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Braga, João Marcelo Alvarenga, Fernandes, Thiago, Campbell, E., Prado, Jefferson, Lucas, Eve J. (2022): New combination and typifications of names of Caribbean species of Myrcia sect. Calyptranthes (Myrtaceae). Phytotaxa 567 (2): 189-194, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.567.2.7

Abuta alto-macahensis is described and illustrated as a new species restricted to mountains of the State of Rio de Janeiro, southeastern Brazil. It is morphologically similar to Abuta rufescens, but it can be distinguished by the leaf blades adpressed tomentose abaxially, and drupelets ≥ 5 cm long, glabrous. Furthermore, taxonomic notes, preliminary conservation status, an identification key, and a distribution map of this new species are presented.

Three new species of Eugenia from the Atlantic rainforest of southeastern Brazil are here described, illustrated and compared with morphologically similar species. Additionally, a distribution map is provided and preliminary conservation statuses are proposed. Eugenia cabofriana can be recognized by its tomentose young shoots and leaves, fasciculiform inflorescences, tomentose pedicels and ovary, and glabrous calyx. Eugenia longimitra is remarkably distinctive due to its auxotelic and racemiform inflorescences, and flower buds with a rostrate apiculum, which at anthesis opens often through a calyptra or sometimes by irregular longitudinal tearing in two halves. Eugenia pachypoda can be recognized mainly by its leaves with adaxially biconvex midvein, petioles absent or up to 2 mm long, leaf bases obtuse or cordiform, pedicels corky and detaching in thin, longitudinal plates, and flower buds with the calyx visibly less pilose than the ovary.

Thismia calcarata D.F.Silva, Honório & J.M.A.Braga, sp. nov. (Figures 1–3) Type:— BRAZIL. Acre: Manoel Urbano, Parque Estadual Chandless, Bacia do Rio Purus, Rio Chandless, Floresta Ombrófila Aberta com bambu e palmeiras, 09°23’25”S 69°55’11”W, 14 April 2021, fl. and fr., M. H. Oliveira et al. 233 (holotype: UFACPZ [dried + in spirit]). Diagnosis:— Thismia calcarata is similar to Thismia panamensis, but it can be easily recognized by the presence gibbous part of the floral tube with one longitudinal slit; slit’s opening resembling to a spur; annulus ca. 2 mm in diam., magenta, ornamented by two rings; outer tepals ca. 4 × 3 mm, obovate, concave, reflexed, glabrous, margin lacerate, slightly dentate to ciliate, apex rounded to obtuse; interstaminal lobes absent; stamens ca. 2 × 1.5 mm; connective dilated 4-lobed, translucent white, 2-lobed at the upper ca. 0.8 × 0.4 mm, triangular to deltoid, 2-lobed at the lower ca. 0.1 × 0.1 mm, inconspicuous lobes, auriculate and stigma trilobed, lobes ascendants with apex slightly curved to the center, densely pilose. Description:—Herbs 8.3–8.6 cm tall, terrestrial, mycoheterotrophic, achlorophyllous. Roots 7–12 × 5–6 mm, tuberous with fibrous roots, 1–10 × ca. 1 mm, white to orange. Stem 5.2–7.5 × ca. 0.2 cm, longitudinally bisulcate, erect, unbranched, glabrous, white. Involucral bracts 4; bracts 3–5 × 1–2 mm, lanceolate, concave appearance, 1- veined, margin entire or sparsely serrate, apex obtuse, glabrous, white. Flowers 31–35 × ca. 8 mm, solitary, slightly zygomorphic; floral tube 7–9 × ca. 8 mm, gibbous part of the floral tube with one longitudinal slit, slit’s opening resembling to a spur, outer surface smooth, glabrous, white, with 12-veined darkened, inner surface densely pilose with trichomes ca. 0.4 mm long, concentrated from the base to the middle portion of the tube, white; annulus ca. 2 mm in diam. magenta, outermost ring 3-lobed, each lobe alternating with the tepals, erect apical margin, 3–3.2 × 1.7–2 mm, colliculate on both surfaces, innermost ring 6-lobed, ca. 1.5 × 0.1 mm, hexagonal, magenta. Tepals inserted all at same height in the distal portion of the floral tube (3+3[4]); outer tepals ca. 4 × 3 mm, reflexed, obovate, concave, base truncate, 1-veined, margin lacerate, slightly dentate to ciliate, apex rounded to obtuse, whitish; inner tepals erect with base very narrow, base ca. 2 × 1.2 mm, terminated by a flagelliform appendage 22–26 mm long, 1-veined, margin entire, apex plane, glabrous, coppery at the 2/3, the rest to the apex white. Interstaminal lobes absent. Stamens 6, ca. 2 × 1.5 mm, pendulous; filaments ca. 1 mm long, inserted just below the annulus, translucent white; connective ca. 1 × 1.5 mm, dilated, 4-lobed, translucent white, 2-lobed at the upper ca. 0.8 × 0.4 mm, triangular to deltoid, 2-lobed at the lower ca. 0.1 × 0.1 mm, inconspicuous lobes, auriculate; anthers ca. 0.5 × 1 mm, inserted in the medial portion of the dilated connective, widely ovate, yellow with hippocrepiform line. Ovary ca. 2 × 3 mm, unilocular, top-shaped, smooth, white, glabrous, multi-ovulate, placentation parietal; style ca. 1 mm long, glabrous, white; stigma ca. 1.6 × 1 mm, trilobed, inconspicuous lobes, ascendants with apex slightly curved to the center, densely pilose, trichomes ca. 0.3 mm. Fruits 4–8 × 5–8 mm, cup-shaped, inner surface glabrous, margin irregular, ciliate, with 6 symmetrical lobes 2–3 × ca. 0.1 mm, rounded, emarginate, glabrous, white. Seeds 0.3–0.4 × ca. 0.2 mm, ovoid to elipsoid, reticulate, tancolored, seminiferous nucleus brown, funiculus filiform, persistent, translucent white. Etymology:— The specific epithet refers the gibbous part of the flower resembling to a spur. Phenology:— Flowering and fruiting observed in March to April. Additional specimens examined (Paratypes): — BRAZIL. Acre: Manoel Urbano, Parque Estadual Chandless, Bacia do Rio Purus, Rio Chandless, Floresta Ombrófila Aberta com bambu e palmeiras, 09°22’24.5”S, 69°55’22.3”W, 28 March 2021, fr., M. H. Oliveira et al. 232 (UFACPZ [dried + in spirit]); Ibidem, 09°23’51.2”S, 69°54’58.8”W, 16 March 2021, fr. M. H. Oliveira et al. 236 (UFACPZ [dried + in spirit]). Distribution and habitat:— Thismia calcarata is known only from three localities, collected in permanent plots the Program for Biodiversity Research (PPBio), implemented in the Parque Estadual Chandless (PE Chandless) (see Figure 7 A-B). The individuals were found growing amongst leaf litter, under shade in Open Ombrophilous Forest with a predominance of bamboo and palm trees. Created by Decree 10.670 of 02/09/2004, the PE Chandless is the second largest protected area of the State of Acre with 695.3 thousand ha., bordered in Brazil by the Alto Purus and Mamoadate Indigenous Lands and by the Cazumbá-Iracema Extractive Reserve (SEMAPI 2022). On the international border with Peru, the PE Chandless is bordered by the State Reserve for Isolated Indigenous Peoples of Madre de Dios and the Murunahua Territorial Reserve in the Ucayali Region (SEMAPI 2022).According to the K̂ppen classification, the predominant climate is Af, with an average annual temperature between 22º to 24 ºC and annual rainfall between 1900– 2.200 mm (Alvares et al. 2013). Conservation status: — Thismia calcarata is known only from three localities collected in the PE Chandless. The PE Chandless consist an important conservation unit for the southwestern portion of the Amazon, and together with the other units it has been acting as a barrier against the advance of deforestation and fires, which permeate the loss of native forest cover and its transformation into agricultural activities (Fearnside 2005; Silva et al. 2021). According to Silva et al. (2021), among the threats to the conservation units in Acre are the weakening of public policies, directly impacting the environmental protection agencies and making it impossible to effectively monitor practices such as deforestation, biopiracy, and hunting, among others. Although the PE Chandless does not present imminent activities that could compromise the populations of T. calcarata, only 6 individuals are known and with restricted distribution less than 5 localities. From these set of records, it was possible to estimated the EOO at 1, 13 km 2 and AOO estimated at 12 Km 2. Therefore is assigned a preliminary conservations status for Vulnerable (VU) by meeting the criteria D1+2, according to the IUCN Red List categories and criteria (IUCN 2012, 2022). Morphological affinities: —According to the classification of Mass et al. (1986), Thismia calcarata belongs to T. subg. Ophiomeris sect. Ophiomeris. This group comprises species with great morphological variation in the symmetry and indumentum of the floral tube, shape of the tepals and ornamentation of the annulus. Thismia calcarata is morphologically similar to T. panamensis (Standley 1927: 163) Jonker (1938: 234) when compared to the external morphology, but differs by to floral tube with the gibbous part resembling a spur (vs. spur absent), outer tepals reflexed to patent, obovate, concave, margin lacerate, slightly dentate to ciliate (vs. outer tepals reflexed, ovate to broadly ovate, plane to little concave, margin entire), inner tepals erect with base narrowly triangular (vs. inner tepals reflexed with base ovate), annulus hexagonal, surrounded by two rings, colliculate on both surfaces (vs. annulus hexagonal to circular, surrounded by three rings, inner surface pilose), connective dilated, 2-lobed at the upper ca. 0.8 long, triangular to deltoid and 2-lobed at the lower ca. 0.1 mm long, inconspicuous lobes, auriculate (vs. conective dilated, 2-lobed at the upper ca. 0.7 mm long, triangular and 2-lobed at the lower ca. 0.5 mm long, conspicuous lobes, filiform), interstaminal lobes absent (vs. interstaminal lobes present) and stigma with lobes inconspicuos (vs. stigma with lobes conspicuos). For a detailed comparison of morphological characters among T. calcarata and related species (see Table 1.), Published as part of Silva, Diego Ferreira Da, Honório, Mayk, Silva, Chirley Gonçalves, Teixeira-Silva, Márcia A., Silveira, Marcos & Braga, João Marcelo Alvarenga, 2023, Two new species of Thismia (Thismiaceae) from the Brazilian Amazon Forest, pp. 269-282 in Phytotaxa 587 (3) on pages 270-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.587.3.5, http://zenodo.org/record/7744386, {"references":["SEMAPI (2022) Plano de Manejo do Parque Estadual Chandless: Encarte 3 - Analise da UC, vol. 3. Secretaria de Estado do Meio Ambiente e das Politicas Indigenas, Secretaria de Estado de Meio Ambiente, Rio Branco, 240 pp.","Alvares, C. A., Stape, J. L., Sentelhas, P. C., Goncalves, J. D. M. & Sparovek, G. (2013) K ˆ ppen's climate classification map for Brazil. Meteorologische Zeitschrift 22: 711 - 728. https: // doi. org / 10.1127 / 0941 - 2948 / 2013 / 0507","Fearnside, P. M. (2005) Deforestation in Brazilian Amazonia: history, rates, and consequences. Conservation Biology 19: 680 - 688. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1523 - 1739.2005.00697. x","Silva, S. S. de, Bordignon, L., Melo, A. W. F. de & Oliveira, I. (2021) Unidades de Conservac \" o no Acre: tendencia de desmatamento e queimadas. In: Franco, A. de O. & Bento, V. R. da S. (Eds.) Areas Naturais Protegidas Brasileiras: Gestao, Desafios, Conceitos e Reflexles, vol. 1. Ed. Inovar, Campo Grande, pp. 33 - 46. https: // doi. org / 10.36926 / editorainovar- 978 - 65 - 80476 - 57 - 2","IUCN (2012) IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1. 2 nd ed .. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, 32 pp.","IUCN (2022) Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 15.1. Prepared by IUCN Standards and Petitions Committee. Available from: http: // www. iucnredlist. org / (accessed 18 January 2023).","Standley, P. C. (1927) New plants from Central America VII. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 17: 159 - 171.","Jonker, F. P. (1938) A monograph of the Burmanniaceae. Mededelingen van het Botanisch Museum en Herbarium van de Rijksuniversiteit te Utrecht 51: 1 - 279."]}

