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In this study, determined amount of powder (Al-Al2O3 and Cu-Steatite) by weight are mixed homogeneously with 3-D shaker and then pressed to obtain FGM. Mixture ratios by weight vary from 80 % Al - 20 % Al2O3 to 20 % Al - 80 % Al2O3. Same mixture ratios are also prepaired for Cu-Steatite. For both of the mixtures, maximum ratio of metal (Aluminum and Copper) stay in the core while maximum ratio of ceramics (Al2O3 and Steatite) at the outer. Powder mixtures are passed through Hall funnel and appearant densities of them are calculated. Appearant density of Al-Al2O3 mixtures varies from 1.184 gr/cm3 to 1.344 gr/cm3 while it varies from 1.04 gr/cm3 to 2.352 gr/cm3 for Cu-Steatite mixtures. Aluminum tubes at successive diameters are placed into the cylindirical die of 32 mm diameter to seperate the different regions in the die before pressing. Each layer between the tubes corresponce to a different ratio of homogeneous mixture. Zinc stearate lubricant at the amount of 1% of each mixture by weight is added into each mixture before pressing. Pressing pressure varies from 700 MPa to 750 MPa. FGM specimen prepared from Al-Al2O3 mixture is sintered at 630 0C for 90 min and the one from Cu-Steatite 1030 0C for 60 min.

The most crucial cost element of Electric Discharge Machining (EDM) is the production of tool electrode (shortly electrode). Copper, its alloys, and graphite are the most commonly used electrode materials. Selecting the proper electrode material with low production and material cost, high workpiece material removal rate (MRR) and low tool electrode wear rate (TWR) is key to reducing machining costs with EDM. In this study, the EDM performance of CuBe tool electrodes in the machining of Ti6Al4V alloy was experimentally investigated in comparison to electrolytic Cu (E-Cu) electrodes for different pulse time (ts) and discharge current (I) settings. An increase in MRR and a decrease in TWR and relative wear (RW=TWR/MRR) were observed in machining with CuBe electrodes. However, the high raw material cost of CuBe alloy is an essential drawback in widely using these electrodes in industrial applications. A new performance index formulation is introduced for EDM applications that factor in the production cost of the electrode and its life (i.e., RW). According to our results, the CuBe could be used advantageously as the electrode material at medium current settings. However, at low and high current settings, the low raw material cost of E-Cu makes it more favorable. © 2021, TUBITAK. All rights reserved.

The fresh shoots of Papaver somniferum L. (opium poppy) are used as a flavouring by the local population in the regions where it is grown. The aim of this research was to determine the food-safety of the extract obtained from the fresh leaves of Papaver somniferum L. plant. The extract of the leaves of the opium poppy plant, were dissolved in 1 ml of drinking water and administered to healthy male rats, in 4 different doses (400, 800, 1600 and 2000 mg/kg body weight/day) on a single day to evaluate the acute and each day for 30 days to evaluate the subacute effect. Blood was withdrawn for hematological and biochemical analysis. Lung, heart, liver and kidney tissues were taken for pathological examination. It was observed that the ALT enzyme decreased at the dose of 800, 1600 and 2000 mg/kg body weight/day; furthermore, AST, GGT and CK-MB enzymes decreased at the doses of 1600 and 2000 mg/kg body weight/day in the subacute phase (p

