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1. Optical imaging and spectroscopy for the study of the human brain: status report

Author

Ayaz, Hasan, Baker, Wesley B, Blaney, Giles, Boas, David A, Bortfeld, Heather, Brady, Kenneth, Brake, Joshua, Brigadoi, Sabrina, Buckley, Erin M, Carp, Stefan A, Cooper, Robert J, Cowdrick, Kyle R, Culver, Joseph P, Dan, Ippeita, Dehghani, Hamid, Devor, Anna, Durduran, Turgut, Eggebrecht, Adam T, Emberson, Lauren L, Fang, Qianqian, Fantini, Sergio, Franceschini, Maria Angela, Fischer, Jonas B, Gervain, Judit, Hirsch, Joy, Hong, Keum-Shik, Horstmeyer, Roarke, Kainerstorfer, Jana M, Ko, Tiffany S, Licht, Daniel J, Liebert, Adam, Luke, Robert, Lynch, Jennifer M, Mesquida, Jaume, Mesquita, Rickson C, Naseer, Noman, Novi, Sergio L, Orihuela-Espina, Felipe, O’Sullivan, Thomas D, Peterka, Darcy S, Pifferi, Antonio, Pollonini, Luca, Sassaroli, Angelo, Sato, João Ricardo, Scholkmann, Felix, Spinelli, Lorenzo, Srinivasan, Vivek J, St. Lawrence, Keith, Tachtsidis, Ilias, Tong, Yunjie, Torricelli, Alessandro, Urner, Tara, Wabnitz, Heidrun, Wolf, Martin, Wolf, Ursula, Xu, Shiqi, Yang, Changhuei, Yodh, Arjun G, Yücel, Meryem A, and Zhou, Wenjun

Subjects
Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Imaging, Bioengineering, Neurosciences, Neurological, Mental health, diffuse optics, optical spectroscopy, optical imaging, functional neuroscience, NIRS, DCS, Medical Biotechnology, Biomedical engineering
Abstract

This report is the second part of a comprehensive two-part series aimed at reviewing an extensive and diverse toolkit of novel methods to explore brain health and function. While the first report focused on neurophotonic tools mostly applicable to animal studies, here, we highlight optical spectroscopy and imaging methods relevant to noninvasive human brain studies. We outline current state-of-the-art technologies and software advances, explore the most recent impact of these technologies on neuroscience and clinical applications, identify the areas where innovation is needed, and provide an outlook for the future directions.

Published
2022

2. Roadmap on Wavefront Shaping and deep imaging in complex media

Author

Gigan, Sylvain, Katz, Ori, de Aguiar, Hilton B., Andresen, Esben Ravn, Aubry, Alexandre, Bertolotti, Jacopo, Bossy, Emmanuel, Bouchet, Dorian, Brake, Joshua, Brasselet, Sophie, Bromberg, Yaron, Cao, Hui, Chaigne, Thomas, Cheng, Zhongtao, Choi, Wonshik, Čižmár, Tomáš, Cui, Meng, Curtis, Vincent R, Defienne, Hugo, Hofer, Matthias, Horisaki, Ryoichi, Horstmeyer, Roarke, Ji, Na, LaViolette, Aaron K., Mertz, Jerome, Moser, Christophe, Mosk, Allard P., Pégard, Nicolas C., Piestun, Rafael, Popoff, Sebastien, Phillips, David B., Psaltis, Demetri, Rahmani, Babak, Rigneault, Hervé, Rotter, Stefan, Tian, Lei, Vellekoop, Ivo M., Waller, Laura, Wang, Lihong, Weber, Timothy, Xiao, Sheng, Xu, Chris, Yamilov, Alexey, Yang, Changhuei, and Yılmaz, Hasan

Subjects
Physics - Optics, Physics - Biological Physics
Abstract

The last decade has seen the development of a wide set of tools, such as wavefront shaping, computational or fundamental methods, that allow to understand and control light propagation in a complex medium, such as biological tissues or multimode fibers. A vibrant and diverse community is now working on this field, that has revolutionized the prospect of diffraction-limited imaging at depth in tissues. This roadmap highlights several key aspects of this fast developing field, and some of the challenges and opportunities ahead., Comment: submitted to J.Phys Photonics (IOP), 116 pages, 23 sections

