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Across the nation, states and school districts face a persistent shortage of educators with expertise in promoting both the English proficiency and academic achievement of English learner (EL) students. To help improve educators' qualifications and classroom instruction for ELs, the National Professional Development (NPD) program has awarded grants for EL-focused educator professional development projects since 2002. This U.S. Department of Education-funded program allows grantees to serve the varied types of educators who work with ELs, including those preparing to join the educator workforce, and encourages grantees to focus on professional development topics and approaches supported by rigorous research evidence. In addition, the NPD program encourages grantees to engage in evaluation activities, including performance measurement and rigorous evaluations of project effectiveness, that may inform project improvement and contribute to evidence building. This study examines the extent to which NPD grantees implemented their projects in ways aligned with these program objectives, drawing primarily on a 2021 survey of all 2016 and 2017 NPD grantees.

The report "How a Federal Grant Program Is Training and Supporting Educators of English Learners" examines the extent to which National Professional Development (NPD) grantees implemented their projects in ways aligned with program objectives, drawing primarily on a survey of all 2016 and 2017 NPD grantees. This document provides background information about the NPD program (Appendix A), the data sources and measures used in this study (Appendix B), supporting statistical details and supplemental findings related to the findings presented in the report (Appendix C), and findings from additional analyses that are not discussed in the report but may help readers better understand the findings (Appendix D).

Aggregating large-scale radiotherapy planning and delivery data is crucial for advancing radiation oncology research and improving clinical practice, yet challenges persist due to the diversity of treatment planning systems (TPS), record and verify (R&V) systems, and complex data formats lacking standardized retrieval methods. We developed a robust software framework that automates the collection and integration of multi-institutional radiotherapy data from diverse TPS and R&V systems. By utilizing the unidirectional references of DICOM objects, our framework reconstructs complete patient datasets starting from Radiotherapy Treatment Records (RTRECORDs), managing tasks such as data queries, transfers, verification, and logging. It effectively maps DICOM linkages between RTRECORDs, RTPLANs, RTDOSEs, RTSTRUCTs, planning images, registrations, and associated diagnostic images, incorporating custom modules for data conversion and comprehensive error handling. Implemented across multiple institutions using various systems$-$ including ARIA, Eclipse, MOSAIQ, RayStation, MIM, Pinnacle$-$ the framework successfully collected data from two clinics over an 11-year period, aggregating data from 6,022 patients and 13,871 treatment plans with a success rate of 99.76% and an average processing time of approximately 18 minutes per patient. Ongoing efforts are extending data collection to clinics lacking DICOM Query/Retrieve capabilities, demonstrating the framework's adaptability to various clinical environments. This efficient automation of comprehensive data collection overcomes significant technical barriers, facilitating the creation of large-scale datasets that can accelerate advancements in radiation oncology., Comment: 11 pages, 5 figures

We present frb-voe, a publicly available software package that enables radio observatories to broadcast fast radio burst (FRB) alerts to subscribers through low-latency virtual observatory events (VOEvents). We describe a use-case of frb-voe by the Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment Fast Radio Burst (CHIME/FRB) Collaboration, which has broadcast thousands of FRB alerts to subscribers worldwide. Using this service, observers have daily opportunities to conduct rapid multi-wavelength follow-up observations of new FRB sources. Alerts are distributed as machine-readable reports and as emails containing FRB metadata, and are available to the public within approximately 13 seconds of detection. A sortable database and a downloadable JSON file containing FRB metadata from all broadcast alerts can be found on the CHIME/FRB public webpage. The frb-voe service also provides users with the ability to retrieve FRB names from the Transient Name Server (TNS) through the frb-voe client user interface (CLI). The frb-voe service can act as a foundation on which any observatory that detects FRBs can build its own VOEvent broadcasting service to contribute to the coordinated multi-wavelength follow-up of astrophysical transients., Comment: Submitted to The Astronomical Journal

We provide the first ab-initio calculation of the Euclidean long-distance window of the isospin symmetric light-quark connected contribution to the hadronic vacuum polarization for the muon $g-2$ and find $a_\mu^{\rm LD,iso,conn,ud} = 411.4(4.3)(2.4) \times 10^{-10}$. We also provide the currently most precise calculation of the total isospin symmetric light-quark connected contribution, $a_\mu^{\rm iso,conn,ud} = 666.2(4.3)(2.5) \times 10^{-10}$, which is more than 4$\sigma$ larger compared to the data-driven estimates of Boito et al. 2022 and 1.7$\sigma$ larger compared to the lattice QCD result of BMW20., Comment: 12 pages, 9 figures

