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Objective: Providing country-level estimates for prevalence rates of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD), COVID-19 exposure and food insecurity (FI) and assessing the role of persistent threats to survival—exemplified by exposure to COVID-19 and FI—for the mental health crisis in Africa. Methods: Original phone-based survey data from Mozambique, Sierra Leone, Tanzania and Uganda (12 consecutive cross-sections in 2021; n = 23,943) were analyzed to estimate prevalence rates of GAD. Logistic regression models and mediation analysis using structural equation models identify risk and protective factors. Results: The overall prevalence of GAD in 2021 was 23.3%; 40.2% in Mozambique, 17.0% in Sierra Leone, 18.0% in Tanzania, and 19.1% in Uganda. Both COVID-19 exposure (ORadj. 1.4; CI 1.3–1.6) and FI (ORadj 3.2; CI 2.7–3.8) are independent and significant predictors of GAD. Thus, the impact of FI on GAD was considerably stronger than that of COVID-19 exposure. Conclusion: Persistent threats to survival play a substantial role for mental health, specifically GAD. High anxiety prevalence in the population requires programs to reduce violence and enhance social support. Even during a pandemic, addressing FI as a key driver of GAD should be prioritized by policymakers., Peer Reviewed

Die andauernde Armut, Nahrungsmittel- und Ernährungsunsicherheit im Subsahara-Afrika (SSA) verweist auf die Notwendigkeit für einen Paradigmenwechsel in Ernährungssystemen, der auf die Diversifizierung von Nahrungsmittelketten wie z.B. durch unzureichend genutzten Pflanzenarten (UPS) abzielt. In diesen Pflanzenarten steckt das Potenzial, SSA mit ertragreichen, ernährungssensiblen und resilienten Nahrungsmittelsystemen zu versorgen. Jüngste Studien belegen, dass UPS zur Ernährungssicherheit beitragen, indem sie Grundnahrungsmittel ergänzen, einen Puffer in Zeiten von Knappheit darstellen und die Nahrungsqualität erhöhen. Sie können somit als ein Hebel zur Armutslinderung verstanden werden. Trotz der Bedeutsamkeit von UPS, fokussiert sich die bestehende Literatur vorwiegend auf angebaute Nahrungsmittel und Nutzpflanzen. Diese Dissertation trägt dazu bei, die Faktoren Geschlecht, kollektives Handeln und die Auswahl von Vermarktungskanälen unter den Sammler:innen von UPS zu verstehen. Sie besteht aus drei Aufsätzen, die auf unterschiedliche Weise einen Beitrag zur existierenden Literatur zu UPS leisten. Alle drei Aufsätze basieren auf Haushaltsbefragungen von 864 Baobabsammler:innen (Baobab ist ein Beispiel für UPS) in Malawi, im Jahr 2021. Im ersten Aufsatz analysieren wir die geschlechtsspezifischen Unterschiede bei der Sammlung und Vermarktung von Baobab. Insbesondere evaluieren wir die Unterschiede zwischen weiblichen Baobabmanagerinnen (FBMs) und männlichen Baobabmanagern (MBMs) in Bezug auf die gesammelte Menge Baobab. Wir erweitern unsere Analyse und betrachten auch die Unterschiede zwischen FBMs in Bezug auf ihren Familienstand (verheiratete FBMs vs. unverheiratete FBMs). Bestehende Literatur über Geschlecht und Agrarwirtschaft hat sich überwiegend auf die geschlechtsspezifischen Unterschiede in Bezug auf agrarwirtschaftliche Ertragfähigkeit und die Einführung von Technologien fokussiert, insbesondere im Hinblick auf den Hauptpflanzenbestand in Afrika. Dahingege, The persistence of poverty and food and nutrition insecurity in Sub Saharan Africa (SSA), highlights the need for a paradigm shift in food systems that focuses on diversification into other food chains such as underutilised plant species (UPS). These crops have the potential to provide SSA with a productive, nutrition-sensitive, and resilient food system. Recent evidence concludes that UPS contribute to food security by supplementing staples, acting as a buffer in time of shortages, and increasing diet quality, and can be viewed as a lever towards poverty alleviation. Despite the significance of UPS, previous literature has extensively focussed on food and cash crops. This dissertation contributes to understanding of the aspects of gender, collective action and market channel choices among collectors of UPS. It is composed of three essays that contribute to the literature on UPS in different ways. All the three essays are based on a household survey of 864 baobab (an example of UPS) collectors in Malawi in the year 2021. The first essay analyses the gender gaps in the collection and marketing of baobab. In particular, I evaluate the differences in the quantity of baobab collected between male baobab managers (MBMs) and female baobab managers (FBMs). We further extend our analysis and also evaluate differences among FBMs relative to their marital status (i.e. married FBMs vs unmarried FBMs). The literature on gender and agriculture has mainly focused on gender gaps in agricultural productivity and technology adoption, especially for major crops in Africa. However, there is limited empirical evidence on gender gaps in UPS, especially in terms of collection and marketing. We employ an exogenous switching regression model in a counterfactual framework, as this method allows us to estimate the causal effects of gender in the collection and marketing of baobab products. We find that female baobab managers and unmarried female managers are more likely to collect and sell l

