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5. Contextual Factors Contributing to Variability within Middle School Teachers' Observed Classroom Management and Student Engagement

Author

Kaihoi, Chelsea A., Braun, Summer S., Bottiani, Jessika H., and Bradshaw, Catherine P.

Abstract

Teachers' classroom management practices are an essential aspect of supporting student engagement, yet they often vary in response to changing conditions in the classroom. This study explored the variability within middle school teachers' observed practice and their students' engagement as a function of contextual factors. Observers visited teachers (n = 278) on three occasions, typically over the course of two consecutive school days using two consecutively-administered observational tools (n = 1582 total observations). Multilevel regression models and multiple comparison adjustments suggested teachers' emotional support and student cooperation declined over time during the morning hours. Small group work, individual seat work, and "other" instructional groupings were often associated with less desirable outcomes than whole group instruction. Finally, most teacher practice and student engagement outcomes were rated more favorably when observers perceived a larger proportion of the students in the classroom to be White. Implications are discussed for observational measures in research and practice and for improvements in teachers' classroom management practices, particularly when working with students of color.

Published
2023
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6. The Sampling Ratio in Multilevel Structural Equation Models: Considerations to Inform Study Design

Author

Kush, Joseph M., Konold, Timothy R., and Bradshaw, Catherine P.

Abstract

Multilevel structural equation modeling (MSEM) allows researchers to model latent factor structures at multiple levels simultaneously by decomposing within- and between-group variation. Yet the extent to which the sampling ratio (i.e., proportion of cases sampled from each group) influences the results of MSEM models remains unknown. This article explores how variation in the sampling ratio in MSEM affects the measurement of Level 2 (L2) latent constructs. Specifically, we investigated whether the sampling ratio is related to bias and variability in aggregated L2 construct measurement and estimation in the context of doubly latent MSEM models utilizing a two-step Monte Carlo simulation study. Findings suggest that while lower sampling ratios were related to increased bias, standard errors, and root mean square error, the overall size of these errors was negligible, making the doubly latent model an appealing choice for researchers. An applied example using empirical survey data is further provided to illustrate the application and interpretation of the model. We conclude by considering the implications of various sampling ratios on the design of MSEM studies, with a particular focus on educational research. [For the corresponding grantee submission, see ED617004.]

Published
2022
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8. Stakeholder-driven transformative adaptation is needed for climate-smart nutrition security in sub-Saharan Africa

Author

Jennings, Stewart, Challinor, Andrew, Smith, Pete, Macdiarmid, Jennie I., Pope, Edward, Chapman, Sarah, Bradshaw, Catherine, Clark, Heather, Vetter, Sylvia, Fitton, Nuala, King, Richard, Mwamakamba, Sithembile, Madzivhandila, Tshilidzi, Mashingaidze, Ian, Chomba, Christian, Nawiko, Masiye, Nyhodo, Bonani, Mazibuko, Ndumiso, Yeki, Precious, Kuwali, Pamela, Kambwiri, Alfred, Kazi, Vivian, Kiama, Agatha, Songole, Abel, Coskeran, Helen, Quinn, Claire, Sallu, Susannah, Dougill, Andrew, Whitfield, Stephen, Kunin, Bill, Meebelo, Nalishebo, Jamali, Andrew, Kantande, Dhaquirs, Makundi, Prosper, Mbungu, Winfred, Kayula, Frank, Walker, Sue, Zimba, Sibongile, Galani Yamdeu, Joseph Hubert, Kapulu, Ndashe, Galdos, Marcelo Valadares, Eze, Samuel, Tripathi, Hemant, Sait, Steven, Kepinski, Stefan, Likoya, Emmanuel, Greathead, Henry, Smith, Harriet Elizabeth, Mahop, Marcelin Tonye, Harwatt, Helen, Muzammil, Maliha, Horgan, Graham, and Benton, Tim

Published
2024
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10. Promoting Social and Behavioral Success for Learning in Elementary Schools: Practice Recommendations for Elementary School Educators, School and District Administrators, and Parents

Author

2M Research, Nisar, Hiren, Elgin, Dallas, Bradshaw, Catherine, Dolan, Virginia, Frey, Andy, Horner, Rob, Owens, Julie, Perales, Kelly, and Sutherland, Kevin

Abstract

In recent decades, research and practice have shown that investing in a positive school-wide social culture is a key component of effective education. Evidence demonstrates that educators and students succeed when students are present, engaged, socially secure, and academically successful. Developed by 2M Research in conjunction with an expert panel and informed by a review of evidence using What Works Clearinghouse (WWC) evidence standards, these practice recommendations for educators draw upon studies of whole-school or whole-class interventions that support prosocial behavior in elementary school students, including students who are identified as having disabilities or who are at risk of identification for special education services. Moreover, these recommendations are based on research on promising interventions that show evidence of improved outcomes for student behavior, educator classroom management, and school environment. The panel offers elementary educators, administrators, qualified related service providers, and qualified school-based mental health practitioners the following five specific recommendations for prevention-focused practices that promote prosocial student behavior and related outcomes: (1) Implement School-Wide Procedures for Defining, Teaching, and Acknowledging a Small Set (e.g., 3-5) of Positive Behavioral Expectations; (2) Implement School-Wide Procedures to Ensure that Consequences for Problem Behavior (a) Prevent Escalation, (b) Interrupt and/or Redirect Problem Behavior to Expected Behavior, and (c) Minimize Inadvertently Rewarding Problem Behavior; (3) Use Coaching to Support Implementation of Evidence-Based Instructional and Classroom Management Strategies; (4) Collect, Summarize, and Use Fidelity and Student Outcome Data at All Levels for Iterative Decision-Making and Problem-Solving by Stakeholders; and (5) Implement the Organizational Systems Needed to Support the Initial Adoption and Sustained Use of Effective Practices with High Fidelity. [For "Promoting Social and Behavioral Success for Learning in Elementary Schools: Systematic Review Protocol. Version 3.0. Revised," see ED617406. For "Promoting Social and Behavioral Success for Learning in Elementary Schools: Introduction to Recommendations," see ED617820.]

Published
2022

11. Accounting for Traumatic Historical Events in Educational Randomized Controlled Trials

Author

Herman, Keith C., Dong, Nianbo, Reinke, Wendy M., and Bradshaw, Catherine P.

Abstract

As an example of how historical events may influence the findings and interpretations of a randomized trial, we use a school-based evaluation of a classroom management program that was conducted in a nearby district before and after the shooting of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri (N = 102 teachers and 1,450 students). The findings suggest that the event differentially affected teacher and student response within and across conditions. Black teachers benefited more from the intervention as evidenced by their independently observed classroom management skills and praise-to-reprimand ratios; however, these effects were minimized or disappeared after the event. Additionally, although the intervention equally benefited the academic achievement of Black and White students before the event, the opportunity gap widened after the event. Implications for the design, analysis, and reporting of findings from randomized controlled trials are discussed. [This is the online version of an article published in "School Psychology Review."]

Published
2022
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12. Planning for a Crisis, but Preparing for Every Day: What Predicts Schools' Preparedness to Respond to a School Safety Crisis?

Author

Bradshaw, Catherine P., Debnam, Katrina J., Kush, Joseph, and Lindstrom Johnson, Sarah

Abstract

This study aimed to identify potential gaps related to crisis preparedness at 98 public secondary schools, as such crises may occur following a substantiated eminent threat of school violence. Crisis preparedness data collected by trained external assessors captured knowledge of the procedure for responding in a safety-related crisis and process for notifying school staff, as well as the posting of the crisis plan in school locations. Data were analyzed in conjunction with data on student- and staff-reported school climate, school demographics, and external observations of the school. Analyses indicated that the staff were least aware of the process for "notifying" staff that a crisis was occurring. Middle schools, schools with higher levels of school disorder, and those with poorer reading and math scores were less likely to know the procedure, know the notification process, and have the plans posted in all locations. Schools also need to improve posting of school crisis procedures in shared and open spaces, such as the cafeteria and gymnasium; this is especially critical given that many school shootings occur in these large open spaces. Multilevel analyses indicated that staff perceptions of safety were significantly higher in schools in which the procedure was posted in all locations. Together, these findings provide evidence of a link among crisis planning, school context, and school climate, and complement the need for additional training on what to do following the substantiation of a credible and eminent threat. [This paper was published in "Frontiers in Communication" v7 Article 765336 2022.]

Published
2022
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13. School Climate and Bullying Bystander Responses in Middle and High School

Author

Waasdorp, Tracy Evian, Fu, Rui, Clary, Laura K., and Bradshaw, Catherine P.

Abstract

Bullying bystanders' reactions are important for either stopping or perpetuating bullying behaviors. Given school-based bullying programs' focus on bystanders, understanding the associations between school-level factors and individual bystander responses can improve intervention efficacy. Data from 64,670 adolescents were used to examine bullying bystander responses as a function of 13 school-climate dimensions within 3 main factors (Engagement, Environment, Safety) and individual-level factors (e.g., race/ethnicity, perceptions of student-teacher connectedness). Multi-level models showed schools with better Engagement and Safety had higher odds of defender behaviors, a better Environment was associated with lower odds of passive and assisting behaviors. Differences also varied by individual-level factors. For example, an aggressive climate was associated with passive behaviors more strongly in boys and high schoolers. Further, higher perceived parent-teacher and student-teacher connectedness were associated with positive bystander behaviors, and this was stronger for Black and Latinx youth, highlighting the importance of improving relationships as a crucial starting point. [This paper was published in "Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology" v80 Article 101412 2022.]

Published
2022
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15. A Multidimensional and Multilevel Examination of Student Engagement and Secondary School Teachers' Use of Classroom Management Practices

Author

Larson, Kristine E., Pas, Elise T., Bottiani, Jessika H., Kush, Joseph M., and Bradshaw, Catherine P.

Abstract

Student engagement is a multidimensional construct influenced by complex student, classroom, and school factors. Although prior research has examined various dimensions of student engagement, few studies have adopted a multilevel approach to simultaneously incorporate observational measures of classroom practices with student and school factors. The current study examined the association between student self-reported affective and behavioral engagement (n = 26,849 students) and observed instructional and behavioral classroom management practices within 401 classrooms in 54 high schools. We employed three-level hierarchical linear modeling and included student, classroom, and school variables. Results indicated that observed teacher use of positive behavior supports was positively and significantly associated with student reports of active engagement in the same classroom. Implications for improving teachers' classroom management practices to promote student engagement are considered. [For the Grantee Submission, see ED611739.]

Published
2021
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16. A Mixed-Methods Approach for Embedding Cost Analysis within Fidelity Assessment in School-Based Programs

Author

Bradshaw, Catherine P., Debnam, Katrina J., Player, Daniel, Bowden, Brooks, and Lindstrom Johnson, Sarah

Abstract

This mixed-methods study describes a framework for conducting cost analyses of school-based programs leveraging fidelity data and applying the ingredients method. We illustrate this approach by applying it to Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (PBIS), drawing on multiple sources of data from a sample of U.S. 77 schools that were trained in PBIS. We concluded that the average per school cost of PBIS was US$53,216.00 (median = US$36,698), with an average per-pupil cost of US$90.00 (median = US$58.00), which is considerably less than other school-based prevention models. The cost did, however, differ by implementation level, such that high-fidelity implementation tended to cost more than low-fidelity implementation. We provide a case illustration to elucidate some of the cost drivers of PBIS implementation. Specifically, these data highlight the variability in the amount of training and coaching by the specific evidence-based program implemented within the tiered PBIS framework. Through this case illustration, we demonstrate the utility of tracking costs of school-based program within the context of fidelity data collection. The findings also suggest the potential cost savings of PBIS, both when compared with other evidence-based interventions as well as the known costs of negative school outcomes like dropout.