Advances in lightweight neural networks have revolutionized computer vision in a broad range of IoT applications, encompassing remote monitoring and process automation. However, the detection of small objects, which is crucial for many of these applications, remains an underexplored area in current computer vision research, particularly for low-power embedded devices that host resource-constrained processors. To address said gap, this paper proposes an adaptive tiling method for lightweight and energy-efficient object detection networks, including YOLO-based models and the popular FOMO network. The proposed tiling enables object detection on low-power MCUs with no compromise on accuracy compared to large-scale detection models. The benefit of the proposed method is demonstrated by applying it to FOMO and TinyissimoYOLO networks on a novel RISC-V-based MCU with built-in ML accelerators. Extensive experimental results show that the proposed tiling method boosts the F1-score by up to 225% for both FOMO and TinyissimoYOLO networks while reducing the average object count error by up to 76% with FOMO and up to 89% for TinyissimoYOLO. Furthermore, the findings of this work indicate that using a soft F1 loss over the popular binary cross-entropy loss can serve as an implicit non-maximum suppression for the FOMO network. To evaluate the real-world performance, the networks are deployed on the RISC-V based GAP9 microcontroller from GreenWaves Technologies, showcasing the proposed method's ability to strike a balance between detection performance ($58% - 95%$ F1 score), low latency (0.6 ms/Inference - 16.2 ms/Inference}), and energy efficiency (31 uJ/Inference} - 1.27 mJ/Inference) while performing multiple predictions using high-resolution images on a MCU., Comment: arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2311.07163

The inspiral of a circular, non-precessing binary exhibits an approximate helical symmetry. The effects of eccentricity, precession, and radiation reaction break the exact symmetry. We estimate the failure of this symmetry using the flux of the BMS charge corresponding to helical symmetry carried away by gravitational waves. We analytically compute the helical flux for binaries moving on eccentric orbits and quasi-circular orbits without precession using post-Newtonian theory. The helical flux is non-vanishing at the 0PN order for eccentric orbits as expected. We analytically predict the helical flux to be at a relative 5PN order for quasi-circular non-precessing binaries. This prediction is compared with 113 quasi-circular non-precessing numerical relativity waveforms from the SXS catalog. We find good agreement between analytical and numerical results for quasi-circular non-precessing binaries establishing that helical symmetry starts to break at 5PN for these binaries., Comment: 9+1 pages, 4 figures. Comments welcome

Binary black holes are the most abundant source of gravitational-wave observations. Gravitational-wave observatories in the next decade will require tremendous increases in the accuracy of numerical waveforms modeling binary black holes, compared to today's state of the art. One approach to achieving the required accuracy is using spectral-type methods that scale to many processors. Using the SpECTRE numerical-relativity code, we present the first simulations of a binary black hole inspiral, merger, and ringdown using discontinuous Galerkin methods. The efficiency of discontinuous Galerkin methods allows us to evolve the binary through ~18 orbits at reasonable computational cost. We then use SpECTRE's Cauchy Characteristic Evolution (CCE) code to extract the gravitational waves at future null infinity. The open-source nature of SpECTRE means this is the first time a spectral-type method for simulating binary black hole evolutions is available to the entire numerical-relativity community., Comment: 32 pages, 12 figures, 28 ancillary input files

We report the first measurement of the azimuthal anisotropy of J$/\psi$ at forward rapidity ($1.2<|\eta|<2.2$) in Au$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200$ GeV at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. The data were collected by the PHENIX experiment in 2014 and 2016 with integrated luminosity of 14.5~nb$^{-1}$. The second Fourier coefficient ($v_2$) of the azimuthal distribution of $J/\psi$ is determined as a function of the transverse momentum ($p_T$) using the event-plane method. The measurements were performed for several selections of collision centrality: 0\%--50\%, 10\%--60\%, and 10\%-40\%. We find that in all cases the values of $v_2(p_T)$, which quantify the elliptic flow of J$/\psi$, are consistent with zero. The results are consistent with measurements at midrapidity, indicating no significant elliptic flow of the J$/\psi$ within the quark-gluon-plasma medium at collision energies of $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200$ GeV., Comment: 369 authors from 72 institutions, 12 pages, 7 figures, 5 tables. v1 is version submitted to Physical Review C. HEPdata tables for the points plotted in figures for this and previous PHENIX publications are (or will be) publicly available at http://www.phenix.bnl.gov/papers.html

We present the first forward-rapidity measurements of elliptic anisotropy of open-heavy-flavor muons at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. The measurements are based on data samples of Au$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200$ GeV collected by the PHENIX experiment in 2014 and 2016 with integrated luminosity of 14.5~nb$^{-1}$. The measurements are performed in the pseudorapidity range $1.2<|\eta|<2$ and cover transverse momenta $1

The TESS mission searches for transiting exoplanets by monitoring the brightness of hundreds of thousands of stars across the entire sky. M-type planet hosts are ideal targets for this mission due to their smaller size and cooler temperatures, which makes it easier to detect smaller planets near or within their habitable zones. Additionally, M~dwarfs have a smaller contrast ratio between the planet and the star, making it easier to measure the planet's properties accurately. Here, we report the validation analysis of 13 TESS exoplanet candidates orbiting around M dwarfs. We studied the nature of these candidates through a multi-colour transit photometry transit analysis using several ground-based instruments (MuSCAT2, MuSCAT3, and LCO-SINISTRO), high-spatial resolution observations, and TESS light curves. We present the validation of five new planetary systems: TOI-1883b, TOI-2274b, TOI2768b, TOI-4438b, and TOI-5319b, along with compelling evidence of a planetary nature for TOIs 2781b and 5486b. We also present an empirical definition for the Neptune desert boundaries. The remaining six systems could not be validated due to large true radius values overlapping with the brown dwarf regime or, alternatively, the presence of chromaticity in the MuSCAT2 light curves.

