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Octochaetus kenleei Blakemore sp. nov. Material examined. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa W.002910 (Holotype). From the tussock grassland of ���Happy Valley��� (Upper Waimangaroa Valley, Buller Region, West Coast, New Zealand). Collected by S. Boyer, 2010. Mature, complete, fixed in ethanol 98 % and placed in propylene glycol. Etymology. In patronymic tribute to the foremost earthworm eco-taxonomist of New Zealand, Dr Kenneth Earnest Lee (1927���2007). External characters. Body circular but posterior slightly square. Pigment lacking and generally fair. Length 220 mm with 270 segments. Prostomium prolobous. Setae lumbricine, 8 per segment, evenly spaced. Clitellum not well marked, perhaps in some or all of 14���20. Dorsal pores from 14 / 15, small. Nephropores not clear, some possibly in c and d lines or rather irregular. Spermathecal pores segmental, lateral to b lines on 8 and 9 on small mounds. Female pores just anterior to setae a on 14. Prostatic pores at b on 17 and 19. Male pores within concave seminal grooves lateral to b. Genital markings as small lens-shaped hollows paired in 8 / 9 and 9 / 10 near b lines and in 15 / 16 in a lines with a unilateral marking in 18 / 19 lhs; area bb in 19 / 20���22 / 23 tumid. Genital and penial setae not found. Internal morphology. Pharyngeal mass anterior to 4 / 5. Septa 8 / 9���10 / 11 with some thickening. Gizzards muscular in 5 and 6. Dorsal blood vessel appears single on gizzards but is doubled from 7 posteriorly. Heart paired in 10���13. Nephridia meroic as a few (ca. 4 per side) small tufted clusters in each segment. Spermathecae in 8 and 9 saccular each with small discrete and interlocular diverticula (inseminated) ringing exit. Testes free, posterio-ventrally in 10 and 11. Seminal vesicles large finely racemose anterio-dorsally in 11 and 12. Ovaries composed of several strings of largish eggs in 13; ovisacs absent. Prostates tubular in 17 and 19 exiting through narrow ducts. Vasa deferentia exits in 18. Oesophagus dilated as annular calciferous gland in 17 with several internal lamellae but not especially vascularized. Intestinal origin in 20 (valval in 19). Typhlosole large inverted T-shape developing from 21. Gut contains colloidal soil with a few quartz grits and woody fragments. Ecology. Specimen was found under 10 to 20 cm of soil. Large size, pale colouration and gut contents suggest subsoil geophagy. This species is likely to be endogeic. Remarks. The current species is compared to Octochaetus thomasi Beddard, 1892, widespread in the Canterbury Plains, that is the only other congener known to have gizzards in 5���6. As with all other members, it has spermathecal pores in 7 / 8 / 9 and on this character alone the current species is differentiated. Neodrilus campestris (Hutton, 1877) from Dunedin has segmental spermathecal pores (on 8) but differs, not least, by qualifying for inclusion in Acanthodrilidae due to its holoic nephridia., Published as part of Boyer, Stephane, Blakemore, Robert J. & Wratten, Steve D., 2011, An integrative taxonomic approach to the identification of three new New Zealand endemic earthworm species (Acanthodrilidae, Octochaetidae: Oligochaeta), pp. 21-32 in Zootaxa 2994 on page 27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.205173

Deinodrilus gorgon Blakemore sp. nov. Material examined. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa W.002909 (Holotype). From the tussock grassland of ���Happy Valley��� (Upper Waimangaroa Valley, Buller Region, West Coast, New Zealand). Collected by S. Boyer, 2010. Mature, posterior amputee, fixed in ethanol 98 % and placed in propylene glycol. Etymology. Noun alluding to Greek mythical monsters with sharp fangs, staring eyes and, similar perhaps to the ring of diverticula on each spermatheca ��� a belt of serpents. External characters. Body circular in anterior. Pigment dark, especially dorsum with paler setal auriolae; clitellum and male field white. Length 55 + mm with 73 + segments (amputee). Prostomium tanylobous. Setae perichaetine, 12 per segment, evenly spaced. Clitellum pale, tumid �� 13���16. Dorsal pores from 10 / 11. Nephropores not found. Spermathecal pores in b lines in 7 / 8 and 8 / 9, small but gaping. Female pores anterio-ventral to a setae on 14 in common field. Prostatic pores at b on 17 and 19. Male pores within concave seminal grooves lateral to b. Genital markings as large eye-shaped papillae paired on 10; with smaller markings on 13 rhs, 16 rhs and two additional pairs on 18 as figured. Genital and penial setae not found. Internal morphology. Pharyngeal mass anterior to 4 / 5. Septa 8 / 9���10 / 11 with some thickening. Gizzard muscular in 6 (weak septum 6 / 7 can be carefully teased off to base). Dorsal blood vessel doubled. Heart paired in 10��� 13. Nephridia meroic; equatorial forests especially obvious around clitellar segments. Spermathecae in 8 and 9 each with a thin duct to multiple, finger-like diverticula, five per spermatheca (inseminated) surrounding duct from where it thickens before reaching yellowish, knob-like ampulla. Testes free, posterio-ventrally in 10 and 11. Seminal vesicles small saccular in 9 (vestigial?) and larger racemose anterio-dorsally in 11 and 12. Ovaries fan-shaped in 13 with several strings of largish eggs; ovisacs vestigial in 14. Prostates compacted tubular in 17 and 19 exiting through muscular ducts. Vasa deferentia seen to exit unceremoniously in 18. Oesophagus dilated in 15���17 but lacking internal lamellae and thus not construed as calciferous glands. Intestinal origin in 18. Typhlosole thin, lamellar becoming deeper from 19. Gut contains colloidal soil and organic matter. Ecology. Specimen was found under 10 to 20 cm of soil. Dark colouration suggests at least partial