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Imoro Z Braimah,1,2 Stephen Akafo,1,2 Jay Chhablani3 1Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana; 2Eye Centre, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; 3Srimati Kanuri Santhamma Centre for Vitreo-Retinal Diseases, KAR Campus, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India Purpose: To compare the anatomic and visual outcome of scleral buckle (SB) surgery in Korle Bu Teaching Hospital between 2002 and 2005 and 2011 and 2014. Materials and methods: In this retrospective comparative study, the medical records of patients who have undergone SB for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment from January 2002 to December 2005 (group A) and from January 2011 to December 2014 (group B) in Korle Bu Teaching Hospital were examined. The clinical history, surgical techniques, and outcomes of treatment were analyzed. The main outcome measures were primary anatomic success (retina reattached for at least 3 months postoperatively after a single procedure), overall anatomic success (combined primary anatomic success and success following revision of SB with at least 3 months follow-up), mean postoperative best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), and complications. Results: One hundred fifty-eight eyes (71 eyes in group A and 87 eyes in group B) were treated with SB in this study. The mean duration of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment was 105.5 days. Thirty-four (21.8%) of fellow eyes had BCVA worse than 6/60 at presentation. The primary anatomic success was comparable between the two groups; 70% in group A and 67.9% in group B (P=0.79). The overall anatomic success was also comparable between the two groups (76.7% in group A vs 79.8% in group B) (P=0.788). The mean postoperative BCVA in logMAR was significantly better than the mean preoperative BCVA (P

Background: Diabetic retinopathy is a leading cause of blindness in many countries across the world. Ghana has seen a rise in diabetic retinopathy and is working on various strategies to prevent blindness. Clinical guidelines are seen as a promising strategy for improving quality and reducing cost of care. Little is known about the processes of collaborative guideline development in the African context., Methods: This case study discusses the process of developing clinical guidelines for diabetic retinopathy in Ghana via a collaboration with the Kenya team that had previously developed guidelines for Kenya., Results: The main lesson learnt was the ability to overcome challenges. The main output achieved was the draft national framework, guidelines and training slides on the guidelines., Conclusion: Horizontal international collaboration can aid development of clinical guidelines., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Aim: To investigate the use of intravitreal ziv-aflibercept (IVZ) in Ghanaian patients with diabetic macular edema (DME)., Methods: A retrospective study of patients with DME, who had been treated with IVZ (1.25 mg/0.05 ml), as part of routine clinical practice, on pro re nata basis between 2016 and 2018 who had a minimum follow-up of 6 months was retrieved and analyzed. The primary outcome measure was change in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) at 6 months. Secondary outcome measures are change in BCVA at 12 months and at the last follow-up visit, adverse events and change in central macular thickness (CMT)., Results: Twenty-five eyes of 17 patients (11 males) were included in this study. Their mean age was 60.82 ± 7.70 years and the mean duration of follow-up was 9.52 ± 3.31 months. The mean baseline BCVA (logMAR) of 0.65 ± 0.3 improved to 0.34 ± 0.16 (p < 0.0001) and 0.22 ± 0.15 (p = 0.0004) at 6 and 12 months, respectively. Twelve (48%) eyes had a visual gain of at least three lines at 6 months and 4 of 12 eyes (33.3%) at 1 year. There was a significant reduction in the mean CMT at 6 and 12 months and at the last follow-up visit compared to baseline (p < 0.0001). The adverse events recorded were raised intraocular pressure (four eyes) at 3, 6, and 12 months post injection, increased blood pressure in a patient with known systemic hypertension and transient memory loss in one patient., Conclusion: IVZ (1.25 mg) was associated with significant improvement in BCVA and reduction in CMT at 6 and 12 months in eyes with DME. A randomized clinical trial is warranted to assess this potentially cost-effective intervention for DME in low-resource settings., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Aim: To evaluate the efficacy of ziv-aflibercept in Ghanaian patients with macular edema (ME) secondary to retinal vein occlusion (RVO)., Methodology: In this retrospective study, the medical records of patients with ME secondary to RVO who had been treated with intravitreal ziv-aflibercept (IVZ) (1.25 mg/0.05 ml), as part of routine clinical practice, on pro re nata basis with a minimum follow-up of 6 months were retrieved and analyzed. The main outcome measures are mean change in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and central subfield foveal thickness (CSFT) measured on optical coherence tomography from baseline to 12 months post-IVZ, and ocular and systemic safety., Results: Forty-three eyes were included in this study. Their mean age was 62.8 ± 11.9 years, 67.4% had at least 12-month duration of follow-up, 50% had primary open-angle glaucoma and 38 (88.4%) eyes were treatment naive. There was significant improvement in mean BCVA in LogMAR at 1 month post-initiation of IVZ (0.8 ± 0.5 vs. 1.1 ± 0.6), and visual improvement was maintained up to 12 months (p < 0.001). Eyes with ME following BRVO had better mean BCVA at baseline and on subsequent visits compared to eyes with CRVO/HRVO (p = 0.01). There was significant reduction in mean CSFT up to 12 months post-IVZ injection compared to baseline (p < 0.001). Ocular complications observed were consistent with complications associated with RVO., Conclusion: We have observed significant improvement in functional and anatomic outcomes 12 months post-initiation of IVZ. There is the need to confirm long-term efficacy and safety of IVZ in a large prospective study.