The Orienteering Problem (OP) is a well-studied routing problem that has been extended to incorporate uncertainties, reflecting stochastic or dynamic travel costs, prize-collection costs, and prizes. Existing approaches may, however, be inefficient in real-world applications due to insufficient modeling knowledge and initially unknowable parameters in online scenarios. Thus, we propose the Uncertain and Dynamic Orienteering Problem (UDOP), modeling travel costs as distributions with unknown and time-variant parameters. UDOP also associates uncertain travel costs with dynamic prizes and prize-collection costs for its objective and budget constraints. To address UDOP, we develop an ADaptive Approach for Probabilistic paThs - ADAPT, that iteratively performs 'execution' and 'online planning' based on an initial 'offline' solution. The execution phase updates system status and records online cost observations. The online planner employs a Bayesian approach to adaptively estimate power consumption and optimize path sequence based on safety beliefs. We evaluate ADAPT in a practical Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) charging scheduling problem for Wireless Rechargeable Sensor Networks. The UAV must optimize its path to recharge sensor nodes efficiently while managing its energy under uncertain conditions. ADAPT maintains comparable solution quality and computation time while offering superior robustness. Extensive simulations show that ADAPT achieves a 100% Mission Success Rate (MSR) across all tested scenarios, outperforming comparable heuristic-based and frequentist approaches that fail up to 70% (under challenging conditions) and averaging 67% MSR, respectively. This work advances the field of OP with uncertainties, offering a reliable and efficient approach for real-world applications in uncertain and dynamic environments.

We introduce a class of efficient multiple right-hand side multigrid algorithm for domain wall fermions. The simultaneous solution for a modest number of right hand sides concurrently allows for a significant reduction in the time spent solving the coarse grid operator in a multigrid preconditioner. We introduce a preconditioned block conjuate gradient with a multigrid preconditioner, giving additional algorithmic benefit from the multiple right hand sides. There is also a very significant additional to computation rate benefit to multiple right hand sides. This both increases the arithmetic intensity in the coarse space and increases the amount of work being performed in each subroutine call, leading to excellent performance on modern GPU architectures. Further, the software implementation makes use of vendor linear algebra routines (batched GEMM) that can make use of high throughput tensor hardware on recent Nvidia, AMD and Intel GPUs. The cost of the coarse space is made sub-dominant in this algorithm, and benchmarks from the Frontier supercomputer system show up to a factor of twenty speed up over the standard red-black preconditioned conjugate gradient algorithm on a large system with physical quark masses., Comment: 33 pages

As language models have become increasingly successful at a wide array of tasks, different prompt engineering methods have been developed alongside them in order to adapt these models to new tasks. One of them is Tree-of-Thoughts (ToT), a prompting strategy and framework for language model inference and problem-solving. It allows the model to explore multiple solution paths and select the best course of action, producing a tree-like structure of intermediate steps (i.e., thoughts). This method was shown to be effective for several problem types. However, the official implementation has a high barrier to usage as it requires setup overhead and incorporates task-specific problem templates which are difficult to generalize to new problem types. It also does not allow user interaction to improve or suggest new thoughts. We introduce iToT (interactive Tree-of-Thoughts), a generalized and interactive Tree of Thought prompting system. iToT allows users to explore each step of the model's problem-solving process as well as to correct and extend the model's thoughts. iToT revolves around a visual interface that facilitates simple and generic ToT usage and transparentizes the problem-solving process to users. This facilitates a better understanding of which thoughts and considerations lead to the model's final decision. Through three case studies, we demonstrate the usefulness of iToT in different human-LLM co-writing tasks., Comment: 6 pages excl. figures and comments; 8 figures. Will appear in IEEE 2024 NLVIZ Workshop

Discrete geometries in hyperbolic space are of longstanding interest in pure mathematics and have come to recent attention in holography, quantum information, and condensed matter physics. Working at a purely geometric level, we describe how any regular tessellation of ($d+1$)-dimensional hyperbolic space naturally admits a $d$-dimensional boundary geometry with self-similar ''quasicrystalline'' properties. In particular, the boundary geometry is described by a local, invertible, self-similar substitution tiling, that discretizes conformal geometry. We greatly refine an earlier description of these local substitution rules that appear in the 1D/2D example and use the refinement to give the first extension to higher dimensional bulks; including a detailed account for all regular 3D hyperbolic tessellations. We comment on global issues, including the reconstruction of bulk geometries from boundary data, and introduce the notion of a ''holographic foliation'': a foliation by a stack of self-similar quasicrystals, where the full geometry of the bulk (and of the foliation itself) is encoded in any single leaf in a local invertible way. In the $\{3,5,3\}$ tessellation of 3D hyperbolic space by regular icosahedra, we find a 2D boundary quasicrystal admitting points of 5-fold symmetry which is not the Penrose tiling, and record and comment on a related conjecture of William Thurston. We end with a large list of open questions for future analytic and numerical studies., Comment: 26 pages bulk + 8 pages appendix, 14 large figures + 7 inline figures