Bonilla, Jose/0000-0001-8200-4918; YILMAZ, TUNCAY/0000-0001-8756-2724; Sadeghi, Rohollah/0000-0003-1049-7543; Maldonado Mejia, Luis Fernando/0000-0003-0796-1288 Aim This article summarizes and reviews recent studies on nanoparticulation of solid and hollow nanoparticles using edible proteins and carbohydrates from plant and animal origin and shares new research conducted in our laboratory on fabrication of biopolymer-based nanodelivery systems. Methods We compare the properties of nanoparticles fabricated using desolvation, coacervation, and layer-by-layer assembly. The parameters affecting the morphological and physical states of the nanodelivery systems as well as their abilities to encapsulate bioactive compounds, and the mechanisms of the nanoparticulation process are discussed in detail. Results The article offers methods that need to be used with each nanoparticulation technique along with key characterization data obtained. The effect of varying a wide range of parameters on particle size, size distribution, morphology, effect of solvents and non-solvents, effect of surface charge of polyelectrolytes, effect of fabrication conditions are presented. Conclusions We believe the article gives enough detail to give the reader useful information related to the performance of all the different nanoparticles studied in our laboratory over the last 6 years. Practical applications Biopolymer based nanodelivery systems presented in this article, have great potential to be used in the nutraceutical, food, pharmaceutical industries as well as agriculture. The biodegradable and edible nature of these nanodelivery systems make them safe for incorporating into food and nutraceutical materials, because, the biopolymers used in their fabrication are biocompatible polymers of food origin that are generally recognized as safe (GRAS) (Food and Drug Administration, The Daily Journal of the United States Government, 2016). Therefore, use of edible polymer-based nanoparticles would be safer and less toxic and consequently better for all these industries. For example, in the food industry, antioxidant compounds can be encapsulated which would then be incorporated into packaging materials and that would help maintain freshness and good quality and would prevent oxidative deterioration of foods to increase shelf life. Pesticides and insecticides can also be encapsulated in these nanodelivery systems for agricultural applications. Because they are biodegradable and originated from natural biopolymers, their impact on the environment and the quality of the soil would be minimized compared to current applications that use some burdensome chemicals. Biopolymer based nanodelivery systems would also be of high interest for the pharmaceutical industry. Through the efficacy and extra stability gained with encapsulation, drugs and bioactives would be better protected from the acidic environment of the stomach and be released more controllably in the intestines. Further functionalization of nanodelivery systems with recognition elements, such as antibodies or aptamers, would enable more specifically targeted delivery. National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaNational Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) [31801590]; Purdue Scholle Endowment [F.00093509.06.001]; Turkish Ministry of Education Scholarship; Turkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma KurumuTurkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) National Natural Science Foundation of China, Grant/Award Number: 31801590; Purdue Scholle Endowment, Grant/Award Number: F.00093509.06.001; Turkish Ministry of Education Scholarship; Turkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu

OBJECTIVE: The great majority of dementia patients (about 60- 70%) su?er from Alzheimer disease (AD). The distinctive pathological signs of AD are senile plaques (SPs), neurofibrillary tangles (NFTS), synaptic loss and neurodegeneration. In this study; it is aimed to determine the damage caused by Acetylcholine Mustard Aziridin Ion (AF64A), which induces neurological anomalies, and the therapeutic e?ect of antioxidant piperine and betaine. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this study; 24 Sprague-Dawley male rats were used and 4 groups were formed: Group 1 consisting of healthy rats (control, n = 6); Group 2 (n = 6) with experimental dementia induced by AF64A, group 3 (AF64A betaine, n = 6) treated with betaine and 4 (AF64A piperine, n = 6) treated with piperine. The mRNA levels of mitogen activated protein kinase-1 (MAPK-1) in hippocampus tissue, Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in liver and blood serum samples and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels in liver and erythrocyte samples were investigated. In addition, behavioral di?erences were determined in terms of duration using the morris water maze test. RESULTS: The highest GSH levels in liver and erythrocytes were determined in piperine-treated group 4 (p

The aim of this study is to investigate physicochemical properties, microbiological qualitiesand volatile compound contents of traditional aged kashar cheese produced in Muş, Turkey.Vacuum packaged cheeses were purchased from six different local producers. Total aerobicmesophilic bacteria, total yeast and mold counts, mesophilic and thermophilic lactic acidbacteria populations (log CFU g-1) were in similar ranges in most samples (P>0.05). Coliformpopulations stayed below 1 log CFU g-1. All six samples yielded negative Salmonella spp. andpositive Listeria spp. results. The average compositional properties of cheese samples inpercentages (w/w) were 55.73 ± 2.47 for total solids, 27.05 ± 1.73 for protein, 25.92 ± 0.98for fat, 4.11 ± 0.33 for salt. On average, all color parameters were different for interior andexterior parts of cheese samples. The textural hardness levels of cheese samples werebetween 1548.73-5727.04 g and significantly different from each other (P0.05). Koliform popülasyonu 1 log CFU/g’un altında kalmıştır. Bütün örneklerde Salmonella türleri negatif ve Listeria türleri ise pozitif olarak tespit edilmiştir. Fizikokimyasal analizler sonucunda yüzde olarak ortalama (w/w) toplam kuru madde 55.73 ± 2.47, protein oranı 27.05 ± 1.73, yağ oranı 25.92 ± 0.98 ve tuz oranı 4.11 ± 0.33 olarak saptanmıştır. Ortalama olarak, peynir örneklerinin dış yüzey renk değerleri iç yüzeylerden farklı bulunmuştur. Peynir örneklerinin tekstürel sertlik seviyesi 1548.73-5727.04 g arası olup birbirinden istatistiksel olarak farklı bulunmuştur (P