Published
2021
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3. Neurophotonic tools for microscopic measurements and manipulation: status report

Author

Abdelfattah, Ahmed S, Ahuja, Sapna, Akkin, Taner, Allu, Srinivasa Rao, Brake, Joshua, Boas, David A, Buckley, Erin M, Campbell, Robert E, Chen, Anderson I, Cheng, Xiaojun, Čižmár, Tomáš, Costantini, Irene, De Vittorio, Massimo, Devor, Anna, Doran, Patrick R, Khatib, Mirna El, Emiliani, Valentina, Fomin-Thunemann, Natalie, Fainman, Yeshaiahu, Fernandez-Alfonso, Tomas, Ferri, Christopher GL, Gilad, Ariel, Han, Xue, Harris, Andrew, Hillman, Elizabeth MC, Hochgeschwender, Ute, Holt, Matthew G, Ji, Na, Kılıç, Kıvılcım, Lake, Evelyn MR, Li, Lei, Li, Tianqi, Mächler, Philipp, Miller, Evan W, Mesquita, Rickson C, Nadella, KM Naga Srinivas, Nägerl, U Valentin, Nasu, Yusuke, Nimmerjahn, Axel, Ondráčková, Petra, Pavone, Francesco S, Campos, Citlali Perez, Peterka, Darcy S, Pisano, Filippo, Pisanello, Ferruccio, Puppo, Francesca, Sabatini, Bernardo L, Sadegh, Sanaz, Sakadzic, Sava, Shoham, Shy, Shroff, Sanaya N, Silver, R Angus, Sims, Ruth R, Smith, Spencer L, Srinivasan, Vivek J, Thunemann, Martin, Tian, Lei, Tian, Lin, Troxler, Thomas, Valera, Antoine, Vaziri, Alipasha, Vinogradov, Sergei A, Vitale, Flavia, Wang, Lihong V, Uhlířová, Hana, Xu, Chris, Yang, Changhuei, Yang, Mu-Han, Yellen, Gary, Yizhar, Ofer, and Zhao, Yongxin

Subjects
Engineering, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Neurosciences, Biomedical Engineering, 1.1 Normal biological development and functioning, Underpinning research, Neurological, optical imaging, molecular sensors, optogenetics, fluorescence, label free, blood flow, multimodal, Medical Biotechnology, Biomedical engineering
Abstract

Neurophotonics was launched in 2014 coinciding with the launch of the BRAIN Initiative focused on development of technologies for advancement of neuroscience. For the last seven years, Neurophotonics' agenda has been well aligned with this focus on neurotechnologies featuring new optical methods and tools applicable to brain studies. While the BRAIN Initiative 2.0 is pivoting towards applications of these novel tools in the quest to understand the brain, this status report reviews an extensive and diverse toolkit of novel methods to explore brain function that have emerged from the BRAIN Initiative and related large-scale efforts for measurement and manipulation of brain structure and function. Here, we focus on neurophotonic tools mostly applicable to animal studies. A companion report, scheduled to appear later this year, will cover diffuse optical imaging methods applicable to noninvasive human studies. For each domain, we outline the current state-of-the-art of the respective technologies, identify the areas where innovation is needed, and provide an outlook for the future directions.

Published
2022

4. Complex wavefront engineering with disorder-engineered metasurfaces

Author

Jang, Mooseok, Horie, Yu, Shibukawa, Atsushi, Brake, Joshua, Liu, Yan, Kamali, Seyedeh Mahsa, Arbabi, Amir, Ruan, Haowen, Faraon, Andrei, and Yang, Changhuei

Subjects
Physics - Optics
Abstract

Recently, complex wavefront engineering with disordered media has demonstrated optical manipulation capabilities beyond those of conventional optics. These capabilities include extended volume, aberration-free focusing and subwavelength focusing via evanescent mode coupling. However, translating these capabilities to useful applications has remained challenging as the input-output characteristics of the disordered media ($P$ variables) need to be exhaustively determined via $O(P)$ measurements. Here, we propose a paradigm shift where the disorder is specifically designed so that its exact characteristics are known, resulting in an a priori determined transmission matrix that can be utilized with only a few alignment steps. We implement this concept with a disorder-engineered metasurface, which exhibits additional unique features for complex wavefront engineering such as an unprecedented optical memory effect range, excellent stability, and a tailorable angular scattering profile.