Published
2023
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17. Are We Moving the Needle on Racial Disproportionality? Measurement Challenges in Evaluating School Discipline Reform

Author

Bottiani, Jessika H., Kush, Joseph M., McDaniel, Heather L., Pas, Elise T., and Bradshaw, Catherine P.

Abstract

Challenges in the measurement of racial disparities in school discipline are a significant barrier to identifying policy and programmatic reforms that are effective at closing gaps. This article reviews key measurement issues and presents a set of empirical analyses as an illustrative case study. Specifically, we reframe the interpretation of discipline data in light of initiatives designed to reduce racial discipline disparities. We also characterize common metrics and recognize several additional ones for use in discipline disproportionality outcome evaluations. Leveraging a statewide policy reform as an example, we report findings from a quasi-experimental evaluation, which demonstrated that the various metrics can point to differing conclusions. We conclude with proposed guiding principles for the selection and use of discipline disproportionality metrics in evaluations.

Published
2023
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22. Can Policy Promote Adoption or Outcomes of Evidence-Based Prevention Programming?: A Case Illustration of Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports

Author

Bradshaw, Catherine P., Pas, Elise T., Musci, Rashelle J., Kush, Joseph, and Ryoo, Ji Hoon

Abstract

This study examined the impact of a state policy requiring that any school with a habitual truancy rate of 8% of higher to be trained in Tier 1 school-wide Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (SW-PBIS). A regression discontinuity (RD) design was used to examine how the schools' mandate status related to SW-PBIS training as well as student suspensions, truancy, and achievement in 410 public middle and high schools, of which 261 were affected by the mandate. We further examined the growth trajectories (i.e., improvement) of implementation fidelity over time using growth mixture modeling (GMM). Contrary to the intent of the policy to improve student outcomes, the RD results suggested the mandate did not impact reading and math achievement, truancy rates, or SW-PBIS training in 2010-11 through 2013-14. Mandated schools did have higher suspension rates in 2010-11 through 2013-14 than the non-mandated schools, however, these differences in the suspension rates appear to have persisted from years prior to the mandate. Descriptive analyses suggested that mandated schools had statistically significantly higher rates of training, and the GMM analyses on the fidelity data indicated that mandated schools were significantly more likely to be in an improving growth trajectory over time. Taken together, results suggested that the policy showed some promise for improving SW-PBIS training and fidelity over time, but it had little to no impact on student outcomes.

Published
2021

23. Leveraging Findings on the Cost of Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports to Inform Decision Making by Leaders in Special Education Programming

Author

Bradshaw, Catherine P., Johnson, Sarah Lindstrom, and Goodman, Steve

Abstract

The field of special education has become increasingly interested in and concerned about the costs associated with delivering programs and services to students. Yet, to date, there has been relatively limited data on the costs or return on investment of special education services and preventive interventions. There is an opportunity to learn from other areas of education about the costs and benefits of programming related to students with disabilities. One such line of cost-related work that has emerged over the past few years has focused on Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (PBIS). This paper reviews the process of conducting a cost analysis alongside findings from a series of recent PBIS-related research on costs and benefits, including the return on investment associated with PBIS. Research suggests that the benefits of PBIS outweigh the costs, signaling a positive return on investment. Current research evidence shows that the largest benefits of PBIS come from improvements in academics, suggesting the value of interventions that support student behavior, which may be maximized for students with special educational needs.

Published
2021

24. Statistical Power for Randomized Controlled Trials with Clusters of Varying Size

Author

Kush, Joseph M., Konold, Timothy R., and Bradshaw, Catherine P.

Abstract

Power in multilevel models remains an area of interest to both methodologists and substantive researchers. In two-level designs, the total sample is a function of both the number of level-2 (e.g., schools) clusters and the average number of level-1 (e.g., classrooms) units per cluster. Traditional multilevel power calculations rely on either the arithmetic average or the harmonic mean when estimating the average number of level-1 units across clusters of unbalanced size. The current study evaluates and contrasts these two approaches with simulation-based power estimates in two-group two-level cluster randomized controlled trial designs with unbalanced cluster sizes. Results from the Monte Carlo study demonstrated the largest differences in simulated versus the two forms of calculated power occurred in study designs with large variability in the number of level-1 units sampled. Overall, power was less sensitive to the level-2 sample size or the effect size, regardless of the imbalance in cluster size. Implications of these findings for the design of cluster randomized trials are discussed. [This paper will be published in "The Journal of Experimental Education."]

Published
2021
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25. The Sampling Ratio in Multilevel Structural Equation Models: Considerations to Inform Study Design

Author

Kush, Joseph M., Konold, Timothy R., and Bradshaw, Catherine P.

Abstract

Multilevel structural equation (MSEM) models allow researchers to model latent factor structures at multiple levels simultaneously by decomposing within- and between-group variation. Yet the extent to which the sampling ratio (i.e., proportion of cases sampled from each group) influences the results of MSEM models remains unknown. This paper explores how variation in the sampling ratio in MSEM impacts the measurement of Level-2 (L2) latent constructs. Specifically, we investigated whether the sampling ratio is related to bias and variability in aggregated L2 construct measurement and estimation in the context of doubly latent MSEM models utilizing a two-step Monte Carlo simulation study. Findings suggest that while lower sampling ratios were related to increased bias, standard errors, and RMSE, the overall size of these errors was negligible, making the doubly latent model an appealing choice for researchers. An applied example using empirical survey data is further provided to illustrate the application and interpretation of the model. We conclude by considering the implications of various sampling ratios on the design of MSEM studies, with a particular focus on educational research. [The paper will be published in "Educational and Psychological Measurement."]

Published
2021
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26. Teacher-Student Incongruence in Perceptions of School Equity: Associations with Student Connectedness in Middle and High School

Author

Debnam, Katrina J., Milam, Adam J., Bottiani, Jessika, and Bradshaw, Catherine P.

Abstract

Background: School equity refers to the extent to which students are treated fairly, ensuring that each student receives what they need to be successful. School staff can play a vital role in creating an equitable school climate for adolescents, but little is known about how staff perceive equity in their school and how this in turn may relate to students' perceptions. This study sought to explore congruence between teacher and student perceptions of school equity and how congruence or incongruence related to students' sense of connectedness to school. Methods: Data for the study came from the Maryland Safe and Supportive Schools (MDS3) Climate Survey, which was administered online to 5,523 school staff and 59,218 students across 104 middle and high schools. Results: Multilevel models indicated compared to high staff and high student ratings, there was lower connectedness among the schools with low staff, low student ratings of equity as well as the schools with high staff, low student and low staff, high student ratings of equity. Conclusions: The findings suggest that staff perceptions of school equity are often higher than students and incongruence in perceptions may have a negative impact on students' connection to school. [This paper was published in "Journal of School Health" v91 n9 p706-713 2021 (EJ1304240).]

Published
2021
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27. Leveraging Motivational Interviewing to Coach Teachers in the Implementation of Preventive Evidence-Based Practices: A Sequential Analysis of the Motivational Interviewing Process

Author

Pas, Elise T., Borden, Lindsay, Herman, Keith, and Bradshaw, Catherine P.

Abstract

Though emerging research supports the effectiveness of school-based coaching models utilizing motivational interviewing (MI), an examination of the specific drivers behind these effects is notably lacking in the prevention field. This study leveraged sequential analysis to examine how teachers' verbalization of change talk (i.e., language in support of change) and sustain talk (i.e., language in support of maintaining the status quo) was influenced by coaches' use of MI-consistent (i.e., collaborative language supportive of change) and MI-inconsistent (e.g., confrontational, directive) language, respectively. We also examined whether teacher and coach factors were related to coach-teacher language dynamics. Data were collected from 87 teachers in 16 elementary and middle schools randomized in a trial to the Double Check preventive intervention (see Bradshaw et al., 2018). Audio-recorded coaching feedback sessions were coded using an adapted version of the Motivational Interviewing Sequential Code for Observing Process Exchanges (MI-SCOPE). Sequential analyses indicated that MI-consistent and change talk were significantly more likely than chance to occur consecutively. Teachers' sustain talk was also more likely to occur sequentially with coach use of MI-consistent language and teacher change talk; the latter suggests teacher ambivalence. Coaches rarely used MI-inconsistent language and its occurrence was only associated with more MI-inconsistent language. Regression analyses indicated that teacher age, efficacy, burnout, classroom organization, and some design features (i.e., cohort, coach, coach-teacher racial match) were associated with different coach-teacher language dynamics. This novel school-based study illustrates how coaching MI evoked teacher change talk related to use of evidence-based programs. [This paper was published in "Prevention Science" v22 p786-798 2021.]

Published
2021
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28. A Randomized Controlled Trial of MTSS-B in High Schools: Improving Classroom Management to Prevent EBDs

Author

Bradshaw, Catherine P., Pas, Elise T., Debnam, Katrina J., and Johnson, Sarah Lindstrom

Abstract

This study presents findings from a 58 high-school group-randomized controlled trial testing the effectiveness of training in a multitiered system of supports for behavior (MTSS-B) framework, which was leveraged to reduce students' risk for emotional and behavior disorders. The trial tested the impact of MTSS-B, which included (a) training in the broader MTSS-B framework that went beyond the existing Tier 1 (school-wide PBIS) training offered by the state; (b) project-provided coaching and technical assistance supports; and (c) integration and training in evidence-based behavioral or social-emotional programs at Tiers 2 and/or 3. We reported effects of MTSS-B on implementation of positive behavior supports across all three tiers using the Schoolwide Evaluation Tool (SET) and Individual Student Systems Evaluation Tool (ISSET), as well as on external observations of teachers' use of classroom management strategies. Results indicated significant effects on multiple SET subscales and significant reductions in teachers' use of reactive behavior management.

Published
2021
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29. Covariate Balance for Observational Effectiveness Studies: A Comparison of Matching and Weighting

Author

Kush, Joseph M., Pas, Elise T., Musci, Rashelle J., and Bradshaw, Catherine P.

Abstract

Propensity score matching and weighting methods are often used in observational effectiveness studies to reduce imbalance between treated and untreated groups on a set of potential confounders. However, much of the prior methodological literature on matching and weighting has yet to examine performance for scenarios with a majority of treated units, as is often encountered with programs and interventions that have been widely disseminated or "scaled-up." Using a series of Monte Carlo simulations, we compare the performance of k:1 matching with replacement and weighting methods with respect to covariate balance, bias, and mean squared error. Results indicate that the accuracy of all methods declined as treatment prevalence increased. While weighting produced the largest reduction in covariate imbalance, 1:1 matching with replacement provided the most unbiased treatment effect estimates. An applied example using empirical school-level data is provided to further illustrate the application and interpretation of these methods to a real-world scale-up effort. We conclude by considering the implications of propensity score methods for observational effectiveness studies with a particular focus on educational research. [For the corresponding grantee submission, see ED622050.]

