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2. Cold Atoms in Space: Community Workshop Summary and Proposed Road-Map

Author

Alonso, Ivan, Alpigiani, Cristiano, Altschul, Brett, Araujo, Henrique, Arduini, Gianluigi, Arlt, Jan, Badurina, Leonardo, Balaz, Antun, Bandarupally, Satvika, Barone, Barry C Barish Michele, Barsanti, Michele, Bass, Steven, Bassi, Angelo, Battelier, Baptiste, Baynham, Charles F. A., Beaufils, Quentin, Belic, Aleksandar, Berge, Joel, Bernabeu, Jose, Bertoldi, Andrea, Bingham, Robert, Bize, Sebastien, Blas, Diego, Bongs, Kai, Bouyer, Philippe, Braitenberg, Carla, Brand, Christian, Braxmaier, Claus, Bresson, Alexandre, Buchmueller, Oliver, Budker, Dmitry, Bugalho, Luıs, Burdin, Sergey, Callegari, Luigi Cacciapuoti Simone, Calmet, Xavier, Calonico, Davide, Canuel, Benjamin, Caramete, Laurentiu-Ioan, Carraz, Olivier, Cassettari, Donatella, Chakraborty, Pratik, Chattopadhyay, Swapan, Chauhan, Upasna, Chen, Xuzong, Chen, Yu-Ao, Chiofalo, Maria Luisa, Coleman, Jonathon, Corgier, Robin, Cotter, J. P., Cruise, A. Michael, Cui, Yanou, Davies, Gavin, De Roeck, Albert, Demarteau, Marcel, Derevianko, Andrei, Di Clemente, Marco, Djordjevic, Goran S., Donadi, Sandro, Dore, Olivier, Dornan, Peter, Doser, Michael, Drougakis, Giannis, Dunningham, Jacob, Easo, Sajan, Eby, Joshua, Elertas, Gedminas, Ellis, John, Evans, David, Examilioti, Pandora, Fadeev, Pavel, Fanı, Mattia, Fassi, Farida, Fattori, Marco, Fedderke, Michael A., Felea, Daniel, Feng, Chen-Hao, Ferreras, Jorge, Flack, Robert, Flambaum, Victor V., Forsberg, Rene, Fromhold, Mark, Gaaloul, Naceur, Garraway, Barry M., Georgousi, Maria, Geraci, Andrew, Gibble, Kurt, Gibson, Valerie, Gill, Patrick, Giudice, Gian F., Goldwin, Jon, Gould, Oliver, Grachov, Oleg, Graham, Peter W., Grasso, Dario, Griffin, Paul F., Guerlin, Christine, Gundogan, Mustafa, Gupta, Ratnesh K, Haehnelt, Martin, Hanımeli, Ekim T., Hawkins, Leonie, Hees, Aurelien, Henderson, Victoria A., Herr, Waldemar, Herrmann, Sven, Hird, Thomas, Hobson, Richard, Hock, Vincent, Hogan, Jason M., Holst, Bodil, Holynski, Michael, Israelsson, Ulf, Jeglic, Peter, Jetzer, Philippe, Juzeliunas, Gediminas, Kaltenbaek, Rainer, Kamenik, Jernej F., Kehagias, Alex, Kirova, Teodora, Kiss-Toth, Marton, Koke, Sebastian, Kolkowitz, Shimon, Kornakov, Georgy, Kovachy, Tim, Krutzik, Markus, Kumar, Mukesh, Kumar, Pradeep, Lammerzahl, Claus, Landsberg, Greg, Poncin-Lafitte, Christophe Le, Leibrandt, David R., Leveque, Thomas, Lewicki, Marek, Li, Rui, Lipniacka, Anna, Liu, Christian Lisdat Mia, Lopez-Gonzalez, J. L., Loriani, Sina, Louko, Jorma, Luciano, Giuseppe Gaetano, Lundblad, Nathan, Maddox, Steve, Mahmoud, M. A., Maleknejad, Azadeh, March-Russell, John, Massonnet, Didier, McCabe, Christopher, Meister, Matthias, Meznarsic, Tadej, Micalizio, Salvatore, Migliaccio, Federica, Millington, Peter, Milosevic, Milan, Mitchell, Jeremiah, Morley, Gavin W., Muller, Jurgen, Murphy, Eamonn, Mustecaplıoglu, Ozgur E., OShea, Val, Oi, Daniel K. L., Olson, Judith, Pal, Debapriya, Papazoglou, Dimitris G., Pasatembou, Elizabeth, Paternostro, Mauro, Pawlowski, Krzysztof, Pelucchi, Emanuele, Santos, Franck Pereira dos, Peters, Achim, Pikovski, Igor, Pilaftsis, Apostolos, Pinto, Alexandra, Prevedelli, Marco, Puthiya-Veettil, Vishnupriya, Quenby, John, Rafelski, Johann, Rasel, Ernst M., Ravensbergen, Cornelis, Reguzzoni, Mirko, Richaud, Andrea, Riou, Isabelle, Rothacher, Markus, Roura, Albert, Ruschhaupt, Andreas, Sabulsky, Dylan O., Safronova, Marianna, Saltas, Ippocratis D., Salvi, Leonardo, Sameed, Muhammed, Saurabh, Pandey, Schaffer, Stefan, Schiller, Stephan, Schilling, Manuel, Schkolnik, Vladimir, Schlippert, Dennis, Schmidt, Piet O., Schnatz, Harald, Schneider, Jean, Schneider, Ulrich, Schreck, Florian, Schubert, Christian, Shayeghi, Armin, Sherrill, Nathaniel, Shipsey, Ian, Signorini, Carla, Singh, Rajeev, Singh, Yeshpal, Skordis, Constantinos, Smerzi, Augusto, Sopuerta, Carlos F., Sorrentino, Fiodor, Sphicas, Paraskevas, Stadnik, Yevgeny V., Stefanescu, Petruta, Tarallo, Marco G., Tentindo, Silvia, Tino, Guglielmo M., Tinsley, Jonathan N., Tornatore, Vincenza, Treutlein, Philipp, Trombettoni, Andrea, Tsai, Yu-Dai, Tuckey, Philip, Uchida, Melissa A, Valenzuela, Tristan, Bossche, Mathias Van Den, Vaskonen, Ville, Verma, Gunjan, Vetrano, Flavio, Vogt, Christian, von Klitzing, Wolf, Waller, Pierre, Walser, Reinhold, Williams, Eric Wille Jason, Windpassinger, Patrick, Wittrock, Ulric, Wolf, Peter, Woltmann, Marian, Worner, Lisa, Xuereb, Andre, Yahia, Mohamed, Yazgan, Efe, Yu, Nan, Zahzam, Nassim, Cruzeiro, Emmanuel Zambrini, Zhan, Mingsheng, Zou, Xinhao, Zupan, Jure, and Zupanic, Erik