Objective: To determine the incidence of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and any associated risk factors among preterm infants at the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) of Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital (KBTH)., Design: Prospective study., Setting: Level 3 NICU of KBTH from June 2018 to February 2019., Participants: Eligible infants with birth weight (BW) less than 2 kg or gestational age (GA) less than 37 weeks were examined at scheduled intervals until full maturity of their retina., Outcome Measures: The primary outcome measure was cumulative incidence of ROP and secondary outcome measure was risk factors associated with ROP., Results: Of the 401 infants, 222 were females (55.4%), mean±SD GA was 32.3±2.4 weeks (median 32, IQR 31 to 34) and mean BW 1.6±0.4 kg (median 1.5, IQR 1.3 to 1.9). The cumulative incidence of ROP was 13.7% (95% CI: 10.5 to 17.5%), with 1.8% (seven infants) having type 1 ROP. Increased risk of ROP was observed in babies with supplemental oxygen exposure (p<0.001), BW less than 1.5 kg (p=0.019), confirmed neonatal sepsis (p=0.001), nasogastric tube feeding (p=0.03) and poor pupillary dilation (0.032). A reduced risk of ROP was observed in boys (p=0.004) and after delivery by caesarean section (p=0.019)., Conclusion: The rates of ROP at KBTH are comparable to other NICUs in sub-Saharan Africa. Birth weight less than 1.5 kg, confirmed neonatal sepsis, nasogastric tube feeding and poor pupil dilation were independently associated with increased incidence of ROP. ROP screening should be a part of the routine service for premature infants in Ghana., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Purpose: To report the clinical presentation and management outcome of patients with endophthalmitis caused by Enterococcus species and to report the susceptibility profile of the isolates., Methods: Twenty-nine cases with culture-proven Enterococcus endophthalmitis from January 2005 to May 2018 underwent vitrectomy/vitreous biopsy, intravitreal antibiotic with or without additional procedures. The undiluted vitreous was subjected to microbiologic evaluation. A favorable anatomical outcome was defined as preservation of the globe, absence of hypotony, attached retina, and absence of active inflammation at the last visit. Favorable visual outcome was final visual acuity ≥20/400., Results: There were 24 men (82.8%). Mean age at presentation was 32.89 ± 25.25 years (median 24 years). Inciting event was open globe injury in 18 (62%), endogenous in 5 (17.24%), postcataract surgery in 3 (10.34%), postscleral buckling in 2 (6.89%), and postkeratoplasty in 1 (3.44%). Enterococcus casseliflavus was the commonest species isolated (14/29, 48.27%) followed by E. faecalis (9/29, 31%). Susceptibility to vancomycin was seen in 27/29 isolates (93%). Visual acuity was ≤20/400 in all eyes at presentation and ≥20/400 in 10/29 cases (34.48%) at final visit. Anatomical success was seen in 18/29 eyes (62%). Corneal involvement was high at 24/29 eyes (82.75%)., Conclusion: Enterococcus is not an uncommon organism in the setting of endophthalmitis after open globe injury. Resistance to vancomycin is rare. Multidrug resistance pattern is restricted to E. faecalis. Visual outcome is poor despite early and appropriate therapy due to inherent organism virulence.

