Author: "Braathen, G. O." - Searchworks@Jio Institute Digital Library Search Results

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117 results on '"Braathen, G. O."'

1. State of the Climate in 2018

Author: Arndt, D. S., Blunden, J., Dunn, R. J. H., Stanitski, D. M., Gobron, N., Willett, K. M., Sanchez-lugo, A., Berrisford, P., Morice, C., Nicolas, Jp, Carrea, L., Woolway, R. I., Merchant, C. J., Dokulil, M. T., De Eyto, E., Degasperi, C. L., Korhonen, J., Marszelewski, W., May, L., Paterson, A. M., Rusak, J. A., Schladow, S. G., Schmid, M., Verburg, P., Watanabe, S., Weyhenmeyer, G. A., King, A. D., Donat, M. G., Christy, J. R., Po-chedley, S., Mears, C. R., Haimberger, L., Covey, C., Randel, W., Noetzli, J., Biskaborn, B. K., Christiansen, H. H., Isaksen, K., Schoeneich, P., Smith, S., Vieira, G., Zhao, L., Streletskiy, D. A., Robinson, D. A., Pelto, M., Berry, D. I., Bosilovich, M. G., Simmons, A. J., Mears, C., Ho, S. P., Bock, O., Zhou, X., Nicolas, J, Vose, R. S., Adler, R., Gu, G., Becker, A., Yin, X, Tye, M. R., Blenkinsop, S., Durre, I., Ziese, M., Collow, A. B. Marquardt, Rustemeier, E., Foster, M. J., Di Girolamo, L., Frey, R. A., Heidinger, A. K., Sun-mack, S., Phillips, C., Menzel, W. P., Stengel, M., Zhao, G., Kim, H., Rodell, M., Li, B., Famiglietti, J. S., Scanlon, T., Van Der Schalie, R., Preimesberger, W., Reimer, C., Hahn, S., Gruber, A., Kidd, R., De Jeu, R. A. M., Dorigo, W. A., Barichivich, J., Osborn, T. J., Harris, I., Van Der Schrier, G., Jones, P. D., Miralles, D. G., Martens, B., Beck, H. E., Dolman, A. J., Jimenez, C., Mccabe, M. F., Wood, E. F., Allan, R., Azorin-molina, C., Mears, C. A., Mcvicar, T. R., Mayer, M., Schenzinger, V., Hersbach, H., Stackhouse, P. W., Jr., Wong, T., Kratz, D. P., Sawaengphokhai, P., Wilber, A. C., Gupta, S. K., Loeb, N. G., Dlugokencky, E. J., Hall, B. D., Montzka, S. A., Dutton, G., Muhle, J., Elkins, J. W., Miller, Br, Remy, S., Bellouin, N., Kipling, Z., Ades, M., Benedetti, A., Boucher, O., Weber, M., Steinbrecht, W., Arosio, C., Van Der A, R., Frith, S. M., Anderson, J., Coldewey-egbers, M., Davis, S., Degenstein, D., Fioletov, V. E., Froidevaux, L., Hubert, D., Long, C. S., Loyola, D., Rozanov, A., Roth, C., Sofieva, V., Tourpali, K., Wang, R., Wild, J. D., Davis, S. M., Rosenlof, K. H., Hurst, D. F., Selkirk, H. B., Vomel, H., Ziemke, J. R., Cooper, O. R., Flemming, J., Inness, A., Pinty, B., Kaiser, J. W., Van Der Werf, G. R., Hemming, D. L., Garforth, J., Park, T., Richardson, A. D., Rutishauser, T., Sparks, T. H., Thackeray, S. J., Myneni, R., Lumpkin, R., Huang, B., Kennedy, J., Xue, Y., Zhang, H. -m., Hu, C., Wang, M., Johnson, G. C., Lyman, J. M., Boyer, T., Cheng, L., Domingues, C. M., Gilson, J., Ishii, M., Killick, R. E., Monselesan, D., Purkey, S. G., Wijffels, S. E., Locarnini, R., Yu, L., Jin, X., Stackhouse, P. W., Kato, S., Weller, R. A., Thompson, P. R., Widlansky, M. J., Leuliette, E., Sweet, W., Chambers, D. P., Hamlington, B. D., Jevrejeva, S., Marra, J. J., Merrifield, M. A., Mitchum, G. T., Nerem, R. S., Kelble, C., Karnauskas, M., Hubbard, K., Goni, G., Streeter, C., Dohan, K., Franz, B. A., Cetinic, I., Karakoylu, E. M., Siegel, D. A., Westberry, T. K., Feely, R. A., Wanninkhof, R., Carter, B. R., Landschutzer, P., Sutton, A. J., Cosca, C., Trinanes, J. A., Baxter, S., Schreck, C., Bell, G. D., Mullan, A. B., Pezza, A. B., Coelho, C. A. S., Wang, B., He, Q., Diamond, H. J., Schreck, C. J., Blake, E. S., Landsea, C. W., Wang, H., Goldenberg, S. B., Pasch, R. J., Klotzbach, P. J., Kruk, M. C., Camargo, S. J., Trewin, B. C., Pearce, P. R., Lorrey, A. M., Domingues, R., Goni, G. J., Knaff, J. A., Lin, I. -i., Bringas, F., Richter-menge, J., Osborne, E., Druckenmiller, M., Jeffries, M. O., Overland, J. E., Hanna, E., Hanssen-bauer, I., Kim, S. -j., Walsh, J. E., Bhatt, U. S., Timmermans, M. -l., Ladd, C., Perovich, D., Meier, W., Tschudi, M., Farrell, S., Hendricks, S., Gerland, S., Haas, C., Krumpen, T., Polashenski, C., Ricker, R, Webster, M., Stabeno, P. J., Tedesco, M., Box, J. E., Cappelen, J., Fausto, R. S., Fettweis, X., Andersen, J. K., Mote, T., Smeets, C. J. P. P., Van As, D., Van De Wal, R. S. W., Romanovsky, V. E., Smith, S. L., Shiklomanov, N. I., Kholodov, A. L., Drozdov, D. S., Malkova, G. V., Marchenko, S. S., Jella, K. B., Mudryk, L., Brown, R., Derksen, C., Luojus, K., Decharme, B., Holmes, R. M., Shiklomanov, A. I., Suslova, A., Tretiakov, M., Mcclelland, J. W., Spencer, R. G. M., Tank, S. E., Epstein, H., Bhatt, U., Raynolds, M., Walker, D., Forbes, B., Phoenix, G., Bjerke, J., Tommervik, H., Karlsen, S. -r., Goetz, S., Jia, G., Bernhard, G. H., Grooss, J. -u., Ialongo, I., Johnsen, B., Lakkala, K., Manney, G. L., Mueller, R., Scambos, T., Stammerjohn, S., Clem, K. R., Barreira, S., Fogt, R. L., Colwell, S., Keller, L. M., Lazzara, M. A., Reid, P., Massom, R. A., Lieser, J. L., Meijers, A., Sallee, J. -b., Grey, A., Johnson, K., Arrigo, K., Swart, S., King, B., Meredith, M., Mazloff, M., Scardilli, A., Claus, F., Shuman, C. A., Kramarova, N., Newman, P. A., Nash, E. R., Strahan, S. E., Johnson, B., Pitts, M., Santee, M. L., Petropavlovskikh, I., Braathen, G. O., Coy, L., De Laat, J., Bissolli, P., Ganter, C., Li, T., Mekonnen, A., Gleason, K., Smith, A., Fenimore, C., Heim, R. R., Jr., Nauslar, N. J., Brown, T. J., Mcevoy, D. J., Lareau, N. P., Amador, J. A., Hidalgo, H. G., Alfaro, E. J., Calderon, B., Mora, N., Stephenson, T. S., Taylor, M. A., Trotman, A. R., Van Meerbeeck, C. J., Campbell, J. D., Brown, A., Spence, J., Martinez, R., Diaz, E., Marin, D., Hernandez, R., Caceres, L., Zambrano, E., Nieto, J., Marengo, J. A., Espinoza, J. C., Alves, L. M., Ronchail, J., Lavado-casimiro, J. W., Ramos, I., Davila, C., Ramos, A. M., Diniz, F. A., Aliaga-nestares, V., Castro, A. Y., Stella, J. L., Aldeco, L. S., Diaz, D. A. Campos, Misevicius, N., Kabidi, K., Sayouri, A., Elkharrim, M., Mostafa, A. E., Hagos, S., Feng, Z., Ijampy, J. A., Sima, F., Francis, S. D., Tsidu, G. Mengistu, Kruger, A. C., Mcbride, C., Jumaux, G., Dhurmea, K. R., Belmont, M., Rakotoarimalala, C. L., Labbe, L., Rosner, B., Benedict, I., Van Heerwaarden, C., Weerts, A., Hazeleger, W., Trachte, K., Zhu, Z., Zhang, P., Lee, T. C., Ripaldi, A., Mochizuki, Y., Lim, J. -y, Oyunjargal, L., Timbal, B., Srivastava, A. K., Revadekar, J. V., Rajeevan, M., Shimpo, A., Khoshkam, M., Kazemi, A. Fazl, Zeyaeyan, S., Lander, M. A., Mcgree, S., Tobin, S., Bettio, L., Arndt, D. S., Blunden, J., Dunn, R. J. H., Stanitski, D. M., Gobron, N., Willett, K. M., Sanchez-lugo, A., Berrisford, P., Morice, C., Nicolas, Jp, Carrea, L., Woolway, R. I., Merchant, C. J., Dokulil, M. T., De Eyto, E., Degasperi, C. L., Korhonen, J., Marszelewski, W., May, L., Paterson, A. M., Rusak, J. A., Schladow, S. G., Schmid, M., Verburg, P., Watanabe, S., Weyhenmeyer, G. A., King, A. D., Donat, M. G., Christy, J. R., Po-chedley, S., Mears, C. R., Haimberger, L., Covey, C., Randel, W., Noetzli, J., Biskaborn, B. K., Christiansen, H. H., Isaksen, K., Schoeneich, P., Smith, S., Vieira, G., Zhao, L., Streletskiy, D. A., Robinson, D. A., Pelto, M., Berry, D. I., Bosilovich, M. G., Simmons, A. J., Mears, C., Ho, S. P., Bock, O., Zhou, X., Nicolas, J, Vose, R. S., Adler, R., Gu, G., Becker, A., Yin, X, Tye, M. R., Blenkinsop, S., Durre, I., Ziese, M., Collow, A. B. Marquardt, Rustemeier, E., Foster, M. J., Di Girolamo, L., Frey, R. A., Heidinger, A. K., Sun-mack, S., Phillips, C., Menzel, W. P., Stengel, M., Zhao, G., Kim, H., Rodell, M., Li, B., Famiglietti, J. S., Scanlon, T., Van Der Schalie, R., Preimesberger, W., Reimer, C., Hahn, S., Gruber, A., Kidd, R., De Jeu, R. A. M., Dorigo, W. A., Barichivich, J., Osborn, T. J., Harris, I., Van Der Schrier, G., Jones, P. D., Miralles, D. G., Martens, B., Beck, H. E., Dolman, A. J., Jimenez, C., Mccabe, M. F., Wood, E. F., Allan, R., Azorin-molina, C., Mears, C. A., Mcvicar, T. R., Mayer, M., Schenzinger, V., Hersbach, H., Stackhouse, P. W., Jr., Wong, T., Kratz, D. P., Sawaengphokhai, P., Wilber, A. C., Gupta, S. K., Loeb, N. G., Dlugokencky, E. J., Hall, B. D., Montzka, S. A., Dutton, G., Muhle, J., Elkins, J. W., Miller, Br, Remy, S., Bellouin, N., Kipling, Z., Ades, M., Benedetti, A., Boucher, O., Weber, M., Steinbrecht, W., Arosio, C., Van Der A, R., Frith, S. M., Anderson, J., Coldewey-egbers, M., Davis, S., Degenstein, D., Fioletov, V. E., Froidevaux, L., Hubert, D., Long, C. S., Loyola, D., Rozanov, A., Roth, C., Sofieva, V., Tourpali, K., Wang, R., Wild, J. D., Davis, S. M., Rosenlof, K. H., Hurst, D. F., Selkirk, H. B., Vomel, H., Ziemke, J. R., Cooper, O. R., Flemming, J., Inness, A., Pinty, B., Kaiser, J. W., Van Der Werf, G. R., Hemming, D. L., Garforth, J., Park, T., Richardson, A. D., Rutishauser, T., Sparks, T. H., Thackeray, S. J., Myneni, R., Lumpkin, R., Huang, B., Kennedy, J., Xue, Y., Zhang, H. -m., Hu, C., Wang, M., Johnson, G. C., Lyman, J. M., Boyer, T., Cheng, L., Domingues, C. M., Gilson, J., Ishii, M., Killick, R. E., Monselesan, D., Purkey, S. G., Wijffels, S. E., Locarnini, R., Yu, L., Jin, X., Stackhouse, P. W., Kato, S., Weller, R. A., Thompson, P. R., Widlansky, M. J., Leuliette, E., Sweet, W., Chambers, D. P., Hamlington, B. D., Jevrejeva, S., Marra, J. J., Merrifield, M. A., Mitchum, G. T., Nerem, R. S., Kelble, C., Karnauskas, M., Hubbard, K., Goni, G., Streeter, C., Dohan, K., Franz, B. A., Cetinic, I., Karakoylu, E. M., Siegel, D. A., Westberry, T. K., Feely, R. A., Wanninkhof, R., Carter, B. R., Landschutzer, P., Sutton, A. J., Cosca, C., Trinanes, J. A., Baxter, S., Schreck, C., Bell, G. D., Mullan, A. B., Pezza, A. B., Coelho, C. A. S., Wang, B., He, Q., Diamond, H. J., Schreck, C. J., Blake, E. S., Landsea, C. W., Wang, H., Goldenberg, S. B., Pasch, R. J., Klotzbach, P. J., Kruk, M. C., Camargo, S. J., Trewin, B. C., Pearce, P. R., Lorrey, A. M., Domingues, R., Goni, G. J., Knaff, J. A., Lin, I. -i., Bringas, F., Richter-menge, J., Osborne, E., Druckenmiller, M., Jeffries, M. O., Overland, J. E., Hanna, E., Hanssen-bauer, I., Kim, S. -j., Walsh, J. E., Bhatt, U. S., Timmermans, M. -l., Ladd, C., Perovich, D., Meier, W., Tschudi, M., Farrell, S., Hendricks, S., Gerland, S., Haas, C., Krumpen, T., Polashenski, C., Ricker, R, Webster, M., Stabeno, P. J., Tedesco, M., Box, J. E., Cappelen, J., Fausto, R. S., Fettweis, X., Andersen, J. K., Mote, T., Smeets, C. J. P. P., Van As, D., Van De Wal, R. S. W., Romanovsky, V. E., Smith, S. L., Shiklomanov, N. I., Kholodov, A. L., Drozdov, D. S., Malkova, G. V., Marchenko, S. S., Jella, K. B., Mudryk, L., Brown, R., Derksen, C., Luojus, K., Decharme, B., Holmes, R. M., Shiklomanov, A. I., Suslova, A., Tretiakov, M., Mcclelland, J. W., Spencer, R. G. M., Tank, S. E., Epstein, H., Bhatt, U., Raynolds, M., Walker, D., Forbes, B., Phoenix, G., Bjerke, J., Tommervik, H., Karlsen, S. -r., Goetz, S., Jia, G., Bernhard, G. H., Grooss, J. -u., Ialongo, I., Johnsen, B., Lakkala, K., Manney, G. L., Mueller, R., Scambos, T., Stammerjohn, S., Clem, K. R., Barreira, S., Fogt, R. L., Colwell, S., Keller, L. M., Lazzara, M. A., Reid, P., Massom, R. A., Lieser, J. L., Meijers, A., Sallee, J. -b., Grey, A., Johnson, K., Arrigo, K., Swart, S., King, B., Meredith, M., Mazloff, M., Scardilli, A., Claus, F., Shuman, C. A., Kramarova, N., Newman, P. A., Nash, E. R., Strahan, S. E., Johnson, B., Pitts, M., Santee, M. L., Petropavlovskikh, I., Braathen, G. O., Coy, L., De Laat, J., Bissolli, P., Ganter, C., Li, T., Mekonnen, A., Gleason, K., Smith, A., Fenimore, C., Heim, R. R., Jr., Nauslar, N. J., Brown, T. J., Mcevoy, D. J., Lareau, N. P., Amador, J. A., Hidalgo, H. G., Alfaro, E. J., Calderon, B., Mora, N., Stephenson, T. S., Taylor, M. A., Trotman, A. R., Van Meerbeeck, C. J., Campbell, J. D., Brown, A., Spence, J., Martinez, R., Diaz, E., Marin, D., Hernandez, R., Caceres, L., Zambrano, E., Nieto, J., Marengo, J. A., Espinoza, J. C., Alves, L. M., Ronchail, J., Lavado-casimiro, J. W., Ramos, I., Davila, C., Ramos, A. M., Diniz, F. A., Aliaga-nestares, V., Castro, A. Y., Stella, J. L., Aldeco, L. S., Diaz, D. A. Campos, Misevicius, N., Kabidi, K., Sayouri, A., Elkharrim, M., Mostafa, A. E., Hagos, S., Feng, Z., Ijampy, J. A., Sima, F., Francis, S. D., Tsidu, G. Mengistu, Kruger, A. C., Mcbride, C., Jumaux, G., Dhurmea, K. R., Belmont, M., Rakotoarimalala, C. L., Labbe, L., Rosner, B., Benedict, I., Van Heerwaarden, C., Weerts, A., Hazeleger, W., Trachte, K., Zhu, Z., Zhang, P., Lee, T. C., Ripaldi, A., Mochizuki, Y., Lim, J. -y, Oyunjargal, L., Timbal, B., Srivastava, A. K., Revadekar, J. V., Rajeevan, M., Shimpo, A., Khoshkam, M., Kazemi, A. Fazl, Zeyaeyan, S., Lander, M. A., Mcgree, S., Tobin, S., and Bettio, L.
Published: 2019