The jet cross-section and jet-substructure observables in $p$$+$$p$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=200$ GeV were measured by the PHENIX Collaboration at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). Jets are reconstructed from charged-particle tracks and electromagnetic-calorimeter clusters using the anti-$k_{t}$ algorithm with a jet radius $R=0.3$ for jets with transverse momentum within $8.0

Highly precise and robust waveform models are required as improvements in detector sensitivity enable us to test general relativity with more precision than ever before. In this work, we introduce a spin-aligned surrogate ringdown model. This ringdown surrogate, NRSur3dq8_RD, is built with numerical waveforms produced using Cauchy-characteristic evolution. In addition, these waveforms are in the superrest frame of the remnant black hole allowing us to do a correct analysis of the ringdown spectrum. The novel prediction of our surrogate model is complex-valued quasinormal mode (QNM) amplitudes, with median relative errors of $10^{-2}-10^{-3}$ over the parameter space. Like previous remnant surrogates, we also predict the remnant black hole's mass and spin. The QNM mode amplitude errors translate into median errors on ringdown waveforms of $10^{-4}$. The high accuracy and QNM mode content provided by our surrogate will enable high-precision ringdown analyses such as tests of general relativity. Our ringdown model is publicly available through the python package surfinBH., Comment: 11+2 pages, 13 figures, 1 table. This new model is publicly available through surfinBH https://pypi.org/project/surfinBH/

Since it began \cite{CocconiMorrison}, the search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI) has focused on interstellar \emph{classical} communication. Recently, Berera \cite{Berera:2020rpl} pointed out that, at certain frequencies, photon qubits can retain their quantum coherence over interstellar (and even intergalactic) distances, raising the prospect of interstellar \emph{quantum} communication. This is an intriguing possibility, since quantum communication permits certain tasks that would be impossible with classical communication, and allow exponential speed-ups for others. (We suggest some motivations in the interstellar context.) But quantum coherence alone is not sufficient for quantum communication: here, for the first time, we analyze the \emph{quantum capacity} $Q$ of an interstellar channel. We point out that, to have non-zero quantum capacity $Q>0$, interstellar communication over a distance $L$ must use wavelengths $\lambda < 26.5\,cm$ (to avoid depolarization by the cosmic microwave background), and \emph{enormous} telescopes of effective diameter $D>0.78\sqrt{\lambda L}$ (to satisfy quantum erasure constraints). For example, for two telescopes of diameter $D$ on Earth and Proxima Centauri, this implies $D>100\,km$! This is a technological threshold that remains to be crossed in order for reliable one-way quantum communication to become possible, and suggests a fundamental new resolution of the Fermi paradox., Comment: 4+3 pages, 2 figures

The development of safe and reliable autonomous unmanned aerial vehicles relies on the ability of the system to recognise and adapt to changes in the local environment based on sensor inputs. State-of-the-art local tracking and trajectory planning are typically performed using camera sensor input to the flight control algorithm, but the extent to which environmental disturbances like rain affect the performance of these systems is largely unknown. In this paper, we first describe the development of an open dataset comprising ~335k images to examine these effects for seven different classes of precipitation conditions and show that a worst-case average tracking error of 1.5 m is possible for a state-of-the-art visual odometry system (VINS-Fusion). We then use the dataset to train a set of deep neural network models suited to mobile and constrained deployment scenarios to determine the extent to which it may be possible to efficiently and accurately classify these `rainy' conditions. The most lightweight of these models (MobileNetV3 small) can achieve an accuracy of 90% with a memory footprint of just 1.28 MB and a frame rate of 93 FPS, which is suitable for deployment in resource-constrained and latency-sensitive systems. We demonstrate a classification latency in the order of milliseconds using typical flight computer hardware. Accordingly, such a model can feed into the disturbance estimation component of an autonomous flight controller. In addition, data from unmanned aerial vehicles with the ability to accurately determine environmental conditions in real time may contribute to developing more granular timely localised weather forecasting.

