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In sharp contrast to the musings of a senior student, the mandatory history texts follow a narrow provincial orientation. The recently introduced Quebec high school history program offers adolescents a slanted narrative devoid of larger interconnected contexts as hailed; for example, by Oakeshott (2004), MacMillan (2009), and/or Canadine (2013). In our view, secondary students are forced to travel a historical journey that deals with Canadian and Quebec events through a "unique" Quebec lens (Woods, 2014). The widely engrained twenty-first century concept of global interconnectedness, first articulated on a wide scale over a hundred years ago (Wells, 1920), has been replaced by one anchored in a retro-nineteenth-century construct viewing only carefully selected unconnected historical snippets devoid of a contextualized narrative. Anchored in a narrow political perspective, this secondary course of study forces adolescents into a stilted and fragmented "patch-work" historical landscape. This journey silences many voices, brushes others from the chronicle, and twists recognized historiography to fit a specific contemporary self-determined internalized orientation. We review the official course of study to unpack several major world themes demonstrating this constrained point-of-view via a close investigation of one of the approved English language student texts. Further, we illustrate how the deliberate manipulation of historical stories, as well as "alternate facts," leads adolescents into a realm deprived of meaningful connections.

Unlike scientific and other academic domains which have recognized international standards, the humanities are generally not governed by such acceptable overarching tenets. This lack of outside independent oversight is specifically evident within the broad arena of the social sciences and, even more particularly, with the domain of History. The conundrums of "which history" and "whose stories" become markers embedded in the societal landscape continuing to impact secondary school curriculum developers. Using the recently deposited Province of Quebec high school history program as an exemplar, the authors illustrate how a closed non-transparent anti-democratic process lead to narrow foci, public conflict, suspect subject content, and pedagogical propaganda.

Observes that because teaching is not a full-fledged profession like other societal occupations, student teachers are oriented into a vocation still attempting to create a place in society. Asserts that until teacher educators adopt a public and accountable ethical regime for teacher candidates, the vocation will continue to be a quasi-profession. (DSK)

SANCTIFYING MISANDRY: GODDESS IDEOLOGY AND THE FALL OF MAN, by Katherine K. Young and Paul Nathanson. Montreal, QC: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2010, xiv + 407 pages. ISBN: 978-0-7735-3615-9 The original [...]

Male role models are becoming increasingly scarce in Canadian classrooms, and the demographics indicate that the current low numbers will continue to decline. New teachers are quite prepared to take up the pedagogical issues raised by changing standards and a changing demographic; however, the spectre of violence and false accusations adds a level of danger that is truly frightening--the former to female student teachers, the latter primarily to males. It is reported that one in seven male teachers has been falsely accused by students of inappropriate behaviour, and Canadian school systems do not have procedures in place to respond quickly and to protect the reputation of those who are wrongly accused. While the safety of students must be paramount, the rights of teachers need to be protected as well.

Summarizes the Quebec (Canada) province-wide survey conducted by the History Task Force in June 1998 that focused on the status of teaching in elementary social studies and secondary history within the anglophone educational community. Indicates that these teachers want a range of up-to-date classroom materials and are willing to attend professional development sessions. (CMK)

Via modulation of endothelial integrity and vascular permeability in response to damage, skeletal muscle microvessels play a crucial permissive role in tissue leukocyte invasion. However, direct visual evidence of altered microvascular permeability of skeletal muscle has not been technically feasible, impairing mechanistic understanding of these responses. Two-photon laser scanning microscopy (TPLSM) allows three-dimensional in vivo imaging of skeletal muscle microcirculation. We hypothesized that the regulation of microvascular permeability in vivo is temporally related to acute inflammatory and regenerative processes following muscle injury. To test our hypothesis, tibialis anterior muscles of anesthetized male Wistar rats were subjected to eccentric contractions (ECCs) via electrical stimulation. The skeletal muscle microcirculation was imaged by an intravenously infused fluorescent dye (rhodamine B isothiocyanate-dextran) to assess microvascular permeability via TPLSM 1, 3, and 7 days after ECC. Immunohistochemistry on serial muscle sections was performed to determine the proportion of VEGF-A-positive muscle fibers in the damaged muscle. Compared with control rats, the volumetrically determined interstitial leakage of fluorescent dye (5.1 ± 1.4, 5.3 ± 1.2 vs. 0.51 ± 0.14 μm3 × 106; P < 0.05, days 1 and 3, respectively, vs. control) and percentage of VEGF-A-positive fibers in the damaged muscle (10 ± 0.4%, 22 ± 1.1% vs. 0%; days 1 and 3, respectively, vs. control) were significantly higher on days 1 and 3 after ECC. The interstitial leakage volume returned to control by day 7. These results suggest that microvascular hyperpermeability assessed by in vivo TPLSM imaging is associated with ECC-induced muscle damage and increased VEGF expression.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This investigation employed a novel in vivo imaging technique for skeletal muscle microcirculation using two-photon laser scanning microscopy that enabled microvascular permeability to be assessed by four-dimensional image analysis. By combining in vivo imaging and histological analysis, we found the temporal profile of microvascular hyperpermeability to be related to that of eccentric contraction-induced skeletal muscle injury and pronounced novel myocyte VEGF expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]