Published
2017
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5. Multifunction fluorescence open source in vivo/in vitro imaging system (openIVIS)

Author

Branning, John M., primary, Faughnan, Kealy A., additional, Tomson, Austin A., additional, Bell, Grant J., additional, Isbell, Sydney M., additional, DeGroot, Allen, additional, Jameson, Lydia, additional, Kilroy, Kramer, additional, Smith, Michael, additional, Smith, Robert, additional, Mottel, Landon, additional, Branning, Elizabeth G., additional, Worrall, Zoe, additional, Anderson, Frances, additional, Panditaradyula, Ashrit, additional, Yang, William, additional, Abdelmalek, Joseph, additional, Brake, Joshua, additional, and Cash, Kevin J., additional

Published
2024
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6. Glare suppression by coherence gated negation

Author

Zhou, Edward Haojiang, Shibukawa, Atsushi, Brake, Joshua, Ruan, Haowen, and Yang, Changhuei

Subjects
Physics - Optics
Abstract

Imaging of a weak target hidden behind a scattering medium can be significantly confounded by glare. We report a method, termed coherence gated negation (CGN), that uses destructive optical interference to suppress glare and allow improved imaging of a weak target. As a demonstration, we show that by permuting through a set range of amplitude and phase values for a reference beam interfering with the optical field from the glare and target reflection, we can suppress glare by an order of magnitude, even when the optical wavefront is highly disordered. This strategy significantly departs from conventional coherence gating methods in that CGN actively 'gates out' the unwanted optical contributions while conventional methods 'gate in' the target optical signal. We further show that the CGN method can outperform conventional coherence gating image quality in certain scenarios by more effectively rejecting unwanted optical contributions., Comment: main article (14 pages) and appendices (3 pages)

Published
2016

7. Multifunction Fluorescence Open-Source In Vivo/In Vitro Imaging System (openIVIS)

Author

Branning, John M, primary, Faughnan, Kealy A, additional, Tomson, Austin A, additional, Bell, Grant J, additional, Isbell, Sydney M, additional, DeGroot, Allen, additional, Jameson, Lydia, additional, Kilroy, Kramer, additional, Smith, Michael, additional, Smith, Robert, additional, Mottel, Landon, additional, Branning, Elizabeth G, additional, Warrall, Zoe, additional, Anderson, Frances, additional, Panditaradyula, Ashrit, additional, Yang, William, additional, Abdelmalek, Joseph, additional, Brake, Joshua, additional, and Cash, Kevin J, additional

Published
2023
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9. Roadmap on wavefront shaping and deep imaging in complex media

