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Monitoring phenology of crops and yield estimate based on vegetation indices as well as other parameters such as temperature or amount of rainfall were largely reported in literature. In this research, MODIS Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was used as an indicator of specific crop condition; the other parameter was Land Surface Temperature (LST) which can indicate the amount of crop moisture. Trial years were 2011, 2012, and 2013. For those years sowing structure was acquired from agricultural organizations Nova Buducnost from Žarkovac and Sava Kovacevic from Vrbas, both in Serbia. Also, satellite images with high and medium resolution for these areas and years were available. Multiple linear regression was used for crop yield estimate for Vojvodina Province, Serbia where the NDVI and LST were independent variables and the average yield for specific crop was the dependent variable. The results of crop yield estimate two months before harvest are presented (excluding wheat).

The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of fertilization system, nitrate (NO3)– nitrogen (N) distribution along soil profile, and their interaction on corn yield. The study was conducted at the experimental field of Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad (Serbia) during 2001–2004. Corn monoculture included four fertilization variants: control (O), nitrogen–phosphorus–potassium (NPK) mineral fertilizers, mineral fertilizer + corn stalks (NPK + S), and mineral fertilizers + manure (NPK + M). The greatest yield was found in the variant NPK + M (9.25 t ha−1). Path coefficients showed that greatest direct positive effects on corn yield were exhibited by NO3-N levels at soil depths of 60–90 cm and 30–60 cm. The path analysis showed that winter precipitation (WP) had a direct negative effect on yield performance. However, the effect of the downward movement of NO3-N from the topsoil to deeper soil layers of WP on yield was positive.

The objectives of the study have been to determine the effects of winter precipitation, NO3-N distribution in the soil profile and their interaction on corn yield in different fertilization systems. Corn yield varied across fertilization systems and winter rainfall in the investigated years (2001-2004). Significantly higher yields were found in variants with manure application in diculture (DC-M-NPK - 12.11 t ha(-1)) and in monoculture (MC-M-NPK - 9.25 t ha-1). Path coefficients showed that the highest direct positive effects on corn yields were exhibited by NO3-N amounts at soil depths 30-60 cm and 60-90 cm (p = 0.4336** and p = 0.2346**, respectively). Winter precipitation had a direct negative effect on the yield performance (p = -0.1159), however, the downward movement of NO3-N from topsoil (0-30 cm) to deeper soil layers (30-60 and 60-90 cm), whose N levels were directly positively correlated with yield, made the indirect effect of winter precipitation on yield positive.

Calculated values of aridity index (AI) were used as a base for the analysis of precipitation and temperature impact on maize yield in Vojvodina. An investigation of maize production with irrigation was carried out at the experiment field of Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad on calcareous chernozem soil on the loess terrace, in the period 1997-2007. Standardized values of temperatures (T') and precipitation (P') were used for AI calculation. Highly significant correlation (r = 0.86**) was found between AI and average yields of maize in Vojvodina. There were no significant correlations between AI and maize yield obtained in field experiments without irrigation (r = 0.40) and with irrigation (r = -0.24). Low values of correlation coefficient between AI and maize yields obtained in field experiments without irrigation and correlation coefficient values between AI and average yields of maize in Vojvodina indicate that production technology of maize in Vojvodina could be improved. Higher values of maize yield in irrigation conditions than in conditions without irrigation (20% or 2.04 t ha-1) confirm justification of maize production with irrigation under climatic conditions of Vojvodina.

A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of nitrogen (N) application on the growth and metabolism of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.). Changes in nitrate, ammonium, soluble protein and pigment levels, nitrogen metabolism enzyme activity, biomass of leaves and beet, and sucrose and α-amino-N were studied in relation to five different NPK application rates (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 kg N ha−1) and association with Azotobacter chrooccocum. The availability of nitrate and ammonium ions in the leaves proved to be influenced by the different nitrogen treatments. The most important enzymatic activities within nitrogen metabolism were affected negatively by the highest NPK rate. With increasing nitrogen supply, the concentration of α-amino-N increased considerably and that of sucrose decreased. Application of NPK had a significant positive effect on the growth and biomass production. The measured parameters of plants associated with A. chrooccocum were of similar magnitude comparing to the controls.

Production of medicinal plants is accompanied by many problems, out of which some are overcome. Problems in medicinal plant production, including the production of sage and lemon balm that cannot be avoided are pathogens, the presence of insects and weeds. During the summer of 2003 and 2004, the occurrence of animal pests and pathogens was investigated in the medicinal plants lemon balm (Mellisa officinalis) and garden sage (Salvia officinalis). The pathogens Alternaria alternata and Fusarium moniliforme and the insects Eupterix atropunctata and Empoasca pteridis (Homoptera, Cicadelidae) were identified as the cause of various damages to medicinal plants.

Researches, which have lasted for two years, were carried out on long-term trial field at Rimski Šančevi, Novi Sad, Serbia. In this trial, the eight fertilization variants of N, P2O5 and K2O increased amounts were studied. Sugar beet root and tops yields were determined, as well as the elements of technological sugar beet root quality. Based on these results, percentage of sugar utilization and refined sugar yield was defined. In the spring, before applying of N fertilizer, amount of nitrate nitrogen in the soil and its influence on yield and quality was determined. The highest root yield in 2002 was produced at the variant N100 P150 K150, and in 2003 at the variant N150 P150 K150. However, in both years, referring to the variant N100 P100 K100, the differences were not statistically significant. Increasing of nitrogen amounts had negative effects on refined sugar yield. Amounts of NO3-N in the soil in spring, before sugar beet sowing, in 2002 had significant influence on root yield and refined sugar yield. In the year 2003, which was highly dry, high correlation ratio were gained between amounts of NO3-N in the soil and root quality parameters, but it wasn't significant between nitrogen amounts and root and refined sugar yield. Dvogodišnja istraživanja uticaja rastućih količina NPK hraniva na prinos i kvalitet korena šećerne repe izvedena su na stacionarnom poljskom ogledu na Rimskim Šančevima. U proleće, pre primene N đubriva, praćena je količina nitratnog azota po slojevima zemljišta, te njegov uticaj na navedena svojstva. U obe godine, razlika u prinosu korena postignutog pri najvećim količinama NPK hraniva nije bila statistički značajna u odnosu na varijantu N100 P100 K100. Povećanje količine azota delovalo je negativno na prinos rafinisanog šećera. Količina NO3-N u zemljištu u proleće pre setve u 2002. godini imala je značajan pozitivan uticaj na prinos korena i rafinisanog šećera. U izrazito sušnoj 2003. godini visoki koeficijenti korelacije dobijeni su između količine NO3-N u zemljištu i parametara kvaliteta korena, ali nisu bili značajni između količine azota i prinosa korena i rafinisanog šećera.

Until as recently as a century ago, the exposure of biological systems to radiation was limited only to the natural sources. Today, however, a broad range of radiation types and doses have found a wide variety of uses and applications, so much so that it would be difficult to make a list of all the areas of human activity in which radiation is used for one purpose or another. The study of radiation effects on individuals and populations as a whole has become important only with the development of methods and sources of man-made radiation. Given that what is present in this case are physical effects on biological systems (living organisms), all these methods can be placed under the heading of biophysical influences. In the last 50 years, the effects of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF) have been studied with great diligence. These fields are the ones most commonly found in the human environment and they have been used in our studies in this field. The present paper provides a brief review of the literature data and our findings on the effects of ELF-EMF on various crop species using the RIES (Resonant Impulse Electromagnetic Stimulation) method, developed at the Faculty of Agriculture of the University of Novi Sad. Izloženost bioloških sistema u prirodi različitim vrstama zračenja, do pre samo jednog veka bila je ograničena isključivo na prirodne izvore. Danas, međutim, oblast primene najrazličitijih vrsta i doza zračenja je veoma raznovrsna, i teško je navesti sve oblike ljudske delatnosti u kojima se ona koristi. Proučavanje njihovih efekata na jedinke ili populacije u celini, dobilo je na značaju tek razvojem metoda i izvora zračenja koje je čovek stvorio. Obzirom da se radi o fizičkim dejstvima na biološke sisteme, tj. žive organizme, sve ove metode mogu se svrstati u domen biofizičkih delovanja. U poslednjih pedesetak godina se sa posebnom pažnjom ispituje uticaj EMF- a (Electromagnetic Field) ekstremno niskih frekvencija (ELF - Extemely Low Frequency), koja se najčešće nalaze u čovekovom okruženju, a koja se primenjuju i u našim ispitivanjima. U radu će biti dat kratak pregled dosadašnjih rezultata istraživanja autora i literaturnih podataka o dejstvu elektromagnetnog polja niskih frekvencija na gajene biljne vrste, primenom metode Rezonantno-Impulsne Elektromagnetne Stimulacije (RIES), razrađene na Poljoprivrednom fakultetu u Novom Sadu.

Effects of mineral nutrition and combinations of mineral and organic nutrients on the dynamics of vegetative mass development in corn have been examined in a long-term stationary trial. The dynamics was monitored per phenological stage and per plant part. The obtained results showed that the dynamics of dry matter accumulation changed in dependence of development stage and nutrition variant. Smallest gains in dry matter in all stages under study were obtained in the control variant. Highest gains were obtained in the variants which combined mineral nutrition and manuring. The smallest gain of dry matter, 7.22% of the dry matter accumulated at full maturity, was registered at the seven-leaf stage.

Die Wirkung elektromagnetischer Resonanz-Impuls-Stimulation auf den Keimungsprozess von Weizen wurde anhand von vier Winterweizen-Sorten untersucht. Je nach verwendeter Frequenz variierte die Masse des oberirdischen Keimlinganteils von 0,0 bis 36% bei der Sorte „Jarebica“, von –7,4 bis 11,1% bei der Sorte „Pobeda“, von 7,7 bis 53,8% bei „Kremna“ und von –35 bis 15,2% bei „Evropa 90“. Die Abweichungen bei der Wurzelmasse beliefen sich von –10,8 bis 46,0% bei „Jarebica“, von –7,1 bis 64,3% bei „Pobeda“, von 22,7 bis 204,5% bei „Kremna“ und von –15,9 bis 72,8 bei „Evropa 90“.