Thismia variabilis D.F.Silva, Honório & J.M.A.Braga, sp. nov. (Figures 4–6) Type:— BRAZIL. Acre: Porto Acre, Reserva Florestal Humaitá, estrada AC 40, Km 27, Floresta Ombrófila Aberta com bambu e palmeiras, 09º45’04.5”S, 67º40’15.9”W, 177 m a.s.l., 24 February 2022, fl. and fr., D. F. Silva et al. 405 (holotype: RB [dried + in spirit]) Diagnosis:— Thismia variabilis shares many morphological characters with to Thismia janeirensis and Thismia luetzelburgii, but it can be recognized by the presence of a strongly zygomorphic floral tube; annulus 1.5–2.1 mm in diam.; inner tepals with a base 1.2–2.5 × 1–3 mm, triangular, terminated by a flagelliform appendage 16–53 mm long, apex plane; stamens with dilated connectives 4-lobed, 2-lobed at the upper 1–2 × 0.3–0.5 mm, triangular, apex acutefalcate and 2-lobed at the lower 0.3–1.3 × 0.1–0.2 mm, deflexed, filiform, apex acute. Description:—Herbs 3.2–9 cm tall, terrestrial, mycoheterotrophic, achlorophyllous. Roots 5–7 × 3–4.5 mm, tuberous with fibrous roots, 30–70 × 0.2–0.3 mm, white to orange. Stem 1.5–6 × 0.15–0.2 cm, longitudinally bisulcate, erect, unbranched, glabrous, white. Involucral bracts 4, bracts 2.5–4 × 1.1–3 mm, lanceolate, concave appearance, 1-veined, margin entire, apex obtuse, glabrous, ivory. Flowers 21–65.5 × 7–11 mm, solitary, strongly zygomorphic; floral tube 6–10 × 7–11 mm, gibbous, outer surface smooth, glabrous, ivory, 12-veined darkened, inner surface densely pilose with trichomes ca. 0.3 mm long, concentrated from the base to the middle portion of the tube, white; annulus 1.5–2.1 mm in diam., saffron, surrounded by three rings, outermost ring 6-lobed, each lobe alternating with the tepals, with reflexed apical margin, 0.3–0.5 × 1.5–2 mm, saffron, middle 3-lobed, each lobe placed opposite two lobes of the outermost row, 0.3–0.5 × ca. 3 mm, imbricate, saffron, innermost ring 3-lobed, placed like the lobes of the middle ring and exactly similar, ca. 0.1 × 2 mm, imbricate, saffron. Tepals inserted all at same height in the distal portion of the floral tube (3+3); outer tepals 3–7 × 3–5 mm long, reflexed, ovate, glabrous, base truncate, 1-veined, margin entire to slightly dentate, apex obtuse, saffron; inner tepals, base 1.2–2.5 × 1–3 mm, triangular, terminated by a flagelliform appendage 16–53 mm long, glabrous, 1-veined, margin entire, apex plane, saffron at the base, the rest to the apex white. Interstaminal lobes 0.7–1 × 0.1–0.2 mm, inserted ca. 0.1 mm behind the filaments, linear-triangular, apex obtuse-falcate, Stamens 6, ca. 2.5–3 × 1.5–2 mm, glabrous, pendulous; filaments 1–1.2 mm long, inserted ca. 1 mm below the annulus, translucent white; connective 1.8–2.7 × 1.5–2 mm, dilated 4-lobed, translucent white, 2-lobed at the upper 1–2 × 0.3–0.5 mm, triangular, apex acute-falcate, 2-lobed at the lower 0.3–1.3 × 0.1–0.2, deflexed, filiform, apex acute; anthers 0.5–0.8 × 0.5–0.8 mm, inserted in the medial portion of the dilated connective, ovate, white with hippocrepiform lines. Ovary 2–3 × ca. 3 mm, unilocular, top-shaped, smooth, white, glabrous, multiovulate placentation parietal; style 1–1.3 mm long, glabrous, white; stigma 1–2 × 1–2 mm, puberulous, trilobed, lobes ascendants to patent, margin ciliate, cream. Fruits 4–5 × 4–5 mm, cup-shaped, margin irregular, ciliate, with 6 symmetrical lobes 2–3 × ca. 0.1 mm, rounded, emarginate, fawn, young fruit presents the inner surface with 12-foveas, darkned, forming a prominent ornamentation with 12 star-shaped lobes. Seeds ca. 0.5 × 0.2 mm, ellipsoid, reticulate, cream, seminiferous nucleus, cream, funiculus filiform, persistent, translucent white. Etymology:— The specific epithet refers the great variation in the tepals size, dilated connective lobes and interstaminal lobes. Phenology:— Flowering and fruiting observed in February to April. A notable phenological characteristic of this species is that the fruit continues to develop even after the seeds are exposed, and may present a significant difference in the size of the lobes and the loss of the foveae present when young (see Figure 6 J and K) Additional specimens examined (Paratypes): — BRAZIL. Acre: Porto Acre, Reserva Florestal Humaitá, estrada AC 40, Km 27, Floresta Ombrófila Aberta com bambu e palmeiras, 09º45’19”S, 67º40’18”W, 185 m a.s.l., 28 March 2021, fl., M. H. Oliveira et al. 231 (UFACPZ [in spirit]); Ibidem, 09º45’19”S, 67º40’18”W, 185 m a.s.l., 16 April 2021, fr., M. H. Oliveira et al. 237 (UFACPZ [in spirit]); 09º45’24”S, 67º39’33”W, 185 m a.s.l., 25 February 2022, fl., D. F. Silva et al. 406 (RB [dried + in spirit]). Distribution and habitat:— Thismia variabilis is known from three localities, found growing amongst leaf litter, under shade in an isolated fragment of the Brazilian Amazon Forest, located in Reserva Florestal Humaitá (RFH), municipality of Porto Acre, Acre State (see Figure 7 A and C). The RFH consists of an important forest fragment with about 2000 ha, managed by the Federal University of Acre (UFAC). The local vegetation follows the topographic gradient towards the slope of the Acre River, with a predominance of open rainforest with bamboo (Guadua weberbaueri Pilg. (1905: 152)) (Silveira 2001; ACRE 2010). According to the K̂ppen classification, the predominant climate is Am, with an average annual temperature between 22º to 24ºC and annual rainfall between 2.200 –2.500 mm (Alvares et al. 2013). Conservation status: — Thismia variabilis is known only from three localities,collected in the southern portion of Acre Amazon Forest. From these set of records, it was possible to estimated the EOO at 0,312 km 2 and AOO estimated at 8 Km 2. Although T. variabilis records were collected in the same gradient of the Open Ombrophylous Forest, were observed recent activities of logging and expansion of pasture areas. Such activities, combined with the low number of individuals and their restricted area of occurrence, can put these populations at risk, given the loss of habitat. Therefore, the preliminary assessment proposed for the new species according to the IUCN Red List categories and criteria (IUCN 2012, 2022), is for Critically Endangered (CR) by meeting the criteria B2ab(ii,iii). Morphological affinities: —According to the classification of Mass et al. (1986), T. variabilis belongs to T. subg. Ophiomeris sect. Ophiomeris. Thismia variabilis is similar to T. luetzelburgii Goebel & Şssenguth (1924: 56), when compared to shape, color, indumentum of the inner floral tube and ornamentation of the annulus, but can be distinguished by having a strongly zygomorphic tube (vs. slightly zygomorphic), annulus 1.5–2.1 mm in diam. (vs. ca. 0.5 mm in diam.), inner tepals terminated by a flagelliform appendage 16–53 mm long, apex plane (vs. inner tepals terminated by a flagelliform appendage 5–7 mm long, apex tumescent), connective dilated, 2-lobed at the upper 1–2 mm long and 2-lobed at the lower 0.3–1.3 mm long (vs. connective dilated, 2-lobed at the upper ca. 0.3–0.8 mm long and 2-lobed at the lower 0.8–1 mm long). In addition, the new species is similar to Thismia janeirensis Warming (1901: 182), but can be distinguished by strongly zygomorphic tube with inner surface densely pilose (vs. slightly zygomorphic to actinomorphic with inner surface glabrous in T. janeirensis), inner tepals with base 1.2–2.5 mm wide, terminated by a flagelliform appendage 16–53 mm long (vs. inner tepals with base 0.3–1 mm wide, terminated by flagelliform appendage 6–12 mm long) and stigma with lobes ascendants to patent, puberulous with margin ciliate (vs. stigma with lobes ascendants, slightly curved to the center, densely pilose). For a detailed comparison of morphological characters among T. variabilis and related species (see Table 1.), Published as part of Silva, Diego Ferreira Da, Honório, Mayk, Silva, Chirley Gonçalves, Teixeira-Silva, Márcia A., Silveira, Marcos & Braga, João Marcelo Alvarenga, 2023, Two new species of Thismia (Thismiaceae) from the Brazilian Amazon Forest, pp. 269-282 in Phytotaxa 587 (3) on pages 274-280, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.587.3.5, http://zenodo.org/record/7744386, {"references":["Silveira, M. (2001) A floresta aberta com bambu no sudoeste da Amazonia: padrles eprocessos em multiplas escalas. Ph. D. Thesis, Universidade de Brasilia, Brasilia, 109 pp.","Alvares, C. A., Stape, J. L., Sentelhas, P. C., Goncalves, J. D. M. & Sparovek, G. (2013) K ˆ ppen's climate classification map for Brazil. Meteorologische Zeitschrift 22: 711 - 728. https: // doi. org / 10.1127 / 0941 - 2948 / 2013 / 0507","IUCN (2012) IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1. 2 nd ed .. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, 32 pp.","IUCN (2022) Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 15.1. Prepared by IUCN Standards and Petitions Committee. Available from: http: // www. iucnredlist. org / (accessed 18 January 2023).","Warming, J. E. B (1901) Sur quelques Burmanniacees recueillies au Bresil par le Dr. A. Glaziou. Oversigt ver det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Forhandlinger og dets Medlemmers Arbeider 1901: 173 - 182."]}

Thismia cordata D.F.Silva & J.M.A.Braga, sp. nov. (Figures 1–3) Type:— BRAZIL. Paraná: Torre Amarela, Serra do Marumbi. APA do Piraquara, 25º30’44”S, 48º59’20”W, 10 January 2022, fl., R. C. Ríos 13 (holotype UPCB [barcode UPCB0048999, dried + in spirit!]; isotype RB [in spirit!]). Diagnosis:— Similar to T. glaziovii, but differs by zygomorphic flowers, perianth tube gibbous and internally densely pilose, annulus surrounded by a prominent star-shaped 6-lobed ornamentation with acute apices, densely pilose, margin ciliate; outer perianth lobes cordate and glabrous ovary with stigma sharply trilobed and densely pilose. Description:—Herbs 4.5–10 cm tall, terrestrial, mycoheterotrophic, achlorophyllous. Roots 5–7 × 2–3 mm, tuberous with fibrous roots, 1–10 × ca. 0.5 mm, white to orange. Stem 3.5–5.5 × ca. 0.2 cm, longitudinally bisulcate, erect, unbranched, glabrous, white to orange. Involucral bracts 4; bracts 3–4 × ca. 2 mm, lanceolate, apex acute, folded up giving the false rounded, concave appearance, 1-veined, margin entire, glabrous, translucent white to orange. Flowers 23–31 × 6–9 mm, solitary, zygomorphic; perianth tube 7–8 × 8.5–9 mm, gibbous, outer surface smooth, glabrous, orange, 6-veined darkened, inner surface densely pilose with trichomes ca. 1 mm long, white, continuing ca. 1 mm above the tube closure; annulus ca. 1 mm in diameter, protruding ca. 0.4 mm above the surface, surrounded by 6 brownish spots and a prominent star-shaped 6-lobbed ornamentation with acute apices, protruding ca. 0.2 mm above the surface and with ca. 5 mm in diameter, aquamarine, surrounded by a whitish-orange narrow strip with ca. 3 mm width, densely pilose with inconspicuous trichomes, margin ciliate; perianth lobes inserted all at same height in the distal portion of the perianth (3+3); outer perianth lobes 2–4 × 