surface exposure on topsoil, gut content suggests topsoil geophagy. This species is likely to be anecic. Remarks. Of the eight currently known Deinodrilus species, only two have tanylobous prostomia: D. gracilis Ude, 1905 from Stephen Island and D. parvus Lee, 1959 from Mangamuku Range. Both also have 5 or 6 spermathecal diverticula however, D. gracilis has copulatory setae, oesophageal glands and intestine from 19; while D. parvus has a saddle-shaped clitellum in 12���16, and all its reproductive pores are in a or ab. Further, their gizzards are in 6���7 and 5, respectively, rather than single in 6 as in the current species. D. montanus Lee, 1959 from Rimutaka Range is similar to D. parvus and differs for similar reasons. The current species appears unique in the distribution of its eye-like genital markings that are especially noticeable on segment 10., Published as part of Boyer, Stephane, Blakemore, Robert J. & Wratten, Steve D., 2011, An integrative taxonomic approach to the identification of three new New Zealand endemic earthworm species (Acanthodrilidae, Octochaetidae: Oligochaeta), pp. 21-32 in Zootaxa 2994 on page 24, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.205173, {"references":["Lee, K. E. (1959) The earthworm fauna of New Zealand. Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Bulletin 130, Wellington, New Zealand."]}

Maoridrilus felix Blakemore sp. nov. Material examined. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa W.002908 (Holotype). From the tussock grassland of ���Happy Valley��� (Upper Waimangaroa Valley, Buller Region, West Coast, New Zealand). Collected by S. Boyer, 2010. Mature, complete, fixed in ethanol 98 % and placed in propylene glycol. Etymology. Adjectival Latin for ���Happy���, after the location name. External characters. Body circular in anterior, squaring off in mid-body and dorsally canaliculate in the posterior 50 or so segments. Pigment dark, especially dorsum chocolate brown with darker mid-dorsal stripe. Length 170 mm with 199 segments. Prostomium tanylobous. Setae lumbricine. Clitellum faintly marked 15-19,�� 20. Dorsal pores wanting. Nephropores, after the first few segments, alternate regularly between c and b lines with anterior segmental distributions: 3���7 c, 8 c or b, 9���10 c, 11 b, 12 c, 13 b, etc. Spermathecal pores in mid-ab lines in 7 / 8 and 8 / 9. Female pores faint, just anterior to b setae on 14. Prostatic pores approximately in a lines on 17 and 19 with protuberant penial setae. Male pores not located within concave seminal grooves, although likely central between retained ab setae. Genital markings absent, but setae ab on 16 with slight pale tumescence as on 20 lhs. Genital setae absent; penial setae longish, curving with spoon-shaped tips [one of their functions, if not primary function, is to scrape out or disrupt any prior semen from spermathecal diverticula that often correspond in depth to the setal length (see Blakemore 2000)]. Internal morphology. Pharyngeal mass anterior to 4 / 5. Septa mostly thin and translucent. Proventriculus wide and S-shaped in 5. Gizzard muscular in 6. Dorsal blood vessel single thoughout. Heart paired in 10���13. Nephridia holoic with long, sausage-shaped vesicles. Spermathecae in 8 and 9 each with a multiloculate diverticulum (inseminated) transcending anterior septum. Testes free, posterio-ventrally in 10 and 11. Seminal vesicles saccular, anterio-dorsally in 11 and 12. Ovaries compact sheets in 13 with large oviducts; ovisacs not found. Prostates tubular in 17 and 19 exiting through muscular ducts with ectal penial setal sheathes and tendons. Vasa deferentia seen to 18. Oesophagus dilated in 11���15 with blood vessels attaching dorsally but not saccular and not construed as calciferous glands. Intestinal origin in 18. Typhlosole not detected to about 26. Gut contains colloidal organic matter. Ecology: Lack of dorsal pores is more usually associated with a semi-aquatic habitat. Unidentified nematodes were found near the prostates (cf. Yeates et al., 1985). Specimen was found under 10 to 20 cm of soil. Dark colouration on the dorsum suggests at least partial surface exposure on topsoil, gut content suggests topsoil geophagy. This species is likely to be anecic. Remarks. Quintessentially Maoridrilus due to its alternating nephridiopores, this species appears unique in its lack of dorsal pores (although more information is needed on several other congeners), gizzard in 6, lack of oesophageal glands, and genital marking absence. Multiloculate spermathecae appear characteristic of the genus and in the current species their form is almost identical to Maoridrilus thomsoni Benham, 1919: fig. 4 from D���Urville Island in Cook Strait. Lee (1959) held this species, along with similar M. intermedius Michaelsen, 1923 and M. mauiensis Benham, 1904, as incertae sedis because original descriptions were inadequate. Permanence of the name M. felix depends on redescription of M. thomsoni, however, the manifestly larger penial setae and lack of oesophageal glands in 14���16 seem to separate the current species. Maoridrilus nelsoni Lee, 1959 differs in its prostatic pores in b lines, and its prominent tuberculae pubertatis ventrally on segments 10 and 16. Maoridrilus uliginosus (Hutton, 1877) differs, not least, in its paired dorsal blood vessel., Published as part of Boyer, Stephane, Blakemore, Robert J. & Wratten, Steve D., 2011, An integrative taxonomic approach to the identification of three new New Zealand endemic earthworm species (Acanthodrilidae, Octochaetidae: Oligochaeta), pp. 21-32 in Zootaxa 2994 on page 23, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.205173, {"references":["Lee, K. E. (1959) The earthworm fauna of New Zealand. Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Bulletin 130, Wellington, New Zealand."]}