Published
2023
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30. Race-Based Bullying Victimization and Adjustment Difficulties: Racial-Ethnic Differences in the Protective Role of School Equity

Author

Fu, Rui, Perepezko, Ann L., Bradshaw, Catherine P., and Waasdorp, Tracy Evian

Abstract

Race-based bullying (RBB) victimization is a significant concern among youth and can translate into a range of adjustment problems. As such, additional research is needed on possible protective factors that may buffer these effects among RBB victims. One potential factor is school equity, as it may buffer race-based bullying victims from maladjustment. This study sought to explore the role of school equity as a potential buffer for adjustment difficulties (i.e., internalizing, externalizing, sleep, and substance use problems) among race-based bullying victims and possible racial-ethnic differences in this association. Self-report data were collected from 8,977 middle and high school youth who self-identified as a bullying victim (51.31% were middle schoolers; 47.7% were males), of which 22.6% reported experiencing RBB. Results of multilevel analyses indicated that RBB victims showed higher levels of adjustment difficulties than victims who experienced general, non-RBB victimization. Student perceptions of school equity, at both the individual- and school-level, appeared to buffer the association between RBB and adjustment difficulties. Although a potential factor for all racial-ethnic groups, the function of individual-level equity was more pronounced among some ethnic groups (i.e., Asian and Latinx) than in others (i.e., Black), and the potential influence of school-level equity was stronger among Black victims than among others. Taken together, the findings highlight the importance of promoting school equity to buffer the potential influence of RBB victimization on adjustment difficulties, which was particularly salient among racial-ethnic minoritized subgroups. Implications for the Olweus Bullying Prevention Program and other prevention efforts are discussed. [This paper will be published in the "International Journal of Bullying Prevention."]

Published
2023
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31. The Perceived Effects of the Onset of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Focus on Educators' Perceptions of the Negative Effects on Educator Stress and Student Wellbeing

Author

Bradshaw, Catherine P., Kush, Joseph M., Braun, Summer S., and Kohler, Emily A.

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in an urgent pivot to remote learning, causing many challenges for teachers and school administrators. The current study sought to better understand the extent to which the perceived negative impacts of COVID-19 on U.S. educators and their students varied as a function of staff role (teacher vs. administrator), school level (elementary vs. secondary school), and type of school setting (public vs. private), as reported through a national survey of educators conducted in June through July of 2020. Using data from 608 educators (n = 481 teachers and n = 127 administrators; 48% elementary; 85% public school), we examined educators' perceptions of negative impacts on their personal lives, professional lives, and students' lives; major challenges; and stress in various domains. Findings suggested an overall high level of concern across domains. Investigation of educator subgroup effects suggested elementary educators and administrators were the most and were most concerned about the negative impacts on students. [This paper will be published in "School Psychology Review."]

Published
2023
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32. The Discipline Gap in Context: The Role of School Racial and Ethnic Diversity and within School Positionality on Out-of-School Suspensions

Author

Smith, Lora Henderson, Bottiani, Jessika H., Kush, Joseph M., and Bradshaw, Catherine P.

Abstract

Disparities in exclusionary discipline practices are well-documented; however, variation in Black students' disciplinary experiences across different racial and ethnic school compositions remains understudied. Utilizing a state-wide dataset (N = 769,050 students in J = 1296 schools), we examined student- and school-level factors that contribute to suspensions for Black students across schools with varying racial and ethnic diversity. Consistent with prior research, we found that Black students were disproportionately suspended more often, for more days, and more likely for soft offenses. We also found that students in majority Black schools (i.e., those where more than 50% of the students were Black) had the highest unadjusted rates of suspension. However, when controlling for multiple other student- and school-level characteristics, including overall suspension rates, we found that Black students attending majority White schools had a higher adjusted risk of suspension than in majority Black or heterogenous diverse schools, suggesting higher rates of differential treatment in White majority schools. We discuss the implications of these results regarding the role school psychologists play in supporting professional development, training, and data-based decision making related to reducing disproportionality. [This paper was published in "Journal of School Psychology" v98 p61-77 2023.]

Published
2023
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33. Gender, Racial, and Socioeconomic Disparities on Social and Behavioral Skills for K-8 Students with and without Interventions: An Integrative Data Analysis of Eight Cluster Randomized Trials

Author

Dong, Nianbo, Herman, Keith C., Reinke, Wendy M., Wilson, Sandra Jo, and Bradshaw, Catherine P.

Abstract

Despite decades of concern about disparities in educational outcomes for low SES students and students of color, there has been limited rigorous study of programmatic approaches for reducing these disparities in elementary or middle schools. We conducted integrative data analysis (IDA) of the combined data from eight Institute of Education Sciences funded cluster randomized trials to address the research gaps on social and behavioral outcome disparities. The final analytic sample includes 90,880 students in varying grade levels from kindergarten to grade 8 in 387 schools in 4 states (Maryland, Missouri, Virginia, and Texas). Two-level hierarchical linear modeling was used for multilevel moderation analysis. This study provided empirical evidence that there were significant gender, racial, and socioeconomic disparities on social and behavioral outcome measures for elementary and middle school students, the disparities significantly varied across schools, and the disparities could be reduced by interventions. We discussed our findings, implications for interpreting effect sizes of interventions using disparities as empirical benchmarks, and study limitations. We concluded with suggestions for future research. [For the corresponding grantee submission, see ED622033.]

Published
2023
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34. Author Correction: Stakeholder-driven transformative adaptation is needed for climate-smart nutrition security in sub-Saharan Africa

Author

Jennings, Stewart, Challinor, Andrew, Smith, Pete, Macdiarmid, Jennie I., Pope, Edward, Chapman, Sarah, Bradshaw, Catherine, Clark, Heather, Vetter, Sylvia, Fitton, Nuala, King, Richard, Mwamakamba, Sithembile, Madzivhandila, Tshilidzi, Mashingaidze, Ian, Chomba, Christian, Nawiko, Masiye, Nyhodo, Bonani, Mazibuko, Ndumiso, Yeki, Precious, Kuwali, Pamela, Kambwiri, Alfred, Kazi, Vivian, Kiama, Agatha, Songole, Abel, Coskeran, Helen, Quinn, Claire, Sallu, Susannah, Dougill, Andrew, Whitfield, Stephen, Kunin, Bill, Meebelo, Nalishebo, Jamali, Andrew, Kantande, Dhaquirs, Makundi, Prosper, Mbungu, Winfred, Kayula, Frank, Walker, Sue, Zimba, Sibongile, Galani Yamdeu, Joseph Hubert, Kapulu, Ndashe, Galdos, Marcelo Valadares, Eze, Samuel, Tripathi, Hemant, Sait, Steven, Kepinski, Stefan, Likoya, Emmanuel, Greathead, Henry, Smith, Harriet Elizabeth, Mahop, Marcelin Tonye, Harwatt, Helen, Muzammil, Maliha, Horgan, Graham, and Benton, Tim

Published
2024
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39. Interactional quality in middle schools: Latent profiles and their associations with teacher, classroom, and school compositional factors

Author

Camacho, Daniel A, Moore, Stephanie A, Pas, Elise T, and Bradshaw, Catherine P

Subjects
Quality Education, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, School Teachers, Schools, Students, United States, Teacher -student interactional quality, Latent profiles, Contextual factors, Teacher-student interactional quality, Specialist Studies in Education, Psychology, Education
Abstract

High quality teacher-student interactions are critical for the healthy social-emotional, behavioral, and academic development of middle school students. However, few studies have explored patterns of teacher-student interactions in middle school classrooms or the relation between teacher-, classroom-, and school-level factors and patterns of interaction. The current study employed latent profile analyses (LPA) to identify patterns of teacher-student interactional quality in a sample of 334 teachers from 41 schools serving middle school students within the Mid-Atlantic region of the U.S. Three distinct profiles of teacher-student interactional quality were identified that were characteristic of higher, lower, and intermediate quality and were differentially related to teacher, classroom, and school characteristics. Compared to classrooms with lower interactional quality, classrooms with "higher" or "intermediate" profiles were more likely to be taught by early career teachers, to have higher rates of observed student cooperation, and to be in schools in rural fringe areas. Classrooms with lower interactional quality were more likely to have larger student-to-teacher ratios and higher rates of student disruptive behaviors than classrooms with intermediate interactional quality and to be in schools with a higher percentage of out-of-school suspensions than classrooms with higher interactional quality. These findings suggest that interventions at the teacher, classroom, and school levels may promote positive teacher-student interactions, such as consultation to support teachers' effective classroom management, alternatives to out-of-school suspensions, and smaller student-to-teacher ratios.

Published
2022

40. Access to and quality of elective care: a prospective cohort study using hernia surgery as a tracer condition in 83 countries