The PHENIX experiment measured the centrality dependence of two-pion Bose-Einstein correlation functions in $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200$~GeV Au$+$Au collisions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider at Brookhaven National Laboratory. The data are well represented by L\'evy-stable source distributions. The extracted source parameters are the correlation-strength parameter $\lambda$, the L\'evy index of stability $\alpha$, and the L\'evy-scale parameter $R$ as a function of transverse mass $m_T$ and centrality. The $\lambda(m_T)$ parameter is constant at larger values of $m_T$, but decreases as $m_T$ decreases. The L\'evy scale parameter $R(m_T)$ decreases with $m_T$ and exhibits proportionality to the length scale of the nuclear overlap region. The L\'evy exponent $\alpha(m_T)$ is independent of $m_T$ within uncertainties in each investigated centrality bin, but shows a clear centrality dependence. At all centralities, the L\'evy exponent $\alpha$ is significantly different from that of Gaussian ($\alpha=2$) or Cauchy ($\alpha=1$) source distributions. Comparisons to the predictions of Monte-Carlo simulations of resonance-decay chains show that in all but the most peripheral centrality class (50%-60%), the obtained results are inconsistent with the measurements, unless a significant reduction of the in-medium mass of the $\eta'$ meson is included. In each centrality class, the best value of the in-medium $\eta'$ mass is compared to the mass of the $\eta$ meson, as well as to several theoretical predictions that consider restoration of $U_A(1)$ symmetry in hot hadronic matter., Comment: 401 authors from 75 institutions, 20 pages, 15 figures, 2 tables. v1 is version submitted to Physical Review C. HEPdata tables for the points plotted in figures for this and previous PHENIX publications are (or will be) publicly available at http://www.phenix.bnl.gov/papers.html

We present our study of the $\rho(770)$ and $K^*(892)$ resonances from lattice quantum chromodynamics (QCD) employing domain-wall fermions at physical quark masses. We determine the finite-volume energy spectrum in various momentum frames and obtain phase-shift parameterizations via the L\"uscher formalism, and as a final step the complex resonance poles of the $\pi \pi$ and $K \pi$ elastic scattering amplitudes via an analytical continuation of the models. By sampling a large number of representative sets of underlying energy-level fits, we also assign a systematic uncertainty to our final results. This is a significant extension to data-driven analysis methods that have been used in lattice QCD to date, due to the two-step nature of the formalism. Our final pole positions, $M+i\Gamma/2$, with all statistical and systematic errors exposed, are $M_{K^{*}} = 893(2)(8)(54)(2)~\mathrm{MeV}$ and $\Gamma_{K^{*}} = 51(2)(11)(3)(0)~\mathrm{MeV}$ for the $K^*(892)$ resonance and $M_{\rho} = 796(5)(15)(48)(2)~\mathrm{MeV}$ and $\Gamma_{\rho} = 192(10)(28)(12)(0)~\mathrm{MeV}$ for the $\rho(770)$ resonance. The four differently grouped sources of uncertainties are, in the order of occurrence: statistical, data-driven systematic, an estimation of systematic effects beyond our computation (dominated by the fact that we employ a single lattice spacing), and the error from the scale-setting uncertainty on our ensemble.

We present the first ab initio calculation at physical quark masses of scattering amplitudes describing the lightest pseudoscalar mesons interacting via the strong force in the vector channel. Using lattice quantum chromodynamics, we postdict the defining parameters for two short-lived resonances, the $\rho(770)$ and $K^*(892)$, which manifest as complex energy poles in $\pi \pi$ and $K \pi$ scattering amplitudes, respectively. The calculation proceeds by first computing the finite-volume energy spectrum of the two-hadron systems, and then determining the amplitudes from the energies using the L\"uscher formalism. The error budget includes a data-driven systematic error, obtained by scanning possible fit ranges and fit models to extract the spectrum from Euclidean correlators, as well as the scattering amplitudes from the latter. The final results, obtained by analytically continuing multiple parameterizations into the complex energy plane, are $M_\rho = 796(5)(50)~\mathrm{MeV}$, $\Gamma_\rho = 192(10)(31)~\mathrm{MeV}$, $M_{K^*} = 893(2)(54)~\mathrm{MeV}$ and $\Gamma_{K^*} = 51(2)(11)~\mathrm{MeV}$, where the subscript indicates the resonance and $M$ and $\Gamma$ stand for the mass and width, respectively, and where the first bracket indicates the statistical and the second bracket the systematic uncertainty.

We present a discontinuous Galerkin-finite difference hybrid scheme that allows high-order shock capturing with the discontinuous Galerkin method for general relativistic magnetohydrodynamics in dynamical spacetimes. We present several optimizations and stability improvements to our algorithm that allow the hybrid method to successfully simulate single, rotating, and binary neutron stars. The hybrid method achieves the efficiency of discontinuous Galerkin methods throughout almost the entire spacetime during the inspiral phase, while being able to robustly capture shocks and resolve the stellar surfaces. We also use Cauchy-Characteristic evolution to compute the first gravitational waveforms at future null infinity from binary neutron star mergers. The simulations presented here are the first successful binary neutron star inspiral and merger simulations using discontinuous Galerkin methods., Comment: 31 pages, 8 figures, minor wording updates