2–3 mm, ovate, base cordate, with lobes detached from the insertion with the tube, apex acute, curved with a rounded appearance, 1-veined, margin entire, orange, glabrous; inner perianth lobes 1-veined, margin entire, glabrous, base ca. 1 × 2 mm, orange, terminated by a filiform appendage 15–21 mm long, orange at the base, the rest to the apex slate blue to periwinkle. Interstaminal lobes ca. 1.5 × 0.2 mm, inserted at the same level as the filaments narrowly triangular, falcate, apex rounded. Stamens 6, 2.5–3 × ca. 2 mm, glabrous, pendulous; filaments ca. 1 mm long, inserted ca. 1.2 mm below the annulus, lavender; connective ca. 2.5 × 2 mm, dilated with 4 lobes, falcate, lavender, 2-lobed at the upper ca. 1 × 0.2 mm, 2-lobed at the lower ca. 1 × 0.3 mm; anthers ca. 0.7 × 0.8 mm long, widely ovate with hippocrepiform line. Ovary ca. 2.5 × 2 mm, unilocular, top-shaped, smooth, white to orange with truncate apex slate blue, glabrous, multi-ovulate placentation parietal; style ca. 0.8 mm long, glabrous, white; stigma ca. 2 × 1.5 mm, lavender, densely pilose with trichomes white, sharply trilobed, each lobe with upper surface sepia, densely papillose, margin ciliate. Fruits unknown. Etymology:— The specific epithet refers to the heart-shaped outer perianth lobes. Phenology:— Flowering was observed in January. Distribution and habitat:— So far it is known only from the Serra do Marumbi, inside the APA do Piraquara, located in the municipality of Piraquara, State of Paraná, south Brazil (Figure 4). This environmental protected area was created through State Decree nº 1754 of 05/06/96 and consists of an important Atlantic Forest remnant located in the catchment area of the Piraquara River basin, tributary of the Iguaçu River, in eastern end the Serra do Mar, with an approximate area of 8,881.00 ha. The predominant climate is Cfb, with an average annual temperature of 17 ºC (20.5 ºC in January and 13 ºC in July) and annual rainfall of 1,550 mm, more concentrated in the summer months, with July and August as the driest months (Alvares et al. 2013). We carried a search close to coordinates available in the specimen deposited in UPCB herbarium, but no individuals were found posteriorly. However, it can be observed that the specimens were collected in a conserved montane forest gradient, around 1000 m a.s.l. Conservation status: — Thismia cordata is known only from a small population in the type location within an Environmental Preservation Area, surrounded by extensive commercial eucalyptus plantations, and pastures and with ecotourism activities. Therefore, a preliminary assessment is proposed according to the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria, (IUCN 2012, 2019), for critically endangered base on B2 (ab(iii)) criterion. Morphological affinities: — Thismia cordata belongs to T. subg. Ophiomeris sect. Ophiomeris, which is characterized by tuberous underground parts, longitudinally bisulcate stem, involucral bracts present, perianth lobes inserted all at same height in the distal portion of stem, outer perianth lobes often smaller and reflexed, inner perianth lobes ascending, larger and of different shape and size, often triangular with filiform appendage, stamens with ribbonshaped filaments, connective dilated, interstaminal lobes present, stigma trilobed or one capitate, and ovary with parietal placentation, inserted near the base to half way up the ovary (Maas et al. 1986). According to Shepeleva et al. (2020), T. subg. Ophiomeris has strong phylogenetic affinity to the Neotropical monotypic genus Tiputinia P.E.Berry & C.L.Woodw. (in Woodward et al. 2007: 158), but in this study only T. panamensis (Standley 1927: 163) Jonker (1938: 234) was sampled, being the only species from the New World. Thus, it reinforces the need for new phylogenetic studies that include higher number of Neotropical species. Thismia cordata is similar to T. glaziovii Poulsen (1889: 549) as it have the perianth narrowing at the apex, forming a flat surface, with a central annulus surrounded by ornamentations, and stamens with connective dilated with 4 lobes, divided into 2-upper and 2-lower. However, it differs by the perianth zygomorphic, slight gibbous (vs. actinomorphic), perianth tube with glabrous outer surface, and densely pilose inner surface (vs. both surfaces glabrous), outer perianth lobes 2–4 × 2–3 mm, ovate, base cordate with lobes detached from the insertion with the tube, apex acute, but curved with a rounded appearance (vs. outer perianth lobes 0.5–2 × 2–5 mm, deltate, base fully connected to the tube, apex acute), inner perianth lobes with base very narrow, ca. 1 mm long, terminated by a filiform appendage 15–21 mm long (vs. inner perianth lobes with base deltoid, 2.5–3.5 mm long, terminated by a filiform appendage 7.5– 11 mm long), annulus ca. 1 mm in diameter, surrounded by 6 brownish spots and 6-lobed star-shaped ornamentation, protruding ca. 0.2 mm above the surface, densely pilose, ciliate (vs. annulus ca. 3 mm in diameter, surrounded by an 6-lobed ornamentation, each V-shaped lobe surrounded by an projection arch-shaped in the distal portion, protruding ca. 0.2 mm above the surface, papillose). The complete comparison of the morphological characters of these species is shown in Table 1., Published as part of Silva, Diego Ferreira Da, Ríos, Román Carlos, Cruz, Vinicyus Jorge Mordaski Visini Da, Souza, Inti De & Braga, João Marcelo Alvarenga, 2022, Thismia cordata (Thismiaceae), a new fairy lantern species from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, pp. 76-84 in Phytotaxa 571 (1) on pages 77-81, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.571.1.6, http://zenodo.org/record/7270526, {"references":["Alvares, C. A., Stape, J. L., Sentelhas, P. C., Goncalves, J. D. M. & Sparovek, G. (2013) Koppen's climate classification map for Brazil. Meteorologische Zeitschrift 22: 711 - 728. https: // doi. org / 10.1127 / 0941 - 2948 / 2013 / 0507","IUCN (2012) IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1. 2 nd ed. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, 32 pp.","IUCN (2019) IUCN Red List of threatened species: Version 2019 - 2. Available from: http: // www. iucnredlist. org / (accessed 23 September 2022).","Maas, P. J. M., Maas-van de Kamer, H., van Benthem, J., Snelders, H. C. M. & Rubsamen, T. (1986) Burmanniaceae. Flora Neotropica Monograph 42: 1 - 189.","Shepeleva, E. A., Schelkunov, M. I., Hrones, M., Sochor, M., Dancak, M., Merckx, V. S. F. T, Kikuchi, I. A., Chantanaorrapint, S., Suetsugu, K., Tsukaya, H., Mar, S. S., Luu, H. T., Li, H. - Q., Logacheva, M. D. & Nuraliev, M. S. (2020) Phylogenetics of the mycoheterotrophic genus Thismia (Thismiaceae: Dioscoreales) with a focus on the Old World taxa: delineation of novel natural groups and insights into the evolution of morphological traits. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 287 - 315. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / botlinnean / boaa 017","Woodward, C. L., Berry, P. E., Maas-van de Kamer, H. & Swing, K. (2007) Tiputinia foetida, a new mycoheterotrophic genus of Thismiaceae from Amazonian Ecuador, and a likely case of deceit pollination. Taxon 56: 157 - 162. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 25065746","Standley, P. C. (1927) New plants from Central America VII. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 17: 159 - 171.","Jonker, F. P. (1938) A monograph of the Burmanniaceae. Mededelingen van het Botanisch Museum en Herbarium van de Rijksuniversiteit te Utrecht 51: 1 - 279.","Poulsen, M. V. A. (1889) Une nouvelle phanerogame sans chlorophylle (Thismia glaziovii) Note preliminaire. Revue Generale de Botanique 1: 549 - 550."]}

Myrcia rigida (Sw.) K.Campbell & J.M.A.Braga, comb. nov. Basionym:— Calyptranthes rigida Swartz (1788: 80). Myrtus rigida (Swartz) J.F. Gmelin (1791: 792). ≡ Chytraculia rigida (Swartz) Kuntze (1891: 238) ≡ Myrcia fawcettii K. Campbell & Samra (Campbell et al. 2019: 148), replacing name for Calyptranthes rigida, nom. superfl. Type (lectotype, designated here):— JAMAICA. no date, st., O.P. Swartz s.n. (S [herb. nº. S-R-901]; isolectotypes B [B-W09587-010], LD [1258817], M [M0137154], NY [00084449], S [S07- 10711, p.p.], SBT [SBT12643]). Figure 1. Protologue citation:—“ Jamaica.” = Calyptranthes fawcettii Krug & Urban (in Urban 1895: 600). Type (lectotype, designated here):— JAMAICA. Saint Andrew. “ Blue Mountains - Egnor Gap. ”, 14 September 1893, fl., W. Harris 5011 (G [G00359526]; isolectotype K [K000330984]). Figure 2. Remaining syntypes:— JAMAICA. Saint Andrew. “ between upper Bugga and Newhaven Gap. ”, 1 September 1887, fl., C.F. Sullivan 5036 (K [K000330983]); “ Blue Mountains - Egnor Gap. Cinchona”, 27 June 1894, fl., W. Harris 5213 (BM [BM001011005], K [K000330982], UCWI-2 [herb. nº. 01043 & herb. nº. 01044]). Protologue citation:—“Habitat in Jamaica in Blue Mountains, e.g. prope St. Andrews, m. Sept. flor.: Bot. Dep. Herb. (W. Harris et C. F. Sullivan leg.) n. 5011, 5036, 5223.” Notes:— Myrcia De Candolle (1827: 401) was proposed as a conserved name against Calyptranthes Swartz (1788: 79) by Lucas & Sobral (2011) based on the phylogenetic hypotheses of Lucas et al. (2005, 2007, 2011), who found species formerly accepted as Calyptranthes to form a clade nested in Myrcia s.l. This proposal for the unification of two genera was followed by Staggemeier et al. (2015); Santos et al. (2016, 2017); Wilson et al. (2016), Vasconcelos et al. (2017), and Lucas et al. (2016, 2018) and was finally accepted by the General Committee for Botanical Nomenclature (see Wilson 2017). Lourenço et al. (2018) and Campbell et al. (2019) then transferred more than a hundred names from Calyptranthes to Myrcia. Regarding Myrcia rigida Glaziou (1908: 214), this is a nomen nudum [currently identified as Myrcia uberavensis O. Berg (1859: 568) (see Rosa et al. 2021)] originally published without description or diagnosis, without illustration or any other direct or indirect indication of previous publication, rendering the name as not validly published (see Art. 38.1 of the Code). In addition, Mansano & Pederneiras (2016) proposed to suppress the entire work of Glaziou’s “ Plantae Brasiliae Centralis a Glaziou lectae ”, later recommended by the Nomenclature Committee for Vascular Plants to be added to the list of “Suppressed Works” (see Applequist 2017). Nevertheless, Campbell et al. (2019: 148) when transferring Calyptranthes rigida Swartz (1788) to Myrcia, avoided using the epithet rigida, wrongly considering that the binomial of Glaziou (1908) was validly published and that the name was occupied in Myrcia. However, Myrcia rigida Glaziou is a classic case of nomen nudum and is not, therefore, validly published. Consequently, it has no priority over any other name, making the epithet available for a new combination rendering Myrcia fawcettii K. Campbell & Samra a superfluous name. In addition, Campbell et al. (2019) coincidentally used the same epithet of the old synonymous Calyptranthes fawcettii to propose the nomen novum. The Swedish Museum of Natural History Herbarium (S) has most of Swartz’s collections, with two specimens of Calyptranthes rigida from Jamaica. The specimen S [S-R-901] is the most complete and the chosen one to be designated here as lectotype. Even with little information available, apparently, all specimens mentioned here as isolectotypes