2. Ozone Loss From Quasi-Conservative Coordinate Mapping During the 1999-2000 SOLVE Campaign

Author: Lait, L. R, Schoeberl, M. R, Newman, P. A, McGee, T, Burris, J, Browell, E. V, Richard, E, Braathen, G. O, Bojkov, B. R, Goutail, F, and Bhartia, P. K
Subjects: Environment Pollution
Abstract: During the winter of 1999-2000, the Sage III Ozone Loss and Validation Experiment (SOLVE) field experiment took place in Kiruna, Sweden. The purpose of SOLVE was to examine ozone depletion mechanisms in the Arctic stratosphere (from about 10 to 50 km altitude) during the winter and early spring, when a band of strong winds (the 'polar vortex') circle the pole. Measurements of stratospheric ozone were made by several different kinds of instruments in different meteorological situations. We analyzed these data using the 'quasi-conservative coordinate mapping' technique, in which the measurements are analyzed in terms of meteorological properties ('potential temperature' and 'potential vorticity') which tend not to change very much over a few days. This technique reduces or removes the changes that are associated with the polar vortex moving around. Over longer time periods, potential temperature and potential vorticity change as air cools and descends within the polar vortex. We account for these changes by calculating the trajectories of air parcels, and this enables us to extend the analysis over a ten-week period from January 10 to March 17, 2000. Using data from the NASA ER-2 aircraft, from the DIAL and AROTEL laser sounders on the NASA DC-8 aircraft, and balloon-borne ozonesondes, our analysis reveals changes in ozone which, because we have removed the effects of polar vortex motion and the descending air, indicate chemical destruction of ozone in early 2000. We find a peak decline rate of approximately 0.03 ppmv/day near 470 K of potential temperature (near 20 km) in mid-January which sinks in altitude to around 440 K (near 18 km) in mid-March.
Published: 2001

3. CHEMICAL OZONE LOSS IN THE ARCTIC WINTER 1994/95 AS DETERMINED BY THE MATCH TECHNIQUE

Author: Rex, M., Der gathen, P. Von, Braathen, G. O., Harris, N. R.P., Reimer, E., Beck, A., Alfier, R., Krüger-carstensen, R., Chipperfield, M., De backer, H., Balis, D., Oʼconnor, F., Dier, H., Dorokhov, V., Fast, H., Gamma, A., Gil, M., Kyrö, E., Litynska, Z., Mikkelsen, I. S., Molyneux, M., Murphy, G., Reid, S. J., Rummukainen, M., and Zerefos, C.
Published: 1999

4. State of the climate in 2016

Author: Aaron-Morrison, A. P., Ackerman, S. A., Adams, N. G., Adler, R. F., Albanil, A., Alfaro, E. J., Allan, R., Alves, L. M., Amador, J. A., Andreassen, L. M., Arendt, A., Arévalo, J., Arndt, D. S., Arzhanova, N. M., Aschan, M. M., Azorin-Molina, C., Banzon, V., Bardin, M. U., Barichivich, J., Baringer, M. O., Barreira, S., Baxter, S., Bazo, J., Becker, A., Bedka, K. M., Behrenfeld, M. J., Bell, G. D., Belmont, M., Benedetti, A., Bernhard, G., Berrisford, P., Berry, D. I., Bettolli, M. L., Bhatt, U. S., Bidegain, M., Bill, B. D., Billheimer, S., Bissolli, P., Blake, E. S., Blunden, J., Bosilovich, M. G., Boucher, O., Boudet, D., Box, J. E., Boyer, T., Braathen, G. O., Bromwich, D. H., Brown, R., Bulygina, O. N., Burgess, D., Calderón, B., Camargo, S. J., Campbell, J. D., Cappelen, J., Carrasco, G., Carter, B. R., Chambers, D. P., Chandler, E., Christiansen, H. H., Christy, J. R., Chung, D., Chung, E. S., Cinque, K., Clem, K. R., Coelho, C. A., Cogley, J. G., Coldewey-Egbers, M., Colwell, S., Cooper, O. R., Copland, L., Cosca, C. E., Cross, J. N., Crotwell, M. J., Crouch, J., Davis, S. M., Eyto, E., Jeu, R. A. M., Laat, J., Degasperi, C. L., Degenstein, D., Demircan, M., Derksen, C., Destin, D., Di Girolamo, L., Di Giuseppe, F., Diamond, H. J., Dlugokencky, E. J., Dohan, K., Dokulil, M. T., Dolgov, A. V., Dolman, A. J., Domingues, C. M., Donat, M. G., Dong, S., Dorigo, W. A., Dortch, Q., Doucette, G., Drozdov, D. S., Ducklow, H., Dunn, R. J. H., Durán-Quesada, A. M., Dutton, G. S., Ebrahim, A., Elkharrim, M., Elkins, J. W., Espinoza, J. C., Etienne-Leblanc, S., Evans, T. E., Famiglietti, J. S., Farrell, S., Fateh, S., Fausto, R. S., Fedaeff, N., Feely, R. A., Feng, Z., Fenimore, C., Fettweis, X., Fioletov, V. E., Flemming, J., Fogarty, C. T., Fogt, R. L., Folland, C., Fonseca, C., Fossheim, M., Foster, M. J., Fountain, A., Francis, S. D., Franz, B. A., Frey, R. A., Frith, S. M., Froidevaux, L., Ganter, C., Garzoli, S., Gerland, S., Gobron, N., Goldenberg, S. B., Gomez, R. S., Goni, G., Goto, A., Grooß, J. U., Gruber, A., Guard, C. C., Gugliemin, M., Gupta, S. K., Gutiérrez, J. M., Hagos, S., Hahn, S., Haimberger, L., Hakkarainen, J., Hall, B. D., Halpert, M. S., Hamlington, B. D., Hanna, E., Hansen, K., Hanssen-Bauer, I., Harris, I., Heidinger, A. K., Heikkilä, A., Heil, A., Heim, R. R., Hendricks, S., Hernández, M., Hidalgo, H. G., Hilburn, K., Ho, S. P. B., Holmes, R. M., Hu, Z. Z., Huang, B., Huelsing, H. K., Huffman, G. J., Hughes, C., Hurst, D. F., Ialongo, I., Ijampy, J. A., Ingvaldsen, R. B., Inness, A., Isaksen, K., Ishii, M., Jevrejeva, S., Jiménez, C., Jin, X., Johannesen, E., John, V., Johnsen, B., Johnson, B., Johnson, G. C., Jones, P. D., Joseph, A. C., Jumaux, G., Kabidi, K., Kaiser, J. W., Kato, S., Kazemi, A., Keller, L. M., Kendon, M., Kennedy, J., Kerr, K., Kholodov, A. L., Khoshkam, M., Killick, R., Kim, H., Kim, S. J., Kimberlain, T. B., Klotzbach, P. J., Knaff, J. A., Kobayashi, S., Kohler, J., Korhonen, J., Korshunova, N. N., Kovacs, K. M., Kramarova, N., Kratz, D. P., Kruger, A., Kruk, M. C., Kudela, R., Kumar, A., Lakatos, M., Lakkala, K., Lander, M. A., Landsea, C. W., Lankhorst, M., Lantz, K., Lazzara, M. A., Lemons, P., Leuliette, E., L’heureux, M., Lieser, J. L., Lin, I. I., Liu, H., Liu, Y., Locarnini, R., Loeb, N. G., Lo Monaco, C., Long, C. S., López Álvarez, L. A., Lorrey, A. M., Loyola, D., Lumpkin, R., Luo, J. J., Luojus, K., Lydersen, C., Lyman, J. M., Maberly, S. C., Maddux, B. C., Malheiros Ramos, A., Malkova, G. V., Manney, G., Marcellin, V., Marchenko, S. S., Marengo, J. A., Marra, J. J., Marszelewski, W., Martens, B., Martínez-Güingla, R., Massom, R. A., Mata, M. M., Mathis, J. T., May, L., Mayer, M., Mazloff, M., Mcbride, C., Mccabe, M. F., Mccarthy, M., Mcclelland, J. W., Mcgree, S., Mcvicar, T. R., Mears, C. A., Meier, W., Meinen, C. S., Mekonnen, A., Menéndez, M., Mengistu Tsidu, G., Menzel, W. P., Merchant, C. J., Meredith, M. P., Merrifield, M. A., Metzl, N., Minnis, P., Miralles, D. G., Mistelbauer, T., Mitchum, G. T., Monselesan, D., Monteiro, P., Montzka, S. A., Morice, C., Mote, T., Mudryk, L., Mühle, J., Mullan, A. B., Nash, E. R., Naveira-Garabato, A. C., Nerem, R. S., Newman, P. A., Nieto, J. J., Noetzli, J., O’neel, S., Osborn, T. J., Overland, J., Oyunjargal, L., Parinussa, R. M., Park, E. H., Parker, D., Parrington, M., Parsons, A. R., Pasch, R. J., Pascual-Ramírez, R., Paterson, A. M., Paulik, C., Pearce, P. R., Pelto, M. S., Peng, L., Perkins-Kirkpatrick, S. E., Perovich, D., Petropavlovskikh, I., Pezza, A. B., Phillips, D., Pinty, B., Pitts, M. C., Pons, M. R., Porter, A. O., Primicerio, R., Proshutinsky, A., Quegan, S., Quintana, J., Rahimzadeh, F., Rajeevan, M., Randriamarolaza, L., Razuvaev, V. N., Reagan, J., Reid, P., Reimer, C., Rémy, S., Renwick, J. A., Revadekar, J. V., Richter-Menge, J., Riffler, M., Rimmer, A., Rintoul, S., Robinson, D. A., Rodell, M., Rodríguez Solís, J. L., Romanovsky, V. E., Ronchail, J., Rosenlof, K. H., Roth, C., Rusak, J. A., Sabine, C. L., Sallée, J. B., Sánchez-Lugo, A., Santee, M. L., Sawaengphokhai, P., Sayouri, A., Scambos, T. A., Schemm, J., Schladow, S. G., Schmid, C., Schmid, M., Schmidtko, S., Schreck, C. J., Selkirk, H. B., Send, U., Sensoy, S., Setzer, A., Sharp, M., Shaw, A., Shi, L., Shiklomanov, A. I., Shiklomanov, N. I., Siegel, D. A., Signorini, S. R., Sima, F., Simmons, A. J., Smeets, C. J. P. P., Smith, S. L., Spence, J. M., Srivastava, A. K., Stackhouse, P. W., Stammerjohn, S., Steinbrecht, W., Stella, J. L., Stengel, M., Stennett-Brown, R., Stephenson, T. S., Strahan, S., Streletskiy, D. A., Sun-Mack, S., Swart, S., Sweet, W., Talley, L. D., Tamar, G., Tank, S. E., Taylor, M. A., Tedesco, M., Teubner, K., Thoman, R. L., Thompson, P., Thomson, L., Timmermans, M. L., Maxim Timofeyev, Tirnanes, J. A., Tobin, S., Trachte, K., Trainer, V. L., Tretiakov, M., Trewin, B. C., Trotman, A. R., Tschudi, M., As, D., Wal, R. S. W., A, R. J., Schalie, R., Schrier, G., Werf, G. R., Meerbeeck, C. J., Velicogna, I., Verburg, P., Vigneswaran, B., Vincent, L. A., Volkov, D., Vose, R. S., Wagner, W., Wåhlin, A., Wahr, J., Walsh, J., Wang, C., Wang, J., Wang, L., Wang, M., Wang, S. H., Wanninkhof, R., Watanabe, S., Weber, M., Weller, R. A., Weyhenmeyer, G. A., Whitewood, R., Wijffels, S. E., Wilber, A. C., Wild, J. D., Willett, K. M., Williams, M. J. M., Willie, S., Wolken, G., Wong, T., Wood, E. F., Woolway, R. I., Wouters, B., Xue, Y., Yamada, R., Yim, S. Y., Yin, X., Young, S. H., Yu, L., Zahid, H., Zambrano, E., Zhang, P., Zhao, G., Zhou, L., Ziemke, J. R., Love-Brotak, S. E., Gilbert, K., Maycock, T., Osborne, S., Sprain, M., Veasey, S. W., Ambrose, B. J., Griffin, J., Misch, D. J., Riddle, D. B., Young, T., Macias Fauria, M, Blunden, J, Arndt, D, Earth and Climate, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Clinical Developmental Psychology, Climate Change and Landscape Dynamics, and Molecular Cell Physiology
Subjects: Meteor (satellite), Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 0208 environmental biotechnology, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, 020801 environmental engineering, Geography, 13. Climate action, Climatology, SDG 13 - Climate Action, SDG 14 - Life Below Water, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: In 2016, the dominant greenhouse gases released into Earth's atmosphere-carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide-continued to increase and reach new record highs. The 3.5 +/- 0.1 ppm rise in global annual mean carbon dioxide from 2015 to 2016 was the largest annual increase observed in the 58-year measurement record. The annual global average carbon dioxide concentration at Earth's surface surpassed 400 ppm (402.9 +/- 0.1 ppm) for the first time in the modern atmospheric measurement record and in ice core records dating back as far as 800000 years. One of the strongest El Nino events since at least 1950 dissipated in spring, and a weak La Nina evolved later in the year. Owing at least in part to the combination of El Nino conditions early in the year and a long-term upward trend, Earth's surface observed record warmth for a third consecutive year, albeit by a much slimmer margin than by which that record was set in 2015. Above Earth's surface, the annual lower troposphere temperature was record high according to all datasets analyzed, while the lower stratospheric temperature was record low according to most of the in situ and satellite datasets. Several countries, including Mexico and India, reported record high annual temperatures while many others observed near-record highs. A week-long heat wave at the end of April over the northern and eastern Indian peninsula, with temperatures surpassing 44 degrees C, contributed to a water crisis for 330 million people and to 300 fatalities. In the Arctic the 2016 land surface temperature was 2.0 degrees C above the 1981-2010 average, breaking the previous record of 2007, 2011, and 2015 by 0.8 degrees C, representing a 3.5 degrees C increase since the record began in 1900. The increasing temperatures have led to decreasing Arctic sea ice extent and thickness. On 24 March, the sea ice extent at the end of the growth season saw its lowest maximum in the 37-year satellite record, tying with 2015 at 7.2% below the 1981-2010 average. The September 2016 Arctic sea ice minimum extent tied with 2007 for the second lowest value on record, 33% lower than the 1981-2010 average. Arctic sea ice cover remains relatively young and thin, making it vulnerable to continued extensive melt. The mass of the Greenland Ice Sheet, which has the capacity to contribute similar to 7 m to sea level rise, reached a record low value. The onset of its surface melt was the second earliest, after 2012, in the 37-year satellite record. Sea surface temperature was record high at the global scale, surpassing the previous record of 2015 by about 0.01 degrees C. The global sea surface temperature trend for the 21st century-to-date of +0.162 degrees C decade(-1) is much higher than the longer term 1950-2016 trend of +0.100 degrees C decade(-1). Global annual mean sea level also reached a new record high, marking the sixth consecutive year of increase. Global annual ocean heat content saw a slight drop compared to the record high in 2015. Alpine glacier retreat continued around the globe, and preliminary data indicate that 2016 is the 37th consecutive year of negative annual mass balance. Across the Northern Hemisphere, snow cover for each month from February to June was among its four least extensive in the 47-year satellite record. Continuing a pattern below the surface, record high temperatures at 20-m depth were measured at all permafrost observatories on the North Slope of Alaska and at the Canadian observatory on northernmost Ellesmere Island. In the Antarctic, record low monthly surface pressures were broken at many stations, with the southern annular mode setting record high index values in March and June. Monthly high surface pressure records for August and November were set at several stations. During this period, record low daily and monthly sea ice extents were observed, with the November mean sea ice extent more than 5 standard deviations below the 1981-2010 average. These record low sea ice values contrast sharply with the record high values observed during 2012-14. Over the region, springtime Antarctic stratospheric ozone depletion was less severe relative to the 1991-2006 average, but ozone levels were still low compared to pre-1990 levels. Closer to the equator, 93 named tropical storms were observed during 2016, above the 1981-2010 average of 82, but fewer than the 101 storms recorded in 2015. Three basins-the North Atlantic, and eastern and western North Pacific-experienced above-normal activity in 2016. The Australian basin recorded its least active season since the beginning of the satellite era in 1970. Overall, four tropical cyclones reached the Saffir-Simpson category 5 intensity level. The strong El Nino at the beginning of the year that transitioned to a weak La Nina contributed to enhanced precipitation variability around the world. Wet conditions were observed throughout the year across southern South America, causing repeated heavy flooding in Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay. Wetter-than-usual conditions were also observed for eastern Europe and central Asia, alleviating the drought conditions of 2014 and 2015 in southern Russia. In the United States, California had its first wetter-than-average year since 2012, after being plagued by drought for several years. Even so, the area covered by drought in 2016 at the global scale was among the largest in the post-1950 record. For each month, at least 12% of land surfaces experienced severe drought conditions or worse, the longest such stretch in the record. In northeastern Brazil, drought conditions were observed for the fifth consecutive year, making this the longest drought on record in the region. Dry conditions were also observed in western Bolivia and Peru; it was Bolivia's worst drought in the past 25 years. In May, with abnormally warm and dry conditions already prevailing over western Canada for about a year, the human-induced Fort McMurray wildfire burned nearly 590000 hectares and became the costliest disaster in Canadian history, with $3 billion (U.S. dollars) in insured losses.
Published: 2017