Purpose : To report the ocular and systemic adverse events in eyes receiving ≥10 intravitreal ziv-aflibercept (IVZ) injections. Methods : Medical records of patients who received ≥10 IVZ for various chorioretinal conditions with minimum follow up period of 12 months were retrospectively analysed. These eyes received standard dose of IVZ (1.25 mg/0.05 ml) on pro-re-nata (PRN) or treat and extend (T&E) protocol. The primary study outcome was ocular and systemic adverse events related to IVZ injections whereas secondary outcomes were change in best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and central macular thickness (CMT) on optical coherence tomography (OCT) at last visit compared to baseline. Comparison of BCVA and CMT at baseline and final visit was done using paired t-test. Results : A total of 94 eyes which received a mean ± standard deviation (mean±SD = 14.4 ± 4.6) IVZ injections were studied. A total of 41 eyes were treatment naïve whereas 53 eyes received intravitreal injections in the past with last injection at least 3 months prior. Mean (±SD) follow up period was 26.7 ± 8.7 months. Ocular adverse events were limited with a case each of acute iridocyclitis, endophthalmitis, cataract progression and early epiretinal membrane formation. No systemic events were recorded within a month of IVZ injection. There was a significant improvement in BCVA ( p = 0.001) and change in CMT ( p = 0.001) at last visit. Conclusion : Ocular use of ziv-aflibercept is safe with limited ocular and systemic side effects. Multiple injections of IVZ can be used in various chorioretinal diseases over the long term.

Aim: To evaluate the safety of 1.25mg and 2mg intravitreal ziv-aflibercept (IVZ) in Ghanaian eyes with choroido-retinal vascular diseases., Design: Prospective, randomised, double blind, interventional study., Methods: Twenty patients with centre involving macular oedema in diabetic retinopathy, retinal vein occlusion, and neovascular age-related macular degeneration were assigned to 2 groups receiving 3 doses of 1.25mg/0.05ml (group 1) and 2mg/0.08ml IVZ (Group 2) at 4 weekly intervals. Safety data was collected after 30 minutes, 1 and 7 days, and 4, 8 and 12 weeks after injection. Changes in continuous variables were compared using paired t-test and categorical variables were compared using chi-square test of proportions. Repeated-Measures ANOVA with nesting test was used to compare variations in continuous variables by IVZ dose over time. Primary outcome measures were ocular and systemic adverse events at 4 weeks., Results: Eleven females and nine males, with mean age of 63.2± 7.3 years were included. Ocular adverse events included subconjunctival haemorrhage in 1 eye, intraocular pressure (IOP) >21mmHg at 30 minutes in 6 eyes and mild pain in 3 eyes at 1-day. There was no significant difference in IOP rise between the 2 groups at 30 minutes (p = 0.21). No other ocular or systemic adverse events were observed. There was significant improvement in the best corrected visual acuity (LogMAR) from 0.95±0.6 to 0.6±0.4 (p<0.01) and 0.47±0.3 (p<0.01), reduction in central subfield foveal thickness from 405.9±140 um at baseline to 255.6±75 um (p<0.01) and 238±88 um (p<0.01) at 4 and 12 weeks respectively, although no difference was observed between the 2 groups (p = 0.34)., Conclusion: IVZ at 1.25mg and 2mg had similar safety profiles, and did not have any major unexpected adverse events. Further studies with larger cohorts are required to confirm efficacy., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Background: Eye health education is lacking in low- and middle-income countries due to limited availability of eye care personnel in the school setting. Teachers have been considered possible human resource for maintaining eye health in schoolchildren., Objective: The aim of this article is to determine the knowledge of teachers on the nature of eye problems among schoolchildren and their ability to recognize visual disorders., Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional survey among primary school teachers in the Ga West Municipality. Cluster sampling was used to select 140 teachers from 12 public and private schools. A structured questionnaire was used in assessing teachers' knowledge about the features of a healthy and diseased eyes, common causes of visual impairment (VI) and blindness, and recognizing and preventing eye problems in the children. Aggregate scores were computed for correct responses concerning healthy and diseased eyes, and scores were categorized into poor (0-25%), fair (26-50%), good (51-75%), and very good (76-100%) knowledge., Results: Eighty-six (61.4%) of the teachers were females. The mean age was 33 ± 9.1 years. Most teachers were found to have good knowledge about healthy and diseased eyes (75.0% and 60.0%). Hypermetropia, red eye, allergy, and cataract were cited by 50.0-57.9% as the most common causes of VI and blindness. Between 27.1% and 92.1% of teachers identified difficulties seeing the writing board, inability to concentrate in class, holding the book close to the eye to read, and squinting as ways of recognizing eye problems. Most respondents, 132 (94.3%), were of the view that teachers should be involved in screening schoolchildren for ocular morbidities., Conclusion: Teachers in the Ga West Municipality had good knowledge of the characteristics of healthy eyes and a fair knowledge of the causes of VI in primary schoolchildren. Teachers require further training if they are to serve as focal persons for vision screening and eye health education in primary schools., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2022 Journal of West African College of Surgeons.)

