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The study aimed to identify the level of Meta Cognition thinking and its relationship to dominant patterns of brain dominance among Jordanian university students, and to identify if there were differences in the level of Meta Cognition thinking and brain dominance patterns attributed to variables of gender and college. The study sample consisted male and female students at the academic year 2020/2021, and this sample was taken in a simple random way. Two measures were applied: Meta Cognition thinking, and brain dominance patterns, after confirming their psychometric properties. The results showed that the level of Meta Cognition thinking among Jordanian university students is (high), and that the dominant brain pattern among the study sample is the right pattern, followed by the left and then the integrated, and also there is no statistically significant relationship between the brain dominance patterns and the variables of gender and college, and there is statistically significant differences in Meta Cognition thinking among students with the (left) brain dominance pattern compared to those with the (integrated) brain control pattern and in favor of those with the left brain dominance type.

It is believed that failures of people’s reaction to emergencies occurred during driving are closely related to the inhibitory mechanism of brain’s operations. To investigate the role of this function in emergency driving, two virtual realistic driving conditions based on stop signal task were designed and time limitation was manipulated to increase the stress in one condition. Sixteen subjects with behavioral encephalography recordings were collected and analyzed. By comparing successful and unsuccessful stop trials with event-related spectral perturbation analysis, ${\delta }$ and ${\theta }$ band power increases in frontal and central areas are correlated with driving inhibitory control of the brain. Moreover, ${\beta }$ and ${\gamma }$ band power in frontal and central areas showed more increases upon stress condition. Time pressure in driving could adjust the operation of brain’s inhibition control, to benefit the people’s reactive ability upon emergency.

Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a non-invasive brain imaging technology that is widely utilized in Brain Control Interface (BCI) applications. Feature extraction is crucial to remove unwanted signals and improve the accuracy of a machine learning algorithm in BCI. Despite principal component analysis (PCA) is a popular feature extraction method in near-infrared spectroscopy, PCA is rarely studied in fNIRS. Thus, this study compared fNIRS-based BCI models that used PCA and that used statistical features in BCI for four mental activities classification. First, PCA was applied to transform pre-processed fNIRS signals into few principal components that were the inputs of artificial neural network (ANN) to form PCs-ANN. Three different combinations of fNIRS signals were used to study the performance of PCs-ANN using 10-fold cross-validation. The best PCs-ANN was compared with ANN that used statistical-based features. The finding shows that PCs-ANN outperformed ANN that used statistical-based features in the BCI classification application.

The role of radiosurgery has become further accentuated in the era of targeted agents (TA). Thus, the neurologic outcome of radiosurgery in brain metastasis (BM) of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) was reviewed. We analyzed 135 patients with BM of NSCLC who were administered Cyberknife radiosurgery (CKRS) as either initial or salvage therapy. We evaluated local failure (LF), intracranial failure (IF), and neurological death (ND) due to BM. Primary outcome was neurological death-free survival (NDFS). Median follow-up was 16.2 months. Median CKRS dose of 22 Gy was administered to median 2 targets per patient. Among 99 deaths, 14 (14%) were ND. Upfront treatment for BM included CKRS alone in 85 patients (63%), CKRS + TA in 26 patients (19%), and WBRT in 24 patients (18%). No patients or tumor related factors were associated with ND. However, the type of upfront treatment for BM was significantly associated with ND [HR 0.07 (95% CI 0.01–0.57) for CKRS + TA, HR 0.56 (95% CI 0.19–1.68) for CKRS alone] compared with the WBRT group (P = 0.01). The 2-year NDFS rates for the CKRS + TA, CRKS alone, and WBRT groups were 94%, 87%, and 78%, respectively (P = 0.03). Upfront CKRS showed significantly higher 2-year LF-free survival rate (P

The increased need to perform a different control adapted to various areas such as: rehabilitation, entertainment, smart toys have created a new demand for small sized low-cost electroencephalogram (EEG) acquisition devices. Also, there is a need to develop portable EEG devices that can be used for long term, without the need for further operations such as the short-time replacement of signal capture electrodes or frequent rehydration in the case of semiconductor polymers-based sensors. In this paper, we propose the use of an OpenBCI neural headset whose structure has been designed and 3D printed, equipped with 16 reusable electroencephalogram electrodes that provide 16 channels of acquisition of EEG signals from the user to control a Lego NXT MindStorms 2.0 wheeled platform programmed in C# that accepts brain control signals as input.

