Search

The article highlights the urgent need for sustainable behavioral change interventions to effectively control rabies, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Despite efforts, rabies remains endemic in many regions, with a disproportionate burden on poor rural populations in Africa and Asia. The article emphasizes the importance of integrating durable behavioral interventions, such as education and responsible pet ownership, to reduce virus transmission and prevent future outbreaks. It also underscores the necessity of addressing human attitudes towards stray dogs, consumption of dog meat, and traditional healing practices to improve rabies control. [Extracted from the article]

AbstractBackgroundObjective and methodsResultsConclusionsClimate change significantly influences the distribution and severity of tropical diseases. Rising temperatures, changing precipitation patterns, and extreme weather events are transforming the habitats of vectors like mosquitoes and ticks, promoting their proliferation and geographic spread. These changes have facilitated the resurgence of diseases such as malaria, dengue, and chikungunya fever in previously unaffected areas, including parts of Europe and Italy.This review aims to explore the relationship between climate change and the spread of vector-borne and tropical parasitic diseases across Europe, with a particular focus on Italy. Recent studies are analyzed to identify emerging trends in disease transmission influenced by shifting climates. Genome-based monitoring and predictive models incorporating climatic and ecological data are highlighted as methods to enhance disease surveillance and preparedness.The analysis reveals a clear link between climate change and altered disease patterns. The proliferation of vectors into new territories is associated with increased incidence of diseases. Genome-based tools demonstrate their utility in tracking the evolution of pathogens, particularly regarding changes in virulence, drug resistance, and adaptability to new climates. Predictive models have proven effective in anticipating outbreaks and supporting timely public health interventions.To mitigate the risks posed by climate-induced changes in disease dynamics, continuous monitoring and international collaboration are essential. Strengthening health systems’ resilience through mitigation and adaptation strategies is crucial for preventing future epidemics. These insights contribute to the development of sustainable long-term policies for managing tropical diseases in the context of climate change, ensuring timely responses to public health emergencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wolbachia-based mosquito control strategies have gained significant attention as a sustainable approach to reduce the transmission of vector-borne diseases such as dengue, Zika, and chikungunya. These endosymbiotic bacteria can limit the ability of mosquitoes to transmit pathogens, offering a promising alternative to traditional chemical-based interventions. With the growing impact of climate change on mosquito population dynamics and disease transmission, Wolbachia interventions represent an adaptable and resilient strategy for mitigating the public health burden of vector-borne diseases. Changes in temperature, humidity, and rainfall patterns can alter mosquito breeding habitats and extend the geographical range of disease vectors, increasing the urgency for effective control measures. This review highlights innovations in Wolbachia-based mosquito control and explores future directions in the context of climate change. It emphasizes the integration of Wolbachia with other biological approaches and the need for multidisciplinary efforts to address climate-amplified disease risks. As ecosystems shift, Wolbachia interventions could be crucial in reducing mosquito-borne diseases, especially in vulnerable regions. AI integration in Wolbachia research presents opportunities to enhance mosquito control strategies by modeling ecological data, predicting mosquito dynamics, and optimizing intervention outcomes. Key areas include refining release strategies, real-time monitoring, and scaling interventions. Future opportunities lie in advancing AI-driven approaches for integrating Wolbachia with other vector control measures, promoting adaptive, data-driven responses to climate-amplified disease transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article "ArboItaly: Leveraging open data for enhanced arbovirus surveillance in Italy" discusses the importance of arboviruses, such as West Nile, chikungunya, and dengue, and their impact on public health. It highlights the need for robust public data and genomic surveillance systems to monitor and respond to these diseases effectively. The creation of ArboItaly, a centralized repository for arboviral disease surveillance in Italy, aims to consolidate epidemiological data and facilitate targeted control measures. The article emphasizes the significance of international collaboration and information sharing to address the evolving threat of arboviruses globally, especially in the context of climate change and increasing disease transmission risks. [Extracted from the article]