Author

Gigan, Sylvain, Katz, Ori, De Aguiar, Hilton B., Andresen, Esben Ravn, Aubry, Alexandre, Bertolotti, Jacopo, Bossy, Emmanuel, Bouchet, Dorian, Brake, Joshua, Brasselet, Sophie, Bromberg, Yaron, Cao, Hui, Chaigne, Thomas, Cheng, Zhongtao, Choi, Wonshik, Čižmár, Tomáš, Cui, Meng, Curtis, Vincent R., Defienne, Hugo, Hofer, Matthias, Horisaki, Ryoichi, Horstmeyer, Roarke, Ji, Na, LaViolette, Aaron K., Mertz, Jerome, Moser, Christophe, Mosk, Allard P., Pégard, Nicolas C., Piestun, Rafael, Popoff, Sebastien, Phillips, David B., Psaltis, Demetri, Rahmani, Babak, Rigneault, Hervé, Rotter, Stefan, Tian, Lei, Vellekoop, Ivo M., Waller, Laura, Wang, Lihong, Weber, Timothy, Xiao, Sheng, Xu, Chris, Yamilov, Alexey, Yang, Changhuei, Yılmaz, Hasan, Afd Nanophotonics, Sub Nanophotonics, Nanophotonics, Laboratoire Kastler Brossel (LKB (Jussieu)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HUJ), Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers, Atomes et Molécules - UMR 8523 (PhLAM), Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Langevin - Ondes et Images (UMR7587) (IL), Ecole Superieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de la Ville de Paris (ESPCI Paris), School of Physics and Astronomy [Exeter], University of Exeter, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Physique [Saint Martin d’Hères] (LIPhy ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Harvey Mudd College, Institut FRESNEL (FRESNEL), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-École Centrale de Marseille (ECM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Boston University [Boston] (BU), Cornell University [New York], Missouri University of Science and Technology (Missouri S&T), University of Missouri System, Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA, Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, National Nanotechnology Research Center (UNAM), Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey, Laboratoire Kastler Brossel (LKB (Lhomond)), Fédération de recherche du Département de physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure - ENS Paris (FRDPENS), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Yale University [New Haven], California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Korea University [Seoul], Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Leibniz Association, Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Purdue University [West Lafayette], University of North Carolina [Chapel Hill] (UNC), University of North Carolina System (UNC), SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy [Glasgow], University of Glasgow, The University of Tokyo (UTokyo), Duke University [Durham], University of California [Berkeley] (UC Berkeley), University of California (UC), Department of Biomedical Engineering [Boston], Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Utrecht University [Utrecht], University of Colorado [Boulder], Vienna University of Technology (TU Wien), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering [Boston University] (ECE), University of Twente, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences (Berkeley EECS), Institute of Material Science and Nanotechnology and National Nanotechnology Research Center [Bilkent university] (UNAM), Bilkent University [Ankara], Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Centrale de Marseille (ECM)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU), University of California [Berkeley], University of California, University of Twente [Netherlands], Yılmaz, Hasan, Afd Nanophotonics, Sub Nanophotonics, and Nanophotonics

Subjects
lensless endoscope, ComputingMethodologies_IMAGEPROCESSINGANDCOMPUTERVISION, speckle-correlation, FOS: Physical sciences, real-time, wavefront shaping, Imaging, multimode fibers, adaptive optics, Scattering, Atomic and Molecular Physics, Electronic, Physics - Biological Physics, Optical and Magnetic Materials, mesoscopic physics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, focusing light, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Microscopy, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-OPTICS]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Optics [physics.optics], scattering, imaging, phase-conjugation, Multimode fibers, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Biological Physics (physics.bio-ph), thick tissue, Mesoscopic physics, field-of-view, Wavefront shaping, microscopy, learning approach, and Optics, Adaptive optics, scattering media, Optics (physics.optics), Physics - Optics
Abstract

The last decade has seen the development of a wide set of tools, such as wavefront shaping, computational or fundamental methods, that allow to understand and control light propagation in a complex medium, such as biological tissues or multimode fibers. A vibrant and diverse community is now working on this field, that has revolutionized the prospect of diffraction-limited imaging at depth in tissues. This roadmap highlights several key aspects of this fast developing field, and some of the challenges and opportunities ahead., submitted to J.Phys Photonics (IOP), 116 pages, 23 sections