belong to a single collection made by Swartz in the 18th century since they have notes indicating Jamaica as the country of origin, show the collector’s handwriting on the label, identical leaf morphology, and absence of flowers and fruits, the phenological stage described in the protologue. Krug & Urban (in Urban 1895) described Calyptranthes fawcettii and cited three specimens collected in Jamaica without indicating the holotype. The collection number of the syntype Harris 5213 was incorrectly listed in the protologue as 5223. The specimen at G [G00359526] from the collection Harris 5011 is here designed as lectotype since it presents more leaves and flowers., Published as part of Braga, João Marcelo Alvarenga, Fernandes, Thiago, Campbell, E., Prado, Jefferson & Lucas, Eve J., 2022, New combination and typifications of names of Caribbean species of Myrcia sect. Calyptranthes (Myrtaceae), pp. 189-194 in Phytotaxa 567 (2) on pages 189-192, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.567.2.7, http://zenodo.org/record/7141796, {"references":["Swartz, O. (1788) Nova Genera et Species Plantarum seu Prodomus. Bibliopoliis Acad. M. Swederi, Holmiae, Upsaliae, Aboae, 158 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 433","Gmelin, J. F. (1791) Caroli a Linne, Systema Naturae, vol. 2, pt. 1, ed. 13. Impensis Georg. Emanuel. Beer, Lipsiae, 884 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 36932","Kuntze, O. (1891) Revisio Generum Plantarum, vol. 1. Arthur Felix, Leipzig, 374 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 327","Campbell, K. C. S. E, Acevedo-Rodriguez, P. A., Acosta, Z, Commock, T., Lourenco, A. R. L., Peguero, B., Samra, K. & Lucas, E. J. (2019) New combinations and new names in Myrcia for West Indian species previously included in Calyptranthes (Myrtaceae). Phytotaxa 406: 143 - 156. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 406.3.1","Urban, I. (1895) Additamenta ad cognitionem florae Indiae occidentalis. Particula II. Botanische Jahrbucher fur Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 19: 577 - 681.","De Candolle, A. P. (1827) Myrtacees. In: Audouin, I. et al. (Eds.) Dictionnaire classique d'histoire naturelle, vol. 11, pt. MO-NSO. Rey et Gravier, Baudouin Freres, Paris, pp. 399 - 407. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 33901","Lucas, E. J. & Sobral, M. (2011) Proposal to conserve the name Myrcia against Calyptranthes (Myrtaceae). Taxon 60: 605. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / tax. 602044","Lucas, E. J., Belsham, S. R., Nic Lughadha, E. M., Orlovich, D. A., Sakuragui, C. M., Chase, M. W. & Wilson, P. G. (2005) Phylogenetic patterns in the fleshy-fruited Myrtaceae - preliminary molecular evidence. Plant Systematics and Evolution 251: 35 - 51. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00606 - 004 - 0164 - 9","Lucas, E. J., Harris, S. A., Mazine, F. F., Belsham, S. R., Nic Lughadha, E. M., Telford, A., Gasson, P. E. & Chase, M. W. (2007) Suprageneric phylogenetics of Myrteae, the generically richest tribe in Myrtaceae (Myrtales). Taxon 56: 1105 - 1128. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 25065906","Staggemeier, V. G., Diniz-Filho, J. A. F., Forest, F. & Lucas, E. J. (2015) Phylogenetic analysis in Myrcia section Aulomyrcia and inferences on plant diversity in the Atlantic rainforest. Annals of Botany 115: 747 - 761. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aob / mcv 005","Santos, M. F., Sano, P. T., Forest, F. & Lucas, E. (2016) Phylogeny, morphology and circumscription of Myrcia sect. Sympodiomyrcia (Myrcia s. l., Myrtaceae). Taxon 65: 759 - 774. https: // doi. org / 10.12705 / 654.5","Wilson, C. E., Forest, F., Devey, S. D. & Lucas, E. J. (2016) Phylogenetic relationships in Calyptranthes (Myrtaceae) with particular emphasis on its monophyly relative to Myrcia s. l. Systematic Botany 41: 378 - 386. https: // doi. org / 10.1600 / 036364416 X 691786","Vasconcelos, T. N. C, Proenca, C. E. B., Ahmad, B., Aguilar, D. S., Aguilar, R., Amorim, B. S., Campbell, K., Costa, I. R., De-Carvalho, P. S., Faria, J. E. Q., Giaretta, A., Kooij, P. W., Lima, D. F., Mazine, F. F., Peguero, B., Prenner, G., Santos, M. F., Soewarto, J., Wingler, A. & Lucas, E. J. (2017) Myrteae phylogeny, calibration, biogeography and diversification patterns: Increased understanding in the most species rich tribe of Myrtaceae. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 109: 113 - 137. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2017.01.002","Lucas, E. J., Wilson, C. E., Lima, D. F., Sobral, M. & Matsumoto, K. (2016) A conspectus of Myrcia sect. Aulomyrcia (Myrtaceae). Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 101: 648 - 698. https: // doi. org / 10.3417 / 2014015","Wilson, K. L. (2017) Report of the General Committee: 16. Taxon 66: 189 - 190. https: // doi. org / 10.12705 / 661.15","Lourenco, A. R. L., Parra-O, C., Sanchez-Chavez, E & Lucas, E. (2018) New combinations and names for continental American Calyptranthes (Myrtaceae: Myrcia s. l.). Phytotaxa 373: 71 - 85. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 373.1.3","Glaziou, A. F. M. (1908) [1907] Plantae Brasiliae Centralis a Glaziou lectae. Liste des plantes du Bresil Central recueillies en 1861 - 1895. Meimoires Publieis par la Socieitei Botanique de France 54, Mem. 3 c: 201 - 296.","Berg, O. (1859) Myrtaceae In: Martius, C. F. P. von (ed.) Flora Brasiliensis. v. 14, fasc. 18, pt. 3. Fried. Fleischer in Comm., Lipsiae & Monachii, pp. 529 - 656.","Rosa, P. O., Vasconcelos, T. N. C, Lucas, E. J. & Proenca, C. E. B. (2021) Revisiting Glaziou and the botany of the second Cruls Mission: three new species and 23 accepted species of Myrcia (Myrtaceae) collected from Goias, Brazil and a detailed description of his \" Goyas \" itinerary. Phytotaxa 509: 69 - 92. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 509.1.3","Mansano, V. F. & Pederneiras, L. C. (2016) Proposal to add Glaziou's \" Plantae Brasiliae centralis a Glaziou lectae \" to the list of suppressed works in Appendix VI. Taxon 65: 1181 - 1182. https: // doi. org / 10.12705 / 655.28","Applequist, W. L. (2017) Report of the Nomenclature Committee for Vascular Plants: 69. Taxon 66: 500 - 513. https: // doi. org / 10.12705 / 662.17"]}

Thismia petasiformis D.F.Silva & J.M.A.Braga, sp. nov. (Figures 1–3) Type:— BRAZIL. Mato Grosso: Nova Bandeirantes, Fazenda Marúpa, próximo à rodovia MT-208, 09º59’40”S, 57º49’18”W, 6 March 2021, fl. and fr., D. F. Silva et al. 198 (holotype RB 830081 [barcode RB01461462]!; isotype RB2735 [barcode RBspirit01461469]!). Diagnosis:— Similar to Thismia fungiformis and T. melanomitra, but differs from both in having perianth tube apparently trigonous with slightly curved sides, narrowing of the medial portion up to an apical circular opening, annulus inconspicuous; inner perianth lobes triangular, connate over the tube opening and forming a hat-shaped mitre, brownish, umbilicate with base of the lobes free and forming a tripod. Description:—Herbs 2.5–9 cm tall, terrestrial, mycoheterotrophic, achlorophyllous. Roots 5–21 × 0.1–0.2 cm, vermiform, sometimes branched, creeping, tan-colored to yellowish-orange. Stem 2–4 cm × ca. 0.2 cm, elongating up to ca. 8.3 cm long when in fruit, erect, terete, unbranched, glabrous, white. Leaves 1–5, 1–5 × 1–2 mm, alternate, scattered along the stem, scale-like, conduplicate, concave, reticulate, lanceolate, apex acute, margin entire or sparsely serrate, glabrous, translucent white. Bracts 3, 2–7 × 1–2 mm, surrounding the ovary base, spirally-alternate, scale-like, conduplicate, concave, reticulate, lanceolate, apex acute, margin entire or sparsely serrate, glabrous, translucent white. Flowers 13–14 × 7–8 mm, solitary, actinomorphic; pedicel 1–4 × 1–2 mm, elongating up to 4–38 × 2–3 mm when in fruit, white; perianth tube 7–8 × 4–5 mm, apparently trigonous with slightly curved sides, narrowing at middle into an apical, circular, darkened opening, ca. 2 mm in diameter, annulus inconspicuous, white, outer surface smooth, with 2 vertical darkened lines, inner surface with lobed and striated laminar projections, with 6 prominent vertical lines; perianth lobes in two whorls (3+3); outer perianth lobes 9–12 × ca. 2 mm, near the base of the tube, pointing up, lanceolate, twisted, curved surface, apex truncate, tumescent, glabrous, tan-colored, sometimes with irregular darkened macules at base; inner perianth lobes ca. 5 × 8 mm, triangular, connate over the tube opening and forming a hat-shaped mitre, tan-colored, umbilicate, lobes base free forming a tripod supporting the mitre, slightly curved sides, margin slightly involute, almost imperceptibly white-ciliolate, externally smooth, internally with horizontal striations and very tiny papillose trichomes on the entire surface of the mitre. Stamens 6, ca. 3 × 0.5 mm, spathulate, glabrous, white, pendulous, attached to the inner wall of perianth tube, inserted ca. 0.5 mm below the annulus, interstaminal lobes absent; filaments ca. 1.3 mm long, free; connectives inconspicuous; anthers ca. 1.7 × 0.5 mm long, elliptic, apex obtuse, surrounded by a thin and clear membranous projection. Ovary ca. 3 × 4 mm, unilocular, obconical, smooth, white, glabrous, multi-ovulate placentation parietal; style ca. 0.5 mm long, inconspicuous, white; stigma 1.9–2 × ca. 2 mm, trilobed, pyramidal, central orifice surrounded by auriculate lobes, densely covered with very tiny papillose trichomes, white. Fruits 3–7 × 5–8 mm, cup-shaped, inner surface with circular striations, margin irregular, with 6 symmetrical lobes 1.7–3 × 0.1–0.3 mm, rounded, glabrous, white. Seeds 0.5–0.6 × ca. 0.2 mm, obovoid to ellipsoid, reticulate, tan-colored, seminiferous nucleus brown; funiculus filiform, persistent, white. Additional specimens examined (Paratype): — BRAZIL. Mato Grosso: Nova Bandeirantes, Fazenda Marúpa, próximo à rodovia MT-208, 09º59’42”S, 57º49’23”W, 7 March 2021, fl. and fr., D. F . Silva et al. 199 (RB 830083 [barcode RB01461464]!). Etymology:— The specific epithet (Latin: pĕtăsus: i, m) refers to its hat-shaped mitre. Phenology:— Flowering and fruiting was observed in March. A notable phenological characteristic of this species is that its stem elongates when fruiting, increasing up to almost ten times in length than when flowering. Distribution:— This species is known only from the type locality, in the municipality of Nova Bandeirantes, State of Mato Grosso, Brazil (Figure 4). Habitat and Ecology:— Thismia petasiformis is known from a few sparse individuals found in a Dense Ombrophilous Forest remnant in the southern region of the Brazilian Amazon Forest, around 300 m a.s.l. The individuals were observed growing on the forest litter in humid and shady places in areas of preserved forests. Conservation status: — Thismia petasiformis is only known by about 20 individuals found growing amongst leaf litter, under shade in an isolated fragment of the Brazilian Amazon Forest with approximately 800 ha, located on private property in the extreme north region of the State of Mato Grosso. In the same fragment were also found individuals of T. melanomitra and T. ribeiroi Engels, D.F.Silva & Soares-Lopes (in Silva et al. 2020: 268).Although the native vegetation is still preserved, the site is not an environmental protection area, with recent activities of logging and expansion of pasture