We constrain the sky-projected obliquities of two low-density hot Neptune planets, HATS-38 b and WASP-139 b, orbiting nearby G and K stars using Rossiter-McLaughlin (RM) observations with VLT/ESPRESSO, yielding $\lambda = -108_{-16}^{+11}$ deg and $-85.6_{-4.2}^{+7.7}$ deg, respectively. To model the RM effect, we use a new publicly available code, ironman, which is capable of jointly fitting transit photometry, Keplerian radial velocities, and RM effects. WASP-139 b has a residual eccentricity $e=0.103_{-0.041}^{+0.050}$ while HATS-38 b has an eccentricity of $e=0.112_{-0.070}^{+0.072}$, which is compatible with a circular orbit given our data. Using the obliquity constraints, we show that they join a growing group of hot and low-density Neptunes on polar orbits. We use long-term radial velocities to rule out companions with masses $\sim 0.3-50$ $M_J$ within $\sim10$ au. We show that the orbital architectures of the two Neptunes can be explained with high-eccentricity migration from $\gtrsim 2$ au driven by an unseen distant companion. If HATS-38b has no residual eccentricity, its polar and circular orbit can also be consistent with a primordial misalignment. Finally, we performed a hierarchical Bayesian modeling of the true obliquity distribution of Neptunes and found suggestive evidence for a higher preponderance of polar orbits of hot Neptunes compared to Jupiters. However, we note that the exact distribution is sensitive to the choice of priors, highlighting the need for additional obliquity measurements of Neptunes to robustly compare the hot Neptune obliquity distribution to Jupiters., Comment: 17 pages, 5 figures. Accepted for publication in AJ

High-momentum two-particle correlations are a useful tool for studying jet-quenching effects in the quark-gluon plasma. Angular correlations between neutral-pion triggers and charged hadrons with transverse momenta in the range 4--12~GeV/$c$ and 0.5--7~GeV/$c$, respectively, have been measured by the PHENIX experiment in 2014 for Au$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200$~GeV. Suppression is observed in the yield of high-momentum jet fragments opposite the trigger particle, which indicates jet suppression stemming from in-medium partonic energy loss, while enhancement is observed for low-momentum particles. The ratio and differences between the yield in Au$+$Au collisions and $p$$+$$p$ collisions, $I_{AA}$ and $\Delta_{AA}$, as a function of the trigger-hadron azimuthal separation, $\Delta\phi$, are measured for the first time at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. These results better quantify how the yield of low-$p_T$ associated hadrons is enhanced at wide angle, which is crucial for studying energy loss as well as medium-response effects., Comment: 535 authors from 84 institutions, 12 pages, 8 figures. v2 is version accepted for publication in Physical Review C. HEPdata tables for the points plotted in figures for this and previous PHENIX publications are (or will be) publicly available at http://www.phenix.bnl.gov/papers.html

We present a direct lattice QCD calculation of the $x$-dependence of the pion distribution amplitude (DA), which is performed using the quasi-DA in large momentum effective theory on a domain-wall fermion ensemble at physical quark masses and spacing $a\approx 0.084$ fm. The bare quais-DA matrix elements are renormalized in the hybrid scheme and matched to $\overline{\rm MS}$ with a subtraction of the leading renormalon in the Wilson-line mass. For the first time, we include threshold resummation in the perturbative matching onto the light-cone DA, which resums the large logarithms in the soft gluon limit at next-to-next-to-leading log. The resummed results show controlled scale-variation uncertainty within the range of momentum fraction $x\in[0.25,0.75]$ at the largest pion momentum $P_z\approx 1.85$~GeV. In addition, we apply the same analysis to quasi-DAs from a highly-improved-staggered-quark ensemble at physical pion mass and $a=0.076$ fm. By comparison we find with $2\sigma$ confidence level that the DA obtained from chiral fermions is flatter and lower near $x=0.5$., Comment: update to match the version published in journal

The Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) has discovered hundreds of new worlds, with TESS planet candidates now outnumbering the total number of confirmed planets from $\textit{Kepler}$. Owing to differences in survey design, TESS continues to provide planets that are better suited for subsequent follow-up studies, including mass measurement through radial velocity (RV) observations, compared to Kepler targets. In this work, we present the TESS-Keck Survey's (TKS) Mass Catalog: a uniform analysis of all TKS RV survey data which has resulted in mass constraints for 126 planets and candidate signals. This includes 58 mass measurements that have reached $\geq5\sigma$ precision. We confirm or validate 32 new planets from the TESS mission either by significant mass measurement (15) or statistical validation (17), and we find no evidence of likely false positives among our entire sample. This work also serves as a data release for all previously unpublished TKS survey data, including 9,204 RV measurements and associated activity indicators over our three year survey. We took the opportunity to assess the performance of our survey, and found that we achieved many of our goals including measuring the mass of 38 small ($<4R_{\oplus}$) planets, nearly achieving the TESS mission's basic science requirement. In addition, we evaluated the performance of the Automated Planet Finder (APF) as survey support and observed meaningful constraints on system parameters due to its more uniform phase coverage. Finally, we compared our measured masses to those predicted by commonly used mass-radius relations and investigated evidence of systematic bias., Comment: 51 pages (22 of text), 24 figures