5. STATE OF THE CLIMATE IN 2011 Special Supplement to the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society Vol. 93, No. 7, July 2012

Author: Arndt, D. S., Blunden, J., Willett, K. M., Dolman, A. J., Hall, B. D., Thorne, P. W., Gregg, M. C., Newlin, M. L., Xue, Y., Hu, Z., Kumar, A., Banzon, V., Smith, T. M., Rayner, N. A., Jeffries, M. O., Richter-Menge, J., Overland, J., Bhatt, U., Key, J., Liu, Y., Walsh, J., Wang, M., Fogt, R. L., Scambos, T. A., Wovrosh, A. J., Barreira, S., Sanchez-Lugo, A., Renwick, J. A., Thiaw, W. M., Weaver, S. J., Whitewood, R., Phillips, D., Achberger, C., Ackerman, S. A., Ahmed, F. H., Albanil-Encarnacion, A., Alfaro, E. J., Alves, L. M., Allan, R., Amador, J. A., Ambenje, P., Antoine, M. D., Antonov, J., Arevalo, J., Ashik, I., Atheru, Z., Baccini, A., Baez, J., Baringer, M. O., Barriopedro, D. E., Bates, J. J., Becker, A., Behrenfeld, M. J., Bell, G. D., Benedetti, A., Bernhard, G., Berrisford, P., Berry, D. I., Beszczynska-Moeller, A., Bhatt, U. S., Bidegain, M., Bieniek, P., Birkett, C., Bissolli, P., Blake, E. S., Boudet-Rouco, D., Box, J. E., Boyer, T., Braathen, G. O., Brackenridge, G. R., Brohan, P., Bromwich, D. H., Brown, L., Brown, R., Bruhwiler, L., Bulygina, O. N., Burrows, J., Calderon, B., Camargo, S. J., Cappellen, J., Carmack, E., Carrasco, G., Chambers, D. P., Christiansen, H. H., Christy, J., Chung, D., Ciais, P., Coehlo, C. A. S., Colwell, S., Comiso, J., Cretaux, J. F., Crouch, J., Cunningham, S. A., Jeu, R. A. M., Demircan, M., Derksen, C., Diamond, H. J., Dlugokencky, E. J., Dohan, K., Dorigo, W. A., Drozdov, D. S., Duguay, C., Dutton, E., Dutton, G. S., Elkins, J. W., Epstein, H. E., Famiglietti, J. S., Fanton D Andon, O. H., Feely, R. A., Fekete, B. M., Fenimore, C., Fernandez-Prieto, D., Fields, E., Fioletov, V., Folland, C., Foster, M. J., Frajka-Williams, E., Franz, B. A., Frey, K., Frith, S. H., Frolov, I., Frost, G. V., Ganter, C., Garzoli, S., Gitau, W., Gleason, K. L., Gobron, N., Goldenberg, S. B., Goni, G., Gonzalez-Garcia, I., Gonzalez-Rodriguez, N., Good, S. A., Goryl, P., Gottschalck, J., Gouveia, C. M., Griffiths, G. M., Grigoryan, V., Grooss, J. U., Guard, C., Guglielmin, M., Halpert, M. S., Heidinger, A. K., Heikkila, A., Heim, R. R., Hennon, P. A., Hidalgo, H. G., Hilburn, K., Ho, S. P., Hobbs, W. R., Holgate, S., Hook, S. J., Hovsepyan, A., Hu, Z. Z., Hugony, S., Hurst, D. F., Ingvaldsen, R., Itoh, M., Jaimes, E., Jeffries, M., Johns, W. E., Johnsen, B., Johnson, B., Johnson, G. C., Jones, L. T., Jumaux, G., Kabidi, K., Kaiser, J. W., Kang, K. K., Kanzow, T. O., Kao, H. Y., Keller, L. M., Kendon, M., Kennedy, J. J., Kervankiran, S., Khatiwala, S., Kholodov, A. L., Khoshkam, M., Kikuchi, T., Kimberlain, T. B., King, D., Knaff, J. A., Korshunova, N. N., Koskela, T., Kratz, D. P., Krishfield, R., Kruger, A., Kruk, M. C., Lagerloef, G., Lakkala, K., Lammers, R. B., Lander, M. A., Landsea, C. W., Lankhorst, M., Lapinel-Pedroso, B., Lazzara, M. A., Leduc, S., Lefale, P., Leon, G., Leon-Lee, A., Leuliette, E., Levitus, S., L Heureux, M., Lin, II, Liu, H. X., Liu, Y. J., Lobato-Sanchez, R., Locarnini, R., Loeb, N. G., Loeng, H., Long, C. S., Lorrey, A. M., Lumpkin, R., Myhre, C. L., Jing-Jia Luo, Lyman, J. M., Maccallum, S., Macdonald, A. M., Maddux, B. C., Manney, G., Marchenko, S. S., Marengo, J. A., Maritorena, S., Marotzke, J., Marra, J. J., Martinez-Sanchez, O., Maslanik, J., Massom, R. A., Mathis, J. T., Mcbride, C., Mcclain, C. R., Mcgrath, D., Mcgree, S., Mclaughlin, F., Mcvicar, T. R., Mears, C., Meier, W., Meinen, C. S., Menendez, M., Merchant, C., Merrifield, M. A., Miller, L., Mitchum, G. T., Montzka, S. A., Moore, S., Mora, N. P., Morcrette, J. J., Mote, T., Muhle, J., Mullan, A. B., Muller, R., Myhre, C., Nash, E. R., Nerem, R. S., Newman, P. A., Ngari, A., Nishino, S., Njau, L. N., Noetzli, J., Oberman, N. G., Obregon, A., Ogallo, L., Oludhe, C., Oyunjargal, L., Parinussa, R. M., Park, G. H., Parker, D. E., Pasch, R. J., Pascual-Ramirez, R., Pelto, M. S., Penalba, O., Perez-Suarez, R., Perovich, D., Pezza, A. B., Pickart, R., Pinty, B., Pinzon, J., Pitts, M. C., Pour, H. K., Prior, J., Privette, J. L., Proshutinsky, A., Quegan, S., Quintana, J., Rabe, B., Rahimzadeh, F., Rajeevan, M., Rayner, D., Raynolds, M. K., Razuvaev, V. N., Reagan, J., Reid, P., Revadekar, J., Rex, M., Rivera, I. L., Robinson, D. A., Rodell, M., Roderick, M. L., Romanovsky, V. E., Ronchail, J., Rosenlof, K. H., Rudels, B., Sabine, C. L., Santee, M. L., Sawaengphokhai, P., Sayouri, A., Schauer, U., Schemm, J., Schmid, C., Schreck, C., Semiletov, I., Send, U., Sensoy, S., Shakhova, N., Sharp, M., Shiklomanov, N. I., Shimada, K., Shin, J., Siegel, D. A., Simmons, A., Skansi, M., Sokolov, V., Spence, J., Srivastava, A. K., Stackhouse, P. W., Stammerjohn, S., Steele, M., Steffen, K., Steinbrecht, W., Stephenson, T., Stolarski, R. S., Sweet, W., Takahashi, T., Taylor, M. A., Tedesco, M., Thepaut, J. N., Thompson, P., Timmermans, M. L., Tobin, S., Toole, J., Trachte, K., Trewin, B. C., Trigo, R. M., Trotman, A., Tucker, C. J., Ulupinar, Y., Wal, R. S. W., Werf, G. R., Vautard, R., Votaw, G., Wagner, W. W., Wahr, J., Walker, D. A., Wang, C. Z., Wang, J. H., Wang, L., Wang, M. H., Wang, S. H., Wanninkhof, R., Weaver, S., Weber, M., Weingartner, T., Weller, R. A., Wentz, F., Wilber, A. C., Williams, W., Willis, J. K., Wilson, R. C., Wolken, G., Wong, T. M., Woodgate, R., Yamada, R., Yamamoto-Kawai, M., Yoder, J. A., Yu, L. S., Yueh, S., Zhang, L. Y., Zhang, P. Q., Zhao, L., Zhou, X. J., Zimmermann, S., Zubair, L., Laboratoire d'études en Géophysique et océanographie spatiales (LEGOS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO), Columbia University [New York], Space Technology Center, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), Climate Research Division [Toronto], Environment and Climate Change Canada, Earth and Space Research Institute [Seattle] (ESR), Department of Hydrology and Geo-Environmental Sciences [Amsterdam], Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Vienna University of Technology (TU Wien), Instituto Dom Luiz, Universidade de Lisboa = University of Lisbon (ULISBOA), NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado [Boulder]-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Department of Earth System Science [Irvine] (ESS), University of California [Irvine] (UC Irvine), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), University of California Center for Hydrologic Modeling [Irvine] (UCCHM), NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory [Seattle] (PMEL), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Extrèmes : Statistiques, Impacts et Régionalisation (ESTIMR), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Physics [Boulder], University of Colorado [Boulder], Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare [Pisa] (INFN), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML), University at Albany [SUNY], State University of New York (SUNY), Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies (CIMSS), University of Wisconsin-Madison-NASA-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Peking University [Beijing], National Oceanography Centre [Southampton] (NOC), University of Southampton, NOAA National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS), The University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Institut für Umweltphysik [Bremen] (IUP), Universität Bremen, Department of Meteorology, University of Nairobi (UoN), Climate Prediction and Applications Centre (ICPAC), IGAD, Institute for Environment and Sustainability of the JRC, Partenaires INRAE, Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Change (MOHC), United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], Agricultural Information Institute (AII), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), Universitá degli Studi dell’Insubria = University of Insubria [Varese] (Uninsubria), Heilongjiang Institute of Science and Technology, Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Universidad de Costa Rica (UCR), University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR), NOAA Center for Satellite Applications and Research (STAR), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), ESRL Global Monitoring Laboratory [Boulder] (GML), Materials and structures Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology [Tokyo] (TITECH), Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS), University of Miami [Coral Gables], Norwegian Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority, Direction Interrégionale de Météo-France pour l'océan Indien (DIROI), Météo-France, Department of Earth Sciences [Oxford], University of Oxford, NASA Langley Research Center [Hampton] (LaRC), University of Hawai‘i [Mānoa] (UHM), Department of Earth and Space Sciences [Seattle], University of Washington [Seattle], Leibniz-Institut für Meereswissenschaften (IFM-GEOMAR), Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO - UC San Diego), University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), Agroécologie [Dijon], Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, Huazhong Agricultural University [Wuhan] (HZAU), NOAA National Weather Service (NWS), Department of Oceanography, Florida State University [Tallahassee] (FSU), Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Research Institute for Global Change (RIGC), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), NorthWest Research Associates (NWRA), Department of Physics [Socorro], New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology [New Mexico Tech] (NMT), Ocean and Earth Science [Southampton], University of Southampton-National Oceanography Centre (NOC), Australian Antarctic Division (AAD), Australian Government, Department of the Environment and Energy, Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre (ACE-CRC), Massachusetts General Hospital [Boston], Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), Australian Research Council (ARC), Remote Sensing Systems [Santa Rosa] (RSS), Développement, institutions et analyses de long terme (DIAL), Université Paris Dauphine-PSL, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), University of California (UC), NMR Laboratory, Université de Mons, Université de Mons (UMons), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Glaciology, Geomorphodynamics and Geochronology, Department of Geography [Zürich], Universität Zürich [Zürich] = University of Zurich (UZH)-Universität Zürich [Zürich] = University of Zurich (UZH), Chemistry Department [Massachusetts Institute of Technology], Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Nichols College Dudley, ERDC Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL), USACE Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC), European Commission, Space Science and Engineering Center [Madison] (SSEC), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Lausanne University Hospital, Centro de Ciencias do Sistema Terrestre, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), University of Sheffield, Hochschule Mannheim - University of Applied Sciences, Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Observatoire océanologique de Villefranche-sur-mer (OOVM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM), Ministry of Earth Sciences [India], Woods Hole Research Center, Department of Earth and Environment [Boston], Boston University [Boston] (BU), Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research (CAWCR), Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), Génétique et Ecologie des Virus, Génétique des Virus et Pathogénèse des Maladies Virales, Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University (OSU), Ctr Ecol & Hydrol, Bangor, Environm Ctr Wales, Biospherical Instruments Inc., Processus de la variabilité climatique tropicale et impacts (PARVATI), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Instituto Uruguayo de Meteorología, Javier Barrios Amorín 1488, CP 11200, Montevideo, Uruguay, Science Systems and Applications, Inc. [Hampton] (SSAI), National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC), Naval Postgraduate School (NPS), University of California [Berkeley] (UC Berkeley), Centre de physique moléculaire optique et hertzienne (CPMOH), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CYRIC, Tohoku University [Sendai], The University of Tennessee [Knoxville], Oak Ridge National Laboratory [Oak Ridge] (ORNL), UT-Battelle, LLC, The University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS), Institute of Arctic Alpine Research [University of Colorado Boulder] (INSTAAR), Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Meteorologisches Observatorium Hohenpeißenberg (MOHp), Deutscher Wetterdienst [Offenbach] (DWD), British Antarctic Survey (BAS), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universidade de Lisboa (ULISBOA), University of California [Irvine] (UCI), University of California-University of California, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Universitá degli Studi dell’Insubria, University of Costa Rica, Météo France [Sainte-Clotilde], Météo France, University of Oxford [Oxford], Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO), Huazhong Agricultural University, University of California, NMR and Molecular Imaging Laboratory [Mons], University of Mons [Belgium] (UMONS), Lausanne University Hospital [Switzerland], Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de la Mer de Villefranche (IMEV), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Berkeley University of California (UC BERKELEY), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1, and Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR)
Subjects: [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography
Abstract: International audience; Large-scale climate patterns influenced temperature and weather patterns around the globe in 2011. In particular, a moderate-to-strong La Nina at the beginning of the year dissipated during boreal spring but reemerged during fall. The phenomenon contributed to historical droughts in East Africa, the southern United States, and northern Mexico, as well the wettest two-year period (2010-11) on record for Australia, particularly remarkable as this follows a decade-long dry period. Precipitation patterns in South America were also influenced by La Nina. Heavy rain in Rio de Janeiro in January triggered the country's worst floods and landslides in Brazil's history. The 2011 combined average temperature across global land and ocean surfaces was the coolest since 2008, but was also among the 15 warmest years on record and above the 1981-2010 average. The global sea surface temperature cooled by 0.1 degrees C from 2010 to 2011, associated with cooling influences of La Nina. Global integrals of upper ocean heat content for 2011 were higher than for all prior years, demonstrating the Earth's dominant role of the oceans in the Earth's energy budget. In the upper atmosphere, tropical stratospheric temperatures were anomalously warm, while polar temperatures were anomalously cold. This led to large springtime stratospheric ozone reductions in polar latitudes in both hemispheres. Ozone concentrations in the Arctic stratosphere during March were the lowest for that period since satellite records began in 1979. An extensive, deep, and persistent ozone hole over the Antarctic in September indicates that the recovery to pre-1980 conditions is proceeding very slowly. Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations increased by 2.10 ppm in 2011, and exceeded 390 ppm for the first time since instrumental records began. Other greenhouse gases also continued to rise in concentration and the combined effect now represents a 30% increase in radiative forcing over a 1990 baseline. Most ozone depleting substances continued to fall. The global net ocean carbon dioxide uptake for the 2010 transition period from El Nino to La Nina, the most recent period for which analyzed data are available, was estimated to be 1.30 Pg C yr(-1), almost 12% below the 29-year long-term average. Relative to the long-term trend, global sea level dropped noticeably in mid-2010 and reached a local minimum in 2011. The drop has been linked to the La Nina conditions that prevailed throughout much of 2010-11. Global sea level increased sharply during the second half of 2011. Global tropical cyclone activity during 2011 was well-below average, with a total of 74 storms compared with the 1981-2010 average of 89. Similar to 2010, the North Atlantic was the only basin that experienced above-normal activity. For the first year since the widespread introduction of the Dvorak intensity-estimation method in the 1980s, only three tropical cyclones reached Category 5 intensity level-all in the Northwest Pacific basin. The Arctic continued to warm at about twice the rate compared with lower latitudes. Below-normal summer snowfall, a decreasing trend in surface albedo, and above-average surface and upper air temperatures resulted in a continued pattern of extreme surface melting, and net snow and ice loss on the Greenland ice sheet. Warmer-than-normal temperatures over the Eurasian Arctic in spring resulted in a new record-low June snow cover extent and spring snow cover duration in this region. In the Canadian Arctic, the mass loss from glaciers and ice caps was the greatest since GRACE measurements began in 2002, continuing a negative trend that began in 1987. New record high temperatures occurred at 20 m below the land surface at all permafrost observatories on the North Slope of Alaska, where measurements began in the late 1970s. Arctic sea ice extent in September 2011 was the second-lowest on record, while the extent of old ice (four and five years) reached a new record minimum that was just 19% of normal. On the opposite pole, austral winter and spring temperatures were more than 3 degrees C above normal over much of the Antarctic continent. However, winter temperatures were below normal in the northern Antarctic Peninsula, which continued the downward trend there during the last 15 years. In summer, an all-time record high temperature of -12.3 degrees C was set at the South Pole station on 25 December, exceeding the previous record by more than a full degree. Antarctic sea ice extent anomalies increased steadily through much of the year, from briefly setting a record low in April, to well above average in December. The latter trend reflects the dispersive effects of low pressure on sea ice and the generally cool conditions around the Antarctic perimeter.
Published: 2012

6. Intercomparison of four different in-situ techniques for ambient formaldehyde measurements in urban air

Author: Hak, C., Pundt, I., Trick, S., Kern, C., Platt, U., Dommen, J., Ordóñez, C., Prévôt, A. S. H., Junkermann, W., Astorga-Lloréns, C., Larsen, B. R., Johan Mellqvist, Strandberg, A., Yu, Y., Galle, B., Kleffmann, J., Lörzer, J. C., Braathen, G. O., Volkamer, R., Institute of Environmental Physics [Heidelberg] (IUP), Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg], Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry [Paul Scherrer Institute] (LAC), Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Research Centre Karlsruhe, JRC Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), Department of Radio and Space Science [Göteborg], Chalmers University of Technology [Göteborg], Physikalische Chemie/FB C, Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences [MIT, Cambridge] (EAPS), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and EGU, Publication
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, [SDU.OCEAN] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere
Abstract: International audience; Results from an intercomparison of several currently used in-situ techniques for the measurement of atmospheric formaldehyde (CH2O) are presented. The measurements were carried out at Bresso, an urban site in the periphery of Milan (Italy) as part of the FORMAT-I field campaign. Eight instruments were employed by six independent research groups using four different techniques: Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS), Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) interferometry, the fluorimetric Hantzsch reaction technique (five instruments) and a chromatographic technique employing C18-DNPH-cartridges (2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine). White type multi-reflection systems were employed for the optical techniques in order to avoid spatial CH2O gradients and ensure the sampling of nearly the same air mass by all instruments. Between 23 and 31 July 2002, up to 13 ppbv of CH2O were observed. The concentrations lay well above the detection limits of all instruments. The formaldehyde concentrations determined with DOAS, FTIR and the Hantzsch instruments were found to agree within ±11%, with the exception of one Hantzsch instrument, which gave systematically higher values. The two hour integrated samples by DNPH yielded up to 25% lower concentrations than the data of the continuously measuring instruments averaged over the same time period. The consistency between the DOAS and the Hantzsch method was better than during previous intercomparisons in ambient air with slopes of the regression line not significantly differing from one. The differences between the individual Hantzsch instruments could be attributed in part to the calibration standards used. Possible systematic errors of the methods are discussed.
Published: 2005

7. Overvåking av ozonlaget. Årsrapport 1997

Author: Svenøe, T., Hansen, G H., Braathen, G O., and Dahlback, A.
Subjects: Ozonlaget og UV, Klimaendringer, Miljøovervåkning, Stratosfæreozon, UV-stråling, Polare områder, Måledata, Atmosfære og klima
Published: 1998

8. Antarctic ozone hole.

Author: Nash, E. R., Strahan, S. E., Kramarova, N., Long, C. S., Pitts, M. C., Newman, P. A., Johnson, B., Santee, M. L., Petropavlovskikh, I., and Braathen, G. O.
Subjects: ANTARCTIC environmental conditions, OZONE layer depletion, OZONE layer, CLIMATE change
Abstract: The article offers information on the observation of the Antarctic ozone hole since 1970. It mentions several factors that contribute to the severity of the Antarctic ozone hole such as stratospheric temperature which allow polar stratospheric cloud (PSC) formation that exacerbate ozone depletion. It discusses anomalies occurred in the Southern Hemisphere stratospheric dynamical condition in 2015.
Published: 2016

9. Overvåking av ozonlaget. Årsrapport 1996

Author: Dahlback, A., Svenøe, T., Hansen, G H., and Braathen, G O.
Subjects: Klimaendringer, Ozonlaget og UV, Miljøovervåkning, Stratosfæreozon, UV-stråling, Polare områder, Måledata, Atmosfære og klima
Published: 1997