Subjects
Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, High Energy Physics - Experiment, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, Physics - Atomic Physics
Abstract

We summarize the discussions at a virtual Community Workshop on Cold Atoms in Space concerning the status of cold atom technologies, the prospective scientific and societal opportunities offered by their deployment in space, and the developments needed before cold atoms could be operated in space. The cold atom technologies discussed include atomic clocks, quantum gravimeters and accelerometers, and atom interferometers. Prospective applications include metrology, geodesy and measurement of terrestrial mass change due to, e.g., climate change, and fundamental science experiments such as tests of the equivalence principle, searches for dark matter, measurements of gravitational waves and tests of quantum mechanics. We review the current status of cold atom technologies and outline the requirements for their space qualification, including the development paths and the corresponding technical milestones, and identifying possible pathfinder missions to pave the way for missions to exploit the full potential of cold atoms in space. Finally, we present a first draft of a possible road-map for achieving these goals, that we propose for discussion by the interested cold atom, Earth Observation, fundamental physics and other prospective scientific user communities, together with ESA and national space and research funding agencies., Comment: Summary of the Community Workshop on Cold Atoms in Space and corresponding Road-map: https://indico.cern.ch/event/1064855/

Published
2022
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13. Monitoring the Hunga Volcano (Kingdom of Tonga) starting from the unrests of 2014/2015 to the 2021/2022 explosion with the Sentinel 1-2 and Landsat 8-9 satellites.

Author

Braitenberg, Carla, Spinetti, Claudia, and Ciancia, Emanuele

Subjects
LANDSAT satellites, SYNTHETIC aperture radar, VOLCANOES, MULTISPECTRAL imaging, EXPLOSIONS, REMOTE sensing, VOLCANIC eruptions
Abstract

This study explores the dynamic evolution of the Hunga Volcano in the Kingdom of Tonga and covers two volcanic unrests, focusing on the creation and subsequent disappearance of a new island between Hunga Tonga (HT) and Hunga Ha'apai (HH) between 2013 and 2023. The island expanded in 2015 and vanished in January 2022 due to a massive eruption (VEI = 6), featuring a 57 km high volcanic cloud and generating multiple tsunamis that caused damage across the Pacific Ocean. Utilizing remote sensing techniques, including multispectral imaging from Sentinel 2, Landsat 8-9, and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging from Sentinel 1, the research employs a supervised random forest classification algorithm to individuate the changing subaerial surface area of the volcano. This approach documents size variations in the islands, particularly during weeks surrounding two volcanic unrests. The classifier, trained on nearly cloud-free multispectral images, automatically delineates surface area changes over the years. The temporal resolution of area change, limited to images with less than 5% cloudiness, encompasses about 50% of Landsat and 20% of Sentinel 2 images between 2013 and 2023, selected from 739 available images. The multispectral observations are complemented by 215 Sentinel 1 SAR images, penetrating clouds, though with limited bands. Despite higher noise, the classifier on Sentinel 1 successfully distinguishes land from ocean. Sentinel 1 observations, starting in 2014, cover the volcano unrest of 2014/2015. Earth Engine, a cloud computing data facility, is used for processing. Analysis indicates a slight decrease in the area change post-2015 island formation and identifies the disappearance of the island bridge connecting HT and HH, along with two smaller islands south of HT and HH in 2022. The 2022 explosion is preceded by an increase in island area in the weeks before the eruption. Global satellite coverage could automatically detect changes in oceanic areas and distinguish water from new volcanic islands, offering a means of identifying volcanic unrests and documenting their evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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24. The Peru-Chile Margin from Global Gravity Field Derivatives