areas being observed, in addition to traces of fires. This fragment is located in the deforestation arc of Brazil’s Legal Amazon, a region globally known for large-scale deforestation for logging, extensive monoculture and ranching expansion, and fires (Fearnside 2005; Carvalho et al. 2019; Silva Junior et al. 2022). Despite studies indicating that the preserved native forests of the Brazilian Amazon can be profitable and economically sustainable (Nobre et al. 2021), deforestation has been accelerating and drastically destroying the ecosystems and natural landscapes (Garrett et al. 2021). To make this chaotic scenario worse, in recent years, deforestation has increased dramatically at rates never before documented (Silva Junior et al. 2021). These factors place T. petasiformis in high danger of extinction. Due to the low number of known mature individuals, the extent of occurrence (EOO) cannot be measured. The occupancy area (AOO) is estimated at less than 4 km 2. Therefore, we suggested the preliminary status of Critically Endangered (CR) by meeting the criteria B2ab(ii, iii), according to the IUCN (2012, 2019). Notes: — Thismia petasiformis belongs to T. subg. Ophiomeris sect. Pyramidalis due to its horizontal cylindrical roots, terete stem with scattered leaves along the stem, pyramidal stigma, stamens with inconspicuous connective, interstaminal lobes absent, and parietal placentation extending from the base to the top of the ovary. Recently, Shepeleva et al. (2020) showed that Thismia is polyphyletic, with T. subg. Ophiomeris being distantly related to the T. subg. Thismia, but related to the Neotropical monotypic genus Tiputinia P.E.Berry & C.L.Woodw. (in Woodward et al. 2007: 158). This preliminary resulted already proves the need for further molecular and genomic research about the Neotropical species of Thismia, so that doubts about the phylogenetic position of these subgenera may be put to rest. Thismia petasiformis is similar to T. fungiformis, which is a species endemic to the Atlantic Forest of the State of Rio de Janeiro. However, it differs by its perianth tube 7–8 × 4–5 mm, apparently trigonous with slightly curved sides, external surface smooth (vs. 6–9 × 6–9 mm, urceolate, external surface somewhat wrinkled in T. fungiformis), outer perianth lobes pointing up, lanceolate, twisted, with apex truncate (vs. outer perianth lobes reflexed, plane, apex acute), and inner perianth lobes united over the tube opening and forming a hat-shaped mitre (vs. inner perianth lobes inserted below the annulus, each lobe forming a bowl-shaped structure at apex, mitre absent). It also shares the presence of a mitre with T. melanomitra, another species from the Amazon Forest, from which it differs mainly by the perianth tube 7–8 mm long, apparently trigonous with slightly curved sides (vs. ca. 14 mm long, oblanceoloid-hexagonal in T. melanomitra), outer perianth lobes 9–12 × ca. 2 mm, lanceolate, twisted, apex truncate (vs. 5–6 × 4–5 mm, ovate, plane, apex rounded to obtuse), and annulus inconspicuous (vs. prominent). The complete comparison of the morphological characters of these three species is shown in Table 1., Published as part of Silva, Diego Ferreira Da & Braga, João Marcelo Alvarenga, 2022, Thismia petasiformis (Thismiaceae), a new fairy lantern species from the Brazilian Amazon Forest, pp. 221-229 in Phytotaxa 564 (2) on pages 222-227, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.564.2.5, http://zenodo.org/record/7087262, {"references":["Silva, D. F. da, Engels, M. E. & Soares-Lopes, C. R. A. (2020) Novelties in Thismia (Thismiaceae) from South Brazilian Amazon with the description of a new species. Phytotaxa 429: 261 - 273. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 429.4.2","Fearnside, P. M. (2005) Deforestation in Brazilian Amazonia: history, rates, and consequences. Conservation Biology 19: 680 - 688. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1523 - 1739.2005.00697. x","Carvalho, W. D., Mustin, K., Hilario, R. R., Vasconcelos, I. M., Eilers, V. & Fearnside, P. M. (2019) Deforestation control in the Brazilian Amazon: A conservation struggle being lost as agreements and regulations are subverted and bypassed. Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation 17: 122 - 130. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. pecon. 2019.06.002","Silva Junior, C. A. da, Lima, M., Teodoro, P. E., Oliveira-Junior, J. F. de, Rossi, F. S., Funatsu, B. M., Butturi, W., Lourenconi, T., Kraeski, A., Pelissari, T. D., Moratelli, F. A., Arvor, D., Luz, I. M. S., Teodoro, L. P. R., Debruil, V. & Teixeira, V. M. (2022) Fires drive long-term environmental degradation in the Amazon Basin. Remote Sensing 14: 338. https: // doi. org / 10.3390 / rs 14020338","Nobre, C., Arieira, J. & Nascimento, N. (2021) Amazonian Forest: the products of agroecological systems: considerations about the natural forest and economic exploitation for its conservation and how to develop sustainable agroforestry systems that induce the reduction of deforestation. Technical Note IDB-TN- 02242: 1 - 49. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.18235 / 0003693","Garrett, R. D., Cammelli, F., Ferreira, J., Levy, S. A., Valentim, J. & Vieira, I. (2021) Forests and sustainable development in the Brazilian Amazon: history, trends, and future prospects. Annual Review of Environment and Resources 46: 625 - 652. https: // doi. org / 10.1146 / annurev-environ- 012220 - 010228","Silva Junior, C. H. L., Pessoa, A. C. M., Carvalho, N. S., Reis, J. B. C., Anderson, L. O. & Aragao, L. E. O. C. (2021) The Brazilian Amazon deforestation rate in 2020 is the greatest of the decade. Nature Ecology & Evolution 5: 144 - 145. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / s 41559 - 020 - 01368 - x","IUCN (2012) IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1. Second edition. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, 32 pp.","IUCN (2019) IUCN Red List of threatened species: Version 2019 - 2. Available from: http: // www. iucnredlist. org / (accessed 1 May 2022)","Shepeleva, E. A., Schelkunov, M. I., Hrones, M., Sochor, M., Dancak, M., Merckx, V. S. F. T, Kikuchi, I. A., Chantanaorrapint, S., Suetsugu, K., Tsukaya, H., Mar, S. S., Luu, H. T., Li, H. - Q., Logacheva, M. D. & Nuraliev, M. S. (2020) Phylogenetics of the mycoheterotrophic genus Thismia (Thismiaceae: Dioscoreales) with a focus on the Old World taxa: delineation of novel natural groups and insights into the evolution of morphological traits. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 287 - 315. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / botlinnean / boaa 017","Woodward, C. L., Berry, P. E., Maas-van de Kamer, H. & Swing, K. (2007) Tiputinia foetida, a new mycoheterotrophic genus of Thismiaceae from Amazonian Ecuador, and a likely case of deceit pollination. Taxon 56: 157 - 162. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 25065746"]}

Key to the species of Abuta from Brazilian Atlantic Forest 1. Leaf blades glabrous, 3-veined prominent abaxially......................................................................................................... A. selloana 1´. Leaf blades densely pilose, 5-veined prominent abaxially.................................................................................................................2 2. Drupelets 1.7–3 cm long, tomentose to velutinous......................................................................................................... A. rufescens 2´. Drupelets 5–5.5 cm long, glabrous................................................................................................................. Abuta alto-macahensis, Published as part of Feliz, Pablo Fernando, Fernandes, Thiago, Joffily, Ana, Bovini, Massimo Giuseppe & Braga, João Marcelo Alvarenga, 2022, A new species of Abuta (Menispermaceae) from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, pp. 193-200 in Phytotaxa 556 (2) on page 199, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.556.2.9, http://zenodo.org/record/6966041

Abuta alto-macahensis Feliz & J.M.A.Braga, sp. nov. (Figures 1–5) Diagnosis: —Similar to A. rufescens, but differs by the leaf blades adpressed tomentose abaxially, and drupelets ≥ 5 cm long, glabrous. Type: — BRAZIL. Rio de Janeiro, Macaé, estrada Frade - Tapera, próximo ao desvio do Pico do Frade, 4 march 2004, fl. ♀, R. C . Forzza et al. 2899 (holotype RB 827493 [barcode 01457839]; isotypes: NY, R). Lianas, up to 25 m tall; older stems ca. 10 cm diameter at base, younger stems and branches cylindrical, cinereous to brownish, smooth, tomentose to glabrous with age, lenticellate, sometimes marked with thin streaks. Leaves with petiole 6–15 cm long, cinereous to brownish, adpressed tomentose, smooth or finely striated longitudinally, tips slightly dilated, apex usually curved; blades 8–24 × 5–16 cm, flat, thick, chartaceous to coriaceous, ovate, widely elliptic or suborbiculate, base obtuse, apex acute or acuminate, sometimes with the apex damaged giving it the false appearance of obtuse or emarginated, margin entire; adaxial surface greenish, or brownish to blackish when dried, glabrous, abaxial surface whitish, or cinereous when dried, densely adpressed tomentose; venation basal actinodromous, 5- veined prominent abaxially, midvein giving rise to two pairs of larger secondary veins, the first pair of lateral veins starting at the base and ascending, nearly reaching the apex, giving rise to 2–3 more distinct veins that extend nearly to the margin, the second pair of lateral veins thinner, curved-ascending to the middle third of the blade, adjacent veins distinct, reticulate with lax areoles. Pistillate inflorescences racemose, supra-axillary, solitary; rachis 2–7 cm long, thinner, finely striated longitudinally or smooth, cinereous to brownish, adpressed tomentose, or robust, lenticellate, glabrous when fruiting. Bracts 0.5–1 × 0.3–0.6 mm, lanceolate or elliptic, densely brownish-tomentose; pedicels 2–4 mm long or up to 10 mm when fruiting, brownish, adpressed tomentose. Pistillate flowers brownish, densely tomentose; sepals 9, the outer 3, 0.7–1 × 0.6–0.7 mm, the medians 3, 1–1.3 × 0.9–1.5 mm, the inner 3, 1.5–2 × 1.5–2 mm, ovate or orbiculate, base obtuse, rounded or cordate, apex obtuse or rounded; staminodes 6, 1.2–1.6 mm long, threadlike, brownish, densely tomentose to velutinous, except apex black and glabrous; carpels 3, 1.4–1.5 × 0.8–1 mm, sessile, brownish, densely tomentose to velutinous, style 0.1–0.2 mm long, reflexed, stigma 2-lobed, sometimes entire. Drupelets 5–5.5 × 2.5 cm; epicarp mature orange, or black when dried, glabrous; endocarp ca. 4.5 × 2 cm, woody, with a hippocrepiform groove starting at the style scar and running along the long axis of the endocarp, both having impressed veins on each lateral surface, condyle deeply ensconced in the seed, giving it a hippocrepiform appearance. Seed ca. 3.5 × 1.5 cm, with a membranous coat, hyaline, adhered to the wall of the storage tissue; endosperm abundant, viscous and ruminate, made up of vesiculate parts surrounding the entire embryo. Staminate inflorescences and flowers unknown. Etymology: —The name refers to the locality where the species was found. Despite the Recommendation 23A.3j of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Turland et al. 2018) which advises against the use of