Purpose: To compare the effectiveness of treatment with intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) and ziv-aflibercept (IVZ) in patients with macular edema (ME) post-branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO)., Methods: Patients with treatment naïve ME post-BRVO were included retrospectively if they received either IVB (0.05 ml/1.25 mg) or IVZ (0.05 ml/1.25 mg) monotherapy with a follow up of 12 months., Results: Thirty-two and 17 eyes received IVB and IVZ, respectively. The mean improvement in best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 0.36 ± 0.3 logarithm of minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) in the IVB group and 0.27 ± 0.3 in the IVZ group (P = 0.35). The mean change in central macular thickness was 178.9 ± 180.9 and 173.5 ± 344.4 μm in IVB and IVZ groups, respectively (P = 0.94). The mean number of injections was higher in the IVB group (4.0 ± 1.8) compared with 1.82 ± 0.8 in the IVZ group (P < 0.0001). The IVZ group had significantly fewer number of visits (P < 0.0001) and longer maximum treatment-free intervals (P = 0.0081)., Conclusion: IVZ appears to be cost-effective with the similar visual outcome and less number of visits in comparison to IVB., Competing Interests: None

Purpose: To analyse the pooled safety data of intravitreal ziv-aflibercept (IVZ) therapy for various retinal conditions., Methods: This was a retrospective, observational study which included patients from 14 participating centres who received IVZ. The medical records of patients who received IVZ from March 2015 through October 2017 were evaluated. Patient demographics and ocular details were compiled. Ocular and systemic adverse events that occurred within 1 month of IVZ injections were recorded and defined as either procedure-related or drug-related., Results: A total of 1704 eyes of 1562 patients received 5914 IVZ injections (mean±SD: 3.73±3.94) during a period of 2.5 years. The age of patients was 60.6±12.8 years (mean±SD) and included diverse chorioretinal pathologies. Both ocular (one case of endophthalmitis, three cases of intraocular inflammation, and one case each of conjunctival thinning/necrosis and scleral nodule) and systemic adverse events (two cases of myocardial infarction, one case of stroke and two deaths) were infrequent., Conclusion: This constitutes the largest pooled safety report on IVZ use and includes patients from 14 centres distributed across the globe. It shows that IVZ has an acceptable ocular and systemic safety profile with incidences of adverse events similar to those of other vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitory drugs. The analysis supports the continued use of IVZ in various retinal disorders., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2019. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Background: Retinoblastoma, the commonest childhood malignant intraocular tumour, is diagnosed late, with less than 50% survival in developing countries, including Ghana., Objectives: To determine, from caretakers' perspective, contributing factors to late presentation of children with retinoblastoma., Methods: A cross-sectional study involving questionnaire administration to consenting caretakers of consecutive children diagnosed with advanced retinoblastoma at the Eye Unit, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana, from September 2008-June 2011. Clinical diagnosis was confirmed by CT scan or ultrasonography. Ethical approval was granted by University of Ghana Medical School., Results: Forty caretakers aged 22-58 years (mean = 32.8 ± 7.8yrs) were interviewed. Twenty-four (60%) were females, 36(90%) were parents. Thirty-two (80%) had at least primary level of education. Initial symptoms noticed by caretakers were: white spot 35(87.5%), redness 3(7.5%), proptosis 1(2.5%) and squint 1(2.5%). Thirty-five caretakers (87.5%) sought prior treatment between 1-24 months (median=1month) and 7(37%) beyond 3months, mainly from health/eye centres 34(85%). Six caretakers (15.4%) knew their children had cancer, 11(27.5%) had heard about retinoblastoma, but only 2(5.0%) knew treatment existed. Thirty-two caretakers (80%) would accept enucleation with prosthesis and 17(42.5%) without it. Cost: 8(20% respondents) and lack of awareness of prognosis of retinoblastoma 12(30% respondents) were stated as important factors though they did not prove significant. Caretakers' level of education, occupation and gender had no significant association with knowledge about retinoblastoma, awareness of treatment or cure, acceptance of enucleation with or without prosthesis, nor awareness of prognosis without treatment, p>0.05., Conclusion: Low awareness of the cause, treatment and prognosis of retinoblastoma exists among caretakers of children with advanced retinoblastoma. This may contribute to the late stage of the disease presentation.