The family Paramyxoviridae includes a number of negative RNA viruses known for their wide host range and significant zoonotic potential. In recent years, there has been a surge in the identification of emerging zoonotic paramyxoviruses, particularly those hosted by bat species, which serve as key reservoirs. Among these, the genera Henipavirus and Pararubulavirus are of particular concern. Henipaviruses, including the highly pathogenic Hendra and Nipah viruses, have caused severe outbreaks with high mortality rates in both humans and animals. In contrast, zoonotic pararubulaviruses such as the Menangle virus typically induce mild symptoms or remain asymptomatic in human hosts. This review summarizes current knowledge on the evolution, ecology, and epidemiology of emerging zoonotic paramyxoviruses, focusing on recently discovered viruses and their potential to cause future epidemics. We explore the molecular mechanisms underlying host-switching events, viral replication strategies, and immune evasion tactics that facilitate interspecies transmission. In addition, we discuss ecological factors influencing virus emergence, including changes in bat populations and habitats and the role of wildlife–human interfaces. We also examine the public health impact of these emerging viruses, underlining the importance of enhanced surveillance, developing improved diagnostic tools, and implementing proactive strategies to prevent potential outbreaks. By providing a comprehensive overview of recent advances and gaps in knowledge, this review aims to inform future research directions and public health policies related to zoonotic paramyxoviruses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a widespread viral pathogen, responsible for a significant burden of cervical and other cancers worldwide. Over the past decades, the development and widespread adoption of prophylactic HPV vaccines have dramatically reduced the incidence of HPV-related diseases. However, despite the efficacy of these vaccines, global immunization efforts still face several obstacles, including low vaccination coverage in low- and middle-income countries, vaccine hesitancy, and disparities in access to healthcare. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of HPV vaccines, including their mechanisms of action, safety profiles, and real-world efficacy. We will explore the impact of HPV vaccines on cancer prevention, examine the challenges related to vaccine distribution and uptake, and assess the role of public health policies in improving global vaccination rates. Additionally, the review will highlight the latest advancements in therapeutic HPV vaccines, ongoing research into next-generation vaccines, and the potential of HPV vaccination strategies in the context of personalized medicine. By examining these factors, we aim to provide insights into the future directions of HPV vaccination and its role in global public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the new SARS-CoV-2 variant KP.3.1.1 and its genetic potential. The variant has been spreading and causing concern due to its increasing prevalence worldwide. The variant carries several mutations in the spike protein, including F456L, Q493E, and V1104L, which may contribute to immune evasion and increased transmissibility. However, the article emphasizes that the variant does not currently pose an immediate increased risk and is not an unusually worrisome variant. Ongoing monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 variants is important to prevent unforeseen outbreaks. [Extracted from the article]

Despite Parvovirus B19 (B19V) generally causing mild or asymptomatic infections, and only certain high-risk groups such as hematological or immunocompromised patients and pregnant women tending to develop complications, several factors challenge the assumption of a "benign" clinical course in immunocompetent adults and adolescents. A significant proportion of the population may harbor undiagnosed health conditions or genetic predispositions that could render them more susceptible to severe B19V complications. These could include mild hematological disorders, immune dysregulation not resulting in overt immunodeficiency, or underlying cardiac conditions. Concurrent infections with other pathogens, even seemingly minor ones, could synergistically increase the severity of B19V infection, leading to more pronounced clinical manifestations. While not definitively proven, the possibility of emerging B19V strains with increased virulence or altered tissue tropism cannot be entirely discounted. Additionally, the period of pandemic-related restrictions likely led to reduced B19V circulation, potentially resulting in a cohort of young adults with limited natural immunity, making them more vulnerable to infection. Potential clinical consequences include atypical and severe presentations, even in individuals without known risk factors. The traditional focus on B19V primarily as a pediatric concern might lead to underdiagnosis or delayed diagnosis in adults, potentially hindering timely intervention and management. A surge in B19V-related complications, even if individually mild, could collectively strain healthcare resources, particularly in settings with limited capacity or pre-existing pressures. Possible recommendations are to heighten clinical awareness with a high index of suspicion for B19V infection in adults and adolescents presenting with compatible symptoms, even in the absence of classic risk factors. Additionally, expanding testing criteria and enhancing public health surveillance efforts would be prudent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From 1 January 2022 to 31 May 2024, the World Health Organization (WHO) reported 97,745 laboratory-confirmed Mpox cases, including 203 deaths, across 116 countries. Despite a 2.3% decrease in new cases in May 2024 compared to April 2024, significant regional variations persist. The African Region reported the highest proportion of new cases, while other regions experienced mixed trends. Phylogenomic