littleknown or very restricted localities for species names, we chose to keep the name originally suggested by Rupert C. Barneby (Figure 1B), in honor of his work and discovery. Distribution, habitat and conservation:— The species is known only from two montane regions in the Brazilian State of Rio de Janeiro, where it inhabits well-preserved montane rainforests at elevations of 1,000 –1,300 m (Figures 4A, 5). Considering the extent of available suitable habitat, its Extent of Occurrence (EOO) has been calculated to range between 3 and 3,500 km ². The presently known occurrence records are from protected areas (“Área de Proteção Ambiental de Macaé de Cima” and “Monumento Natural do Pico do Frade”), however these are for sustainable use, with human activities still permitted. Therefore, these protected areas still face threats of habitat loss by fire, expansion of rural properties and especially deforestation to create new pasture and farming areas (see Guedes-Bruni & Lima 1996; Lima & Guedes-Bruni 1997; INEA 2014; Costa et al. 2021). From these observations, we suggest the status of Endangered (EN) based on the criteria B1abiii (IUCN 2012, 2019). Notes:— The affinity of Abuta alto-macahensis to Abuta sect. Abuta and the relationship of this species to A. rufescens Aublet (1775: 618) [syn.: A. convexa (Vell.) Diels (1910: 193)] was previously pointed out by Braga (1996), who illustrated and identified the specimen Pessoa 549 et al. (RB) as Abuta sp. The new species is distinguished by leaf blades abaxial surface adpressed tomentose and drupelets glabrous (vs. abaxial surface and drupelets densely tomentose to velutinous). Barneby & Krukoff (1971) cited two species of Abuta for southeastern Brazil, including A. selloana Eichler (1864: 389). The latter was also found in the area during the Reserva Ecológica de Macaé de Cima floristic inventory (Braga 1996), but it has glabrous branches and leaves, 3-nervate, more delicate secondary veins and dense reticulum, pistillate flowers with 6 sepals and drupelets up to 4 cm long (see the identification key below). Additional specimens (paratypes):— BRAZIL. Rio de Janeiro: Nova Friburgo, Reserva Ecológica de Macaé de Cima, 16 January 1991, fr., S.V.A. Pessoa et al. 549 (RB); Macaé, Glicério, Tapera, Serra de Crubixais, Fazenda Crubixais, base do Pico do Frade, trilha para o Ponto de Decisão, 29 June 2016, st., J. M. A. Braga & M.G. Bovini 16- 019 (RB)., Published as part of Feliz, Pablo Fernando, Fernandes, Thiago, Joffily, Ana, Bovini, Massimo Giuseppe & Braga, João Marcelo Alvarenga, 2022, A new species of Abuta (Menispermaceae) from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, pp. 193-200 in Phytotaxa 556 (2) on pages 194-198, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.556.2.9, http://zenodo.org/record/6966041, {"references":["Turland, N. J., Wiersema, J. H., Barrie, F. R., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D. L., Herendeen, P. S., Knapp, S., Kusber, W. - H., Li, D. - Z., Marhold, K., May, T. W., McNeill, J., Monro, A. M., Prado, J., Price, M. J. & Smith, G. F. (2018) International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. [Regnum Vegetabile 159]. Koeltz Scientific Books, Konigstein, 254 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.12705 / Code. 2018","Guedes-Bruni, R. R. & Lima, H. C. (1996) Serranias do estado do Rio de Janeiro: o conhecimento floristico atual e as implicacoes para a conservacao da diversidade na Mata Atlantica. Eugeniana 22: 9 - 22.","Lima, H. C. & Guedes-Bruni, R. R. (1997) Serra de Macae de Cima: Diversidade floristica e conservacao em Mata Atlantica. Jardim Botanico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 346 pp.","INEA (Instituto Estadual do Ambiente) (2014) APA Estadual de Macae de Cima: plano de manejo - informacoes sintetizadas da UC. Instituto Estadual do Ambiente, Rio de Janeiro, 42 pp.","Costa, K. K. S., Bertolino, A. V. F. A. & Barros, A. A. M. (2021) Regeneracao da cobertura vegetal em area de agricultura de corte e queima em Sao Pedro da Serra, Nova Friburgo (Rio de Janeiro, Brasil). Revista Tamoios 17: 84 - 110. https: // doi. org / 10.12957 / tamoios. 2021.58517","IUCN (International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources) (2012) IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 3. 1, 2 nd ed. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, 32 pp.","Aublet, J. B. C. F. (1775) Histoire des plantes de la Guiane Francoise. v. 1. Pierre - Francois Didot, London & Paris, pp. 618 - 621.","Diels, L. (1910) Menispermaceae. In: Engler, H. G. A. (Ed.) Das Pflanzenreich, v. 4, p. 94. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 1 - 345.","Braga, J. M. A. (1996) Menispermaceae. In: Lima, M. P. M. & Guedes-Bruni, R. R. (Eds.) Reserva Ecologica de Macae de Cima, Nova Friburgo, RJ - Aspectos Floristicos das Especies Vasculares. v. 2. Jardim Botanico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, pp. 289 - 298.","Barneby, R. C. & Krukoff, B. A. (1971) Supplementary Notes on American Menispermaceae. VIII. A Generic Survey of the American Triclisieae and Anomospermeae. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 22: 1 - 89.","Eichler, A. G. (1864) Menispermaceae. In: Martius, C. F. P. & Eichler, A. G. (Eds.) Flora Brasiliensis v. 13, p. 1. Monachii, Typographia Regia, Frid Fleischer, Lipsiae, pp. 161 - 226."]}

3. Eugenia pachypoda T.Fern. & Sobral, sp. nov. Type:— BRAZIL. Espírito Santo: 10 km na estrada de Cachoeiro de Itapemirim para Alegre, [20°47’36.3”S 41°20’40.7”W], mais ou menos 90 ms.m., 26 April 1972, D. Sucre & T. Soderstrom 9006 (holotype RB00265900!; isotype RBR). Figures 5, 6 and 7. Diagnosis:—Morphologically similar to Eugenia mestrealvarensis Valdemarin & Mazine (in Valdemarin et al. 2020: 204), differing by absent or up to 2 mm long petioles that, when present are corky and transversely wrinkled (vs. petioles 2.6–4 mm long and smooth in E. mestrealvarensis), pedicels corky and detaching as thin, longitudinal plates, puberulent, with no conspicuous glands (vs. smooth, pubescent, with conspicuous glands), stamen filaments 6–8 mm long (vs. 2–3 mm long), style 8–9 mm long (vs. ca. 3 mm long), and ovary with 7–8 ovules per locule (vs. 12–14). Description:—Shrubs to 3 m, diameter unknown. Stem irregularly fissured, greyish, not exfoliating. Young shoots and leaves not seen. Young twigs applanate, glabrous, lustrous, exfoliating, when mature terete to semiterete, greyish; internodes 15–40 × 1.8–3 mm. Mature leaves sessile or subsessile, petioles when present up to 2 × 1.5–2 mm, glabrous, corky and transversely wrinkled; blades 5.3–11 × 2.6–5.2 cm, 1.8–2 times longer than wide, coriaceous, glabrous, concolorous or slightly discolorous, in this case abaxially lighter; elliptic or ovate, base obtuse or cordiform, apex acute; glandular dots 10–20/mm², to 0.1 mm in diameter, visible on both surfaces, a little more so abaxially, darker than the surface; midvein biconvex adaxially, raised and concolorous abaxially; lateral veins 10–18 at each side, leaving the midvein at angles 70–80°, raised and visible on both sides; marginal veins two, the innermost 2–4.5 mm, the outermost 0.8–1 mm from the revolute margin, the margin itself with a yellowish or brown girdle 0.2–0.3 mm wide. Inflorescences cauliflorous, fasciculate, the axis ca. 4 × 1.5 mm, with 2–8 flowers, puberulent, trichomes simple, white, ca. 0.1 mm; bracts not seen; pedicels 2–9 × 1 mm, corky and detaching as thin, longitudinal plates, puberulent, with no conspicuous glands, trichomes simple, white or brown, ca. 0.1 mm; bracteoles ca. 1 × 1–1.2 mm, triangular or ovate, puberulent, with cilia 0.1–0.2 mm, glabrescent, persisting after anthesis. Flower buds ca. 6 × 5–6 mm, globose or obovate, the ovary densely covered with an arachnoid indumentum, trichomes simple, whitish or brown, 0.1–0.2 mm, markedly contrasting with the glabrous or very scarcely puberulent calyx lobes, these free; calyx lobes four, erect, in two slightly unequal pairs, the outer one rounded, 1.5–2 × 3 mm, the inner one ovate, 2–2.5 × 3 mm, visibly covered with glands ca. 0.1 mm in diameter, darker than the surface; petals four, elliptic or rounded, ca. 7 × 6–7 mm, slightly convex and sometimes visibly glandular; staminal ring to 3 mm in diameter, rounded, flattened, glabrous; stamens about 100 (scars counted), filaments 6–8 mm, the anthers oblong, 1.3–2 × 0.2–0.4 mm, with one apical gland; style 8–9 mm, glabrous, the stigma punctiform, papillose; ovary with two internally glabrous locules, each with 7–8 ovules. Fruits not seen. Paratype:— BRAZIL. Espírito Santo: municipality of Cachoeiro do Itapemirim, 12 May 1993, R . Mello-Silva & J. R. Pirani 832 (RB!, SPF). Etymology:—The specific epithet derives from the Greek ‘pachys’ = ‘thick’ and ‘pous’ = ‘foot’, an allusion to the thick pedicels found in this species. Distribution, habitat and phenology:—Presently known from two specimens collected in forest ecosystems at about 90 m elevation in the municipality of Cachoeiro de Itapemirim, in the southern portion of the Southeastern Brazilian state of Espírito Santo (Figure 7); flowers were collected in April and May. Preliminary conservation status: —Data Deficient (DD) due to the lack of accurate data on distribution. The estimated coordinates of the single record indicate that the species was possibly collected in an unprotected area composed by small, sparse forest fragments visible by satellite images taken in August 2020 (ESRI 2022). Therefore, a reassessment is highly desirable if further data are available in the future. Affinities:—Beyond the diagnosis, this species can be further compared with Eugenia subglomerata (Kuntze) Sobral (2017: 243; basionym: Myrtus subglomerata Kuntze [1898: 92]), a species from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest occurring from the state of Espírito Santo to Santa Catarina (Mazine et al. 2020). Eugenia pachypoda differs from this species by its leaves with petioles absent or up to 2 mm long (vs. ≥ 4 mm long in E. subglomerata), blades with obtuse or cordiform bases (vs. cuneate), flowers with pedicels 2–9 mm long, corky, detaching as thin, longitudinal plates (vs. up to 4 mm long, not corky, smooth), flower buds to 6 mm long (vs. up to 3 mm long), and calyx lobes 1.5–2.5 mm long (vs. up to 1.5 mm long). Another Atlantic Forest species, Eugenia monosperma Vellozo (1829: 209), has often long, lanceolate leaves, quite different from E. pachypoda. However, a closer look reveals many shared features between these species, such as the cordate leaf bases, two marginal veins and cauliflorous inflorescences. Eugenia pachypoda differs essentially by its leaf blades concolorous or at most slightly discolorous (vs. markedly discolorous in E. monosperma), two times longer than wide (vs. 2.4–4 times longer than wide), pedicels corky and detaching as thin, longitudinal plates (vs. smooth), and less ovules per locule (up to 8 vs. 14–18). A morphological description of Eugenia monosperma can be found in Valdemarin (2018: 54), who studied populations occurring in the Reserva Natural Vale, a protected area in the Brazilian state of Espírito Santo. Considering the inflorescence morphology of Eugenia pachypoda, we suggest its sectional placement in E. sect. Umbellatae O. Berg (1855 –1856: 204), according to the sectional classification proposed by Mazine et al. (2016, 2018).

2. Eugenia longimitra Sobral, M.C.Souza & J.M.A.Braga, sp. nov. Type:— BRAZIL. Rio de Janeiro: Mangaratiba, Reserva Ecológica de Rio das Pedras (RPPN-IBAMA), Alto da Cabiuna, trilha para a Toca da Aranha, [22°59’20”S, 44°06’15”W], ca. 340 m.s.m., 11 January 1999, J.M.A. Braga, M.G. Bovini & C.M. Mynssen 5125 (holotype RB00745117!; isotype HUFSJ!). Figures 3, 4 and 7. Diagnosis:—Morphologically similar to Eugenia neoriedeliana M.C.Souza & Giaretta (in Giaretta et al. 2018: 285) that also has calyptrate flowers, but differs by the racemiform inflorescences (vs. fasciculiform in E. neoriedeliana), and flower buds fusiform (vs. obovoid or ellipsoid) and completely fused (vs. partially fused with four vestigial lobes at the apex). Description:—Tree to 7 m tall, diameter unknown. Stem with slightly exfoliating bark. Young shoots and leaves not seen; cataphylls not seen, probably early deciduous. Young twigs applanate and longitudinally sulcate, glabrescent or puberulent, then the trichomes brownish, asymmetrical, dibrachiate, ca. 0.2 mm, when mature terete or semi-cylindric, brownish to greyish, glabrous; internodes 22–55 × 1–1.5 mm. Mature leaves with petioles 5–7 × 0.8–1 mm, glabrous or very scarcely puberulent, finely sulcate adaxially; blades 9–12 × 2.9–4.6 cm, 2.8–3.4 times longer than wide, elliptic or narrow-elliptic, base cuneate, apex acuminate by ca. 10 mm, chartaceous, the surface irregularly undulate, markedly discolorous, dull light brown adaxially and dull green abaxially, the adaxial side glabrous, the abaxial side very scarcely puberulent, trichomes dibrachiate, ca. 0.2 mm; glandular dots ca. 30/mm², smaller than 0.05 mm in diameter, visible only in the abaxial surface, darker than the surface; midvein finely sulcate adaxially, raised and darker than the surface abaxially; lateral veins 12–16 at each side, leaving the midvein at angles 45–70º, weakly raised and moderately visible on both sides; marginal veins two, the innermost 3–3.5 mm, the outermost about 1 mm from the slightly revolute margin. Inflorescences axillary or terminal, auxotelic, with up to six flowers, the main axis often not extending and so acquiring a racemiform arrangement, in this case the axis 2–3 × 1 mm, or sometimes the main axis extending prolifically and recovering vegetative growth, with trichomes as the twigs, in this case one main axis per axil; bracts ca. 2 × 1 mm, elliptic, concave, deciduous at anthesis; pedicels 10–15 × 1–1.1 mm, applanate, wider at the point of insertion with the flowers; bracteoles 0.8–1.7 × 1–1.6 mm, wide-ovate, glabrous, sometimes connate at the very base, persisting after anthesis. Flower buds 8–10 × 3–3.6 mm, fusiform, uniformly covered by densely appressed brown dibrachiate trichomes ca. 0.2 mm, the calyx completely fused in a very markedly rostrate apiculum, 3–4 mm; often opening through a calyptra at anthesis, or sometimes tearing longitudinally in two irregular halves, simulating two large calyx lobes ca. 3 × 2 mm, glabrous adaxially; petals ca. 3.5 × 3 mm, three in the flower examined, ovate, somewhat unequal between them, glabrous in both surfaces; staminal ring up to 2 mm in diameter, rounded, flattened, glabrous; stamens erect in bud, ca. 100 (scars counted), filaments 3–3.5 mm, the anthers elliptic, 0.3–0.4 × 0.2, with one or two apical glands; calyx tube 0.5–1 mm, with trichomes ca. 0.1 mm around the base of the style; style ca. 8 mm, glabrous, the stigma slightly capitate, minutely papillose; ovary with two internally glabrous locules, each with 4–7 ovules. Fruits not seen. Paratype:— BRAZIL. Rio de Janeiro: Mangaratiba, Reserva Rio das Pedras (RPPN / IBAMA), trilha para a Toca da Aranha, ca. 260 m. s.m., 24 November 1998, J. M. A . Braga & M. G. Bovini 5085 (RB00745088!). Etymology:—The specific epithet derives from the Latin ‘ longa ’ (long), and the Greek ‘ mitra ’ (cap, or calyptra), alluding to the length of the calyptra, proportionally longer in this species than in the congeneric ones. Vernacular name:—The species is regionally known as ‘ameixa-do-mato’ (i.e., ‘wild plum’). Distribution, habitat and phenology:—Presently known from only two specimens collected in coastal rainforests at 260–340 m elevation in the municipality of Mangaratiba, in the Southwest portion of the southeastern Brazilian state of Rio de Janeiro (Figure 7); flowers were collected in January and November. Preliminary conservation status:—Data Deficient (DD) considering that only two collections from a single locality are known, and no additional information is available. However, there are some evidences that this species is likely to be threatened at some level. The collection locality and its surroundings are well sampled botanically (see Werneck et al. 2011: 190), but after two decades the species has not been collected again as no further collections were found in herbaria. Despite its occurrence inside a protected area (Cunhambebe State Park), hunting and palm heart extraction are historical threats to its habitat (Medeiros et al. 2004). Thus, we recommend the species to be reassessed if further data are available in the future. Affinities:— Eugenia longimitra is morphologically related to E. brevistyla, with which it is compared in the diagnosis. It also resembles Eugenia prasina O. Berg (1857 –1859: 225) in its vegetative features, with blades superficially resembling those of this species. However, Eugenia longimitra has the midvein adaxially impressed (vs. raised or rarely plane in E. prasina), and calyx lobes fused in bud, opening through a calyptra or sometimes by irregular longitudinal tearing in two halves (vs. calyx lobes free in bud, opening through four regular lobes). The dibrachiate trichomes and ovate bracteoles (Figure 4B) of Eugenia longimitra may resemble species of Myrceugenia O. Berg (1855 –1856: 5) with calyptrate flowers, M. gertii Landrum (1984: 163) and M. ovalifolia (O.Berg) Landrum (1984: 163; basionym: Mitranthes ovalifolia O. Berg, 1857 –1859: 356), the former with a rostrate calyptra. However, the calyptrate condition in these species appears along with inflorescences in solitary or superposed peduncles (Landrum 1984), a very recurrent inflorescence pattern in Myrceugenia, whereas Eugenia longimitra has inflorescences with main axis that often does not extend and display a racemiform arrangement with up to six lateral flowers. Alternatively, the main axis recovers the vegetative growth beyond the flowering region (auxotelic growth, Briggs & Johnson 1979: 241) and the flower/fruit become basal in the branch, while the internodes elongate (Figure 4A), a common feature in Eugenia. Furthermore, Eugenia longimitra has 2-locular ovaries in contrast to the 4-locular ovaries found in these species of Myrceugenia, and the number of ovules per locule is lower in Eugenia longimitra (4– 7) compared to that of M. gertii (8–11) and M. ovalifolia (11–16, sometimes 20). Dibrachiate trichomes and calyptrate flowers can also be found in Myrcia De Candolle (1827: 401), but this genus has consistently two ovules at each locule in the ovary (see Lucas et al. 2018). Additional evidence supporting the positioning of Eugenia longimitra are the straight stamens in the flower buds in contrast to the semi-curved stamens of Myrceugenia and the curved stamens of Myrcia (see Vasconcelos et al. 2015). According to the sectional classification proposed by Mazine et al. (2018), the fused calyx of Eugenia longimitra fits the morphological circumscription of E. sect. Schizocalomyrtus (Kausel 1967: 367) Mattos (2005: 3) —for a taxonomic revision of this section see Giaretta et al. (2021). However, fused calyx has emerged independently several times in Eugenia and it was suggested that calyx features should be combined with other characters to support a reliable phylogenetic placement (Giaretta et al. 2019a, b). Apparently, the fused calyx of E. longimitra fits the homosepalous pattern (bud with calyx fused forming a homogeneous tissue without evidence of seams where the tearing may take place), the most common pattern in Eugenia with fused calyx (Giaretta et al. 2019b). Vegetatively, Eugenia longimitra lacks well-marked veins and has undulate leaf margin, which does not fit the circumscription of E. sect. Schizocalomyrtus. Regarding reproductive characters, the auxotelic inflorescences of E. longimitra are not often found in this section. Therefore, the infrageneric positioning of this species should be confirmed through a molecular phylogeny., Published as part of Fernandes, Thiago, Giaretta, Augusto, Sobral, Marcos, Souza, Marcelo Da Costa & Braga, João Marcelo Alvarenga, 2022, Three new species of Eugenia (Myrtaceae) from the Atlantic Forest of southeastern Brazil, pp. 51-62 in Phytotaxa 552 (1) on pages 54-57, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.552.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/6673195, {"references":["Giaretta, A., Lucas, E., Souza, M. C., Mazine, F. F. & Sano, P. (2018) Nomenclatural notes on Eugenia with closed calyces: Calycorectes O. Berg and Mitranthes O. Berg (Myrtaceae). Phytotaxa 362: 282 - 286. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 362.3.4","Werneck, M. S., Sobral, M. E. G., Rocha, C. T. V., Landau, E. C. & Stehmann, J. R. (2011) Distribution and endemism of angiosperms in the Atlantic Forest. Natureza & Conservacao 9: 188 - 193. https: // doi. org / 10.4322 / natcon. 2011.024","Medeiros, M. F. T., Fonseca, V. S. & Andreata, E. H. (2004) Plantas medicinais e seus usos pelos sitiantes da Reserva Rio das Pedras, Mangaratiba, RJ, Brasil. Acta Botanica Brasilica 18: 391 - 399. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0102 - 33062004000200019","Berg, O. (1857 - 1859) Myrtaceae. In: Martius, C. F. P. von (Ed.) Flora Brasiliensis, vol. 14, pt. 1. Frid. Fleischer in Comm., Lipsiae [Leipzig] & Monachii [Munich], pp. 1 - 656. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 454","Berg, O. (1855 - 1856) Revisio Myrtacearum Americae. Linnaea 27: 1 - 472.","Landrum, L. R. (1984) Taxonomic Implications of the Discovery of Calyptrate Species of Myrceugenia (Myrtaceae). Brittonia 36: 161 - 166. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 2806624","Briggs, B. G. & Johnson, L. A. S. (1979) Evolution in the Myrtaceae - Evidence from inflorescence structure. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 102: 157 - 254. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / phytokeys. 