Author

Dönmez, A Eylül, Goswami, Aakansha Giri, Raheja, Aashna, Bhadani, Aayush, El Kady, Abd Elrahman Safwat, Alniemi, Abdalaziz, Awad, Abdalkarim, Aladl, Abdalla, Younis, Abdalla, Alwali, Abdallah, Khalil, Abdallah, Mansour, Abdallah, Elkhouly, Abdallah Mohamed, Rashad Temerik, Abdallah, Hasan, Abdallatef, Chied, Abdelhafid, Abdraba, Abdelhamid, Hrora, Abdelmalek, Abdelshafi, Abdelrahman, Alwali, Abdelrahman, Maraqa, Abdelrahman, Ghaffar, Abdul, Chekfa, Abdul Jabar, Al Balushi, Abdul Majeed, Quddus, Abdul, Hammadieh, Abdul Rahman, Muntaka, Abdul-Jalilu Mohammed, Asekun, Abdulazeez, Alshahrani, Abdulaziz, Jowharji, Abdulaziz, Alshukre, Abdulbaset, Khair Etareig, Abdulhafid, Abubakar Abdulkarim, Abdulhafiz, Ashiru, Abdulhafiz, Alailesh, Abdulhamid, Al-Mallah, Abdullah, Baydoun, Abdullah, Chaudhry, Abdullah, Askin, Abdullah Emre, Almutairi, Abdulmjeed, Belkhair, Abdulmunem, Abdllah, Abdulrahman, Alhammali, Abdulrahman, Basalim, Abdulrahman, Abouelnagah, Abdulrahman Galal Mohamed Mostafa, Ghazal, Abdulrahman, Mohammed, Abdulrahman, Qasem, Abdulrahman, Anadani, Abdulrazak, Jimoh, Abdulrazaq, Lawal, Abdulrazzaq Oluwagbemiga, Khaity, Abdulrhman, Lawal, Abdulwahab, Elzoubi, Abdurrahim Esseid, Sheshe, Abdurrahman Abba, Cetişli, Abdurrahman Furkan, Oyedele, Abeeb, Aljahdali, Abeer, Aboelnasr, Abeer Gamal Elsyed, Demessie, Abel, Bhargava, Abhilasha, Sonkar, Abhinav Arun, Bavaharan, Abhirame, Khan, Abid, Campbell, Abigail, Oyelekan, Abimbola Adeola Akintunde, Okunlola, Abiodun Idowu, Ojewuyi, Abiodun, Ekerin, Abiola, Saleh, Abobakr, Khairy, Abouelatta, Muthunayagam, Abraham Benjamin, Botha, Abraham, Teshome Sahilemariam, Abraham, Nawawi, Abrar, Muhammad, Abubakar Bala, Dahiru, Abubakar, Yahaya, Abubakar, Abdelmalik, Abubaker, Anuar, Abul Akmal Arif, Ousseini, Adakal, Leon -Del- Angel, Adalberto, Frankel, Adam, Gyedu, Adam, Lim, Adam, Lukáč, Adam, Peckham-Cooper, Adam, Sabbah, Adam, Varga, Adam, Sanou, Adama, Issaka, Adamu, Ningi, Adamu, Yeshitila, Addis, Yingess, Addisu, Olugbami, Adebayo, Moses, Damola-Okesiji, Adebola, Lawal, Adedayo, Ojo, Adedoyin, Hashmi, Adeel, Fakoya, Adegbolahan, Ishola, Adegoke, Abiodun, Adekunle, Ajayi, Adekunle, Mouffokes, Adel, Bonelli, Adele, Adekoya, Adeleke, Akeem Aderogba, Adeleke, Özcan, Adem, Ayoade, Ademidun, Adeyeye, Ademola, Agbaje, Ademola, Talabi, Ademola, Ademuyiwa, Adesoji, Adewumiya, Adesoji, Ademuyiwa, Adesoji O, Aderounmu, Adewale, Adisa, Adewale, Oke, Adewale, Ragab, Adham, Alzadjali, Adil, Baksi, Aditya, Jayapalan, Aditya, Md Yunos, Adnan, Pisanu, Adolfo, Salazar, Adolfo, Salinas Barragan, Adrian Alberto, Fox, Adrian, Stollberg, Adrian, Franco, Adriana, Neves, Adriana, Vricheva, Adriana, Hodonou, Adrien Montcho, Aghayeva, Afag, Liaquat, Affifa, Alsultan, Afnan, Morad, Afnan, Kalidis, Afroditi Angella, Gkouniaroudi, Agathi, Karakosta, Agathi, Lovi, Agbenya, Yevide, Agossou Barthélémy, Duro, Agustin, Rodriguez Gonzalez, Agustin, Tariq, Ahbala, Abaidalla, Ahmad, Abuhammad, Ahmad, Abuhantash, Ahmad, Mansour, Ahmad Adel, Ahmad Zaidi, Ahmad Al Hafeez, Alahmad Alismael, Ahmad, Alayed, Ahmad, Alfarwan, Ahmad, Alhaj, Ahmad, Ali, Ahmad, Alroobi, Ahmad, Alsheikh, Ahmad, Alusef, Ahmad, Alzu'Bi, Ahmad, Kayali, Ahmad Amir, Bouhuwaish, Ahmad, Doghaim, Ahmad, El-Sherbiney, Ahmad, Ghazal, Ahmad, Ramly, Ahmad Nasir, Raza, Ahmad, Qureshi, Ahmad Uzair, Arnaout, Ahmad Yamen, Abdelhamid, Ahmed, Abuthaher, Ahmed, Adel, Ahmed, Ahmayda, Ahmed, Al-Mouahhed, Ahmed, Alagha, Ahmed, Albalawi, Ahmed, Albhaisi, Ahmed, Alrifaee, Ahmed, Azam, Ahmed, Barakat, Ahmed, Al-Hajjaj, Ahmed Basim Abed, Dawoud, Ahmed, El Shamarka, Ahmed, El-Bastwesy, Ahmed, Elghrieb, Ahmed, Elkhalifa, Ahmed, Elmosalamy, Ahmed, Elshazli Mahmoud, Ahmed, Montaser, Ahmed G., Gbeadese, Ahmed, Haty, Ahmed, K. 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Daniel, Montwedi, Daniel, Muñoz, Daniel, Patterson, Daniel, Reim, Daniel, Agbley, Daniel Yao Dodzie, Patiño García, Daniela Cristina, Di Pietrantonio, Daniela, Pais, Daniela, Rosado, Daniela, Tavares, Daniela, Alberti, Daniele, Fusario, Daniele, Massaro, Daniele, Paglione, Daniele, Pironi, Daniele, Kurochka, Daniil, Centonze, Danilo Corrado, Hackner, Danilo, Herrera, Danilo, Amangaliyev, Daniyar, Silva-Cano, Danny Wladimir, Chaudhry, Daoud, Palmisano, Dario, Ribero, Dario, Vukosav, Dario, Misca, Darius, Lowen, Darren, Rattray, Darren, Walia, Darshanjit Singh, Maan, Darvesh, Muyenzi, Daryle, Verdi, Daunia, Bardsley, David, Reyes Rodríguez, David Estuardo, Fra Corral, David, Garcia López De Goicoechea, David, Gavit, David, Gómez, David, Idowu, David, Konkin, David, Labadah, David Kplorla Kekeli, Liu, David, Merlini, David, Mitchell, David, Moro-Valdezate, David, Osifo, David, Proud, David, Ridder, David, Gobatti, Davide, Muschitiello, Davide, Pertile, Davide, Zulian, Davide, Mengiste, Dawit, Mikami, Dean, Mohanty, Debajyoti, Chatterjee, Debarghya, Komolafe, Deborah Olaitan, Scotto Di Carlo, Deborah, Wright, Deborah, Rahme, Deema, Talreja, Deep Parkash, Jain, Deepak, Rajput, Deepak, Singh, Deepak, Anbu, Deepika, Ibrahim, Dena, Phom, Denchu, Hili, Denise, Osei, Dennis Broni, Daary, Dennis, Kyeremeh, Dennis, Shen, Dennis, Uymaz, Derya Salim, Cianflocca, Desiree, Ashitey, Desmond, Evripidou, Despo, Papageorgouli, Despoina, Kaushal, Devesh, Abeysirigunawardana, Dewmi, Dugar, Dharmendra, Mallik, Dhiraj, Ghosh, Dhruva, Houmran, Diaa, Abdulrahman, Diala, Pantoja Pachajoa, Diana Alejandra, Cardona Gomez, Diana Catalina, Fenner, Diana, Gonzalez, Diana Samantha, Siriwardena, Diana, Garcés Palacios, Diana Sofía, Stoian, Diana, Zuikyte, Diana, Sosa Méndez, Dianne Alitzá, Wickramarathna, Dickson, Mutter, Didier, Palma Portillo, Diego Andrés, Chavez Fernandez, Diego, Córdova García, Diego, Enjuto, Diego, Giulitti, Diego, Sasia, Diego, Visconti, Diego, Yiğit, Dilara, George, Dilip, Rabaia, Dima, Georgiev, Dimitar, Hadzhiev, Dimitar, Alexandrou, Dimitrios, Balalis, Dimitrios, Giakoustidis, Dimitrios, Manatakis, Dimitrios K., Korkolis, Dimitrios, Lytras, Dimitrios, Massaras, Dimitrios, Moris, Dimitrios, Politis, Dimitrios, Sampanis, Dimitrios, Schizas, Dimitrios, Tsiardas, Dimitrios, Vardakostas, Dimitrios, Kotsaris, Dimitris, Khattab, Dina Hesham, M. Awad, Dina, Alrokh, Dina Sami, Schippers, Dina, Waleed, Dina, Salinovic, Dinko, Gonçalves Múrias Gomes, Diogo Miguel, Silva, Diogo, Vaz Acosta, Diogo, Morton, Dion, Panagopoulos, Dionisios, Kelgiorgi, Dionysia, Dellaportas, Dionysios, Prevezanos, Dionysios, Joshi, Dipti, Ozal, Direm, Yigit, Direnc, Chimkaomasiri, Divine, Jabbar, Diya, Nepogodiev, Dmitri, Belekar, Dnyanesh, Abdalaziz, Doaa, Abunemer, Doaa, Attia, Doaa, Elkafrawy, Doaa, Dimitrov, Dobromir, Pignatelli, Domenica, Merlicco, Domenico, Soriero, Domenico, Zerbo, Domenico, Atouguia, Domingas, Fairbrass, Dominic, T. Enti, Donald, Venskutonis, Donatas, Rukavina, Dora, Caruso, Dorena, Herappe, Dorihela, Lee, Dorinda Norbetha, Ofosuhene, Doris, Hajela, Apoorva, Badwan, Basem, Kulkarni, Datta, Dhawan, Deep, Dhillon, Jeevanjit, Mehmood, Manzer, Mahmood, Namrah, Nikam, Narendra, Ramchandani, Radhakrishna, Thind, Ravinder Singh, Riazhussain, D Hafiz, Maqsood, Saliha, Alalawi, Yousef, Tyagi, Harshdeep, Kshirsagar, Shivani, Ahmed, Hisham, Juan Carlos, Luna Cydejko, Kone, Dramane, Omar, Duaa, Alves, Duarte Gil, Subasinghe, Duminda, Ommi, Durgesh, Joshiba, Durshney, Chakarov, Dzhevdet, Arkoh, Ebenezer Ameyaw, Frimpong-Manso, Ebenezer, Ada, Ece, Lincango, Eddy P., Lozada Hernandez, Edgard Efren, Hodžić, Edin, Di Marco, Edith, Baccalini, Edoardo Andrea, Baldini, Edoardo, González Marín, Eduardo, Gutierrez, Eduardo, Sepúlveda, Eduardo, Dainius, Edvinas, Zhang, Edward, Yenli, Edwin Mwintiereh Ta-Ang, Antoniou, Efstathios, Kapasakis, Efstathios, Baili, Efstratia, Poulios, Efthymios, Kubiliute, Egle, Osaze, Ehioghae, Afeikhena, Ehis, Elshennawy, Eiad, Athanasopoulou, Eirini, Synekidou, Eirini, Ekaladze, Eka, Tampaki, Ekaterini Christina, Adam, Elaf, Adel Hamdoun Aziz, Elaf, Yousuf, Elamin, Gialamas, Eleftherios, Spartalis, Eleftherios, Bedzhanyan, Elen, Toma, Elena Adelina, Daukšaitė, Elena, Desiato, Elena, Dvivedi, Elena, Hadzhieva, Elena, Martí Cuñat, Elena, Montalbán Martínez, Elena, Montanari, Elena, Signaroli, Elenasofia, Efremidou, Eleni, Gavriil, Eleni, Karakeke, Eleni, Mavrodimitraki, Eleni, Papamattheou, Eleni, Jose, Elenza, Cianci, Eleonora, Ciccioli, Eleonora, Daleva, Eleonora, Locci, Eleonora, Lori, Eleonora, Silanos, Eleonora, Ayala, Elí, Bankart, Eliana, Brolese, Eliane, Efstathiou, Elias, Salloum, Elias, Colak, Elif, Terzi, Elif Didem, Ametefe, Elikem, Cagigal Ortega, Elima Pilar, Donnarumma, Elio, Mina, Elisa, Reitano, Elisa, Wallner, Elisabeth, Moggia, Elisabetta, Betz, Elise, Kontis, Elissaios, Anestiadou, Elissavet, Gimson, Eliza, Lun, Elizabeth, Fraser, Elizabeth, Li, Elizabeth, Torres De Anda, Elizabeth Magaly, Murphy, Elizabeth Mary Ann, O'Connell, Elizabeth, Redondo, Elizabeth, Lun, Elizabeth Weng Yan, Francis, Ella, Haiden, Elmar, Hamed, Elmonzir, Alkhalifa, Elmustafa, Dexter, Eloise, Daketsey, Elorm, Setsoafia, Elorm, Mohamed, Elsagad, Mohammed, Elsamoual, Hegab, Elsayed, Ay, Elvin, Adinolfi, Elvira, Mbanzabugabo, Elvis, Chin, Elynn, Ahmed, Emad Ali, Younes, Eman, Basile, Emanuela, Gessa, Emanuela, Pontecorvi, Emanuele, Romairone, Emanuele, Hatangimana, Eméry, Ndizeye, Emile, Ciofic, Emilia, Dijan, Emilio, López-Negrete Cueto, Emilio, Baker, Emily, Reid, Emily, Schmidt, Emily, Alić, Emir, Bičakčić, Emir, Agbowada, Emma, Colton, Emma, Downing, Emma, Haege, Emma, O'Neill, Emma, Roussos, Emmanouel, Nachelleh, Emmanuel Aadereyir, Adebunmi, Emmanuel, Obiesie, Emmanuel Ahuizechukwu, Akakpo, Emmanuel Bismark, Konlan, Emmanuel Dammigu Francis, Nwangwu, Emmanuel Ifeanyi, Kafui Ayodeji, Emmanuel, Ofori, Emmanuel Owusu, Spanoudakis, Emmanuel, Abate, Emmanuele, Balik, Emre, Bozdağ, Emre, Bozkurt, Emre, Karabulut, Emre Cagri, Ozoran, Emre, Tunçcan, Emre, Tuzuner, Emre, Halilović, Emsad, Alabed, Enaam, Zidan, Enas, Hodžić, Enes, Aybar, Engin, Yildirim, Engin Okan, Wong, Enoch, Yhoshu, Enono, Bisogno, Enrica, Andolfi, Enrico, Ferri, Enrico, Potenza, Enrico, Spalice, Enrico, Volpin, Enrico, González, Enrique, Downes, Eoin, Gallo, Erdachew, Kamer, Erdinc, Naidoo, Eressa, Erginöz, Ergin, Bara, Eric, Irungu, Eric, García-Villegas, Eric Yusif, Mazzotta, Erica, Monati, Erica, Chan, Erick, Gómez Mejía, Erika, Dylja, Eris, Somuncu, Erkan, Yavuz, Erkan, Begunić, Ernes, Margelis, Ernest, Osei, Ernest Owusu, Saitoglou, Ertzan, Agastra, Ervis, Mazumdar, Eshan, Soyer Güldoğan, Esra, Abu Siam, Esra'A, Abdelbaset, Esraa, Abdu, Esraa, Adel Mahmod Sultan, Esraa, Nubi Mohamed, Esraa Gamal, Abuobaida Banaga Hag El Tayeb, Essam Eldien, Ali, Essraa, Page-Taylor, Estelle, Marra, Ester, Garcia Santos, Esther Pilar, Elsheikh, Ethar, Unal, Ethem, Tan, Eugene, De Leo, Eugenio, Borges, Eva, Gáspár, Éva, Ruiz-Daum, Eva, Apostolopoulos, Evaggelos, Samara, Evangelia, Barkolias, Evangelos, Fradelos, Evangelos, Hopping, Eve, Romo Ascencio, Evelia Veronica, Sosa Ferreira, Ever David, Shestakov, Evgenii, Tyurina, Evgenya, Hristova, Evguenia, Efthymiou, Evripidis, Tokidis, Evripidis, Harrison, Ewen, Dontoh, Ewurama Akroma, Mansour, Eyad, Yeshialem, Eyosiyas, Dabbagh, Ezeddin, Amer, Ezzeldin, Manasci, Fabiana, Gomes, Fabio, Medas, Fabio, d'Acapito, Fabrizio, Vassallo, Fabrizio, Haddad, Fadi, Elhabishi, Fadwa, Akhtar, Fahad, Tauheed, Fahad, Al Abbood, Fahd, Gareb, Fahed, Ghazali, Fairuz, Alnazawi, Faisal, Ondago, Faith, Rasoaherinomenjanahary, Fanjandrainy, Wiese, Fanny, González Ponce, Fanny Yesenia, Georgiades, Fanourios, Ali, Farah, Galley, Fareeda, Huda, Farhanul, Amir, Farhat Naaz, Ashraf, Fariha, Alfarsi, Faris, Ayasra, Faris, Ali, Farman, Mahmoud, Faten, Aliskander, Fater, Tahir Lwdie, Fathea, Buyuker, Fatih, Aguilar Del Castillo, Fátima, Mohammed Daoud, Fatima Ahmed, Alowjaly, Fatima, Oni, Fatima, Rauf, Fatima, Elkhafeefi, Fatimah, Hourri, Fatine, Monib, Fatma A., Alshreef, Fatma, Benghalbon, Fatma, Ntirenganya, Faustin, Ashraf, Fauziyah, Chahrour, Fayez, Ahmad, Fazal, Parray, Fazlul Qadir, Philips, Febi, Campus, Federica, Di Marco, Federica, Ferraina, Federica, Frongia, Federica, Maffeis, Federica, Natali, Federica, Pederiva, Federica, Scolari, Federica, Tofani, Federica, Marin, Federico Alberto Niccolò, Biolchini, Federico, Cappellacci, Federico, Corronca, Federico, Mazzola, Federico, Suldrup, Federico, Nyarko, Felicia, Casas J, Felipe, Zapata, Felipe, Aigner, Felix, Alakaloko, Felix, Amoako, Felix, Camacho, Felix, Hammett, Felix, Kuubetersob B. N, Felix, Alahmad, Feras, Alnimri, Feras, Haddad, Feras, Gool, Ferhana, Castro, Fernanda, Diaz, Fernanda, Lucero, Fernanda, Vovola, Fernanda, Mahnic, Fernando, Mercado Sanchez, Fernando, Prieto La Noire, Fernando, Soggiu, Fiammetta, Tsige, Fikreab, Brzeszczyński, Filip, Rudisch, Filip, Valente Costa Pinto, Filipa, Ramalho De Almeida, Filipe, Banchini, Filippo, Palomino Escalante, Fiorella, Fadzlullah, Fitri, Terefe, Fitsum, Sulo, Fjorenta, Ciccarone, Flavia, Tirelli, Flavio, Krämer, Florian, Grama, Florin, Spanos, Foivos, Solimene, Folco, Akinwande, Foluso, Osman, Forzia, Stefou, Foteini, Kyramargios, Fotios, Stavratis, Fotios, Alassani, Fousseni, Ascari, Francesca, Cammelli, Francesca, D'Agostino, Francesca, Tropeano, Francesca Paola, Peters, Francesca, Ré, Francesca, Brucchi, Francesco, Casti, Francesco, Coratti, Francesco, Ferrara, Francesco, Floris, Francesco, Izzo, Francesco, Maffei, Francesco, Palmieri, Francesco, Pata, Francesco, Porcelli, Francesco, Selvaggi, Francesco, Velluti, Francesco, Mulita, Francesk, Bello, Francis, Caiquo, Francis, Dossou, Francis, Eshun, Francis Junior, Opoku Twene, Francis, Tierenye, Francis, Quayson, Francis William, Romo Rosales, Francisco David, Ibañez Ortiz, Francisco, León Frutos, Francisco Javier, Redondo Calvo, Francisco Javier, Silva Rivera, Francisco Javier, Barbosa Camacho, Francisco José, Bujalance Cabrera, Francisco Manuel, Ruescas, Francisco, Irakiza, Franck Fanon, Corvatta, Franco, Pascual, Franco Raúl, Roviello, Franco, Roodt, Francois, Gyamfi, Frank Enoch, Olaniru, Frank, Owusu, Frank, Bader, Franz G., Anzinger, Franz-Xaver, Agbodo, Fred David Anku, Ris, Frederic, Agbemafoh, Frederick Mawuli, Afonso, Frederico, Nazareth, Frederico, Berrevoet, Frederik, Hounde, Fréjus, Demiral, Furkan, Hassooni, Furqan Ridha Hassooni, Kafa, Gabi, Cárdenas Rivera, Gabriel, Ntwari, Gabriel, Szydlo Shein, Gabriel, Ambriz González, Gabriela, Nita, Gabriela Elisa, Bellio, Gabriele, Moitzi, Gabriele, Urdang, Gabriella, Marom, Gad, Gallo, Gaetano, Luglio, Gaetano, Poillucci, Gaetano, Singh, Gagandeep, Saletta, Gaia, Abouelnagah, Galal, Yarovenko, Galina, Kazobinka, Gallina, Ahmed, Gamal Mutwakil Gamal, Rahman, Ganiyu Adebisi, Smith, Garett, Pillai, Gargi, Saxena, Garima, Gbessi, Gaspard, Nkunguzi, Gaston, Jalal, Gaurav, Chillarge, Gauri, Singh, Gautam, Mevognon, Gedeon, Getachew, Gedion, George, Gejoe, De La Peña González, Gema, Martínez Izquierdo, Gema, Grande, Gennaro, Birikorang, Geoffrey, Weber, Georg F., Singer, Georg, Ansong, George, Bashour, George, Brown, George Darko, Hneino, George, Kavalieratos, George, Kenchadze, George, Nagy, George, Pappas Gogos, George, Skroubis, George, Waiyaki, George, Cox, Georgia, Zeringa, Georgia, De Wee, Georgin, Hart, Georgina, Bekakos, Georgios, Fragulidis, Georgios, Kapogiannatos, Georgios, Karakaidos, Georgios, Kokkinos, Georgios, Kostoulas, Georgios, Koukoulis, Georgios, Peros, Georgios, Rados, Georgios, Tsoulfas, Georgios, Verras, Georgios-Ioannis, Berger, Geraint, Adoro, Gerard Ayuka, Chamoso Mialdea, Gerardo, Palmieri, Gerardo, Procaccini, Gerardo, Steenkamp, Gerhard, Viscido, Germán Rodrigo, Dajti, Gerti, Alemayehu, Getachew, Seyfu, Gezachew, Birqeeq, Ghada, Alsheikh, Ghadeer, Alrayyes, Ghaith, El