Aim: To investigate the presence of focal choroidal excavation (FCE) in patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP), Stargardt's disease (STGD), and Best disease in the Indian population., Methods: This retrospective consecutive case series included 309 eyes of 157 patients with RP (183 eyes), STGD (93 eyes), and Best disease (33 eyes) with good-quality, enhanced-depth spectral domain optical coherence tomography scans. Comprehensive ophthalmic examination data were collected. Characteristics of FCE, including location of FCE, type (conforming and non-conforming), maximal width, and depth, were noted., Results: FCE was found in 2 out of 33 (6%) eyes with Best disease and no FCE was found in eyes with RP or STGD. The location of the FCE was extrafoveal in both cases. The first case had non-conforming FCE while the second case had the conforming type and the FCE occurred in association with choroidal neovascularization in the second case. The first case maintained good visual acuity of 20/20 over the entire period of follow-up (14 months), while the second case had a visual acuity of 20/200 at the last follow-up (three years) due to scarred choroidal neovascular membranes. The FCE showed no change in both eyes over the entire duration of follow-up., Conclusion: Focal choroidal excavation was found in 6% of eyes with Best disease, which remained stable throughout follow up. Eyes with RP and STGD did not have any FCE. Further studies are required to determine the role of vitelliform material in FCE development in Best disease.

Aim: To evaluate 12-month outcome of intravitreal ziv-aflibercept (IVZ) therapy in eyes with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) that are non-responsive to bevacizumab and ranibizumab., Methods: This retrospective study included 16 eyes (14 patients) with nAMD who were on prior treatment with bevacizumab and ranibizumab and were treated with as-needed IVZ (1.25 mg/0.05 mL) for 12 months. The primary outcome measure was the mean change in best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and secondary outcome measures included mean change in central macular thickness (CMT), retinal pigment epithelial detachment (RPED) heights, longest treatment free interval, presence of subretinal fluid (SRF) and intraretinal fluid (IRF) and adverse events., Results: There was no change in the mean logarithm of minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) BCVA at baseline and following treatment with IVZ therapy (p=0.978). The mean number of IVZ injections during 12 months was 5.9±3.3, and the mean number of antivascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) injections prior to switching to IVZ was 8.4±4.7. The mean treatment free interval was longer during IVZ therapy (114.4±67.1 days) compared with 76.3±54.6 days before IVZ therapy (p=0.03). Five (31.25%) eyes had visual gains of at least 0.1 logMAR, 3 (18.75%) eyes had stable BCVA (within 0.1 logMAR) and 8 (50%) eyes had BCVA decline of at least 0.1 logMAR. There was no significant difference in the mean CMT, RPED heights and presence of IRF and SRF at 12 months compared with baseline. No adverse events were noted., Conclusion: IVZ increased the treatment free interval in non-responders but no significant change in visual and anatomic outcomes., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Article author(s) (or their employer(s) unless otherwise stated in the text of the article) 2018. All rights reserved. No commercial use is permitted unless otherwise expressly granted.)