10. Arctic winter 2005: Implications for stratospheric ozone loss and climate change

Author: Rex, Markus, Salawitch, R. J., Deckelmann, Holger, von der Gathen, Peter, Harris, N. R. P., Chipperfield, M. P., Naujokat, B., Reimer, E., Allaart, M., Andersen, S. B., Bevilacqua, R., Braathen, G. O., Claude, H., Davies, J., De Backer, H., Dier, H., Dorokov, V., Fast, H., Gerding, M., Hoppel, K., Johnson, B., Kyrö, E., Litynska, Z., Moore, D., Nagai, T., Parrondo, M. C., Risley, D., Skrivankova, P., Stübi, R., Trepte, C., Viatte, P., Zerefos, C., Rex, Markus, Salawitch, R. J., Deckelmann, Holger, von der Gathen, Peter, Harris, N. R. P., Chipperfield, M. P., Naujokat, B., Reimer, E., Allaart, M., Andersen, S. B., Bevilacqua, R., Braathen, G. O., Claude, H., Davies, J., De Backer, H., Dier, H., Dorokov, V., Fast, H., Gerding, M., Hoppel, K., Johnson, B., Kyrö, E., Litynska, Z., Moore, D., Nagai, T., Parrondo, M. C., Risley, D., Skrivankova, P., Stübi, R., Trepte, C., Viatte, P., and Zerefos, C.
Abstract: The Arctic polar vortex exhibited widespread regions of low temperatures during the winter of 2005, resulting in significant ozone depletion by chlorine and bromine species. We show that chemical loss of column ozone (deltaO3) and the volume of Arctic vortex air cold enough to support the existence of polar stratospheric clouds (V_PSC) both exceed levels found for any other Arctic winter during the past 40 years. Cold conditions and ozone loss in the lowermost Arctic stratosphere (e.g., between potential temperatures of 360 to 400 K) were particularly unusual compared to previous years. Measurements indicate DO3 = 121 ± 20 DU and that deltaO3 versus V_PSC lies along an extension of the compact, near linear relation observed for previous Arctic winters. The maximum value of V_PSC during five to ten year intervals exhibits a steady, monotonic increase over the past four decades, indicating that the coldest Arctic winters have become significantly colder, and hence are more conducive to ozone depletion by anthropogenic halogens.
Published: 2006

11. Chemical ozone loss in the Arctic winter 2002/2003 determined with Match

Author: Streibel, M., Rex, Markus, von der Gathen, Peter, Lehmann, Ralph, Harris, N. R. P., Braathen, G. O., Reimer, E., Deckelmann, Holger, Chipperfield, M., Millard, G., Allaart, M., Andersen, S. B., Claude, H., Davies, J., De Backer, H., Dier, H., Dorokhov, V., Fast, H., Gerding, M., Kyrö, E., Litynska, Z., Moore, D., Moran, E., Nagai, T., Nakane, H., Parrondo, C., Skrivankova, P., Stübi, R., Vaughan, G., Viatte, P., Yushkov, V., Streibel, M., Rex, Markus, von der Gathen, Peter, Lehmann, Ralph, Harris, N. R. P., Braathen, G. O., Reimer, E., Deckelmann, Holger, Chipperfield, M., Millard, G., Allaart, M., Andersen, S. B., Claude, H., Davies, J., De Backer, H., Dier, H., Dorokhov, V., Fast, H., Gerding, M., Kyrö, E., Litynska, Z., Moore, D., Moran, E., Nagai, T., Nakane, H., Parrondo, C., Skrivankova, P., Stübi, R., Vaughan, G., Viatte, P., and Yushkov, V.
Published: 2006

12. Ozone profiles in the high-latitude stratosphere and lower mesosphere measured by the Improved Limb Atmospheric Spectrometer (ILAS)-II: Comparison with other satellite sensors and ozonesondes

Author: Sugita, T., Nakajima, H., Yokota, T., Kanzawa, H., Gernandt, Hartwig, Herber, Andreas, von der Gathen, Peter, König-Langlo, Gert, Sato, K., Dorokhov, V., Yushkov, V. A., Murayama, Y., Yamamori, M., Godin-Beekmann, S., Goutail, F., Roscoe, H. K., Deshler, T., Yela, M., Taalas, P., Kyrö, E., Oltmans, S. J., Johnson, B. J., Allaart, M., Litynska, Z., Klekociuk, A., Andersen, S. B., Braathen, G. O., De Backer, H., Randall, C. E., Bevilacqua, R. M., Taha, G., Thomason, L. W., Irie, H., Ejiri, M. K., Saitoh, N., Tanaka, T., Terao, Y., Kobayashi, H., Sasano, Y., Sugita, T., Nakajima, H., Yokota, T., Kanzawa, H., Gernandt, Hartwig, Herber, Andreas, von der Gathen, Peter, König-Langlo, Gert, Sato, K., Dorokhov, V., Yushkov, V. A., Murayama, Y., Yamamori, M., Godin-Beekmann, S., Goutail, F., Roscoe, H. K., Deshler, T., Yela, M., Taalas, P., Kyrö, E., Oltmans, S. J., Johnson, B. J., Allaart, M., Litynska, Z., Klekociuk, A., Andersen, S. B., Braathen, G. O., De Backer, H., Randall, C. E., Bevilacqua, R. M., Taha, G., Thomason, L. W., Irie, H., Ejiri, M. K., Saitoh, N., Tanaka, T., Terao, Y., Kobayashi, H., and Sasano, Y.
Published: 2006

13. Overvåking av ozonlaget. Årsrapport 1995

Author: Dahlback, A., Svenøe, T., Hansen, G H., and Braathen, G O.
Subjects: Klimaendringer, Ozonlaget og UV, Miljøovervåkning, Stratosfæreozon, UV-stråling, Polare områder, Måledata, Atmosfære og klima
Published: 1996

14. Pole-to-pole validation of ENVISAT/GOMOS ozone profiles using data from ground-based and balloon-sonde measurements

Author: Meijer, Y. J., Swart, D. P. J., Koelemeijer, R., Allaart, M., Andersen, S., Bodeker, G., Boyd, I., Braathen, G. O., Calisesi, Y., Claude, H., Dorokhov, V., Gil, M., Godin-Beekmann, S., Goutail, F., Hansen, G., Karpetchko, A., Keckhut, P., Kelder, H., Kois, B., Koopman, R., Lambert, J. C., Leblanc, T., McDermid, I. S., Pal, S., Raffalski, U., Schets, H., Stubi, R., Suortti, T., Visconti, G., Yela, M., von der Gathen, Peter, Meijer, Y. J., Swart, D. P. J., Koelemeijer, R., Allaart, M., Andersen, S., Bodeker, G., Boyd, I., Braathen, G. O., Calisesi, Y., Claude, H., Dorokhov, V., Gil, M., Godin-Beekmann, S., Goutail, F., Hansen, G., Karpetchko, A., Keckhut, P., Kelder, H., Kois, B., Koopman, R., Lambert, J. C., Leblanc, T., McDermid, I. S., Pal, S., Raffalski, U., Schets, H., Stubi, R., Suortti, T., Visconti, G., Yela, M., and von der Gathen, Peter
Abstract: In March 2002 the European Space Agency (ESA) launched the polar-orbiting environmental satellite Envisat. One of its nine instruments is the Global Ozone Monitoring by Occultation of Stars (GOMOS) instrument, which is a medium-resolution stellar occultation spectrometer measuring vertical profiles of ozone. In the first year after launch a large group of scientists performed additional measurements and validation activities to assess the quality of Envisat observations. In this paper, we present validation results of GOMOS ozone profiles from comparisons to microwave radiometer, balloon ozonesonde, and lidar measurements worldwide. Thirty-one instruments/launch sites at twenty-five stations ranging from the Arctic to the Antarctic joined in this activity. We identified 6747 collocated observations that were performed within an 800-km radius and a maximum 20-hour time difference of a satellite observation, for the period between 1 July 2002 and 1 April 2003. The GOMOS data analyzed here have been generated with a prototype processor that corresponds to version 4.02 of the operational GOMOS processor. The GOMOS data initially contained many obviously unrealistic values, most of which were successfully removed by imposing data quality criteria. Analyzing the effect of these criteria indicated, among other things, that for some specific stars, only less than 10% of their occultations yield an acceptable profile. The total number of useful collocated observations was reduced to 2502 because of GOMOS data unavailability, the imposed data quality criteria, and lack of altitude overlap. These collocated profiles were compared, and the results were analyzed for possible dependencies on several geophysical (e.g., latitude) and GOMOS observational (e.g., star characteristics) parameters. We find that GOMOS data quality is strongly dependent on the illumination of the limb through which the star is observed. Data measured under bright limb conditions, and to a certain extent a
Published: 2004

15. Gomos ozone profile validation using data from ground-based and balloon-sonde measurements

Author: Meijer, Y. J., Swart, D. P. J., Allaart, M., Andersen, S. B., Bodeker, G., Boyd, I., Braathen, G. O., Calisesi, Y., Claude, H., Dorokhov, V., Gil, M., Godin-Beekmann, S., Goutail, F., Hansen, G., Karpetchko, A., Keckhut, P., Kelder, H. M., Koelemeijer, R., Kois, B., Koopman, R. M., Lambert, J. C., Leblanc, T., McDermid, I. S., Pal, S., Kopp, G., Schets, H., Stübi, R., Suortti, T., Visconti, G., Yela, M., von der Gathen, Peter, Meijer, Y. J., Swart, D. P. J., Allaart, M., Andersen, S. B., Bodeker, G., Boyd, I., Braathen, G. O., Calisesi, Y., Claude, H., Dorokhov, V., Gil, M., Godin-Beekmann, S., Goutail, F., Hansen, G., Karpetchko, A., Keckhut, P., Kelder, H. M., Koelemeijer, R., Kois, B., Koopman, R. M., Lambert, J. C., Leblanc, T., McDermid, I. S., Pal, S., Kopp, G., Schets, H., Stübi, R., Suortti, T., Visconti, G., Yela, M., and von der Gathen, Peter
Abstract: One of the nine instruments on-board the polar-orbiting environmental satellite ENVISAT is the Global Ozone Monitoring by Occultation of Stars (GOMOS) instrument. This paper presents validation results of GOMOS ozone profiles (v6.0a) from comparisons to microwave radiometer, balloon ozonesonde and lidar measurements worldwide. Thirty-one instruments/ launch-sites at twenty-five stations ranging from the Arctic to the Antarctic joined in this activity. We identified 3,713 useful collocated observations that were performed within an 800-km radius and a maximum 20hours time difference of a satellite observation, for the period June 2002 and March 2003. These collocated profiles were compared and the results were analyzed for possible dependencies on several geophysical (e.g., latitude) and GOMOS observational (e.g., star characteristics) parameters. In a dark atmospheric limb the GOMOS data agree very well with the correlative data and between 20- to 61-km altitude their differences only show a small (2.5%) insignificant negative bias with a standard deviation of about 14%. This conclusion is demonstrated to be independent of the star temperature and magnitude, and the latitudinal region of the GOMOS observation.
Published: 2004

16. Ozone loss rates over the Arctic 2002/03 and Antarctic 2003 measured with the Match approach

Author: Streibel, M., von der Gathen, Peter, Rex, Markus, Deckelmann, Holger, Harris, N. R. P., Braathen, G. O., Chipperfield, M. P., Millard, G., Reimer, E., Alfier, R., Allaart, M., Andersen, S. B., Araujo, J., Balis, D., Billett, O., Cambridge, C., Claude, H., Colwell, S. R., Davies, J., De Backer, H., Deshler, T., Dier, H., Dorokhov, V., Easson, J., Fast, H., Gerding, M., Ginzburg, Michael, Godin-Beekmann, S., Johnson, B., Karhu, J. A., Klekociuk, A., Kyrö, E., Litynska, Z., Moore, D., Moran, E., Nagai, T., Nakane, H., Parrondo, C., Ravegnani, F., Roscoe, H. K., Sato, K., Shanklin, J. D., Skrivankova, P., Stübi, R., Tripathi, O. P., Varotsos, C., Vialle, C., Viatte, P., Yamanouchi, T., Yela, M., Yoshizawa, N., Yushkov, V., Zerefos, C. S., Streibel, M., von der Gathen, Peter, Rex, Markus, Deckelmann, Holger, Harris, N. R. P., Braathen, G. O., Chipperfield, M. P., Millard, G., Reimer, E., Alfier, R., Allaart, M., Andersen, S. B., Araujo, J., Balis, D., Billett, O., Cambridge, C., Claude, H., Colwell, S. R., Davies, J., De Backer, H., Deshler, T., Dier, H., Dorokhov, V., Easson, J., Fast, H., Gerding, M., Ginzburg, Michael, Godin-Beekmann, S., Johnson, B., Karhu, J. A., Klekociuk, A., Kyrö, E., Litynska, Z., Moore, D., Moran, E., Nagai, T., Nakane, H., Parrondo, C., Ravegnani, F., Roscoe, H. K., Sato, K., Shanklin, J. D., Skrivankova, P., Stübi, R., Tripathi, O. P., Varotsos, C., Vialle, C., Viatte, P., Yamanouchi, T., Yela, M., Yoshizawa, N., Yushkov, V., and Zerefos, C. S.
Published: 2004

17. Pole-to-pole validation of GOMOS ozone profiles using data from ground-based and balloon-sonde measurements

Author: Meijer, Y. J., Swart, D. P. J., Allaart, M., Andersen, S. B., Bodeker, G., Boyd, I., Braathen, G. O., Calisesi, Y., Claude, H., Dorokhov, V., Gil, M., Godin-Beekmann, S., Goutail, F., Hansen, G., Karpetchko, A., Keckhut, P., Kelder, H. M., Koelemeijer, R., Kois, B., Koopman, R. M., Lambert, J. C., Leblanc, T., McDermid, I. S., Pal, S., Kopp, G., Schets, H., Stübi, R., Suortti, T., Visconti, G., Yela, M., von der Gathen, Peter, Meijer, Y. J., Swart, D. P. J., Allaart, M., Andersen, S. B., Bodeker, G., Boyd, I., Braathen, G. O., Calisesi, Y., Claude, H., Dorokhov, V., Gil, M., Godin-Beekmann, S., Goutail, F., Hansen, G., Karpetchko, A., Keckhut, P., Kelder, H. M., Koelemeijer, R., Kois, B., Koopman, R. M., Lambert, J. C., Leblanc, T., McDermid, I. S., Pal, S., Kopp, G., Schets, H., Stübi, R., Suortti, T., Visconti, G., Yela, M., and von der Gathen, Peter
Published: 2004