Hunjul, Ghalib Nashaat, Zaza, Ghayath, Matroud, Ghazlah, Alhadwah, Ghena, Maltinti, Gherardo, Awais, Ghina, Shamsi, Ghina, Calini, Giacomo, Carganico, Giacomo, Zanus, Giacomo, Canu, Gian Luigi, Mendiola, Gian, Ibero Casadiego, Giana Pamela, Cocorullo, Gianfranco, Baronio, Gianluca, Pellino, Gianluca, Zanni, Gianluca, Poto, Gianmario Edoardo, Gravante, Gianpiero, Aduroja, Gideon, Almogy, Gidon, Bond-Smith, Giles, Natchagande, Gilles, Bechara, Gio, Brachini, Gioia, Riccioli, Giordana, Ercolani, Giorgio, Farris, Giorgio, Giraudo, Giorgio, Mammolo, Giovanna, Pavone, Giovanna, Sgarzini, Giovanna, Aprea, Giovanni, Fonsi, Giovanni Battista, Boroni, Giovanni, De Angeli, Giovanni, De Palma, Giovanni Domenico, Emiliani, Giovanni, Grava, Giovanni, Guercio, Giovanni, De Carlo, Giulia, Del Corpo, Giulia, Duranti, Giulia, Galatioto, Giulia, Grassi, Giulia, Graziano, Giulia, Marini, Giulia Maria Francesca, Munzi, Giulia, Tarantino, Giulia, Borda-Luque, Giuliano, Pellicano', Giuseppe Antonino, Canonico, Giuseppe, Carollo, Giuseppe, Ietto, Giuseppe, Palomba, Giuseppe, Pascarella, Giuseppe, Salamone, Giuseppe, Sica, Giuseppe, Sorrentino, Giuseppe, Orlando, Giuseppina, Pignata, Giusto, Pisarevi, Givi, Akcakoca, Gizem, Owusu, Godfred, Yohanna Abrak, Godwin, Kurtoglu, Gokalp Kagan, Kurtoglugk, Gokalp Kagan, Alıcı, Gökhan, Kurtoglu, Goktug Mert, Delgado Hernandez, Gonzalo, Augustin, Goran, Bhat, Gowhar Aziz, Sundaram Venkatesan, Gowtham, Chang, Grace, Eke, Grace, Lee, Grace, Massarra, Grace, Travaglini, Grazia, Scialandrone, Grazisa, Stavrou, Gregor A., Di Franco, Gregorio, Charalambous, Gregory, Christodoulidis, Gregory, Kouraklis, Gregory, Goodwin, Gregory Richard, Devidze, Grigol, Fialho, Guilherme, Santos, Guilherme, Cabezudo, Guillermo, García-Santos, Guillermo, Pou, Guillermo, Romero Reyna, Guillermo, Yanowsky-Reyes, Guillermo, Ozyuksel, Gul, Karadeniz Cakmak, Guldeniz, Kucuk, Gultekin Ozan, Bulbuloglu, Guney Cem, Sarp, Guray, Kaur, Gurleen, Nibogora, Guy Darcy, Hamdan, Gymar, Ogundipe, Habeeb, Yunes, Habib, Ayesh, Hadeel, Al Atassi, Hadi, Jalilehvand, Hadis, Masalma, Hafez, Jafarkhan, Hafis, Shahid, Hafiz Huzaifa, Younus, Hafsa, Al-Derume, Hail, Shames, Haitam, Mimouni, Haithem Ahmed, Aldare, Hajar, Odah Bashi, Hajar Omar, Abusnina, Hajer, Altounsi, Hajir, Qayum, Hajra, Baysal, Hakan, Bolukbasi, Hakan, Yigitbas, Hakan, Alkhatib, Hala, Afzal, Haleema, Mftah, Halima, Oyinlola, Halimah, Tümer, Haluk, Dolo, Hamadoun, Braham, Hamdi, Ozsahin, Hamdi, Abu-Arish, Hamdoon, Al-Aamri, Hamed, Fadlalmola, Hammad Ali, Abu Obead, Hamza, Al-Fahel, Hamza, Al-Zoubi, Hamza, Asaad, Hamza, Ejaz, Hamza, Jaber, Hamza, Bhatti, Hamza Waqar, Mohammadi Sardoo, Hamzeh, Farhat, Hana, Idheiraj, Hanadi, Zwaraa, Hanady, Al Sohabi, Hanan, Basharat, Hanan, Said, Hanan, Al-Abdallat, Haneen, Foad, Haneen, Daaboul, Hanen, Al Qadhi, Hani, Elhallaq, Hani, Alhusaini, Hanin, Lidbetter, Hannah, Reilly, Hannah, Moya- Ambriz, Hannia Betzabeth, Lederhuber, Hans, Fehrer, Hans-Jörg, Xiao, Haotian, Iswariah, Harish, Kaur, Harmeena, Cheema, Harnoor Kaur, Foda, Haroun, Chauhan, Harpreet, Kaur, Harpreet, Sagar, Harry, Unwin, Harry, Kaur, Harsharan, Panga, Harshavardhan, Gupta, Harshit, Prabhakar, Harshit Kumar, Anand, Harshitha, Pahwa, Harvinder Singh, Abbadi, Hasan, Amoudi, Hasan, Zaini, Hasan Hadi Zaini, Škiljo, Hasan, Miyasika, Hasangi, Altabbaa, Hashem, Haj Freej, Hasn, Abdelazim, Hassan, Habiba, Hassan, Kamal, Hassan, Sabir, Hassan, Zaigham, Hassan, Pehlivan, Hatice, Telci, Hatice, Abuobaida, Hayat, Tetley, Heather, Taher, Heba, Aguado López, Héctor, Askarpour, Hedyeh, Sherif Farouk Ahmed Hassan, Heidi, Devesa, Helena, Arbogast, Helmut, Nuñez Del Barrio, Henar, Abiyere, Henry, Delacave, Henry, Rice, Henry E., Pleass, Henry, Bradly, Hera, 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Rugambwa, Jean Paul, Jordaan, Jean- Jacques, Razafindrahita, Jeannie Ba, Do, Jee Eun, Senavirathna, Jeewantha, Kalyanapu, Jeffrey A, Chan, Jeffrey, Ofori, Jeffrey, Otote, Jeffrey, Akiely, Jehad, Cassiano Neves, Jelena, Gillingham, Jemima, Herrera Batres, Jenifer Olga María, Ezeh, Jennifer, Okei, Jennifer, Vu, Jennifer, Guevara, Jenny, Siu, Jenny, Rolinger, Jens, Skaff, Jeolle, Uys, Jernelle, Makama, Jerry Godfrey, Barklimore, Jessica, Dei-Asamoa, Jessica, Jahjah, Jessica, Jones, Jessica, Ng, Jessica, Ricardo, Jéssica, Schembri Higgans, Jessica, You, Jessica, Annan, Jessie, Aguilar, Jesus Antonio, Pizarro Lozano, Jesús, Lim, Jia Hui, Zhu, Jiang, Wang, Jianxue, Abbasy, Jibran, Ugwu, Jideofor, Rathod, Jignesh, Albalushi, Jihan, Najajra, Jinan, Fu, Jing Hui, Tefay, Joan Sia Tan, Domingues, Joana Cristina, Simoes, Joana FF, Figueiredo, Joana, Fontaínhas, Joana, Frazão, Joana, Marques Antunes, Joana, Simoes, Joana, Marx, Joanna Naemi, Dias-Ferreira, João, Fernandes, João, Mendes, João, Pinho, João, Ribeiro, João, Vaz, João, Dominguez, Joaquina, Abutu John, Job, Chen, Joe Jun Qiao, Enaholo, Joel, Alaji, Joelle, Miller, Johanna, Binder, Johannes, Daleku, John, Katogiritis, John, Khoury, John, Anyorigiya, John Noah, Reilly, John, Abebrese, John Tabiri, Ahale, Johnny Lordson, Tabora-Zepeda, Johnny, Barrutia Leonardo, Jon, Demma, Jonathan Abraham, Hong, Jonathan, Chejfec-Ciociano, Jonathan Matias, Oppong, Jonathan, Quansah, Jonathan, Sutcliffe, Jonathan, Taiwo, Jones, Nyamekye - Baidoo, Joojo, Prat-Ortells, Jordi, Dongmo, Jordy, Kleeff, Jorg, Jimenez Flores, Jorge Alberto, Pellecer Cano, Jorge Bernardo, Chóliz, Jorge, Giubi Bobeda, Jorge Eduardo, Escartin, Jorge, Febré, Jorge, Gass, Jörn-Markus, Calvache, Jose A, Guzman Barba, Jose Aldo, Gutiérrez Gómez, José Alonso, Calvache, Jose Andres, Acevedo Parrales, José Danilo, Orozco Navarro, José Esteban, Viñas, José Federico, Gomez, José, Goncalves-Nobre, Jose Guilherme, Valenzuela, José Ignacio, Garcia Galocha, Jose Luis, 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Marcella, Pisano, Marcello, Doniquian, Marcelo Alejandro, Martínez Bareiro, Marcelo Nicolás, Pagani, Marcelo, Scortechini, Marcelo, Carvalho, Márcia, Sánchez Audelo, Marco Antonio, Brizzolari, Marco, Ceresoli, Marco, De Prizio, Marco, Amisano, Marco Francesco, Gramellini, Marco, Marcianò, Marco, Mariani, Marco, Milone, Marco, Montagna, Marco, Piccino, Marco, Santos, Marco, Dyer, Marcus, Kang, Marcus, Mahadi, Mardhiana, Zawadzki, Marek, Yinusa, Margaret, Bernardo, Margarida, Nunes Luís, Margarida, Gambelli, Margherita, Flint, Margot, Aggelidou, Maria, Bequis, Maria Agustina, Sotiriou, Maria Aikaterini, Ñañez, Maria Alejandra, Tahir, Maria Ambreen, Gascón Domínguez, María Ángeles, Asimakidou, Maria, Mourato, Maria Beatriz, Blanco, Maria, Christou, Maria, Coronas Soucheiron, Maria, Pignanelli, Maria Costanza, Kalaydjian, María Cristina, Martí-Ejarque, Maria del Mar, Olmedo Reinoso, María Del Mar, Cebollero, María Del Pilar, Derattani, Maria, Gama Caldeira, Maria Do Carmo, Drogouti, Maria, Gonzalez-Gonzalez, Maria Elena, Muñoz Fernández, María Elena, Muriel, María Emilia, Duran, María Eugenia, Zarate Casas, María Fernanda, Florou, Maria, Piacentini, Maria Gaia, Seixo, Maria Inês, Bellini, Maria Irene, Peña Soria, Maria Jesús, Martínez, María José, Medina, Maria José, Rueda Medécigo, María José, Karakeke, Maria, Kausar, Maria, Kyriazi, Maria, Marqueta De Salas, Maria, Modolo, Maria Marta, Mateu, Maria, Mavri, Maria, El Ghoul Miliotou, Maria Melina, Moreno Gijon, Maria, Papadoliopoulou, Maria, Proclamà, Maria Pia, Picciochi, Maria, Reis, Maria, Rennis, Maria, D'Anna, Maria Rosa, Ruffoli, Maria, Ruiz Soriano, María, Sánchez Ramirez, Maria, Sánchez-Rubio, María, Schüler, Maria, Sotiropoulou, Maria, Barrio Renteria, Maria Teresa, Tsopozidi, Maria, Vasconcelos, Maria, Facchino, Maria Vittoria, Wikar, Maria, Aguilera-Arevalo, Maria-Lorena, Abdu, Mariam, Asarbakhsh, Mariam, Elmiesiry, Mariam, Ashong, Marian