A permanent field trial with different fertilization variants, monoculture and two-crop rotation was established in 1965 at Rimski ˇSancevi experiment field of Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad, on the calcareous chernozem soil. This paper analyzes the experiment data obtained in the period 1971–2001. Yield trends were negative in all fertilization variants, due to unfavorable weather conditions during the second sub-period and the occurrence of Diabrotica virgifera in monoculture. Grain yields were higher in the two-crop rotation than in the monoculture. Highest yields and quality were achieved in both cropping systems when manure and mineral fertilized were applied in combination. The application of manure alone showed significant advantages over the sole application of NPK mineral fertilizers. Plowing under of harvest residues in combination with application of NPK mineral fertilizers is an advantageous solution when manure is not available. In addition to optimum yields and top qualit...

Der Internationale Organische Stickstoffdauerdungungsversuch wurde 1983/84 auf Los‐Schwarzerde in Novi Sad mit je 4 Stufen organischer Dungung und je 5 Stufen Mineral‐N‐Dungung und der Fruchtfolge Zuckerruben‐Mais (mittelspat)‐Mais (mittelfruh)‐Winterweizen angelegt. Die Ertrage der 1. bis 3. Rotation und der Zuckergehalt von Zuckerruben im Zeitraum 1984–1995 werden mitgeteilt. Der Einflus der organischen Dungung war relativ gering. Grosen Einflus auf die Ertrage hat die organische Dungung bei Zuckerruben und Gerste erzielt. Der Einflus der Mineral‐N‐Dungung war bei den Pflanzenarten ganz unterschiedlich. Der Stickstoff hat den grosten Einflus auf Winterweizen und Zuckerruben und den schwachsten auf Mais.

Der Ernteertrag ist abhangig von einer Anzahl von Faktoren, u.a. auch biophysikalischen Einflussen. Die Wirkung verschiedener niederfrequenter elektromagnetischer Impulse auf den Keimungsprozess von Mais wurde an der Hybridsorte NSSC-420 untersucht. Die Versuche wurden in einer Nahrlosung durchgefuhrt. Folgende Pflanzenparameter wurden dabei uberwacht: Masse und Lange der Wurzel sowie des oberirdischen Pflanzenteils, Wurzelvolumen und die gesamte und aktive Oberflache der Wurzel. Unter den untersuchten Frequenzen schnitten die mit B und D gekennzeichneten erheblich besser ab als die Kontrolle hinsichtlich der Zunahme der Trockensubstanzmasse des oberirdischen Pflanzenteils (jeweils 60,7 und 49,2%) und der Pflanzenhohe (7,1 und 9,1% oder 3,3 und 4,3 cm). Die Masse der Wurzelfrischsubstanz erhohte sich um 31,2 bzw. 35,3% , die Masse der Wurzeltrockensubstanz um 38,8 und 34,7% oder 18,9 und 17,2 mg. Das Wurzelvolumen nahm um 44,4 und 31,5% zu. Die Gesamtoberflache nahm um 0,04 bzw. 0,41 m2 zu.

Tehnologija uzgoja šećerne repe bitno se razlikuje od tehnologije uzgoja ostalih ratarskih biljaka. U proizvodnji ove biljne vrste proizvođač mora uložiti veliko znanje, sposobnost i umijeće da bi ona bila uspješna i stabilna. Zato se ova biljna vrsta naziva “kraljicom” polja i/ili tehnologije. Sporedni proizvodi proizvodnje šećerne repe- glava i list, imaju istu energetsku vrijednost kao 1, 52 t zrna kukuruza u proizvodnji mlijeka ili 1,46 t zrna kukuruza u proizvodnji mesa, pri proizvodnji 40 tha-1 korijena., The growing technology for any crop, especially sugar beet, consists in the ability of the grower to bring into accord the requirements of the cultivated crop species with environmental conditions. By-products of sugar beet production (head and leaves) have high net energy value in meat and milk production. These products can replace over 1 ton of maize grain. A trial on a chernozem soil was carried out at the Rimski ŠanËevi Experiment Field of the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad. The fertilization treatments wereas follows: 1) mineral fertilizer; 2) mineral fertilizer + manure; 3) mineral fertilizer + harvest residues; and 4) mineral fertilizer + harvest residues + liquid manure. The following nitrogen rates were applied in each of the treatments: 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg N ha-1. Harvest residues can replace manure as a source of soil organic matter. The application of organic fertilizer increased the yield by 1.41-2.13 t ha-1. The optimum nitrogen rate was 100 kg ha-1, and the yield increased up to the rate of 150 ha-1.

The method of stimulation with impulsive electro-magnetic resonance we have used is based on the action of the impulsive electro-magnetic field characterized by well-established frequencies. In establishing frequencies we have had in mind only frequencies that stimulate plant growth and improve quality. In this paper we present a study on the influence of these treatments on maize seed germination since electro-magnetic waves act on water structure in the cell with a beneficial effect on germination. .