cold winters. Studies of differences in transcriptional levels of winter rapeseed (Brassica rapa L.) under cold stress can improve our understanding of transcript-mediated cold stress responses. In this study, two winter rapeseed varieties, Longyou-7 (cold-tolerant) and Lenox (cold-sensitive), were used to reveal morphological, physiological, and transcriptome levels after 24 h of cold stress, and 24 h at room temperature, to identify the mechanism of tolerance to cold stress. Compared to Lenox, Longyou-7 has a shorter growth period and greater belowground mass, and exhibits stronger physiological activity after cold stress. Subsequently, more complete genomic annotation was obtained by sequencing. A total of 10,251 and 10,972 differentially expressed genes (DEG) were identified in Longyou-7 and Lenox, respectively. Six terms closely related to cold stress were found by the Gene Ontology (GO) function annotation. Some of these terms had greater upregulated expression in Longyou-7, and the expression of these genes was verified by qRT-PCR. Most of these DEGs are involved in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, plant hormone signal transduction, ribosome biogenesis, MAPK signaling pathway, basal transcription factors, and photosynthesis. Analysis of the genes involved in the peroxisome pathway revealed that Longyou-7 and Lenox may have different metabolic patterns. Some transcription factors may play an important role in winter rapeseed tolerance to cold stress, and Longyou-7 is slightly slower than Lenox. Our results provide a transcriptome database and candidate genes for further study of winter rapeseed cold stress.

Using of the DH–lines of two mapping populations of Brassica rapa L, the morpho–biological investigation and mapping of QTLs determined some morphological traits of quality in greenhouse's condition have been done. The linkage groups of QTLs of the following quantitative traits have been identified and localized: length, width, color, hairiness, and surface of lamina, as well as petiole length and width caused of nutritive value of B. rapa plants. The molecular markers genetically linked with mapped QTLs were revealed. The percent of phenotypic variability determined by the identified chromosome loci was calculated.

Cercetările asupra potenţialului antioxidant din legume prezintă o importanţă crescută a efectelor sale asupra sănătaţii umane. Cu toate acestea, puţine studii au fost realizate pentru a investiga efectul antioxidant al extractului crud şi/sau a diferitelor fracţiuni din Brassica rapa L. În studiul de faţă, potenţialul antioxidant al extractului crud şi a fracţiunilor acestuia din fructul Brassica rapa L. a fost testat pentru enzimele glutation peroxidaza (GPx), superoxid dismutaza (SOD) şi statusul total antioxidant (STA) în probe de sânge. Rezultatele noastre au arătat faptul că atât extractul crud cât şi fiecare fracţiune analizată (apoasă, de acetat de etil şi cloroformică) au arătat efecte dependente de concentraţie asupra GPx, SOD şi STA în comparaţie cu soluţia salină (0,9% NaCl) folosită ca şi control negativ şi vitamina C, ca şi control pozitiv. Prin urmare, nivelurile GPx au prezentat valori crescute în extractul crud şi fracţiunea cloroformică (6981 U/L ambele la 10 mg/ml), nivelurile SOD au prezentat aceleaşi rezultate în fracţiunea apoasă şi cea de acetat de etil (220 U/ml ambele la 10 mg/ml) şi STA în extractul crud şi toate cele trei fracţiuni (apoasă, de acetat de etil şi cloroformică; 1,68 mmol/L la 10 mg/ml pentru toate fracţiunile) în comparaţie cu soluţia salină (p

Plants have evolved many systems to prevent undesirable fertilization. Among these, incompatibility is a well-organized system in which pollen germination or pollen tube growth is inhibited in pistils. We previously found that a novel one-way pollen–stigma incompatibility response [unilateral incompatibility (UI)] occurred between two self-incompatible Brassica rapa plants, a Turkish line, and a Japanese cultivated hybrid variety, “Osome.” Pollen from the Turkish line is rejected on the stigma of the Osome line, but the reverse cross is compatible; such a UI phenotype closely resembles self-incompatibility (SI). The pollen factor of this UI has been genetically explained by a single locus which is different from the S-locus. In this study, we performed further genetic analyses of this intraspecies UI and showed that the stigma factor was also controlled by a single locus, and we named the loci corresponding to the stigma and pollen factors of the intraspecies UI, stigmatic unilateral incompatibility (SUI), and pollen unilateral incompatibility (PUI) loci, respectively. Interestingly, segregation analyses of SUI and PUI indicated that they are closely linked to each other and behave as a single unit. To investigate the effect of an SI-related gene, MLPK in this UI, we produced segregation lines for SUI and mlpk. A distorted segregation ratio of SUI phenotype in an mlpk background indicated involvement of MLPK in SUI, suggesting the existence of an MLPK-dependent novel pollen–stigma recognition mechanism.

1 Insect frass has significant impacts on decomposition and soil nitrogen dynamics. Although the frass contains various forms of nitrogen that may differently influence nitrogen dynamics in the decomposition process, how the nitrogen form in the insect frass is influenced by host plant quality remains poorly understood. 2 The present study examined the effects of application of fertilizer on leaf quality of Brassica rapa L. var. perviridis Bailey (Brassicaceae), and on the consumption, frass excretion and frass quality of its insect pest Mamestra brassicae (L.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), with a particular focus on the dynamics of inorganic nitrogen. 3 Brassica rapa increased total nitrogen concentration, and accumulated inorganic nitrogen [i.e. leaf nitrate-nitrogen (NO_3^−-N) and ammonium-nitrogen (NH_4^+-N)] in the leaves in response to the application of fertilizer. 4 Although leaf consumption and frass excreted by M. brassicae was not affected by fertilizer treatment, frass quality was influenced by host plant quality as altered by fertilizer applications. Frass contained high concentrations of total nitrogen, NO_3^−-N, and NH_4^+-N under high fertilizer treatment. In particular, the larvae excreted much more NH_4^+-N than ingested. The relationship between host plant quality and insect frass quality, as well as the potential implications for decomposition and nutrient dynamics, are discussed.