61.7904","De Candolle, A. P. (1827) Myrtacees. In Bory de Saint-Vincent, J. B. G. M. (org.) Dictionnaire classique d'histoire naturelle 11: 399 - 407.","Lucas, E. J., Amorim, B. S., Lima, D. F., Lima-Lourenco, A. R., NicLughadha, E. M., Proenca, C. E. B., Rosa, P. O., Rosario, A. S., Santos, L. L., Santos, M. F., Souza, M. C., Staggemeier, V. G., Vasconcelos, T. N. C. & Sobral, M. (2018) A new infra-generic classification of the species-rich Neotropical genus Myrcia s. l. Kew Bulletin 73: 9. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / S 12225 - 017 - 9730 - 5","Vasconcelos, T. N. C., Prenner, G., Bunger, M. O., De-Carvalho, P. S., Wingler, A. & Lucas, E. J. (2015) Systematic and evolutionary implications of stamen position in Myrteae (Myrtaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 179: 388 - 402. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / boj. 12328","Mazine, F. F., Faria, J. E. Q., Giaretta, A., Vasconcelos, T., Forest, F. & Lucas, E. (2018) Phylogeny and biogeography of the hyper-diverse genus Eugenia (Myrtaceae: Myrteae), with emphasis on E. sect. Umbellatae, the most unmanageable clade. Taxon 67: 752 - 769. https: // doi. org / 10.12705 / 674.5","Kausel, E. (1967) Lista de las Mirtaceas y Leptospermaceas Argentinas. Lilloa 32: 323 - 368.","Mattos, J. R. de (2005) Consideracoes sobre Calycorectes Berg. Loefgrenia 120: 1 - 24.","Giaretta, A., Lucas, E. J. & Sano, P. T. (2021) Taxonomic monograph of Eugenia sect. Schyzocalomyrtus (Myrtaceae: Myrteae), a group within Eugenia with unusual flowers. Phytotaxa 54: 135 - 177. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 524.3.1","Giaretta, A., Amorim, B. S., Sano, P. T., Souza, G. & Lucas, E. (2019 a) Phylogenetic placement of new species with fused calyx reveals homoplastic character in Eugenia (Myrtaceae). Systematic Botany 44: 66 - 73. https: // doi. org / 10.1600 / 036364419 X 697903","Giaretta, A., Vasconcelos, T. N. C., Mazine, F. F., Faria, J. E. Q., Flores, R., Holst, B., Sano, P. T. & Lucas, E. J. (2019 b) Calyx (con) fusion in a hyper-diverse genus: Parallel evolution of unusual flower patterns in Eugenia (Myrtaceae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 139: 1 - 15. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2019.106553"]}

1. Eugenia cabofriana T.Fern., Sobral & J.M.A.Braga, sp. nov. Type:— BRAZIL. Rio de Janeiro: Arraial do Cabo, Ilha de Cabo Frio, Vertente N, Mata de Encosta, 22 November 2001, fl., C. Farney, M.O. Souza & J.C. Gomes 4417(holotype RB00451836!; isotypes MBML00031556!, RBR00044692!, HUFSJ! [no barcode]). Figures 1, 2 and 7. Diagnosis:—Morphologically similar to Eugenia prasina O. Berg (1857 –1859: 225; for recent descriptions see Sobral 2011, Valdemarin 2018 and Mazine et al. 2020), differing by the tomentose young shoots (vs. glabrous to puberulent in E. prasina), blades with acumen 3–5% of the blade’s length (vs. acumen 10–15% of the blade’s length) and pedicels to 1.5–4 mm long, pilose at least when flowers are in bud (vs. 6–26 mm long, always glabrous). Description:—Tree to 10 m tall and 16 cm diameter at breast height. Stem morphology unknown. Young shoots and leaves tomentose, the trichomes light brown or grey, ca. 0.2 mm, glabrescent; cataphylls (3)6–10 × 1–1.8 mm, narrow elliptic to lanceolate, puberulent.Young twigs slightly applanate, pilose as the young shoots, glabrescent, finely longitudinally striate when mature, drying grey; internodes 10–25 × 1–3 mm. Mature leaves with petioles 9–16 × 1–1.3 mm, glabrous, sulcate adaxially; blades 65–101 × 27–43 mm, 2–2.5 times longer than wide, elliptic, base cuneate, apex acute to acuminate in 2.5–5 mm, chartaceous, discolorous, adaxially shining dark olive-green or brown, abaxially dull light brown, glabrous or with very scattered trichomes persisting especially abaxially; glandular dots 20–30/mm², of distinct sizes, the larger ones to 0.1 mm in diameter, visible only in the abaxial surface; midvein adaxially sulcate at least along the proximal half of the blade, becoming finely impressed or plane towards the apex, abaxially raised and lighter than the surface; lateral veins 12–16 at each side, leaving the midvein at angles about 60°, finely raised on both surfaces, more evidently abaxially; secondary lateral veins and higher order venation evident on both surfaces; intramarginal vein 1.5–2 mm from the margin, the margin itself slightly revolute and with a brownish girdle to 0.2 mm wide. Inflorescences axillary, fasciculiform, with 1–4 flowers, the main axis to 2 × 2 mm or absent, with rufescent trichomes to 0.1 mm; bracts ca. 1 × 1.5 mm, glabrous, hemispheric, deciduous at anthesis; pedicels 1.5–4 × 1 mm, semi-cylindric, densely covered by an arachnoid indumentum, the trichomes to 0.1 mm; bracteoles 2–2.5 × 2.5 mm, triangular, apex acuminate, both surfaces glabrous and margins with scattered cilia to 0.1 mm, free from each other, persisting at anthesis. Flower buds 6–8 × 5–7 mm, obpyriform, the ovary pilose as the pedicels, contrasting with the sepals, these four, glabrous, widely ovate to hemispheric, in two unequal pairs, the outer ones to 3 × 4 mm, the inner ones 4–6 × 4–7 mm, drying dark brown, densely glandular, the margin with a yellowish girdle 0.3–0.5 mm wide, with cilia ca. 0.1 mm; petals ca. 8 × 5 mm, four, glabrous, elliptic, apex rounded; staminal ring ca. 4 mm in diameter, glabrous, stamens and style not measured at early stages of development in the flower buds; calyx tube absent; ovary with two internally glabrous locules, 6–7 ovules per locule. Fruits not seen. Etymology —The specific epithet refers to the place where the type was collected at the Cabo Frio Center of Plant Diversity (see Araújo 1997). Distribution, habitat and phenology:—Presently known from a single collection from an island near the coast of Arraial do Cabo, a municipality in the southeastern Brazilian state of Rio de Janeiro (Figure 7). The island is covered with semideciduous forest. Flower buds were collected in late November. Preliminary conservation status:—Data Deficient (DD) considering that only a single collection is known from the locality, and no additional information is available. The Cabo Frio Island is part of the Cabo Frio Center of Plant Diversity, a region with high level of plant endemism that is also the type locality of several recently described plant species (see e.g., Araújo 1997, Tatagiba et al. 2004, Vianna Filho & Alves 2010, Faria et al. 2015). Thus, it is well possible that E. cabofriana might be endemic from this region. The Cabo Frio Island is under the control of the Brazilian navy, but touristic activities are still allowed and represent the main current threat to the habitat. A reassessment is highly desirable if further data are available in the future. Affinities:—Beyond the diagnosis, Eugenia cabofriana can also be further compared with E. angelyana Mattos (1989: 2) from southern Brazil, from which it differs by the size of its blades 65–101 × 27–43 mm (vs. blades 35–55 × 12–30 mm in E. angelyana), flowers with bracteoles persisting at anthesis (vs. deciduous before anthesis), ovary longitudinally smooth (vs. longitudinally costate) and sepals in two unequal pairs, the outer ones ca. 3 × 4 mm, the inner ones 4–6 × 4–7 mm (vs. sepals of the same size, ca. 6 × 3 mm). It shares morphological similarities with Eugenia ochracea Valdemarin & Mazine (in Valdemarin et al. 2019), differing by the tomentose indumentum (vs. floccose in E. ochracea), flower buds obpyriform with up to 7 mm in diameter (vs. globose, 7.5–9 mm in diameter), bracteoles triangular (vs. lanceolate to linear), and ovaries with 6–7 ovules per locule (vs. 16–22). Considering the inflorescence morphology, Eugenia cabofriana may be assigned to E. sect. Umbellatae O. Berg (1855 –1856: 204), according the sectional classification proposed by Mazine et al. (2016: 231)., Published as part of Fernandes, Thiago, Giaretta, Augusto, Sobral, Marcos, Souza, Marcelo Da Costa & Braga, João Marcelo Alvarenga, 2022, Three new species of Eugenia (Myrtaceae) from the Atlantic Forest of southeastern Brazil, pp. 51-62 in Phytotaxa 552 (1) on pages 52-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.552.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/6673195, {"references":["Berg, O. (1857 - 1859) Myrtaceae. In: Martius, C. F. P. von (Ed.) Flora Brasiliensis, vol. 14, pt. 1. Frid. Fleischer in Comm., Lipsiae [Leipzig] & Monachii [Munich], pp. 1 - 656. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 454","Sobral, M. (2011) Eugenia (Myrtaceae) no Parana. Eduel, Londrina, 236 pp.","Valdemarin, K. S. (2018) Estudo taxonomico das especies de Eugenia L. (Myrtaceae) da Reserva Natural Vale - Linhares, ES. Masters dissertation. Universidade de Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, 106 pp.","Mazine, F. F., Bunger, M., Faria, J. E. Q., Fernandes, T., Giaretta, A., Valdemarin, K. S., Santana, K. C., Souza, M. A. D. & Sobral, M. (2020) Flora do Brasil 2020. Available at . (accessed 24 January 2022).","Araujo, D. S. D. (1997) Cabo Frio Region. In: Davis, S. D., Heywood, V. H., Herrera-Macbryde, O., Villa-lobos, J. & Hamilton, A. C. (Eds.) Centres of Plant Diversity: a guide and strategy for their conservation: The Americas. Oxford: WWF / IUCN, pp. 373 - 375.","Tatagiba, F. C. P., Alves, R. J. V. & Silva, B. R. (2004) Two new white-flowered species of Pitcairnia from Brazil. Selbyana 25: 27 - 32.","Vianna Filho, M. D. M. & Alves, R. J. V. (2010) Pilea carautae (Urticaceae), a new and endemic species from South-eastern Brazil. Kew Bulletin 65: 1 - 6. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12225 - 010 - 9222 - 3","Faria, J. E. Q., Mazine, F. F. & Proenca, C. (2015) Two new species of Eugenia (Myrtaceae) from the Cabo Frio Center of Plant Diversity, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Phytotaxa 208: 201 - 208. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 208.3.2","Mattos, J. R. (1989) Novidades taxonomicas em Myrtaceae V. Loefgrenia 94: 1 - 12.","Valdemarin, K. S., Giaretta, A., Sobral, M., Souza, V. C. & Mazine, F. F. (2019) Two new species of Eugenia (Myrtaceae, Myrteae) with fused calyx from the Atlantic coastal forest, Brazil. Phytotaxa 403: 99 - 110. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 403.2.3","Berg, O. (1855 - 1856) Revisio Myrtacearum Americae. Linnaea 27: 1 - 472.","Mazine, F., Bunger, M. O., Faria, J. E. Q., Lucas, E. & Souza, V. C. (2016) Sections in Eugenia (Myrteae, Myrtaceae): nomenclatural notes and a key. Phytotaxa 289: 225 - 236. https: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 289.3.2"]}