Sub-Neptunes with $2-3R_\oplus$ are intermediate in size between rocky planets and Neptune-sized planets. The orbital properties and bulk compositions of transiting sub-Neptunes provide clues to the formation and evolution of close-in small planets. In this paper, we present the discovery and follow-up of four sub-Neptunes orbiting M dwarfs (TOI-782, TOI-1448, TOI-2120, and TOI-2406), three of which were newly validated by ground-based follow-up observations and statistical analyses. TOI-782 b, TOI-1448 b, TOI-2120 b, and TOI-2406 b have radii of $R_\mathrm{p} = 2.740^{+0.082}_{-0.079}\,R_\oplus$, $2.769^{+0.073}_{-0.068}\,R_\oplus$, $2.120\pm0.067\,R_\oplus$, and $2.830^{+0.068}_{-0.066}\,R_\oplus$ and orbital periods of $P = 8.02$, $8.11$, $5.80$, and $3.08$\,days, respectively. Doppler monitoring with Subaru/InfraRed Doppler instrument led to 2$\sigma$ upper limits on the masses of $<19.1\ M_\oplus$, $<19.5\ M_\oplus$, $<6.8\ M_\oplus$, and $<15.6\ M_\oplus$ for TOI-782 b, TOI-1448 b, TOI-2120 b, and TOI-2406 b, respectively. The mass-radius relationship of these four sub-Neptunes testifies to the existence of volatile material in their interiors. These four sub-Neptunes, which are located above the so-called ``radius valley'', are likely to retain a significant atmosphere and/or an icy mantle on the core, such as a water world. We find that at least three of the four sub-Neptunes (TOI-782 b, TOI-2120 b, and TOI-2406 b) orbiting M dwarfs older than 1 Gyr, are likely to have eccentricities of $e \sim 0.2-0.3$. The fact that tidal circularization of their orbits is not achieved over 1 Gyr suggests inefficient tidal dissipation in their interiors., Comment: Accepted for publication in AJ, 32 pages, 17 figures, 6 tables

As online courses become the norm in the higher-education landscape, investigations into student performance between students who take online vs on-campus versions of classes become necessary. While attention has been given to looking at differences in learning outcomes through comparisons of students' end performance, less attention has been given in comparing students' engagement patterns between different modalities. In this study, we analyze a heterogeneous knowledge graph consisting of students, course videos, formative assessments and their interactions to predict student performance via a Graph Convolutional Network (GCN). Using students' performance on the assessments, we attempt to determine a useful model for identifying at-risk students. We then compare the models generated between 5 on-campus and 2 fully-online MOOC-style instances of the same course. The model developed achieved a 70-90\% accuracy of predicting whether a student would pass a particular problem set based on content consumed, course instance, and modality., Comment: 6 pages, 3 figures, 2 tables, Educational Data Mining Conference 2024

Gravitational memory effects and the BMS freedoms exhibited at future null infinity have recently been resolved and utilized in numerical relativity simulations. With this, gravitational wave models and our understanding of the fundamental nature of general relativity have been vastly improved. In this paper, we review the history and intuition behind memory effects and BMS symmetries, how they manifest in gravitational waves, and how controlling the infinite number of BMS freedoms of numerical relativity simulations can crucially improve the waveform models that are used by gravitational wave detectors. We reiterate the fact that, with memory effects and BMS symmetries, not only can these next-generation numerical waveforms be used to observe never-before-seen physics, but they can also be used to test GR and learn new astrophysical information about our universe., Comment: 22 pages, 8 figures. Matches published version in CGQ's focus issue: Gravitational-Wave Memory Effects: From Theory to Observation

Numerical relativists can now produce gravitational waveforms with memory effects routinely and accurately. The gravitational-wave memory effect contains very low-frequency components, including a persistent offset. The presence of these components violates basic assumptions about time-shift behavior underpinning standard data-analysis techniques in gravitational-wave astronomy. This poses a challenge to the analysis of waveform spectra: How to preserve the low-frequency characteristics when transforming a time-domain waveform to the frequency domain. To tackle this challenge, we revisit the preprocessing procedures applied to the waveforms that contain memory effects. We find inconsistency between the zero-frequency limit of displacement memory and the low- frequency spectrum of the same memory preprocessed using the common scheme in literature. To resolve the inconsistency, we propose a new robust preprocessing scheme that produces the spectra of memory waveforms more faithfully. Using this new scheme, we inspect several characteristics of the spectrum of a memory waveform. In particular, we find a discernible beating pattern formed by the dominant oscillatory mode and the displacement memory. This pattern is absent in the spectrum of a waveform without memory. The difference between the memory and no-memory waveforms is too small to be observed by current-generation detectors in a single binary-black-hole event. Detecting the memory in a single event is likely to occur in the era of next-generation detectors., Comment: 24 pages, 11 figures, 5 tables