Aim: To report the short-term outcomes of eyes with choroidal neovascularisation (CNV) associated with causes other than age-related macular degeneration (AMD) after treatment with intravitreal ziv-aflibercept (IVZ) injections., Methods: This retrospective study included eyes with non-AMD-related CNV that were treated with IVZ (1.25 mg/0.05 mL) on a pro re nata basis. The primary outcome measure is the mean change in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and secondary outcome measures include the mean change in central macular thickness (CMT) and adverse events., Results: 23 eyes of 19 patients with CNV due to high myopia (9), macular telangiectasia (4), central serous chorioretinopathy (3), choroidal osteoma (2), choroiditis (2), Best's disease (2) and idiopathic (1) were treated. The mean follow-up period was 4±1.9 months. The median number of IVZ injections was 1 (range, 1-3) and the median treatment-free interval at the time of the final visit was 3 months (range, 1-8). The mean BCVA improved from 0.67 LogMAR to 0.58 LogMAR (p=0.0507). Nine of 23 (39%) eyes had BCVA gains of at least 0.1 LogMAR, 11 (48%) eyes had stable BCVA (within 0.1 LogMAR of baseline) and 3 (13%) eyes had a BCVA decline of at least 0.1 LogMAR at the final visit. The mean CMT improved significantly from baseline until the final visit (22 vs 174.5 μm; p=0.037). No ocular or systemic adverse events were noted., Conclusions: IVZ improves CMT in patients with CNV associated with causes other than AMD, but improvements in BCVA are modest., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://www.bmj.com/company/products-services/rights-and-licensing/.)

Background/purpose: To evaluate the occurrence and characteristics of outer retinal tubulation (ORT) in an Indian population with retinal dystrophies., Methods: In this retrospective study, 309 eyes of 157 patients with retinal dystrophies including retinitis pigmentosa (RP, 183 eyes), Stargardt disease (STGD, 93 eyes) and Best disease (33 eyes) were reviewed. The demographic details, clinical data including visual acuity, treatment history and good quality spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) scans were collected. The characteristics of ORT including location, number, type, associated intraretinal fluid, disruption of outer retina and presence of other lesions were recorded., Results: ORT was detected in 12 eyes of 8 patients (unilateral in 4 eyes). Their mean age was 42.5 ± 13.89 yrs. (range, 21-60 yrs.), the mean baseline best corrected visual acuity was 0.425 ± 0.7 LogMAR (Snellen equivalent 20/53) and the median follow up was 6 months. The frequency of ORT were; 6 out of 183 (3%) eyes in RP, 2 out of 93 (2%) eyes in STGD, and 4 out of 33 (12%) eyes with Best disease and this difference in frequency was found to be statistically significant (χ = 6.93, p = 0.03). The average number of ORT in each eye was 2.75 ± 2.0 and the mean height of ORT was 40.8 ± 15.4 μm. Three eyes had co-existing choroidal neovascularization. All eyes had tubular structures except one that had the branching type. The ORT in 2 eyes of one patient with Best disease who had 3 years follow up data was found to be stable over the entire period., Conclusion: ORTs are present in patients with RP, STGD and Best disease with a higher frequency in Best disease.

Purpose: To evaluate the surgical outcome of combined trabeculotomy-trabeculectomy in Ghanaian children with primary congenital glaucoma., Materials and Methods: A retrospective case series involving 19 eyes of 12 consecutive children with primary congenital glaucoma who had primary trabeculotomy-trabeculectomy from 12 August 2004 to 30 June 2008, at the Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Ghana. Main outcome measures were preoperative and postoperative intraocular pressures, corneal diameter, corneal clarity, bleb characteristics, duration of follow-up, surgical success, and complications., Results: A total of 19 eyes of 12 patients met the inclusion criteria. Six of the patients were males. Mean age at diagnosis was 4.4 (range 2-8) months. Mean age at surgery was 5.9 months (range 3-16). Eight (67%) infants had bilateral disease. Mean duration of follow-up was 13.1 (range 5-38) months. The preoperative mean horizontal corneal diameter was 13.4 ± 1.1(range 12-16) mm. Complete success (intraocular pressure <21 mm Hg) was obtained in 15 (79%) eyes. The probability of success was 94.4, 83.3, 66.7, 44.4, 38.9, 33.3, and 13.3% at 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, and 21 months, respectively (Kaplan-Meier analysis). All eyes had corneal oedema preoperatively. Seventeen eyes (90%) had clear cornea at their last follow-up. Mean preoperative and postoperative intraocular pressures were 30.3 ± 8.8 and 18.1 ± 6.8 mm Hg respectively (P<0.001, t-test). Twelve (63%) eyes had well-functioning blebs at the last follow-up. One eye (5%) developed seclusio pupillae and cataract postoperatively., Conclusion: The overall success for combined trabeculotomy-trabeculectomy in Ghanaian children with primary congenital glaucoma was 79%. The probability of success reduced from more than 66% in the first 9 months postoperatively to below 45% after that.