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[EN] Vegetable production is common in peri-urban agriculture where produce is sold in nearby towns, and the Santiago Metropolitan Region (SMR) in Chile is no exception. The objective of this article is to explore the productive, commercial and management strategies of small-scale vegetable growers at the SMR, their attitudes towards their activity, and to identify different profiles. We surveyed in person 170 farmers. The data was analyzed using descriptive and multivariate techniques. Results sug-gest that different characteristics and strategies are concomitant to certain attitudes that vegetable growers hold towards key aspects such as innovation or willingness to associate. [ES] La horticultura es común en la agricultura periurbana, en la cual los productos pueden ser vendidos en urbes próximas, como el caso de la Región Metropolitana de Santiago (RMS). Esta in-vestigación tiene por objeto explorar las estrategias productivas, comerciales y de gestión, así como las actitudes, de los pequeños horticultores en la RMS e identificar perfiles. Se encuestó en persona a 170 agricultores. Los datos fueron analizados mediante técnicas descriptivas y multivariantes. Los resultados sugieren que las diferentes características y estrategias son concomitantes a las actitudes de los horticul-tores respecto a aspectos como la innovación o la voluntad de asociarse., https://doi.org/10.7201/earn.2022.01.03

In Latin American countries, economic growth has been reflected in a generalized change of eating patterns, transforming in a few decades from high rates of under-nutrition to frequent obesity problems in the population. This overweight crisis raises the propensity of suffering important health issues, especially non-communicable diseases, such as diabetes and coronary diseases. Changes in food labelling regulations, with the aim of giving the consumer more information, have been part of the proposed strategy to fight against this overweight problem. The objective of this paper is to present Chilean Law 20606 and Peruvian Law 30021 and accompanying regulation, in effect since 2016 and 2019 respectively. Both countries are the earliest worldwide to mandate front-of-package food labeling to those foods which exceed thresholds of the so-called “critical nutrients”. We present the main contents of Chilean and Peruvian regulation, the related discussions and impacts assessed.

Informal economy is particularly prevalent in small-scale farming, yet little attention has been paid to it so far. This article aims to contribute to a further understanding of this phenomenon. A survey of family farmers located in the Metropolitan Region of Santiago, Chile, was conducted. The data collected were processed using descriptive and multivariate techniques, factor and cluster analysis. Results show that farmers perceive formalization as a complex process which entails unpleasant obligations, and that they do not consider it necessary. There are some distinctions, however, that allow two clusters to be identified: “Favorable” (18.82 %) and “Reluctant” (81.18 %).

The objective of this paper is to assess the effect of long-term participation in an extension program on peri-urban family farming earnings. For this purpose, a survey of a sample of 156 participants in the Local Development Program (PRODESAL) of the Chilean National Institute for Agricultural Development (INDAP) was conducted in the Metropolitan Region of Santiago. Half of the respondents were long-term participants with at least four yrs in the program, and the rest of the farmers were one-yr beneficiaries. A treatment regression model (TRM) with a binary endogenous variable was used to identify differences among long- and short-term farmer participation in PRODESAL. The first stage of the model is a probit regression that identifies factors influencing long-term participation in PRODESAL. The second stage has the total value of production (TVP) as a dependent variable, which captures agricultural earnings, and one of the explanatory variables is the binary endogenous regressor of the first stage of the model. The results show a positive impact of long-term participation in PRODESAL on TVP. Other variables, such as farm size, fertilization and access to credit, were significant and positively related to TVP as well. Education and social capital are shown to be variables that increase the probability of long-term participation of family farmers in the program. Resumen El objetivo de este artículo es evaluar el efecto de la participación en el largo plazo en un programa de extensión en los resultados económicos de agricultores familiares peri-urbanos. Para ello, se aplicó una encuesta a una muestra de 156 beneficiarios del Programa de Desarrollo Local (PRODESAL) del Instituto de Desarrollo Agropecuario (INDAP) en la Región Metropolitana de Santiago. La mitad de los agricultores encuestados son participantes de largo plazo en el programa con al menos cuatro años y la otra mitad eran beneficiarios hacía un año. Se utilizó un modelo de regresión con una variable binaria endógena para identificar las diferencias entre participantes de largo y corto plazo en PRODESAL. La primera etapa del modelo es una regresión Probit que identifica los factores que influencian la participación de largo plazo en PRODESAL. La segunda etapa tiene como variable dependiente el valor total de la producción (VTP), la cual captura los resultados económicos. Una de las variables explicativas es el regresor binario endógeno de la primera etapa del modelo. Los resultados muestran un impacto positivo de la participación de largo plazo en PRODESAL en el VTP. Otras variables, como el tamaño predial, la fertilización y el acceso a créditos, también fueron significativas y positivas. La educación y el capital social se evidencian como variables que incrementan la probabilidad de participación de largo plazo en el programa.

The objective of this paper is to describe the divergences in the participation of WTO country members in Specific Trade Concerns and disputes in relation to sanitary, phytosanitary and technical measures (SPS/TBTs) according to their income level. For this, data was compiled and synthesized from the WTO I-TIP and Dispute Settlement Gateway databases for the period 1995-2012. This data was then grouped according to the development level of the member(s) involved, using the World Bank annual classification (high income country, upper-middle income country, lower-middle income country and low income country). The results obtained evidence that the participation of WTO members in the mechanisms considered has been very diverse, according to their economic level; with high income countries much more active than developing and least developed countries.