Experiments with brain-machine interfaces (BMIs) reveal that the estimated preferred direction (EPD) of cortical motor units may shift following the transition to brain control. However, the cause of those shifts, and in particular, whether they imply neural adaptation, is an open issue. Here we address this question in simulations and theoretical analysis. Simulations are based on the assumption that the brain implements optimal state estimation and feedback control and that cortical motor neurons encode the estimated state and control vector. Our simulations successfully reproduce apparent shifts in EPDs observed in BMI experiments with different BMI filters, including linear, Kalman and re-calibrated Kalman filters, even with no neural adaptation. Theoretical analysis identifies the conditions for reducing those shifts. We demonstrate that simulations that better satisfy those conditions result in smaller shifts in EPDs. We conclude that the observed shifts in EPDs may result from experimental conditions, and in particular correlated velocities or tuning weights, even with no adaptation. Under the above assumptions, we show that if neurons are tuned differently to the estimated velocity, estimated position and control signal, the EPD with respect to actual velocity may not capture the real PD in which the neuron encodes the estimated velocity. Our investigation provides theoretical and simulation tools for better understanding shifts in EPD and BMI experiments.

Despite a rapidly growing literature, the role played by the brain in both normal glucose homeostasis and in type 2 diabetes pathogenesis remains poorly understood. In this review, we introduce a framework for understanding the brain's essential role in these processes based on evidence that the brain, like the pancreas, is equipped to sense and respond to changes in the circulating glucose level. Further, we review evidence that glucose sensing by the brain plays a fundamental role in establishing the defended level of blood glucose, and that defects in this control system contribute to type 2 diabetes pathogenesis. We also consider the possibility that the close association between obesity and type 2 diabetes arises from a shared defect in the highly integrated neurocircuitry governing energy homeostasis and glucose homeostasis. Thus, whereas obesity is characterised by an increase in the defended level of the body's fuel stores (e.g. adipose mass), type 2 diabetes is characterised by an increase in the defended level of the body's available fuel (e.g. circulating glucose), with the underlying pathogenesis in each case involving impaired sensing of (or responsiveness to) relevant humoral negative feedback signals. This perspective is strengthened by growing preclinical evidence that in type 2 diabetes the defended level of blood glucose can be restored to normal by therapies that restore the brain's ability to properly sense the circulating glucose level. Graphical abstract.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE:The complex mechanism of brain control of the bladder is not yet well understood. Our aim was to use a therapeutic probe to investigate brain changes associated with impr...

International audience; PURPOSE OF REVIEW:To analyze the respective roles of macronutrient-derived moieties, of a gut mucosal function [intestinal gluconeogenesis (IGN)] and its capacity of influencing the brain control of energy homeostasis, and of the microbiota 'function' versus 'genomic composition' in the control of host metabolism.RECENT FINDINGS:Small products deriving from protein digestion (peptides) or from fermentation by the gut microbiota (short-chain fatty acids and succinate) activate IGN, a mucosal function sensed by the peripheral gut nervous system, which intitiates metabolic benefits deriving from brain control of energy homeostasis. The microbiota function (fermentation) rather than its genomic composition is a key in these processes.SUMMARY:Short-chain fatty acids and succinate produced from the fermentation of macronutrients by the gut microbiota positively influence the brain's control of energy homeostasis via the activation of IGN. The microbiota function rather than genomic composition is a key in these processes.