Brassica rapa L., an edible and medical vegetable, has been traditionally used in Uyghur folk medicine to treat coughs and asthma in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China. In this study, we prepared an n-butanol subfraction of B. rapa L. (BRBS) and investigated the anti-tumor effect on A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells. The proliferation of A549 cells was significantly inhibited by BRBS treatment in a dose- and time-dependent manner. BRBS significantly induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in A549 cells through increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and mitochondrial dysfunction characterized by a reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential and the release of cytochrome c, which promoted caspase-3 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase processing. Moreover, BRBS significantly suppressed the migration of A549 cells in vitro. These results suggest that BRBS inhibited A549 cell proliferation through increased ROS production and the mitochondria-dependent apoptosis pathway. Consequently, BRBS might be a potential candidate for the treatment of lung cancer.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a fitotoxicidade do inseticida organofosforado dimetoato e do fungicida mancozeb na cultura de Brassica rapa L. Os testes de fitotoxicidade foram efetuados no laboratório do Departamento de Biologia da Universidade de Aveiro (Portugal). Os resultados indicam que tanto o dimetoato como o mancozeb causam fitotoxicidade nessa cultura quando utilizados em doses muito elevadas. Entre os dois defensivos agrícola, o dimetoato evidenciou maior toxidade a essa cultura.Abstract The purpose of this work was to evaluate the phytotoxicity of the insecticide dimethoate and the fungicide mancozeb in the crop of Brassica rapa L. The phytotoxicity tests were carried out in the laboratory of the Department of Biology at the University of Aveiro (Portugal). The results showed that both dimethoate and mancozeb cause phytotoxicity in the crop when used at very high doses. Between the two pesticides, dimethoate caused greater toxicity to the analyzed crop.

The effects of four row spacings (17.5, 35.0, 52.5 and 70.0 cm) and five seeding rates (50, 100, 200, 400 and 800 viable seeds m -2 ) on seed yield and some yield components of forage turnip (Brassica rapa L.) were evaluated under rainfed conditions in Bursa, Turkey in the 1998-1999 and 1999-2000 growing seasons. Plant height, stem diameter, pods/terminal raceme, total pods/plant, seeds/pod and primary branches/plant were measured individually. The number of plants per unit area was counted and the lodging rate of the plots was scored. The seed yield and 1000-seed weight were also determined. Row spacing and seeding rate significantly affected most yield components measured. The number of plants per unit area increased with increasing seeding rate and decreasing row spacing. Plant height was not greatly influenced by row spacing and seeding rate, but higher seeding rates reduced the number of primary branches and the stem diameter. The number of pods/main stem was affected by row spacing and but not by the seeding rate. Also, the number of seeds per pod was not affected by either the row spacing or the seeding rate. In contrast, the number of pods per plant clearly increased with increasing row spacing, but decreased with increasing seeding rate. The plots seeded at narrow row spacings and at high seeding rates were more sensitive to lodging. Seeding rate had no significant effect on seed yield in both years. Seed yield was similar at all seeding rates, averaging 1151 kg ha -1 . However, row spacing was associated with seed yield. The highest seed yield (1409 kg ha -1 ) was obtained for the 35.0-cm row spacing and 200 seeds m -2 seeding rate combination without serious lodging problems.

Low oxygen controlled atmosphere was reported to be useful for fresh-cut broccoli raab cold storage in maintaining freshness and qualitative traits, whereas excessive accumulation of CO2 (10-15%) should be avoided. Starting from these finding the aim of this work was to individuate the proper modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) for fresh-cut broccoli raab in order to reach at the equilibrium the target atmosphere composition with low oxygen (3%) during cold storage. Broccoli raabs harvested from a commercial farm, were selected for defects and were cut from the stalks, obtaining the ready-to-use product. After washing the product was packaged in plastic trays sealed in bags of different plastic materials. Two commercially available polymeric coupled films (polypropylene/polyethylene terephthalate, PP/PET, and polypropylene/polyamide, PP/PA microperforated, MF), were used as packaging materials with or without the inclusion of a CO2 absorbers (used in 5-g sachets). For each packaging condition a passive (P-MAP) and an active atmosphere with 5% O2 in nitrogen (A-MAP) were used. Unpackaged samples were used as control and stored with all packages at 5 °C. Initially, and after 3 and 8 days samples were taken and quality attributes (overall appearance, odor, color analysis and weight loss) were evaluated. Gas concentrations (O2 and CO2) inside packages were also monitored. Among the packaging treatments tested the combination using PP/PA in A-MAP with the use of CO2 absorbing sachets reached equilibrium condition very close to optimal for broccoli raab. Fresh-cut broccoli raab stored in this condition for 8 days showed negligible reduction of appearance and odor scores, compared to the fresh samples resulting significantly higher than for the samples stored in all other packaging combinations.