Published
2022

11. Roadmap on wavefront shaping and deep imaging in complex media

Author

Afd Nanophotonics, Sub Nanophotonics, Nanophotonics, Gigan, Sylvain, Katz, Ori, De Aguiar, Hilton B., Andresen, Esben Ravn, Aubry, Alexandre, Bertolotti, Jacopo, Bossy, Emmanuel, Bouchet, Dorian, Brake, Joshua, Brasselet, Sophie, Bromberg, Yaron, Cao, Hui, Chaigne, Thomas, Cheng, Zhongtao, Choi, Wonshik, Čižmár, Tomáš, Cui, Meng, Curtis, Vincent R., Defienne, Hugo, Hofer, Matthias, Horisaki, Ryoichi, Horstmeyer, Roarke, Ji, Na, LaViolette, Aaron K., Mertz, Jerome, Moser, Christophe, Mosk, Allard P., Pégard, Nicolas C., Piestun, Rafael, Popoff, Sebastien, Phillips, David B., Psaltis, Demetri, Rahmani, Babak, Rigneault, Hervé, Rotter, Stefan, Tian, Lei, Vellekoop, Ivo M., Waller, Laura, Wang, Lihong, Weber, Timothy, Xiao, Sheng, Xu, Chris, Yamilov, Alexey, Yang, Changhuei, Yılmaz, Hasan, Afd Nanophotonics, Sub Nanophotonics, Nanophotonics, Gigan, Sylvain, Katz, Ori, De Aguiar, Hilton B., Andresen, Esben Ravn, Aubry, Alexandre, Bertolotti, Jacopo, Bossy, Emmanuel, Bouchet, Dorian, Brake, Joshua, Brasselet, Sophie, Bromberg, Yaron, Cao, Hui, Chaigne, Thomas, Cheng, Zhongtao, Choi, Wonshik, Čižmár, Tomáš, Cui, Meng, Curtis, Vincent R., Defienne, Hugo, Hofer, Matthias, Horisaki, Ryoichi, Horstmeyer, Roarke, Ji, Na, LaViolette, Aaron K., Mertz, Jerome, Moser, Christophe, Mosk, Allard P., Pégard, Nicolas C., Piestun, Rafael, Popoff, Sebastien, Phillips, David B., Psaltis, Demetri, Rahmani, Babak, Rigneault, Hervé, Rotter, Stefan, Tian, Lei, Vellekoop, Ivo M., Waller, Laura, Wang, Lihong, Weber, Timothy, Xiao, Sheng, Xu, Chris, Yamilov, Alexey, Yang, Changhuei, and Yılmaz, Hasan

Published
2022

13. Seeing Through the Fog: Using Scattered Light to Peer Deeper into Biological Tissue

Author

Brake, Joshua Harris, Brake, Joshua Harris, Brake, Joshua Harris, and Brake, Joshua Harris

Abstract

Optical scattering is a fundamental problem in biomedical optics and limits most optical techniques to shallow operating depths less than 1 millimeter. However, although the scattering behavior of tissue scrambles the information it contains, it does not destroy it. Therefore, if you can unscramble the scattered light, it increases the accessible imaging depths up the absorption limit of light (several centimeters deep). One such way to beat optical scattering is using wavefront shaping. Borrowing ideas from adaptive optics in astronomy and phased arrays in radar and ultrasonic imaging, the basic concept of wavefront shaping is to control the phase and amplitude of the light field in order to harness scattered light. Using wavefront shaping techniques, scattered light can be used to form focal spots or transmit information through or inside optically scattering media. Furthermore, even without correcting for scattering directly by shaping the input light field, the properties of the scattered light can be analyzed to recover information about the structure and dynamic properties of a sample using methods from diffuse optics. The main contributions of this thesis are along these two lines of research: moving wavefront shaping toward more practical applications and developing new techniques to recover useful physiological information from scattered light. This is developed through three main projects: (1) an investigation of how dynamic samples impact the scattering process and the practical implications of these dynamics on wavefront shaping systems, (2) the development of a wavefront shaping system combining light and ultrasound to focus light inside acute brain slices to improve light delivery for optogenetics, (3) a novel method to sensitively detect the dynamics of scattered light and use it to tease out information about the flow of blood within the tissue sample of interest.