Esi, Gomes, Mariana, Capuano, Marianna, Lill, Marianne, Nieto Galvan, 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Nathan, Michael, Maclean, Michael, Nortey, Michael, Pellen, Michael, Pham, Michael, Pitiakoudis, Michael, Singh, Michael Prodip, Spartalis, Michael, Van Der Colf, Michael, Wilson, Michael, Billis, Michail, Karanikas, Michail, Papamichail, Michail, Vailas, Michail, Kisielewski, Michał, Kusiński, Michał, Nycz, Michał, Święch, Michał, Fagbayimu, Micheal, Adamina, Michel, Fiogbe, Michel, Prudhomme, Michel, Angelucci, Michela, Campanelli, Michela, Cricrì, Michele, Grande, Michele, Manigrasso, Michele, Scopelliti, Michele, George, Michelle, Mozel, Michelle, Galasyuk, Mick, Chevallay, Mickael, Giuliano, Micol, Dobón Rascón, Miguel Ángel, Fernandez Romero, Miguel Angel, García Ureña, Miguel Ángel, Zaragoza Mendieta, Miguel Ángel, Bejarano Serrano, Miguel, Brito, Miguel, Calderon, Miguel, Jurado Román, Miguel, Palas, Miguel, Li Valencia, Miguel Roberto, Sebastián-Mendoza, Miguel-Julián, Muresan, Mihai-Stefan, Slavchev, Mihail, Agapov, Mikhail, Milentijević, Milica, Catterall, Millie, 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Abosedra, Mohammed, Sarker, Mohammed Abu Kawsar, Abudabbous, Mohammed, Abuwarda, Mohammed, Elgak, Mohammed Ahmed, Al Hinai, Mohammed, Al Zebda, Mohammed, Al-Shehari, Mohammed, Alharthi, Mohammed, Ali, Mohammed, Ismael Alamin, Mohammed Ali, Alqadasi, Mohammed, Alshanwani, Mohammed, Alshehri, Mohammed, Asaad, Mohammed, Bashir, Mohammed, Bohlala, Mohammed, Meghaizerou, Mohammed El Amine, Albanna, Mohammed Emad Hashem, Ghunaim, Mohammed, Goga, Mohammed, Hajhamad, Mohammed, Hamada Takrouney, Mohammed, Hammoda, Mohammed, Hamoud Almahly, Mohammed, Muragi, Mohammed, Mohammed, Mohammed Mustafa Hassan, Obaid, Mohammed, Omar, Mohammed, Said, Mohammed, Salah, Mohammed, Saleh Khatab, Mohammed, Aliyu, Mohammed Salele, Shakhshir, Mohammed, Sheriff, Mohammed, Tageldin, Mohammed, Abdelfattah, Mohanad, Daher, Mohanad, Lotfy, Mohanad, Alqedrh, Mohannad, Nasani, Mohannad, Mohd Shah, Mohd Shahrulsalam, Madany, Mohie El-Din Mostafa, Mobolaji-Ojibara, Mojisola, Nkogatse, Moleseng, Alazabi, Mona, Gupta, 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Abubasheer, Tareq, Alhusban, Tariq, Yılmaz, Tarık Emre, Aloqaili, Tasneem, Aldirawi, Tayef, Karahasanoğlu, Tayfun, Gülşen, Taygun, Jemal, Tebarek, Nadeem, Tehmina, Singh, Tejinder Paul, Alinger, Temsula, Longkumer, Temsutoshi, Lo, Terence, Gimenez Maurel, Teresa, Uprak, Tevfik Kıvılcım, Petropoulou, Thalia, Rawther, Thampi, Techapongsatorn, Thawin, Manickam, Thendral, Padioti, Theodora, Kozonis, Theodoros, Sidiropoulos, Theodoros, Tsirlis, Theodoros, Theodosopoulos, Theodosios, Hessou, Thierry Kinnongni, Uiyapat, Thitapon, Agyen, Thomas, Harris, Thomas, Hugh, Thomas J, Jorgensen, Thomas W., Theivendrampillai, Thrshegan, Pham, Thuy Vy, Branco, Tiago, Nagwamutse, Tijjani Nasiru, Tony V, Tina, Devabalan Koil, Titus, Pilia, Tiziana, Abdulmola, Tmador Mahmed Ali, Oyeyemi, Tobiloba, Kebede, Tolera, Ibarra-Hurtado, Tomás Ramón, Reichelt, Tomas, Gach, Tomasz, Stefura, Tomasz, Wojewoda, Tomasz, Soric, Tomislav, Risteski, Toni, Tridip, Tridip Dutta Baruah, Yotsov, Tsanko, Doma Bhutia, Tshering, Girma, Tsion, Kwan, Tsun Yu, Ivanov, Tsvetomir, Iahmo, TT, Ashkar, Tuleen, Mabogoane, Tumi, Olobatoke, Tunde, Sholadoye, Tunde T., Mishra, Tushar Subhadarshan, Parker, Tyla, Ezomike, Uchechukwu, Dilibe, Uchenna, Kumbhar, Uday, Una, Uduak-Abasi, Grossi, Ugo, Ezidiegwu, Ugochukwu, Edith, Ugwuoke, Daspal, Ujjwal, Kalu, Ukoha Agwu, Dietz, Ulrich, Ronellenfitsch, Ulrich, Wirth, Ulrich, Abdullah, Umar, Rivolta, Umberto, Jayarajah, Umesh, Kanyan Kassim, Umu-Hera, Govindan, Unnikrishnan, Fernandes, Urânia, Akram, Usman, Mohammed Bello, Usman, Omara, Usra, Naidoo, Uvarasen, Mahendravarman, Vaishnaivy, Negoita, Valentina Madalina, Mariottini, Valentina, Murzi, Valentina, Zucchini, Valentina, Agbakwuru, Valentine, Armenta Tapia, Valeria Estefania, Gentilino, Valerio, Borgogni, Vanessa, Ng, Vanessa, Wolfschluckner, Vanessa, Silvestri, Vania, Žufić, Vanja, Gunasaegaram, Varman, Kamalathevan, Vasan, Pillay, Vasanthan, Neykov, Vasil, Kalles, Vasileios, Mousafeiris, Vasileios, Papadopoulos, Vasileios, Tsaousis, Vasileios, Tselepidis, Vasileios, Vougas, Vasileios, Georgilaki, Vasiliki, Nikolaou, Vasiliki, Themelidi, Vasiliki, Manchev, Vassil, Ioannou, Veatriki, Jha, Vedant Shekhar, Dragisic, Vedran, Sutharshan, Vengadasalam, Alonso, Veronica, Brocco, Veronica, Ongil Rodríguez, Verónica, Schirinzi, Veronica, Budyakova, Veronika, Naunova, Vesna, Panduro-Correa, Vicky, Ruiz López, Víctor Andrés, Bill, Victor, Dassah, Victor, Gonzabay, Víctor Eduardo, Etwire, Victor, Modekwe, Victor, Serna-Alarcon, Victor, De Donato, Victor Ugo, Duque Mallén, Victoria, Liu, Victoria, Sharma, Vidushi, Kumar, Vijaya, Muralidharan, Vijayaragavan, Kakotkin, Viktor, Enemuo, Vincent, Kudoh, Vincent, Osoka, Vincent, Siepaal, Vincent, Granata, Vincenza, Dinuzzi, Vincenza Paola, Lizzi, Vincenzo, Ricchiuti, Vincenzo, Mosca, Vinicio, Kanna D, Vinoth, Nair, Vipin Venugopal, Ledda, Virginia, Michael, Vishal, Singh, Vishavdeep, Govindasamy, Vishendran, Kollengode, Viswanathan V, Giordano, Vittoria, Morinelli, Vittoria, Lin, Vivian, Cuk, Vladica, Cijan, Vladimir, Çalik, Volkan, Bakshi, Vrushank, Ten, Vyacheslav, Ratheesh, Vysakh, Alsado, Wael, Mayo, Wafik, Yang, Wah, Rehman, Wajeeh Ur, Abbas, Walaa, Al-Khyatt, Waleed, Mabood, Waleed, Santucci, Walter, Yew, Wan Ting, Tahir, Warda, De Silva, Warusha Dhammika Dulantha, Wijenayake, Wasantha, Almadhoun, Waseem J.N., Alhroub, Wasef, Ebrahim, Wesam, Jabłoński, Wiktor, Krawczyk, Wiktor, Bhatti, William, Lai, William Kwan Ho, Petrushnko, Wilson, Afedo, Wisdom, Kasetsermwiriya, Wisit, Serednicki, Wojciech, Wysocki, Wojciech, Zerefa, Wondwossen Amtataw, Vagena, Xanthoula, Tarrado, Xavier, Papazarkadas, Xenofon, Po, Xiang Yuen, Ouadi, Yacine, Myla, Yacob, Haido, Yacoub, Hasan, Yafea, Karataş, Yağmur, Carpio Colmenares, Yahaira, Galvañ Félix, Yaiza, Balogun, Yakub Lekan, Maktabi, Yaman, Nerabani, Yaman, Fulgence, Yamuremye, De Silva, Yannick, Asar, Yara, Samer Morsy, Yara, Ghaleb, Yasameen Saif Saeed Mohammed, Vashishth, Yash, M S, Yashas, Manickchund, Yashoda, Sakaray, Yashwant, Kara, Yasin, Tosun, Yasin, Zwain, Yasir, Farag, Yasmeen, Jedidi, Yasmine, Seada, Yasmine, Aldebasi, Yasser, Ashour, Yasser, Badr, Yassin, Sarpong, Yaw, Alawneh, Yazan, Aung, Yee Lay, Orabi, Yehia, Lam, Yick Ho, Şen, Yigit Kaan, Koyluoglu, Yilmaz Onat, Huang, Yining, Mintz, Yoav, Perez, Yocarli, Chamara, Yohan, Melkamu, Yohannes, Maestre González, Yolanda, Dean, Yomna, Metaferia, Yonas Yilma, Malki, Yosra, Mohamed, Younis, A. Omar, Yousef, Alhammoud, Yousef, Allaoua, Yousef, Tanas, Yousef, El Okazy, Youssef, Kerolous, Youssef, Mohamed, Youssef, Al-Junaidi, Youssuf, Lakdawala, Yousuf, Lu, Yuann, Asano, Yukio, Altinel, Yuksel, Aktimur, Yunus Emre, Fishman, Yuri, Kudryavcev, Yurii, Tandoğan, Yusuf Iskender, Razafimandimby, Yves Michaël, Adofo-Asamoah, Yvonne, Şenol, Zafer, Odeh, Zahra, Benamrouche, Zahra Rayane, Alkhaier, Zahraa, Al-Sheikh Ali, Zaid, Zaher, Zain Aldin, Alnajjar, Zaina, Al-Balushi, Zainab, Alkhuzaie, Zainab, Khraim, Zakaria, Toutounji, Zakaria, Djama, Zakarya, Farraj, Zamil, Shah, Zamir Ahmad, Khan, Zara, Khan, Zarnigar, Abo Alarous, Zayn Alabden, Asaad, Zaynab, Demetrashvili, Zaza, Lorenc, Zbigniew, Brekalo, Zdrinko, Hannouneh, Zein Alabdin, Robertson, Zelda, Bady, Zeyad, Durna, Zeynep, Wong, Zhen Yu, Fozo, Zien Alabdin, Klib, Zienab, Chin, Ziling, Tamou, Zime Farid, Johnson, Zina, Shabello, Ziyad, Orzeszko, Zofia, Aljalabi, Zohal, Al-Azher El-Hamel, Zohour, Karampotaki, Zoi Rafaila, Valera Sanchez, Zoraida, Matkovic, Zoran, Azhar, Zubair, Qureshi, Zubaria, Correa López, Zulema Margarita, Balciscueta, Zutoia, Musilová, Zuzana, Katusic, Zvonimir, Osama, Zyad, and Dauksa, Zygimantas