analyses of the Mpox virus Clade IIb lineage B.1 reveal stable genetic variability with minimal diversification. The Bayesian Skyline Plot indicates a generally stable viral population size with a modest peak in late 2023, followed by a decline. In general, the data indicate that the MPXV outbreak is primarily localized within a few consistent geographic clusters. The virus's evolution is relatively slow, as indicated by its stable genetic variability, and Clade IIb lineage B.1 does not currently show signs of rapid genetic changes or population growth. The current low level of genetic diversity should not lead to complacency. Ongoing genomic surveillance is essential for effective outbreak management and understanding. This monitoring is crucial for identifying any shifts in the virus's behavior or transmission, allowing for prompt public health responses and adjustments. In addition, continued vigilance is necessary to detect any new variants that might influence the outbreak's trajectory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Viral hepatitis is a major cause of liver illness worldwide. Despite advances in the understanding of these infections, the pathogenesis of hepatitis remains a complex process driven by intricate interactions between hepatitis viruses and host cells at the molecular level. This paper will examine in detail the dynamics of these host–pathogen interactions, highlighting the key mechanisms that regulate virus entry into the hepatocyte, their replication, evasion of immune responses, and induction of hepatocellular damage. The unique strategies employed by different hepatitis viruses, such as hepatitis B, C, D, and E viruses, to exploit metabolic and cell signaling pathways to their advantage will be discussed. At the same time, the innate and adaptive immune responses put in place by the host to counter viral infection will be analyzed. Special attention will be paid to genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors that modulate individual susceptibility to different forms of viral hepatitis. In addition, this work will highlight the latest findings on the mechanisms of viral persistence leading to the chronic hepatitis state and the potential implications for the development of new therapeutic strategies. Fully understanding the complex host–pathogen interactions in viral hepatitis is crucial to identifying new therapeutic targets, developing more effective approaches for treatment, and shedding light on the mechanisms underlying progression to more advanced stages of liver damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses can infect humans and cause a range of illnesses, from mild respiratory infections to severe diseases that can be fatal. Human infections are typically acquired through direct contact with infected animals or contaminated environments. Recent outbreaks of avian influenza have been documented in various countries, including Cambodia, Australia, Vietnam, and the United States. While there have been cases of human infection from exposure to infected cows, genetic analysis suggests that the viruses have not yet specialized towards the human host. Continuous surveillance and monitoring are crucial to detect any genetic changes that may indicate a genuine spill-over event. [Extracted from the article]

The COVID-19 pandemic underscored the critical importance of vaccination to global health security and highlighted the potential of digital health solutions to improve immunization strategies. This article explores integrating digital health technologies with immunization programs to improve coverage, monitoring, and public health outcomes. It examines the current landscape of digital tools used in immunization initiatives, such as mobile health apps, electronic health records, and data analytics platforms. Case studies from different regions demonstrate the effectiveness of these technologies in addressing challenges such as vaccine hesitancy, logistics, and real-time monitoring of vaccine distribution and adverse events. The paper also examines ethical considerations, data privacy issues, and the need for a robust digital infrastructure to support these innovations. By analyzing the successes and limitations of digital health interventions in immunization campaigns during and after the COVID-19 pandemic, we provide recommendations for future integration strategies to ensure resilient and responsive immunization systems. This research aims to guide policymakers, health professionals, and technologists in leveraging digital health to strengthen immunization efforts and prepare for future public health emergencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThe ongoing mpox outbreak in sub-Saharan Africa has highlighted the critical need for equitable vaccine access and robust logistical support. However, these factors alone are insufficient to ensure the success of vaccination campaigns in regions characterized by unique epidemiological and immunological challenges. One significant issue is the high prevalence of helminth infections, which are known to impair immune responses to vaccines, potentially reducing both short-term efficacy and long-term antibody titers. This paper explores the implications of helminthiasis for mpox vaccination in sub-Saharan Africa, emphasizing the need for integrated strategies to address this co-infection. We discuss whether combining deworming programs with vaccination campaigns could enhance vaccine responses and examine the applicability of emerging data on single-dose mpox vaccination in the context of endemic helminth infections. Furthermore, we highlight the