18. Assessment of the Version 1.3 ILAS-II ozone data quality in the high lower stratosphere

Author: Sugita, T., Kanzawa, H., Nakajima, H., Yokota, T., Gernandt, Hartwig, Herber, Andreas, König-Langlo, Gert, Murayama, Y., Yamamori, M., Sato, K., Yushkov, V. A., Dorokhov, V., Allaart, M., Litynska, Z., Braathen, G. O., Kyrö, E., Backer, H., Yela, M., Klekociuk, A., Goutail, F., Godin-Beekmann, S., Taalas, P., Deshler, T., Roscoe, H. K., Oltmans, S. J., Johnson, B., Kobayashi, H., Sasano, Y., von der Gathen, Peter, Sugita, T., Kanzawa, H., Nakajima, H., Yokota, T., Gernandt, Hartwig, Herber, Andreas, König-Langlo, Gert, Murayama, Y., Yamamori, M., Sato, K., Yushkov, V. A., Dorokhov, V., Allaart, M., Litynska, Z., Braathen, G. O., Kyrö, E., Backer, H., Yela, M., Klekociuk, A., Goutail, F., Godin-Beekmann, S., Taalas, P., Deshler, T., Roscoe, H. K., Oltmans, S. J., Johnson, B., Kobayashi, H., Sasano, Y., and von der Gathen, Peter
Published: 2004

19. Overvåking av ozonlaget. Årsrapport 1993

Author: Dahlback, A., Stordal, F., and Braathen, G O.
Subjects: Ozonlaget og UV, Klimaendringer, Miljøovervåkning, Stratosfæreozon, Overvåking, Polare områder, Måledata, Atmosfære og klima
Abstract: Rapporten presenterer måledata fra norske bakkestasjoner i 1993.
Published: 1994

20. Ozone loss from quasi-conservative coordinate mapping during the 1999-2000 SOLVE/THESEO 2000 campaigns

Author: Lait, L. R., Schoeberl, M. R., Newman, P. A., McGee, T., Burris, J., Browell, E. V., Richard, E., Braathen, G. O., Bojkov, B. R., Goutail, F., Kyrö, E., Vaughan, G., Kelder, H., Kirkwood, S., Woods, P., Dorokhov, V., Zaitcev, I., Litynska, Z., Kois, B., Benesova, A., Skrivankova, P., Backer, H. de, Davies, J., Jørgensen, T., Mikkelsen, I. S., von der Gathen, Peter, Lait, L. R., Schoeberl, M. R., Newman, P. A., McGee, T., Burris, J., Browell, E. V., Richard, E., Braathen, G. O., Bojkov, B. R., Goutail, F., Kyrö, E., Vaughan, G., Kelder, H., Kirkwood, S., Woods, P., Dorokhov, V., Zaitcev, I., Litynska, Z., Kois, B., Benesova, A., Skrivankova, P., Backer, H. de, Davies, J., Jørgensen, T., Mikkelsen, I. S., and von der Gathen, Peter
Abstract: Ozone observations made by the Airborne Raman Ozone, Temperature, and Aerosol Lidar(AROTEL) and Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL) on board the NASA DC-8 aircraft, the NOAAin situ instrument on board the NASA ER-2 aircraft, and Third European Stratospheric Experimenton Ozone 2000 (THESEO 2000) ozonesondes are analyzed by applying a quasi-conservativecoordinate mapping technique. Measurements from the late winter/early spring SAGE III OzoneLoss and Validation Experiment (SOLVE) period (January through March 2000) are incorporatedinto a time-varying composite field in a potential vorticity-potential temperature coordinate space;ozone loss rates are calculated both with and without diabatic effects. The average loss rate frommid-January to mid-March near the 450 K isentropic surface in the polar vortex is found to beapproximately 0.03 ppmv/d.
Published: 2002

21. Chemical depletion of Arctic ozone in winter 1999/2000

Author: Rex, Markus, Salawitch, R. J., Harris, N. R. P., Braathen, G. O., Schulz, Astrid, Deckelmann, Holger, Chipperfield, M., Sinnhuber, B. M., Reimer, E., Alfier, R., Bevilacqua, R., Hoppel, K., Fromm, M., Lumpe, J., Küllmann, H., Kleinböhl, A., Bremer, H., König, Matthias, Künzi, K., Toohey, D., Vömel, H., Richard, E., Aikin, K., Jost, H., Greenblatt, J. B., Loewenstein, M., Podolske, J. R., Webster, C. R., Flesch, G. J., Scott, D. C., Herman, R. L., Elkins, J. W., Ray, E. A., Moore, F. L., Hurst, D. F., Romashkin, P., Toon, G. C., Sen, B., Margitan, J. J., Wennberg, P., Neuber, Roland, Allart, M., Bojkov, R. B., Claude, H., Davies, J., Davies, W., Backer, H. de, Dier, H., Dorokhov, V., Fast, H., Kondo, Y., Kyrö, E., Litynska, Z., Mikkelsen, I. S., Molyneux, M. J., Moran, E., Murphy, G., Nagai, T., Nakane, H., Parrondo, C., Ravegnani, F., Skrivankova, P., Viatte, P., Yushkov, V., von der Gathen, Peter, Rex, Markus, Salawitch, R. J., Harris, N. R. P., Braathen, G. O., Schulz, Astrid, Deckelmann, Holger, Chipperfield, M., Sinnhuber, B. M., Reimer, E., Alfier, R., Bevilacqua, R., Hoppel, K., Fromm, M., Lumpe, J., Küllmann, H., Kleinböhl, A., Bremer, H., König, Matthias, Künzi, K., Toohey, D., Vömel, H., Richard, E., Aikin, K., Jost, H., Greenblatt, J. B., Loewenstein, M., Podolske, J. R., Webster, C. R., Flesch, G. J., Scott, D. C., Herman, R. L., Elkins, J. W., Ray, E. A., Moore, F. L., Hurst, D. F., Romashkin, P., Toon, G. C., Sen, B., Margitan, J. J., Wennberg, P., Neuber, Roland, Allart, M., Bojkov, R. B., Claude, H., Davies, J., Davies, W., Backer, H. de, Dier, H., Dorokhov, V., Fast, H., Kondo, Y., Kyrö, E., Litynska, Z., Mikkelsen, I. S., Molyneux, M. J., Moran, E., Murphy, G., Nagai, T., Nakane, H., Parrondo, C., Ravegnani, F., Skrivankova, P., Viatte, P., Yushkov, V., and von der Gathen, Peter
Abstract: Large losses of Arctic ozone occur during winters with cold, stable stratospheric circulations that result in the extensive occurrence of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs). Reactions on the surface of PSCs lead to elevated abundances of chlorine monoxide (ClO) that, in the presence of sunlight, destroys ozone. Here we show that PSCs were more widespread during the 1999/2000 Arctic winter than for any other winter in the past two decades. We have used three fundamentally different approaches to derive the degree of chemical ozone loss from ozone sonde, balloon, aircraft and satelite instruments. We show that the ozone losses derived from these different instruments and approaches agree very well, resulting in a high level of confidence in the results. Chemical processes led to a 70% reduction of ozone for a ~1 km thick region of the lower stratosphere, the largest degree of local loss ever reported for the Arctic. The chemical loss of ozone in the total column amounted to about 100 DU by the end of the winter. This total column loss was balanced by transport, resulting in relatively constant total ozone between early January and late March, which is in contrast to the climatological increase of the total ozone column during this period, that is observed during most years.
Published: 2002

22. Overvåking av ozonlaget. Årsrapport 1992

Author: Braathen, G O., Kåstad, B A., Stordal, F., and Dahlback, A.
Subjects: Klimaendringer, Ozonlaget og UV, Miljøovervåkning, StratosfæreozonUV-stråling, Polare områder, Måledata, Atmosfære og klima
Published: 1993

23. Arctic Ozone Loss in Threshold Conditions: Match Observations in 1997/1998 and 1998/1999

Author: NAVAL RESEARCH LAB WASHINGTON DC E O HULBURT CENTER FOR SPACE RESEARCH, Schultz, A., Rex, M., Harris, N. R., Braathen, G. O., Reimer, E., Alfier, R., Kilbane-Dawe, I., Eckermann, S., Allaart, M, Alpers, M., NAVAL RESEARCH LAB WASHINGTON DC E O HULBURT CENTER FOR SPACE RESEARCH, Schultz, A., Rex, M., Harris, N. R., Braathen, G. O., Reimer, E., Alfier, R., Kilbane-Dawe, I., Eckermann, S., Allaart, M, and Alpers, M.
Abstract: Chemical ozone loss rates inside the Arctic polar vortex were determined in early 1998 and early 1999 by using the Match technique based on coordinated ozone sonde measurements. These two winters provide the only opportunities in recent years to investigate chemical ozone loss in a warm Arctic vortex under threshold conditions, i.e., where the preconditions for chlorine activation, and hence ozone destruction, only occurred occasionally. In 1998, results were obtained in January and February between 410 and 520 K. The overall ozone loss was observed to be largely insignificant, with the exception of late February, when those air parcels exposed to temperatures below 195 K were affected by chemical ozone loss. In 1999, results are confined to the 475 K isentropic level, where no significant ozone loss was observed. Average temperatures were some 8 deg to 10 deg higher than those in 1995, 1996, and 1997, when substantial chemical ozone loss occurred. The results underline the strong dependence of the chemical ozone loss on the stratospheric temperatures. This study shows that enhanced chlorine alone does not provide a sufficient condition for ozone loss. The evolution of stratospheric temperatures over the next decade will be the determining factor for the amount of wintertime chemical ozone loss in the Arctic stratosphere., Published in the Journal of Geophysical Research, v106 nD7 p7495-7503, 16 Apr 2001.
Published: 2001

24. Arctic ozone loss in threshold conditions: Match observations in 1997/1998 and 1998/1999

Author: Schulz, Astrid, Rex, Markus, Harris, N. R. P., Braathen, G. O., Reimer, E., Alfier, R., Kilbane-Dawe, I., Eckermann, S., Allaart, M., Alpers, M., Bojkov, B., Cisneros, J., Claude, H., Cuevas, E., Davies, J., Backer, H. de, Dier, H., Dorokhov, V., Fast, H., Godin, S., Johnson, B., Kois, B., Kondo, Y., Kosmidis, E., Kyrö, E., Litynska, Z., Mikkelsen, I. S., Molyneux, M. J., Murphy, G., Nagai, T., Nakane, H., O'Connor, F., Parrondo, C., Schmidlin, F. J., Skrivankova, P., Varotsos, C., Vialle, C., Viatte, P., Yushkov, V., Zerefos, C., von der Gathen, Peter, Schulz, Astrid, Rex, Markus, Harris, N. R. P., Braathen, G. O., Reimer, E., Alfier, R., Kilbane-Dawe, I., Eckermann, S., Allaart, M., Alpers, M., Bojkov, B., Cisneros, J., Claude, H., Cuevas, E., Davies, J., Backer, H. de, Dier, H., Dorokhov, V., Fast, H., Godin, S., Johnson, B., Kois, B., Kondo, Y., Kosmidis, E., Kyrö, E., Litynska, Z., Mikkelsen, I. S., Molyneux, M. J., Murphy, G., Nagai, T., Nakane, H., O'Connor, F., Parrondo, C., Schmidlin, F. J., Skrivankova, P., Varotsos, C., Vialle, C., Viatte, P., Yushkov, V., Zerefos, C., and von der Gathen, Peter
Abstract: Chemical ozone loss rates inside the Arctic polar vortexweredetermined in early 1998 and early 1999 by using the Match techniquebased on coordinated ozonesonde measurements. These two wintersprovide the only opportunities in recent years to investigatechemical ozone loss in a warm Arctic vortex under thresholdconditions, i.e., where the preconditions for chlorine activation,and hence ozone destruction, only occurred occasionally. In 1998,results were obtained in January and February between 410 and 520 K.The overall ozone loss was observed to be largely insignificant,with the exception of late February, when those air parcels exposedto temperatures below 195 K were affected by chemical ozone loss. In1999, results are confined to the 475 K isentropic level, where nosignificant ozone loss was observed. Average temperatures were some8 -10 K higher than those in 1995, 1996, and 1997,when substantial chemical ozone loss occurred. The results underlinethe strong dependence of the chemical ozone loss on thestratospheric temperatures. This study shows that enhanced chlorinealone does not provide a sufficient condition for ozone loss. Theevolution of stratospheric temperatures over the next decade will bethe determining factor for the amount of wintertime chemical ozoneloss in the Arctic stratosphere.
Published: 2001

25. Overvåking av ozonlaget. Årsrapport 1991

Author: Dahlback, A., Stordal, F., Kåstad, B A., and Braathen, G O.
Subjects: Klimaendringer, Ozonlaget og UV, Tidsvariasjon, Miljøovervåkning, Ozon, Polare områder, Måledata, Atmosfære og klima
Published: 1992

26. Temporal evolution of ozone in the Arctic vortex during the winters from 1988-89 to 1998-99

Author: Braathen, G. O., Kilbane-Dawe, I., Kyrö, E., von der Gathen, Peter, Mikkelsen, I. S., Dorokhov, V., Fast, H., Gil, M., Braathen, G. O., Kilbane-Dawe, I., Kyrö, E., von der Gathen, Peter, Mikkelsen, I. S., Dorokhov, V., Fast, H., and Gil, M.
Published: 2000

27. Match observations in the Arctic winter 1996/97: High stratospheric ozone loss rates correlate with low temperatures deep inside the polar vortex

Author: Schulz, Astrid, Rex, Markus, Steger, J., Harris, N. R. P., Braathen, G. O., Reimer, E., Alfier, R., Beck, A., Alpers, M., Cisneros, J., Claude, H., De Backer, H., Dier, H., Dorokhov, V., Fast, H., Godin, S., Hansen, G., Kanzawa, H., Kois, B., Kondo, Y., Kosmidis, E., Kyrö, E., Litynska, Z., Molyneux, M. J., Murphy, G., Nakane, H., Parrondo, C., Ravegnani, F., Varotsos, C., Vialle, C., Viatte, P., Yushkov, V., Zerefos, C., von der Gathen, Peter, Schulz, Astrid, Rex, Markus, Steger, J., Harris, N. R. P., Braathen, G. O., Reimer, E., Alfier, R., Beck, A., Alpers, M., Cisneros, J., Claude, H., De Backer, H., Dier, H., Dorokhov, V., Fast, H., Godin, S., Hansen, G., Kanzawa, H., Kois, B., Kondo, Y., Kosmidis, E., Kyrö, E., Litynska, Z., Molyneux, M. J., Murphy, G., Nakane, H., Parrondo, C., Ravegnani, F., Varotsos, C., Vialle, C., Viatte, P., Yushkov, V., Zerefos, C., and von der Gathen, Peter
Abstract: With the Match technique, which is based on the coordinated release of ozonesondes, chemicalozone loss rates in the Arctic stratospheric vortex in early 1997 have been quantified in a verticalregion between 400K and 550K. Ozone destruction was observed from mid February to midMarch in most of these levels, with maximum loss rates between 25 and 45ppbv/day. The vortexaveraged loss rates and the accumulated vertically integrated ozone loss have been smaller than inthe previous two winters, indicating that the record low ozone columns observed in spring 1997were partly caused by dynamical effects. The observed ozone loss is inhomogeneous through thevortex with the highest loss rates located in the vortex centre, coinciding with the lowesttemperatures. Here the loss rates per sunlit hour reached 6 ppbv/h, while the correspondingvortex averaged rates did not exceed 3.9 ppbv/h.
Published: 2000

28. Ozone loss rates determined with Match: Arctic winters 1997/98 and 1998/99

Author: Schulz, Astrid, Rex, Markus, Harris, N. R. P., Braathen, G. O., Kyrö, E., Reimer, E., Alfier, R., Kilbane-Dawe, I., Allaart, M., Alpers, M., Bojkov, B. R., Cisneros, J., Claude, H., Cuevas, E., Davies, J., De Backer, H., Dier, H., Dorokhov, V., Fast, H., Johnson, B., Kois, B., Kosmidis, E., Litynska, Z., Mikkelsen, I. S., Molyneux, M., Murphy, G., Nakane, H., O'Connor, F., Parrondo, C., Skrivankova, P., Varotsos, C., Vialle, C., Viatte, P., Yushkov, V., Zerefos, C., von der Gathen, Peter, Schulz, Astrid, Rex, Markus, Harris, N. R. P., Braathen, G. O., Kyrö, E., Reimer, E., Alfier, R., Kilbane-Dawe, I., Allaart, M., Alpers, M., Bojkov, B. R., Cisneros, J., Claude, H., Cuevas, E., Davies, J., De Backer, H., Dier, H., Dorokhov, V., Fast, H., Johnson, B., Kois, B., Kosmidis, E., Litynska, Z., Mikkelsen, I. S., Molyneux, M., Murphy, G., Nakane, H., O'Connor, F., Parrondo, C., Skrivankova, P., Varotsos, C., Vialle, C., Viatte, P., Yushkov, V., Zerefos, C., and von der Gathen, Peter
Published: 2000

29. A photochemical modeling study of ozone and formaldehyde generation and budget in the Po basin

Author: Liu, L., primary, Andreani‐Aksoyoglu, S., additional, Keller, J., additional, Ordóñez, C., additional, Junkermann, W., additional, Hak, C., additional, Braathen, G. O., additional, Reimann, S., additional, Astorga‐Llorens, C., additional, Schultz, M., additional, Prévôt, A. S. H., additional, and Isaksen, I. S. A., additional
Published: 2007
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30. Photochemical modelling in the Po basin with focus on formaldehyde and ozone

Author: Liu, L., primary, Flatøy, F., additional, Ordóñez, C., additional, Braathen, G. O., additional, Hak, C., additional, Junkermann, W., additional, Andreani-Aksoyoglu, S., additional, Mellqvist, J., additional, Galle, B., additional, Prévôt, A. S. H., additional, and Isaksen, I. S. A., additional
Published: 2007
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31. Norwegian EUROTRAC Participation 1986-1990

Author: Flatøy, F., Isakse, I S A., Berntsen, T., Jonson J E., Berge, E., Hov, Ø., Stordal, F., Schmidbauer, N., Hermansen, O., Braathen, G O., Pacyna, J., and Nielsen, C.
Subjects: Luftkvalitet, Ozon, Måledata
Abstract: The Norwegian scientific participation in the Eureka project EUROTRAC 1986-1990 is documented in the report. The main Norwegian activity is centered within TOR (Tropospheric Ozone Research) where measurements are carried. out at Birkenes and Ny-Ålesund on svalbard, and model calculations are done in support of the measurements to interpret atmospheric chemical change both on a European and global scale. There is also Norwegian contributions in Lactoz, Halipp, Glomac and Eumac.
Published: 1991

32. Chemical ozone loss in the Arctic winter 1994/95 as determined by the Match technique

Author: Rex, Markus, von der Gathen, Peter, Braathen, G. O., Harris, N. R. P., Reimer, E., Beck, A., Alfier, R., Krüger-Carstensen, R., Chipperfield, M., De Backer, H., Balis, D., O`Connor, F., Dier, H., Dorokhov, V., Fast, H., Gamma, A., Gil, M., Kyrö, E., Litynska, Z., Mikkelsen, S., Molyneux, M., Murphy, G., Reid, S. J., Rummukainen, M., Zerefos, C., Rex, Markus, von der Gathen, Peter, Braathen, G. O., Harris, N. R. P., Reimer, E., Beck, A., Alfier, R., Krüger-Carstensen, R., Chipperfield, M., De Backer, H., Balis, D., O`Connor, F., Dier, H., Dorokhov, V., Fast, H., Gamma, A., Gil, M., Kyrö, E., Litynska, Z., Mikkelsen, S., Molyneux, M., Murphy, G., Reid, S. J., Rummukainen, M., and Zerefos, C.
Abstract: The chemically induced ozone loss inside the Arctic vortex during the winter 1994/95 has beenquantified by coordinated launches of over 1000 ozonesondes from 35 stations within the Match94/95 campaign. Trajectory calculations, which allow diabatic heating or cooling, were used totrigger the balloon launches so that the ozone concentrations in a large number of air parcels areeach measured twice a few days apart. The difference in ozone concentration is calculated foreach pair and is interpreted as a change caused by chemistry. The data analysis has been carriedout far January to March between 370 K and 600 K potential temperature. Ozone loss along thesetrajectories occurred exclusively during sunlit periods, and the periods of ozone loss coincidedwith, but slightly lagged, periods where stratospheric temperatures were low enough for polarstratospheric clouds to exist. Two clearly separated periods of ozone loss show up. Ozone lossrates first peaked in late January with a maximum value of 53 ppbv per day (1.6 % per day) at475 K and faster losses higher up. Then, in mid-March ozone loss rates at 475 K reached 34 ppbvper day (1.3 % per day), faster losses were observed lower down and no ozone loss was foundabove 480 K during that period. The ozone loss in hypothetical air parcels with average diabaticdescent rates has been integrated to give an accumulated loss through the winter. The most severedepletion of 2.0 ppmv (60 %) took place in air that was at 515 K on 1 January and at 450 K on20 March. Vertical integration over the levels from 370 K to 600 K gives a column lass rate,which reached a maximum value of 2.7 Dobson Units per day in mid-March. The accumulatedcolumn loss between 1 January and 31 March was found to be 127 DU (similar to 36 %).
Published: 1999

33. Arctic winter 2005: Implications for stratospheric ozone loss and climate change

Author: Rex, M., primary, Salawitch, R. J., additional, Deckelmann, H., additional, von der Gathen, P., additional, Harris, N. R. P., additional, Chipperfield, M. P., additional, Naujokat, B., additional, Reimer, E., additional, Allaart, M., additional, Andersen, S. B., additional, Bevilacqua, R., additional, Braathen, G. O., additional, Claude, H., additional, Davies, J., additional, De Backer, H., additional, Dier, H., additional, Dorokhov, V., additional, Fast, H., additional, Gerding, M., additional, Godin-Beekmann, S., additional, Hoppel, K., additional, Johnson, B., additional, Kyrö, E., additional, Litynska, Z., additional, Moore, D., additional, Nakane, H., additional, Parrondo, M. C., additional, Risley, A. D., additional, Skrivankova, P., additional, Stübi, R., additional, Viatte, P., additional, Yushkov, V., additional, and Zerefos, C., additional
Published: 2006
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34. Chemical ozone loss in the Arctic winter 2002/2003 determined with Match

Author: Streibel, M., primary, Rex, M., additional, von der Gathen, P., additional, Lehmann, R., additional, Harris, N. R. P., additional, Braathen, G. O., additional, Reimer, E., additional, Deckelmann, H., additional, Chipperfield, M., additional, Millard, G., additional, Allaart, M., additional, Andersen, S. B., additional, Claude, H., additional, Davies, J., additional, De Backer, H., additional, Dier, H., additional, Dorokov, V., additional, Fast, H., additional, Gerding, M., additional, Kyrö, E., additional, Litynska, Z., additional, Moore, D., additional, Moran, E., additional, Nagai, T., additional, Nakane, H., additional, Parrondo, C., additional, Skrivankova, P., additional, Stübi, R., additional, Vaughan, G., additional, Viatte, P., additional, and Yushkov, V., additional
Published: 2006
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35. Photochemical modelling in the Po basin with focus on formaldehyde and ozone

Author: Liu, L., primary, Flatøy, F., additional, Ordóñez, C., additional, Braathen, G. O., additional, Hak, C., additional, Junkermann, W., additional, Andreani-Aksoyoglu, S., additional, Mellqvist, J., additional, Galle, B., additional, Prévôt, A. S. H., additional, and Isaksen, I. S. A., additional
Published: 2006
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36. Ozone profiles in the high-latitude stratosphere and lower mesosphere measured by the Improved Limb Atmospheric Spectrometer (ILAS)-II: Comparison with other satellite sensors and ozonesondes

Author: Sugita, T., primary, Nakajima, H., additional, Yokota, T., additional, Kanzawa, H., additional, Gernandt, H., additional, Herber, A., additional, von der Gathen, P., additional, König-Langlo, G., additional, Sato, K., additional, Dorokhov, V., additional, Yushkov, V. A., additional, Murayama, Y., additional, Yamamori, M., additional, Godin-Beekmann, S., additional, Goutail, F., additional, Roscoe, H. K., additional, Deshler, T., additional, Yela, M., additional, Taalas, P., additional, Kyrö, E., additional, Oltmans, S. J., additional, Johnson, B. J., additional, Allaart, M., additional, Litynska, Z., additional, Klekociuk, A., additional, Andersen, S. B., additional, Braathen, G. O., additional, De Backer, H., additional, Randall, C. E., additional, Bevilacqua, R. M., additional, Taha, G., additional, Thomason, L. W., additional, Irie, H., additional, Ejiri, M. K., additional, Saitoh, N., additional, Tanaka, T., additional, Terao, Y., additional, Kobayashi, H., additional, and Sasano, Y., additional
Published: 2006
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37. Drivhuseffekten og klimautviklingen

Author: Gray, J S., Dovland, H., Hansen-Bauer, I., Hov, Ø., Blindheim, J., and Braathen, G O.
Subjects: Drivhuseffekt, Klimautvikling, Klimamodeller
Published: 1990

38. Chemical ozone loss in the Arctic winter 2002/2003 determined with Match

Author: Streibel, M., primary, Rex, M., additional, von der Gathen, P., additional, Lehmann, R., additional, Harris, N. R. P., additional, Braathen, G. O., additional, Reimer, E., additional, Deckelmann, H., additional, Chipperfield, M., additional, Millard, G., additional, Allaart, M., additional, Andersen, S. B., additional, Claude, H., additional, Davies, J., additional, De Backer, H., additional, Dier, H., additional, Dorokov, V., additional, Fast, H., additional, Gerding, M., additional, Kyrö, E., additional, Litynska, Z., additional, Moore, D., additional, Moran, E., additional, Nagai, T., additional, Nakane, H., additional, Parrondo, C., additional, Skrivankova, P., additional, Stübi, R., additional, Vaughan, G., additional, Viatte, P., additional, and Yushkov, V., additional
Published: 2005
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39. Intercomparison of four different in-situ techniques for ambient formaldehyde measurements in urban air

Author: Hak, C., primary, Pundt, I., additional, Kern, C., additional, Platt, U., additional, Dommen, J., additional, Ordóñez, C., additional, Prévôt, A. S. H., additional, Junkermann, W., additional, Astorga-Lloréns, C., additional, Larsen, B. R., additional, Mellqvist, J., additional, Strandberg, A., additional, Yu, Y., additional, Galle, B., additional, Kleffmann, J., additional, Lörzer, J. C., additional, Braathen, G. O., additional, and Volkamer, R., additional
Published: 2005
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40. Intercomparison of stratospheric ozone and temperature measurements at the Observatoire de Haute Provence during the OTOIC NDSC validation campaign from 1–18 July 1997

Author: Braathen, G. O., primary, Godin-Beekmann, S., additional, Keckhut, P., additional, McGee, T. J., additional, Gross, M. R., additional, Vialle, C., additional, and Hauchecorne, A., additional
Published: 2004
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41. In-situ measurements of stratospheric ozone depletion rates in the Arctic winter 1991/1992: A Lagrangian approach