We report on the discovery and validation of a transiting long-period mini-Neptune orbiting a bright (V = 9.0 mag) G dwarf (TOI 4633; R = 1.05 RSun, M = 1.10 MSun). The planet was identified in data from the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite by citizen scientists taking part in the Planet Hunters TESS project. Modeling of the transit events yields an orbital period of 271.9445 +/- 0.0040 days and radius of 3.2 +/- 0.20 REarth. The Earth-like orbital period and an incident flux of 1.56 +/- 0.2 places it in the optimistic habitable zone around the star. Doppler spectroscopy of the system allowed us to place an upper mass limit on the transiting planet and revealed a non-transiting planet candidate in the system with a period of 34.15 +/- 0.15 days. Furthermore, the combination of archival data dating back to 1905 with new high angular resolution imaging revealed a stellar companion orbiting the primary star with an orbital period of around 230 years and an eccentricity of about 0.9. The long period of the transiting planet, combined with the high eccentricity and close approach of the companion star makes this a valuable system for testing the formation and stability of planets in binary systems., Comment: 24 pages, 16 figures, 4 tables

We present non-perturbative results for beyond the standard model kaon mixing matrix elements in the isospin symmetric limit ($m_u=m_d$) of QCD, including a complete estimate of all dominant sources of systematic error. Our results are obtained from numerical simulations of lattice QCD with $N_f = 2+1$ flavours of dynamical domain wall fermions. For the first time, these quantities are simulated directly at the physical pion mass $m_\pi$~$\sim$~$139\,\mathrm{MeV}$ for two different lattice spacings. We include data at three lattice spacings in the range $a = 0.11 $ - $ 0.07\,\mathrm{fm}$ and with pion masses ranging from the physical value up to 450$\,\mathrm{MeV}$. Compared to our earlier work, we have added both direct calculations at physical quark masses and a third lattice spacing making the removal of discretisation effects significantly more precise and eliminating the need for any significant mass extrapolation beyond the range of simulated data. We renormalise the lattice operators non-perturbatively using RI-SMOM off-shell schemes. These schemes eliminate the need to model and subtract non-perturbative pion poles that arises in the RI-MOM scheme and, since the calculations are performed with domain wall fermions, the unphysical mixing between chirality sectors is suppressed. Our results for the bag parameters in the $\overline{\mathrm{MS}}$ scheme at $3\,\mathrm{GeV}$ are $B_K~\equiv~\mathcal{B}_1 = 0.5240(17)(54)$, $\mathcal{B}_2 = 0.4794(25)(35)$, $\mathcal{B}_3 = 0.746(13)(17)$, $\mathcal{B}_4 = 0.897(02)(10)$ and $\mathcal{B}_5 = 0.6882(78)(94)$, where the first error is from lattice uncertainties and the second is the uncertainty due to the perturbative matching to $\overline{\mathrm{MS}}$., Comment: 31 pages, 18 figures, 21 tables, 2 ancillary files

Numerical relativity (NR) simulations of binary black holes provide precise waveforms, but are typically too computationally expensive to produce waveforms with enough orbits to cover the whole frequency band of gravitational-wave observatories. Accordingly, it is important to be able to hybridize NR waveforms with analytic, post-Newtonian (PN) waveforms, which are accurate during the early inspiral phase. We show that to build such hybrids, it is crucial to both fix the Bondi-Metzner-Sachs (BMS) frame of the NR waveforms to match that of PN theory, and optimize over the PN parameters. We test such a hybridization procedure including all spin-weighted spherical harmonic modes with $|m|\leq \ell$ for $\ell\leq 8$, using 29 NR waveforms with mass ratios $q\leq 10$ and spin magnitudes $|\chi_1|, |\chi_2|\leq 0.8$. We find that for spin-aligned systems, the PN and NR waveforms agree very well. The difference is limited by the small nonzero orbital eccentricity of the NR waveforms, or equivalently by the lack of eccentric terms in the PN waveforms. To maintain full accuracy of the simulations, the matching window for spin-aligned systems should be at least 5 orbits long and end at least 15 orbits before merger. For precessing systems, the errors are larger than for spin-aligned cases. The errors are likely limited by the absence of precession-related spin-spin PN terms. Using $10^5\,M$ long NR waveforms, we find that there is no optimal choice of the matching window within this time span, because the hybridization result for precessing cases is always better if using earlier or longer matching windows. We provide the mean orbital frequency of the smallest acceptable matching window as a function of the target error between the PN and NR waveforms and the black hole spins., Comment: 21 pages, 22 figures

We prove that the SL(2, C) character variety of a hyperbolic, freely 2-periodic knot has two canonical components. We also prove that the hyperbolic torsion polynomial of such a knot satisfies a factorization condition which seems to be particularly effective at identifying freely 2-periodic knots.

For a fermionic quantum field theory in $d=1+1$ dimensions, there is a subtle difference between summing over spin structures and gauging $(-1)^F$. If the gravitational anomaly vanishes mod 16, then both operations are equivalent and yield a bosonic theory. But if the gravitational anomaly only vanishes mod 8, then only gauging $(-1)^F$ is allowed, and the result is a fermionic theory. Our goal is to understand in detail how this happens, despite the fact $(-1)^F$ is defined in terms of shifting the spin structure, which would na\"ively suggest that both operations are equivalent. We do this from three perspectives: an abstract view in terms of anomalies, explicit CFT calculations, and a Symmetry TFT perspective. To conclude, we illustrate our results using the heterotic string and the famous self-triality of 8 Majorana-Weyl fermions., Comment: 44 pages, 9 figures