importance of real-time surveillance to monitor vaccine effectiveness and identify breakthrough infections in regions with high helminth prevalence. Our findings underscore the necessity of a context-specific approach to mpox vaccination policies, one that considers the intricate interplay between helminth infections and vaccine efficacy. Addressing these challenges is essential to ensure the success of vaccination efforts and to mitigate the broader public health impact of mpox in Africa and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the avian influenza A (H7N5) outbreak, emphasizing the importance of monitoring less common subtypes like H7N5 due to their potential to mutate into highly pathogenic strains. While H7N5 is not widely known compared to other subtypes, a recent outbreak in Germany highlights the need for continuous surveillance and research to prevent major outbreaks. The genetic potential of viruses like H7N5 underscores the necessity of robust surveillance, research, and preparedness strategies to mitigate their impact and prevent widespread disease outbreaks. The establishment of an epidemiological monitoring group is crucial to stay ahead of potential new outbreaks and ensure effective management. [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses the recent WHO declaration of mpox as a Public Health Emergency of International Significance, emphasizing the need for global health resource equity and coordinated responses. It highlights the genetic analysis of the new mpox Clade Ib lineage, showing its rapid evolution and increased fitness compared to the original Clade Ia. The study suggests that continued genome monitoring is crucial for tracking the virus's evolution in real-time to facilitate containment and management efforts. [Extracted from the article]

Background: Influenza viruses are etiological agents which cause contagious respiratory, seasonal epidemics and, for influenza A subtypes, pandemics. The clinical picture of influenza has undergone continuous change over the years, due to intrinsic viral evolution as well as "reassortment" of its genomic segments. The history of influenza highlights its ability to adapt and to rapidly evolve, without specific circumstances. This reflects the complexity of this pathology and poses the fundamental question about its assumption as a "common illness" and its impact on public health. Summary: The global influenza epidemics and pandemics claimed millions of deaths, leaving an indelible mark on public health and showing the need for a better comprehension of the influenza virus. The clear understanding of genetic variations during the influenza seasonal epidemics is a crucial point for developing effective strategies for prevention, treatment, and vaccine design. The recent advance in next-generation sequencing approaches, model systems to virus culture, and bioinformatics pipeline played a key role in the rapid characterization of circulating influenza strains. In particular, the increase in computational power allowed the performance of complex tasks in healthcare settings through machine learning algorithms, which analyze different variables, such as medical and laboratory outputs, to optimize medical research and improve public health systems. The early detection of emerging and reemerging pathogens is a matter of importance to prevent future pandemics. Key Messages: The perception of influenza as a "trivial flu" or a more serious public health concern is a subject of ongoing debate, reflecting the multifaceted nature of this infectious disease. The variability in the severity of influenza sheds light on the unpredictability of the viral characteristics, coupled with the challenges in accurately predicting circulating strains. This adds complexity to the public health burden of influenza and highlights the need for targeted interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This multicentric prospective study was carried out at Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio Medico and Ospedale di Stato of St. Marino Republic. Between 1 January 2019, and 31 December 2022, all pre- and post-menopausal women diagnosed with recurrent, post-coital, and interstitial cystitis at both centers were included in the study. The main aim of the study was to assess the effectiveness of vaginal CO2 laser treatment, alone or combined with intravesical hyaluronic acid instillations, in managing cystitis symptoms, such as dysuria, pollakiuria, and urgency, across the entire patient cohort. The secondary objective was to investigate the reduction in number of annual cystitis episodes post-treatment. Methods: Each woman underwent three to four sessions of micro-ablative CO2 vaginal laser treatment. A follow-up examination was conducted 12 months after the final laser session (up to December 2023), during which a post-treatment VAS assessment evaluated dysuria, daily pollakiuria, and urgency. The enrolled patients recorded the number of cystitis episodes experienced during the 12-month pre- and post-treatment period. Results: Results indicated the laser's efficacy in reducing the total number of cystitis episodes per year and an improvement in symptoms up to one year post-treatment. Greater efficacy of the CO2 laser treatment, particularly when combined with intravesical hyaluronic acid instillation, was observed in both pre- and post- menopausal women. Conclusions: Fractional CO2 laser therapy represents a safe and efficacious, non-hormonal approach for pre- and post-menopausal women diagnosed with recurrent, post-coital, and interstitial cystitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]