Author

Álvarez, Orlando, Giménez, Mario, Klinger, Federico Lince, Folguera, Andrés, Braitenberg, Carla, Blondel, Philippe, Series Editor, Guilyardi, Eric, Series Editor, Rabassa, Jorge, Series Editor, Horwood, Clive, Series Editor, Folguera, Andrés, editor, Contreras-Reyes, Eduardo, editor, Heredia, Nemesio, editor, Encinas, Alfonso, editor, B. Iannelli, Sofía, editor, Oliveros, Verónica, editor, M. Dávila, Federico, editor, Collo, Gilda, editor, Giambiagi, Laura, editor, Maksymowicz, Andrei, editor, Iglesia Llanos, María Paula, editor, Turienzo, Martín, editor, Naipauer, Maximiliano, editor, Orts, Darío, editor, D. Litvak, Vanesa, editor, Alvarez, Orlando, editor, and Arriagada, César, editor

Published
2018
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41. Density modeling and elastic parameters calculation in Iran with focus on the Lut Block zone (Eastern Iran)

Author

Maurizio, Gerardo, Braitenberg, Carla, Sampietro, Daniele, and Capponi, Martina

Abstract

We propose a new density model in Iran, with a particular focus on the Lut Block zone, in eastern Iran, through inversion of the gravity field starting from a high-resolution seismic tomography model (Kaviani et al, 2020). The density and seismic velocity model allow us to obtain rheological parameters, as shear modulus, and the physical state, like pressure and pressure gradient. We realize a first density model, using known velocity-density relations for crust and mantle (Brocher et al., 2005; Connolly, 2005) optimized with the gravity data. Then we calculate the final 3D density model from constrained inversion of the gravity field with a Bayesian approach. The density model, together with velocities from tomography, allows to calculate principal elastic parameters, using empirical relations (Telford et al., 1976). The area analyzed is tectonically active and presents numerous right-lateral strike-slip faults, that cause the slipping of the East-Iran and the Lut blocks. We observe a high-density crustal anomaly, beginning in an upper crust zone and increasing in density as it descends to the mantle. This is located in an area in the center of the Lut Block, around which we know a part of the East-Iran Block, the Birjand block, is rotating. We analyze the zone in terms of physical parameters, searching for a relation between the density anomaly and the rotation of the Birjand block around it., The 28th IUGG General Assembly (IUGG2023) (Berlin 2023)

Published
2023

42. The role of inheritance and kinematics in shaping the West Antarctica Rift System (WARS): A parametric study

Author

Pastorutti, Alberto, Tesauro, Magdala, Braitenberg, Carla, Colleoni, Florence, De Santis, Laura, and Busetti, Martina

Abstract

Extensional tectonics in continental settings usually results in lithospheric stretching of narrow (e.g. Upper Rhine Graben), as well as wide regions (e.g. Basin and Range). Some rift systems bear evidence of a transition between the two styles: the West Antarctica Rift System (WARS) have likely progressed from diffuse to focused rifting (Cretaceous - Middle Neogene). The system currently covers a length of 1000 km, at the boundary between East and West Antarctica and is composed of four main basins (Victoria Land Basin, Central Trough, Northern Basin and Eastern Basin). The deformation pattern and available geological reconstructions suggest that, at least for some part of the rifting, the extension occurred concurrently in multiple sections.Inheritance of prior structural, thermal, and rheological heterogeneities is likely a controlling factor in this evolution [1]. Consequently, with the goal of identifying the most likely initial conditions, we designed a series of 2-D numerical models, analysing the effect of variations in the temperature field, rheology, accumulated strain, distribution of extensional pulses on the basins’ geometry. To this aim, we used the open source Underworld2 [2] and BGR-02 and ACRUP2 profiles [3], as 2-D analogue of the WARS structures in the Southern Ross Sea.The results show that the models most consistent with the observations are those that include inherited weakness zones at the cratonic boundary. Early onset of focused extension often occurs, with high sensitivity to the pattern of inherited weakening.[1] Perron et al. (2021). DOI:10.1051/bsgf/2020038[2] Mansour et al. (2020). DOI:10.21105/joss.01797[3] Trey et al. (1999). DOI:10.1016/S0040-1951(98)00155-3, The 28th IUGG General Assembly (IUGG2023) (Berlin 2023)

Published
2023

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