هدف البحث الحالى إلى استقصاء أثر استخدام إستراتيجية قائمة على التعلم المستند إلى الدماغ فى تدريس الرياضيات على تنمية التحصيل الأکاديمى، وبقاء أثر التعلم، وبعض عادات العقل، لدى تلاميذ الصف الخامس الابتدائى ذوى أنماط السيطرة الدماغية المختلفة ، وقد استخدم المنهج شبه التجريبى القائم على تصميم المجموعتين: التجريبية والضابطة ذوى القياس القبلى والبعدى ، وتکونت عينة البحث من (120) تلميذ وتلميذة من تلاميذ الصف الخامس الابتدائى ، تم اختيارهم بطريقة مقصودة من مجتمع البحث الأصلى والمتمثل فى جميع تلاميذ الصف الخامس الابتدائى الذين يدرسون فى المرحلة الابتدائية بمحافظة الغربية، خلال الفصل الدراسى الأول للعام الدراسى 2017/2018م، وقد تکونت المجموعة التجريبية من (60) تلميذ وتلميذة درسوا وحدة "المجموعات" من کتاب الرياضيات للصف الخامس الابتدائى باستخدام الإستراتيجية قائمة على التعلم المستند إلى الدماغ ، کما تکونت المجموعة الضابطة من (60) تلميذ وتلميذة درسوا نفس المحتوى بالإستراتيجية المعتادة ، وتم تطبيق أدوات البحث والمتمثلة فى: الاختبار التحصيلى ومقياس بعض عادات العقل على مجموعتى البحث، ومقياس السيطرة الدماغية على تلاميذ المجموعة التجريبية فقط؛ لتصنيفهم في ضوء نمط سيطرتهم الدماغية ، وقد أسفرت النتائج عن وجود فرق دال إحصائيا عند مستوى (a ³ 0.05) بين متوسطى درجات تلاميذ المجموعتين التجريبية والضابطة فى التطبيق البعدى لکل من: الاختبار التحصيلى ومقياس بعض عادات العقل لصالح المجموعة التجريبية وبحجم تأثير مرتفع ، کما أثبتت نتائج تحليل التباين الأحادي عدم وجود فروق دالة إحصائيا عند مستوى (a ³ 0.05) بين متوسطات درجات المجموعة التجريبية فى التطبيق البعدى لکل من: الاختبار التحصيلى ومقياس بعض عادات العقل تعزى إلى متغير نمط السيطرة الدماغية (أيمن – أيسر – متکامل) ، کما أسفرت النتائج عن عدم وجود فرق دال إحصائيا عند مستوى (a ³ 0.05) بين متوسطي درجات تلاميذ المجموعة التجريبية في التطبيقين البعدي والبعدي المؤجل؛ مما يدل على بقاء أثر التعلم لدى تلاميذ المجموعة التجريبية للوحدة المختارة، کما أشارت النتائج أيضا إلى وجود علاقة ارتباطية موجبة دالة إحصائيا عند مستوى (a ³ 0.05) بين درجات تلاميذ المجموعة التجريبية فى التطبيق البعدى للاختبار التحصيلى ومقياس بعض عادات العقل. وفى ضوء النتائج أوصى البحث بضرورة تطبيق واستخدام الإستراتيجية القائمة على التعلم المستند إلى الدماغ فى تعليم وتعلم الرياضيات بالمرحلة الابتدائية ، وضرورة الاهتمام بالتدريب على تنمية عادات العقل لدى المتعلمين بمختلف المراحل الدراسية من خلال تدريس الرياضيات ، وقد قدم البحث مجموعة من الدراسات والبحوث المقترحة فى هذا الصدد. الکلمات المفتاحية: إستراتيجية – إستراتيجية قائمة على التعلم المستند إلى الدماغ – عادات العقل – أنماط السيطرة الدماغية المختلفة – تلاميذ المرحلة الابتدائية. The Effect of Using A Mathematics Brain-Based Learning Strategy on Developing Academic Achievement, Prolonged Impact of Learning, and Some Mental Habits of Primary Fifth Grade Students With Different Brain Control Patterns. Dr. Yasser Abdel Reheem Bayomy Associate Professor of Mathematics Curriculum and Instruction Faculty of Education - Tanta University The present study investigates the effect of using a mathematics brain-based learning strategy on developing academic achievement, prolonged impact of learning, and some mental habits of primary fifth grade students with different brain control patterns. The study used a quasi-experimental design with two groups: experimental and control and two assessments: pre and post. The purposely selected sample of the study comprised (120) fifth graders: males and femalesrepresenting fifth graders studying at El-Gharbia governorate during the first term of the academic year 2017/2018. The experimental group comprised 60 students: males and females who studied (the Groups) unit of the fifth grade mathematics bookusing the proposed mathematics brain-based learning strategy. The control group of the study comprised (60) students: males and females who studied the same content based using traditional learningstrategies. The tools of the study: an achievement testand somebrain habits Scale have were administered to both groups participating in the study. However, the brain control scale was administered only to the experimental group so as to classify them based on their brain control patterns. The results of the study indicated there werestatisticallysignificant differences at the (a≤ 0.05) level between the mean scores of the experimental and control groups in favor of the experimental group on the post administration of both the achievement test and somebrain habits Scale. However, using ANOVA, the results indicated there were no statistically significant differences at the (a≤ 0.05) level between the mean scores of the experimentalgroup on the post administration of both the achievement test and somebrain habits Scale due to the Brain Control Pattern variable (right - left - integrated). The results also indicated there were no statistically significant differences at the (a≤ 0.05) level between the mean scores of the experimentalgroup on the post and the delayed post administration of both the achievementtest and somebrain habits Scale indicating the prolongation of the learning effect among the group on the selected unit. The result also indicated there was astatistically significant positive correlation at the (a≤ 0.05) level between the mean scores of the experimental group on the post administration of the achievement test and somebrain habits Scale. Based on these results, the present study recommends adopting the mathematics brain-based learning strategy in teaching and learning mathematics in the primary stage of education. The study also recommends paying a great attention to the importance of training on developing and promoting mind habits among learners across the various stages of mathematics education. The present study proposes a number of related studies of interest. Key words: Strategy - Brain-Based Learning Strategies–Mind habits - Brain Control Patterns - Elementary school students - Mathematics Education.

Unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) are of great significance to the development of Intelligent Transportation System (ITS). The UGVs are supposed to serve a large number of missions with multiple functions in civilian use. Therefore, it requires UGV to be grouped as a platoon to complete the given missions. A novel platoon topology, Vehicle-Cloud Bidirectional Leader (VCBDL), is proposed in this paper to provide the basement for the group control of multi-functional UGVs. The VCBDL topology takes consideration of a cloud brain control center, which is capable of analyzing and making autonomous decisions for the UGVs. In order to realize the stable operation of the platoon with VCBDL topology, this paper analyzes the design of the platoon controller based on the graph theory method and obtains the range of controller gain. The robustness of the running platoon is analyzed and the convergence range of the platoon robustness index is defined. The above conclusions are verified by simulation based on the control of the police-used patrol UGV. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of controller design, and the robustness performance is investigated by simulated random platoon disturbance. In addition, the experiments with real shuttle UGVs testbeds platoon are performed to verify the performance of the proposed controller.

Proactive brain control optimizes upcoming actions and inhibits unwanted responses. In the present event-related potential (ERP) study, participants freely decided in advance whether to respond or not to an upcoming stimulus, then prepared or not the action according to their decision; finally, a stimulus was delivered, and subjects had to respond (or not). During the decision-making stage, a prefrontal negativity raised bilaterally in case no-response was decided, reflecting the first brain signal of proactive inhibition. Simultaneously, slow activity raised over premotor cortices independently from the decision taken, and then raised during the preparation phase only in the case of response decision (as a sort of accelerator). When the decision was not to respond, the prefrontal activity remained sustained (as a sort of brake) and showed a right-lateralized distribution during the preparation phase. Overall, we described the time-course of a proactive accelerating-braking system regulating self-control of actions.