Published
2024
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41. Buffering Effects of Racial Discrimination on School Engagement: The Role of Culturally Responsive Teachers and Caring School Police

Author

Bottiani, Jessika H., McDaniel, Heather L., Henderson, Lora, Castillo, Jasmin E., and Bradshaw, Catherine E.

Abstract

Background: Urban black adolescents' wellbeing in the early high school years can be negatively impacted by exposure to racial discrimination. These impacts may be buffered by supportive relationships with adults at school. We considered both the protective and promotive effects of culturally responsive teachers and caring school police on school engagement for students exposed to racial discrimination across settings. Method: This study leveraged baseline student report from a sample of urban, predominantly black high school students with elevated teacher-rated levels of aggressive behavior (N = 397 9th graders; 91.2% black; 50.4% male; J = 10 schools). Using a path model with full-information maximum likelihood estimation, we examined the associations of racial discrimination, teacher cultural responsiveness, and school police caring in relation to school engagement and school disconnection, adjusting for covariates, including family racial socialization. Results: Frequency of racial discrimination was significantly associated with lower school engagement and greater school disconnection. Teacher cultural responsiveness was significantly, favorably associated with all outcomes. Police caring had no significant direct associations; however, there were moderation effects. When police caring was below average, increased racial discrimination was associated with significantly poorer attitudes toward school. Conclusions: Findings suggested that students' perceptions of school police caring may buffer links between racial discrimination experiences and school disconnection. Moreover, students who perceive that their teachers are culturally responsive may feel more engaged at school. Interventions to promote teachers' and school police officers' cultural responsiveness and caring may improve engagement among at-risk urban youth who experience racial discrimination. [This article was published in "Journal of School Health" (EJ1274287).]

Published
2020
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44. Scaling-Up Behavioral Health Promotion Efforts in Maryland: The Economic Benefit of Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports

Author

Bradshaw, Catherine P., Johnson, Sarah Lindstrom, Zhu, Yifan, and Pas, Elise T.

Abstract

Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (PBIS) has been shown to be a promising approach for improving a range of behavioral health and academic outcomes for youth. This study leveraged data from the scale-up of PBIS and a randomized controlled trial, both conducted in Maryland, to estimate the dollars saved per 100 students as a result of the reduced discipline problems, mental health concerns, and improved academic performance associated with PBIS. Shadow pricing results indicated that the largest cost savings was associated with improvements in standardized test scores ($138,658 for elementary and $71,444 for secondary). Reductions in elementary students' aggressive and disruptive behavior, as well as bullying behavior were also significant sources of cost savings ($166,028 in total). These cost-saving benefits are complemented by separate benefits associated with a reduction in suspensions ($33,415 for elementary and $11,361 for secondary). Other findings regarding student truancy, office discipline referrals, and mental health concerns are also reported. Taken together, these findings illustrate the broad cost savings associated with PBIS Tier 1 implementation and scale-up. We conclude by considering how the state-wide scale-up of PBIS can translate into cost savings across multiple agencies. Impact Statement: This study documents the cost savings associated with Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (PBIS), a widely-used framework to prevent behavioral and mental health problems in schools and increase academic performance. The cost savings associated with improvements in standardized test scores ($138,658 for elementary and $71,444 for secondary) and reductions in aggressive and disruptive behavior ($166,028 in total) are sizable and illustrate the potential economic benefits of scaling-up Tier 1 PBIS in other states in the U.S. [This paper was published in "School Psychology Review" 2020.]

Published
2020
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45. A Multidimensional and Multilevel Examination of Student Engagement and Secondary School Teachers' Use of Classroom Management Practices

Author

Larson, Kristine E., Pas, Elise T., Bottiani, Jessika H., Kush, Joseph, and Bradshaw, Catherine P.

Abstract

Student engagement is a multidimensional construct influenced by complex student, classroom, and school factors. Although prior research has examined various dimensions of student engagement, few studies have adopted a multilevel approach to simultaneously incorporate observational measures of classroom practices with student and school factors. The current study examined the association between student self-reported affective and behavioral engagement (N =26,849 students) and observed instructional and behavioral classroom management practices within 401 classrooms in 54 high schools. We employed three-level hierarchical linear modeling and included student, classroom, and school variables. Results indicated that observed teacher use of positive behavior supports was positively and significantly associated with student reports of active engagement in the same classroom. Implications for improving teachers' classroom management practices to promote student engagement are considered. [This paper will be published in "Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions."]

Published
2020
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46. Both/And: Tier 2 Interventions with Transdiagnostic Utility in Addressing Emotional and Behavioral Disorders in Youth

Author

Clifford, Meghan E., Nguyen, Amanda J., and Bradshaw, Catherine P.

Abstract

The extant literature suggests that a shared set of deficits (e.g., emotion dysregulation) underlies both internalizing and externalizing emotional and behavioral disorders (EBDs) among youth. As such, many Tier 2 interventions contain a similar set of core components, which in turn are associated with global symptom reductions. This conceptual and narrative review of the literature focuses on the potential to optimize transdiagnostic utility and expand the range of targeted domains within a Tier 2 intervention framework; such an approach may maximize the positive effects of interventions across EBD symptoms while simultaneously reducing the burden on schools to implement multiple programs with different targets. Drawing upon this evidence base, we conclude by making recommendations for adapting the content of Tier 2 interventions to achieve transdiagnostic utility in an efficient and sustainable manner.You would need to change a little bit more. I would not include the month since it is not on the PDF. I think you could leave the year out, too since we have the pub year in the record, but you could leave the pub year in. If you do leave the year in the note, don't include a comma. [This report is a post-peer-review, pre-copyedit version of an article published in "Journal of Applied School Psychology."]

Published
2020
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47. Identifying Factors Associated with Patterns of Student Attendance and Participation in a Group Tier 2 Preventive Intervention: Implications for Adaptation

Author

Pas, Elise T., Kaiser, Lauren, Rabinowitz, Jill, Lochman, John E., and Bradshaw, Catherine P.

Abstract

The extent to which youth attend Tier 2 evidence-based intervention is an important dimension of implementation. This study examined attendance patterns of 369 middle schoolers involved in a randomized trial testing the impact of Coping Power, an evidence-based Tier 2 preventive intervention. We conducted latent profile analysis to examine student attendance at the 25 Coping Power sessions and found three attendance patterns: 69.9% had "high and stable" attendance, 19.5% of youth had "moderate and modestly" declining attendance, and 10.6% had "poor and sharply declining" attendance. We then examined whether students of a particular gender and race or in single-gender/race intervention groups were more likely to demonstrate certain attendance patterns and whether there were mean differences across attendance patterns on student behavioral risk, affect, and group engagement; group characteristics (e.g., group behavioral norms); and individual contacts with the group leader. Analyses indicated students with the "poor and sharply declining" attendance pattern had higher early-session negative affect than students with the other two attendance patterns and were less likely to be in gender-balanced groups than students with "moderate and modestly declining" attendance. Students with "moderate and modestly declining" attendance spent more time in contacts with group leaders than students with "high and stable" attendance. Students with high attendance were in groups with the highest early-session group attendance rates. Implications of these findings for adaptation and tailoring of the Tier 2 Coping Power program are discussed. [This paper will be published in "Journal of Applied School Psychology."]

Published
2020
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48. Tracking Time and Resources Associated with Systems Change and the Adoption of Evidence-Based Programs: The 'Hidden Costs' of School-Based Coaching

Author

Pas, Elise T., Lindstrom Johnson, Sarah, Alfonso, Yira Natalia, and Bradshaw, Catherine P.

Abstract

This study leveraged data from a 40-school randomized controlled trial to understand the cost of coaching to support implementation of evidence-based programs (EBPs) through a multi-tiered system of supports for behavior (MTSS-B) model. Coach activity log data were utilized to generate the annual average, per school, costs of coaching of $8,198. The cost of school personnel time for coaching was estimated to be $3,028. Data on coach-rated administrator buy-in, school MTSS-B engagement, and implementation infrastructure and capacity were also collected and found to be associated with coaching activities. Notably, coaches did not spend significantly different amounts of time in schools using few EBPs relative to more EBPs, indicating some inefficiency in the use of coaches' time. These findings highlight the often-overlooked resources needed to support EBP implementation in schools. [This paper will be published in "Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research."]

Published
2020

49. Buffering Effects of Racial Discrimination on School Engagement: Role of Culturally Responsive Teachers and Caring School Police

Author

Bottiani, Jessika H., McDaniel, Heather L., Henderson, Lora, Castillo, Jasmin E., and Bradshaw, Catherine P.

Abstract

Background: Urban Black adolescents' wellbeing in the early high school years can be negatively impacted by exposure to racial discrimination. These impacts may be buffered by supportive relationships with adults at school. We considered both the protective and promotive effects of culturally responsive teachers and caring school police on school engagement for students exposed to racial discrimination across settings. Method: This study leveraged baseline student report from a sample of urban, predominantly Black high school students with elevated teacher-rated levels of aggressive behavior (N = 397 9th graders; 91.2% Black; 50.4% male; J = 10 schools). Using a path model with full-information maximum likelihood estimation, we examined the associations of racial discrimination, teacher cultural responsiveness, and school police caring in relation to school engagement and school disconnection, adjusting for covariates and family racial socialization. Results: Frequency of racial discrimination was significantly associated with lower school engagement and greater school disconnection. Teacher cultural responsiveness was significantly, favorably associated with all outcomes. Police caring had no significant direct associations; however, there were moderation effects. When police caring was below average, increased racial discrimination was associated with significantly poorer attitudes toward school. Conclusions: Findings suggested that students' perceptions of school police caring may buffer some negative school-related impacts of racial discrimination. Moreover, students who perceive that their teachers are culturally responsive may feel more engaged at school. Interventions to promote teachers' and school police officers' cultural responsiveness and caring may improve engagement among at-risk urban youth who experience racial discrimination. [This paper was published in "Journal of School Health" (EJ1274287).]

Published
2020

50. Teachers Supporting Teachers: A Social Network Perspective on Collegial Stress Support and Emotional Wellbeing among Elementary and Middle School Educators

Author

Kaihoi, Chelsea A., Bottiani, Jessika H., and Bradshaw, Catherine P.

Abstract

School mental health practitioners and researchers are increasingly concerned about educator job-related stress and its implications for teacher burnout, teaching efficacy, turnover, and student outcomes. Educators' collegial networks in their schools are natural resources for stress support, yet little is known about the extent to which educators seek support from their colleagues in managing their stress and whether these relationships promote their emotional wellbeing. Utilizing peer nomination and self-report data from 370 educators in 17 elementary and middle schools, we found patterns in whom educators nominated as a source of stress support. Specifically, educators more often nominated colleagues who worked in the same role, grade, and/or subject, and those similar in age and who had similar or more experience. Furthermore, men and educators of color more often nominated same-gender and same-race colleagues, respectively, whereas these trends were not observed for women or White educators. However, the prevalence of these characteristics among colleagues nominated as a source of stress support was not often significantly associated with educators' stress and burnout. Rather, educators' level of burnout was positively related to the burnout among those in their stress support networks. In addition, educators' stress and burnout were positively related to the stress and burnout of their colleagues with whom they spent the most time. These findings highlight how educators' perceptions of stress and burnout may be shared within their collegial networks and have implications for a role for colleagues in teacher stress-reduction and wellbeing-focused interventions.

Published
2022
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