Author: Rex, Markus, von der Gathen, Peter, Harris, N. R. P., Lucic, D., Knudsen, B. M., Braathen, G. O., Reid, S. J., De Backer, H., Claude, H., Fabian, R., Fast, H., Gil, M., Kyrö, E., Mikkelsen, I. S., Rummukainen, M., Smit, H. G., Stähelin, J., Varotsos, C., Zaitcev, I., Rex, Markus, von der Gathen, Peter, Harris, N. R. P., Lucic, D., Knudsen, B. M., Braathen, G. O., Reid, S. J., De Backer, H., Claude, H., Fabian, R., Fast, H., Gil, M., Kyrö, E., Mikkelsen, I. S., Rummukainen, M., Smit, H. G., Stähelin, J., Varotsos, C., and Zaitcev, I.
Abstract: A Lagrangian approach has been used to assess the degree of chemically induced ozone loss inthe Arctic lower stratosphere in winter 1991/1992. Trajectory calculations are used to identify airparcels probed by two ozonesondes at different points along the trajectories. A statistical analysisof the measured differences in ozone mixing ratio and the time the air parcel spent in sunlightbetween the measurements provides the chemical ozone loss. Initial results were first describedby von der Gathen et al. [1995]. Here we present a more detailed description of the technique anda more comprehensive discussion of the results. Ozone loss rates of up to 10 ppbv per sunlit hour(or 54 ppbv per day) were found inside the polar vortex on the 475 K potential temperaturesurface (about 19.5 km in altitude) at the end of January. The period of rapid ozone loss coincidesand slightly lags a period when temperatures were cold enough for type I polar stratosphericclouds to form. It is shown that the ozone loss occurs exclusively during the sunlit portions of thetrajectories. The time evolution and vertical distribution of the ozone loss rates are discussed.
Published: 1998

42. A study of ozone laminae using diabatic trajectories, contour advection and photochemical trajectory model simulations

Author: Reid, S. J., Rex, Markus, von der Gathen, Peter, Fløisand, I., Stordal, F., Carver, G. D., Beck, A., Reimer, E., Krüger-Carstensen, R., De Haan, L. L., Braathen, G. O., Dorokhov, V., Fast, H., Kyrö, E., Gil, M., Litynska, Z., Molyneux, M., Murphy, G., O'Connor, F., Ravegnani, F., Varotsos, C., Wenger, J., Zerefos, C., Reid, S. J., Rex, Markus, von der Gathen, Peter, Fløisand, I., Stordal, F., Carver, G. D., Beck, A., Reimer, E., Krüger-Carstensen, R., De Haan, L. L., Braathen, G. O., Dorokhov, V., Fast, H., Kyrö, E., Gil, M., Litynska, Z., Molyneux, M., Murphy, G., O'Connor, F., Ravegnani, F., Varotsos, C., Wenger, J., and Zerefos, C.
Abstract: In this paper, we show that the rate of ozone loss in both polar and mid-latitudes, derived from ozonesonde and satellite data, has almost the same vertical distribution (although opposite sense) to that of ozone laminae abundance. Ozone laminae appear in the lower stratosphere soon after the polar vortex is established in autumn, increase in number throughout the winter and reach a maximum abundance in late winter or spring. We indicate a possible coupling between mid-winter, sudden stratospheric warmings (when the vortex is weakened or disrupted) and the abundance of ozone laminae using a 23-year record of ozonesonde data from the World Ozone Data Center in Canada combined with monthly-mean January polar temperatures at 30 hPa.Results are presented from an experiment conducted during the winter of 1994/95, in phase II of the Second European Stratospheric And Mid-latitude Experiment (SESAME), in which 93 ozone-enhanced laminae of polar origin observed by ozonesondes at different time and locations are linked by diabatic trajectories, enabling them to be probed twice or more. It is shown that, in general, ozone concentrations inside laminae fall progressively with time, mixing irreversibly with mid-latitude air on time-scales of a few weeks.A particular set of laminae which advected across Europe during mid February 1995 are examined in detail. These laminae were observed almost simultaneously at seven ozonesonde stations, providing information on their spatial scales. The development of these laminae has been modelled using the Contour Advection algorithm of Norton (1994), adding support to the concept that many laminae are extrusions of vortex air. Finally, a photochemical trajectory model is used to show that, if the air in the laminae is chemically activated, it will impact on mid-latitude ozone concentrations. An estimate is made of the potential number of ozone molecules lost each winter via this mechanism.
Published: 1998

43. Ozone depletion in and below the Arctic vortex for 1997

Author: Knudsen, B. M., Larsen, N., Mikkelsen, I. S., Morcrette, J.-J., Braathen, G. O., Kyrö, E., Fast, H., Gernandt, Hartwig, Kanzawa, H., Nakane, H., Dorokhov, V., Yushkov, G., Hansen, G., Gil, M., Shearman, R. J., Knudsen, B. M., Larsen, N., Mikkelsen, I. S., Morcrette, J.-J., Braathen, G. O., Kyrö, E., Fast, H., Gernandt, Hartwig, Kanzawa, H., Nakane, H., Dorokhov, V., Yushkov, G., Hansen, G., Gil, M., and Shearman, R. J.
Published: 1998

44. Prolonged stratospheric ozone loss in the 1995/96 Arctic winter

Author: Rex, Markus, Harris, N. R. P., von der Gathen, Peter, Lehmann, Ralph, Braathen, G. O., Reimer, E., Beck, A., Chipperfield, M. P., Alfier, R., Allaart, M., O'Connor, F., Dier, H., Dorokhov, V., Fast, H., Gil, M., Kyrö, E., Litynska, Z., Mikkelsen, I. S., Molyneux, M. G., Nakane, H., Notholt, Justus, Rummukainen, M., Viatte, P., Wenger, J., Rex, Markus, Harris, N. R. P., von der Gathen, Peter, Lehmann, Ralph, Braathen, G. O., Reimer, E., Beck, A., Chipperfield, M. P., Alfier, R., Allaart, M., O'Connor, F., Dier, H., Dorokhov, V., Fast, H., Gil, M., Kyrö, E., Litynska, Z., Mikkelsen, I. S., Molyneux, M. G., Nakane, H., Notholt, Justus, Rummukainen, M., Viatte, P., and Wenger, J.
Abstract: It is well established that extensive depletion of ozone, initiated by heterogenous reactions on polar stratospheric clouds(PSCs) can occur in both the Arctic and Antarctic lower stratosphere. Moreover, it has been shown that ozone lossrates in the Arctic region in recent years reached values comparable to those over the Antarctic. But until now theaccumulated ozone losses over the Arctic have been the smaller, mainly because the period of Arctic ozone loss hasnot-unlike over the Antarctic-persisted well into springtime. Here we report the occurrence-during the unusuallycold 1995-96 Arctic winter-of the highest recorded chemical ozone loss over the Arctic region. Two new kinds ofbehaviour were observed. First, ozone loss at some altitudes was observed long after the last exposure to PSCs. Thiscontinued loss appears to be due to a removal of the nitrogen species that slow down chemical ozone depletion. Second,in another altitude range ozone loss rates decreased while PSCs were still present, apparently because of an earlytransformation of the ozone-destroying chlorine species into less active chlorinenitrate. The balance between these twocounteracting mechanisms is probably a fine one, determined by small differences in wintertime stratospherictemperatures. If the apparent cooling trend in the Arctic stratosphere is real, more dramatic ozone losses may occurin the future.
Published: 1997

45. Ozone Loss

Author: Isaksen, I., von der Gathen, Peter, Braathen, G. O., Chipperfield, M., Goutail, F., Harris, N. R. P., Müller, Ruth, Rex, Markus, Isaksen, I., von der Gathen, Peter, Braathen, G. O., Chipperfield, M., Goutail, F., Harris, N. R. P., Müller, Ruth, and Rex, Markus
Published: 1997

46. Chemical depletion of Arctic ozone in winter 1999/2000

Author: Rex, M., primary, Salawitch, R. J., additional, Harris, N. R. P., additional, von der Gathen, P., additional, Braathen, G. O., additional, Schulz, A., additional, Deckelmann, H., additional, Chipperfield, M., additional, Sinnhuber, B.‐M., additional, Reimer, E., additional, Alfier, R., additional, Bevilacqua, R., additional, Hoppel, K., additional, Fromm, M., additional, Lumpe, J., additional, Küllmann, H., additional, Kleinböhl, A., additional, Bremer, H., additional, von König, M., additional, Künzi, K., additional, Toohey, D., additional, Vömel, H., additional, Richard, E., additional, Aikin, K., additional, Jost, H., additional, Greenblatt, J. B., additional, Loewenstein, M., additional, Podolske, J. R., additional, Webster, C. R., additional, Flesch, G. J., additional, Scott, D. C., additional, Herman, R. L., additional, Elkins, J. W., additional, Ray, E. A., additional, Moore, F. L., additional, Hurst, D. F., additional, Romashkin, P., additional, Toon, G. C., additional, Sen, B., additional, Margitan, J. J., additional, Wennberg, P., additional, Neuber, R., additional, Allart, M., additional, Bojkov, B. R., additional, Claude, H., additional, Davies, J., additional, Davies, W., additional, De Backer, H., additional, Dier, H., additional, Dorokhov, V., additional, Fast, H., additional, Kondo, Y., additional, Kyrö, E., additional, Litynska, Z., additional, Mikkelsen, I. S., additional, Molyneux, M. J., additional, Moran, E., additional, Nagai, T., additional, Nakane, H., additional, Parrondo, C., additional, Ravegnani, F., additional, Skrivankova, P., additional, Viatte, P., additional, and Yushkov, V., additional
Published: 2002
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47. Chemical ozone loss in the Arctic winters 1991/92 and 1994/95 (Match)

Author: Rex, Markus, von der Gathen, Peter, Harris, N. R. P., Reimer, E., Beck, A., Alfier, R., Krüger-Carstensen, R., Knudsen, B. M., Mikkelsen, I. S., Chipperfield, M., Lucic, D., Allaart, M., De Backer, H., Braathen, G. O., Reid, S., Claude, H., O'Conner, F., Dier, H., Fast, H., Gamma, A., Gil, M., Godin, S., Guirlet, M., Kyrö, E., Rummukainen, M., Lytinska, Z., Kois, B., Murphy, G., Ravegnani, F., Varotsos, C., Wenger, J., Yushkov, V., Dorokhov, V., Zerefos, C., Balis, D., Ziomas, I., Rex, Markus, von der Gathen, Peter, Harris, N. R. P., Reimer, E., Beck, A., Alfier, R., Krüger-Carstensen, R., Knudsen, B. M., Mikkelsen, I. S., Chipperfield, M., Lucic, D., Allaart, M., De Backer, H., Braathen, G. O., Reid, S., Claude, H., O'Conner, F., Dier, H., Fast, H., Gamma, A., Gil, M., Godin, S., Guirlet, M., Kyrö, E., Rummukainen, M., Lytinska, Z., Kois, B., Murphy, G., Ravegnani, F., Varotsos, C., Wenger, J., Yushkov, V., Dorokhov, V., Zerefos, C., Balis, D., and Ziomas, I.
Published: 1996

48. The evolution of ozone laminae using the Match approach

Author: Reid, S. J., von der Gathen, Peter, Rex, Markus, Reimer, E., Krüger-Carstensen, R., de Haan, L. L., Braathen, G. O., Murphy, G., Wenger, J., Zerefos, C., Varotsos, C., Reid, S. J., von der Gathen, Peter, Rex, Markus, Reimer, E., Krüger-Carstensen, R., de Haan, L. L., Braathen, G. O., Murphy, G., Wenger, J., Zerefos, C., and Varotsos, C.
Published: 1996

49. Arctic ozone loss in threshold conditions: Match observations in 1997/1998 and 1998/1999

Author: Schulz, A., primary, Rex, M., additional, Harris, N. R. P., additional, Braathen, G. O., additional, Reimer, E., additional, Alfier, R., additional, Kilbane‐Dawe, I., additional, Eckermann, S., additional, Allaart, M., additional, Alpers, M., additional, Bojkov, B., additional, Cisneros, J., additional, Claude, H., additional, Cuevas, E., additional, Davies, J., additional, De Backer, H., additional, Dier, H., additional, Dorokhov, V., additional, Fast, H., additional, Godin, S., additional, Johnson, B., additional, Kois, B., additional, Kondo, Y., additional, Kosmidis, E., additional, Kyrö, E., additional, Litynska, Z., additional, Mikkelsen, I. S., additional, Molyneux, M. J., additional, Murphy, G., additional, Nagai, T., additional, Nakane, H., additional, O'Connor, F., additional, Parrondo, C., additional, Schmidlin, F. J., additional, Skrivankova, P., additional, Varotsos, C., additional, Vialle, C., additional, Viatte, P., additional, Yushkov, V., additional, Zerefos, C., additional, and von der Gathen, P., additional
Published: 2001
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50. Observational evidence for chemical ozone depletion over the Arctic in winter 1991-92

Author: von der Gathen, Peter, Rex, Markus, Harris, N. R. P., Lucic, D., Knudsen, B. M., Braathen, G. O., Backer, H. De, Fabian, R., Fast, H., Gil, M., Kyrö, E., Mikkelsen, I. St., Rummukainen, M., Stähelin, J., Varotsos, C., von der Gathen, Peter, Rex, Markus, Harris, N. R. P., Lucic, D., Knudsen, B. M., Braathen, G. O., Backer, H. De, Fabian, R., Fast, H., Gil, M., Kyrö, E., Mikkelsen, I. St., Rummukainen, M., Stähelin, J., and Varotsos, C.
Abstract: Long-term depletion of ozone has been observed since the early 1980s in the Antarctic polar vortex, and morerecently at midlatitudes in both hemispheres, with most of the ozone loss occurring in the lower stratosphere.Insufficient measurements of ozone exist, however, to determine decadal trends in ozone concentration in the Arcticwinter. Several studies of ozone concentrations in the Arctic vortex have inferred that chemical ozone loss hasoccurred; but because natural variations in ozone concentration at any given location can be large, deducinglong-term trends from time series is fraught with difficulties. The approaches used previously have often been indirect,typically relying on relationships between ozone and long-lived tracers. Most recently Manney et al. used such anapproach, based on satellite measurements, to conclude that the observed ozone decrease of about 20% in the lowerstratosphere in February and March 1993 was caused by chemical, rather than dynamical, processes. Here we report theresults of a new approach to calculate chemical ozone destruction rates that allows us to compare ozone concentrationsin specific air parcels at different times, thus avoiding the need to make assumptions about ozone/tracer ratios. For theArctic vortex of the 1991-92 winter we find that, at 20 km altitude, chemical ozone loss occurred only between earlyJanuary and mid February and that the loss is proportional to the exposure to sunlight. The timing and magnitude arebroadly consistent with existing understanding of photochemical ozone-depletion processes.
Published: 1995

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