A light-sensitive receptor protein expressed in neurons deep in the mouse brain has been shown to be stimulated by violet light, and to activate a pathway that reduces heat production in brown fat. Opsin 5 photoreceptors in the hypothalamus control thermoregulation.

The brain control of aggression has been studied for nearly a hundred years with a number of technologies that have become increasingly sophisticated. During this long period, there were several phases when the issue seemed to have been solved: aggression control appeared to have been revealed; however, novel research methodologies have refuted this feeling time and time again. Today, we are witnessing an advance in research technologies that we would have thought unimaginable only a decade ago. As usual, these new technologies put a question mark on what was thought true and reliable earlier; however, there also is a consistency in knowledge. New discoveries did not entirely invalidate previous ones but added new details, explored unknown mechanisms, and incorporated the approaches from other fields.

Resumen El consumo de sustancias psicoactivas es un problema de salud pública que afecta cada vez más a la población adolescente. La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo registrar la actividad eléctrica cerebral (EEG) en tareas de atención (sostenida y selectiva) en un grupo de adolescentes policonsumidores. Se empleó un diseño ex post-facto retrospectivo con grupo cuasi control, en 46 adolescentes con edades entre los 12 los 17 años: 23 policonsumidores y 23 cuasi-controles. Para el registro de la actividad eléctrica cerebral se utilizó un equipo de BCI (Brain Control Interface) Emotiv EPOC research grade 14 Channel Mobile EEG y se aplicó el Programa virtual de entrenamiento cerebral Brain HQ con el módulo “enfoco mi atención” para la evaluación de la atención. Los resultados mostraron un incremento de ondas cerebrales beta-β (13-30 Hz), theta-θ (4-7 Hz) y delta-δ (3-4 Hz) en áreas frontales y prefrontales en los adolescentes policonsumidores en tareas de atención en comparación con el grupo cuasi-control. Se identificó una diferencia significativa con respecto al tiempo de respuesta entre los adolescentes consumidores de sustancias psicoactivas frente al grupo cuasi-control en ambos tipos de tareas atencionales. Resumo O consumo de substâncias psicoativas é um problema de saúde pública que afeta cada vez mais a população adolescente. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo registrar a atividade elétrica cerebral (EEG) em tarefas de atenção (sustentada e alternada) num grupo de adolescentes policonsumidores. Foi empregado um desenho ex post-facto retrospectivo com grupo quasecontrole, em en 46 adolescentes entre 12 e 17 anos de idade: 23 policonsumidores e 23 quase-controles. Para o registro da atividade elétrica cerebral, foi utilizado um equipamento de Brain Control Interface (BCI) Emotiv EPOC research grade 14 Channel Mobile EEG e foi aplicado o Programa Virtual de Treinamento Cerebral Brain HQ, com o módulo “foco minha atenção” para a avaliar a atenção. Os resultados mostraram um aumento de ondas cerebrais beta-β (13-30 Hz), theta-θ (4-7 Hz) e delta-δ (3-4 Hz) em áreas frontais e pré-frontais nos adolescentes policonsumidores em tarefas de atenção em comparação com o grupo quase-controle. Foi identificada uma diferença significativa a respeito do tempo de resposta entre os adolescentes consumidores de substâncias psicoativas ante o grupo quase-controle em ambos os tipos de tarefas de atenção. Abstract The consumption of psychoactive substances is a public health problem that increasingly affects the adolescent population. This investigation had the objective of record the brain electrical activity (EEG) in attention tasks (sustained and selective) in a group of polyconsumers. Employment a retrospective ex post-facto design with a quasi-control group with 46 adolescents between 12-17 years old: 23 polyconsumers and 23 quasi-controls. For the recording of brain electrical activity, it was used a equipment BCI (Brain Control Interface) research grade 14 Channel Mobile EEG and applied the Brain Training Virtual Program "Brain HQ" module “focus my attention” to evaluate the attention. The results showed an increase in beta-β (1330 Hz), theta-θ (4-7 Hz) and delta-δ (3-4 Hz) brain waves in frontal and prefrontal areas in adolescent polyonsumers versus the quasi-control group in attention tasks. Likewise, identified a significant difference with respect to the response time between adolescents consuming psychoactive substances in relation to the quasi-control group in both types of attentional tasks.

Brain-controlled robots have important application values in assisting persons with disabilities. However, few studies focus on brain-controlled multiple robots. This paper proposes an assistive controller based on model prediction with the leader-follower formation strategy for developing brain-controlled multiple robots. The controller is composed of a leader controller and a follower controller. The experimental results of brain-controlled multiple robots show that the proposed method can track the user’s lateral and longitudinal control intention and maintain the stability of the multi-robot formation while ensuring the safety of brain-controlled multiple robots. This work can advance the research and development of brain-controlled multiple robots.

Unraveling the brain control of metabolism may generate opportunities to discover novel precision medicines for obesity and diabetes. In this issue of Neuron, Liu etal. (2017) identify a novel glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 receptor-dependent signaling process that exerts anorexigenic action via the regulation of AMPA receptor subunit composition in the hypothalamus.

Use of new technology to map which parts of the brain control different functions is leading to better treatment of patients with neurosurgical disorders, say Liwei Zhang and colleagues

Background: Motor and inhibitory control rely on frontal cortex activity, which is known to reach full maturation only in late adolescence. The development of inhibitory control has been studied using event-related potentials (ERP), focusing on reactive processing (i.e. the N2 and the P3 components). Scarce information exists concerning pre-stimulus activity as that represented by the Bereinshafstpotential (BP) and by the prefrontal negativity (pN). Further, no literature exists concerning the post-stimulus components originating within the anterior insula (pN1, pP1, pP2). This study aims at associating children performance with these motor-cognitive processing in frontal brain areas. Methods: High-resolution EEG recordings were employed to measure ERPs from 18 children (12 years old) and 18 adults (28 years old) during a visuo-motor discriminative response task. Response time (RT), commission (CE) and omission errors, and RT variability were compared between groups. At brain level, two pre-stimulus (BP and pN) and seven post-stimulus (P1; pN1; N1; pP1; N2; pP2; P3) ERP components were compared between groups. Results: Children showed slower and more variable RTs and poorer inhibition (higher CEs) than adults. At electrophysiological level, children presented smaller BP and pN. After stimulus onset, children showed lower amplitude of N1, pP1, P3, and pP2 components. The P1, pP1, N2 and P3 were delayed compared to adults. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that children are characterized by less intense task-related proactive activities in frontal cortex, which may account for subsequent poor and delayed reactive processing and, thus, for inaccurate and slow performance.

Brain-control behaviors (BCBs) are behaviors of humans that communicate with external devices by means of the human brain rather than peripheral nerves or muscles. In this paper, to understand and simulate such behaviors, we propose a mathematical model by combining a queuing network-based encoding model with a brain-computer interface model. Experimental results under the static tests show the effectiveness of the proposed model in simulating real BCBs. Furthermore, we verify the effectiveness and applicability of the proposed model through the dynamic experimental tests in a simulated vehicle. This paper not only promotes the understanding and prediction of BCBs, but also provides some insights into assistive technology on brain-controlled systems and extends the scope of research on human behavior modeling.

John Hughlings Jackson, the 19th-century British neurologist, first described what are today called Jacksonian seizures. He is generally associated with somatotopy, the idea that neighboring brain regions control neighboring body parts, as later represented pictorially in Wilder Penfield’s “homunculus,” or little man in the brain. Jackson’s own views, however, were quite different, though this is seldom appreciated. In an 1870 article, Jackson advanced the hypotheses that each region of the cerebrum controls movements of multiple body parts, but to different degrees, and that the “march” of movements that typically occurs during Jacksonian seizures is caused by the downstream connections of the overactive neurons at the seizure focus, rather than a somatotopic organization of the cerebrum. Jackson’s hypotheses, which were based almost entirely on his careful observations of movements during seizures, are well within the range of current hypotheses about how the frontal lobe is organized to control movements and thus deserve renewed attention.