Published
2019

18. 3081181.pdf

Author

Ruan, Haowen, Haber, Tom, Liu, Yan, Brake, Joshua, Kim, Jinho, Berlin, Jacob, and Yang, Changhuei

Abstract

Supplement_revision

Published
2017
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21. Magnetic guidestar assisted light focusing through scattering media

Author

Bifano, Thomas G., Kubby, Joel, Gigan, Sylvain, Ruan, Haowen, Brake, Joshua, Jang, Mooseok, Yang, Changhuei, Bifano, Thomas G., Kubby, Joel, Gigan, Sylvain, Ruan, Haowen, Brake, Joshua, Jang, Mooseok, and Yang, Changhuei

Abstract

Optical scattering of biological tissue limits the working depth of conventional biomedical optics, which relies on the detection of ballistic photons. Recent developed optical phase conjugation (OPC) technique breaks through this depth limit by harnessing the scattered photons and shaping an optical wavefront that can “undo” the optical scattering. The OPC system measures the complex light field exiting the tissue and reconstructs a phase conjugated copy of the measured wavefront, which propagates in the reversed direction to the source of the light. To focus light inside a scattering medium, an embedded light source or “guidestar” is often required. Therefore, developing guidestar mechanisms plays an important role in advancing the OPC technique for deep tissue optical focusing and imaging. In addition to having strong optical modulation efficiency and compact size, a favorable guidestar for biomedical applications should also have good biocompatibility, fast response time, and be noninvasive or require only minimally invasive procedure. While a number of guidestar mechanisms have been developed and showed promising for various biomedical applications, they all have their own limitations. We have been developing new guidestars and tailoring them to meet the need for biomedical imaging and therapies. We are going to present our recent progress in novel guidestar development, compare them with established guidestar mechanisms, and discuss their potential in biomedical applications.

Published
2017

26. The relationship between decorrelation time and sample thickness in acute rat brain tissue slices (Conference Presentation)

Author

Tuchin, Valery V., Larin, Kirill V., Leahy, Martin J., Wang, Ruikang K., Brake, Joshua, Jang, Mooseok, Yang, Changhuei, Tuchin, Valery V., Larin, Kirill V., Leahy, Martin J., Wang, Ruikang K., Brake, Joshua, Jang, Mooseok, and Yang, Changhuei

Abstract

The optical opacity of biological tissue has long been a challenge in biomedical optics due to the strong scattering nature of tissue in the optical regime. While most conventional optical techniques attempt to gate out multiply scattered light and use only unscattered light, new approaches in the field of wavefront shaping exploit the time reversible symmetry of optical scattering in order to focus light inside or through scattering media. While these approaches have been demonstrated effectively on static samples, it has proven difficult to apply them to dynamic biological samples since even small changes in the relative positions of the scatterers within will cause the time symmetry that wavefront shaping relies upon to decorrelate. In this paper we investigate the decorrelation curves of acute rat brain slices for thicknesses in the range 1-3 mm (1/e decorrelation time on the order of seconds) using multi-speckle diffusing wave spectroscopy (MSDWS) and compare the results with theoretical predictions. The results of this study demonstrate that the 1/L^2 relationship between decorrelation time and thickness predicted by diffusing wave spectroscopy provides a good rule of thumb for estimating how the decorrelation of a sample will change with increasing thickness. Understanding this relationship will provide insight to guide the future development of biophotonic wavefront shaping tools by giving an estimate of how fast wavefront shaping systems need to operate to overcome the dynamic nature of biological samples.

Published
2016

30. Refractive index measurement using an optical cavity based biosensor with a differential detection

Author

Coté, Gerard L., Cho, SaiHim, Brake, Joshua H., Joy, Cody, Kim, Seunghyun, Coté, Gerard L., Cho, SaiHim, Brake, Joshua H., Joy, Cody, and Kim, Seunghyun

Abstract

We proposed a low cost optical cavity based biosensor with a differential detection for point-of-care diagnosis. Two lasers at different wavelengths are used for the differential detection. This method enhances the sensitivity through higher responsivity and noise cancelation. To reduce noise further, especially due to the unstable low cost laser diode output, we employed a referencing method in which a reference pixel value in each CMOS image frame is subtracted from all other pixels. To validate the designed structure and demonstrate the sensitivity of it, we perform refractive index measurements of fluids with our design. In this presentation, we will discuss our design, simulation results, and measurement results.

Published
2015

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