This publication is with permission of the rights owner (Sage) freely accessible., Background: Integrated school and home garden interventions can improve health outcomes in low-income countries, but rigorous evidence remains scarce, particularly for school-aged children and to reduce anemia. Objective: We test if an integrated school and home garden intervention, implemented at pilot stage, improves hemoglobin levels among school children (aged 9-13 years) in a rural district in the mid-hills of Nepal. Methods: We use a cluster randomized controlled trial with 15 schools each in the control and treatment groups (n = 680 school children). To test if nutritional improvements translate into a reduction of anemia prevalence, hemoglobin data were collected 6 months after intervention support had ended. Using structural equation modeling, we estimate the direct and indirect effects of the treatment through several pathways, including nutritional knowledge, good food and hygiene practices, and dietary diversity. Results: The integrated school and home garden intervention did not lead to a direct significant reduction in anemia. Causal positive changes of the treatment on nutritional outcomes, although significant, are not strong enough to impact hemoglobin levels. The program improved hemoglobin levels indirectly for children below 12 by increasing the use of good food and hygiene practices at home. These practices are associated with higher hemoglobin levels, particularly for girls, young children, and in households where caregivers are literate. Conclusions: Even integrated school and home garden interventions are not sufficient to reduce anemia among school children. Incorporating behavioral change components around food and hygiene practices into integrated garden interventions is important to unlocking their health impacts., Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation https://doi.org/10.13039/100000865, Peer Reviewed

This thesis analyses the socioeconomic repercussions of armed conflicts and natural disasters. Calculating the consequences of global public bads helps uncover the scale, distribution, and structure of their socioeconomic burden. State-of-the art causal inference methodologies are used to ensure the validity of the results. Both short- and long-term effects are explored, by considering various generations and indicators. The first chapter sets out to measure the global cost of all the major armed conflicts that took place in the world between 1970 and 2014. A counterfactual analysis shows that had there been no such conflicts throughout those decades, global GDP would have been 12% higher in 2014. The largest absolute losses associated with violence emanate from Asia, while many highincome economies are found to benefit economically from participating in conflicts on foreign soil. The second chapter compares the effects of the two main types of natural disasters that exist: geological and climatic disasters. Given its wide geographical variety, Mexico is used for this study, and educational attainment amongst 17 and 18-year-olds is used to capture the potential long-term effects of these shocks. Climatic disasters are found to have the worst effect, and the difference between the two is most pronounced in highly urbanized municipalities. Finally, the third chapter analyses the spillovers of public violence on intimate partner violence (IPV). Focusing on Mexico, the study finds that municipalities that saw an upsurge in conflict-related homicides since 2007 also experienced an average rise of 8 to 12% in the share of surveyed women who declared having experienced IPV. This result is mostly found amongst women with fewer options outside marriage, as measured by lower income, educational attainment, and decision-making power within their household. The thesis thus shows how younger generations, women, and economies as a whole can be affected by conflicts and disasters., Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion, info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished