110 results on '"Boyd Blackwell"'
Search Results
2. Overview of first Wendelstein 7-X high-performance operation
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V. Moncada, S. C. Liu, M. Winkler, P. Pölöskei, A. Tancetti, Naoki Tamura, H. Neilson, M. Krychowiak, Michael Drevlak, K. H. Schlüter, S. A. Henneberg, R. Vilbrandt, N. A. Pablant, M. Schröder, B. van Milligen, Bernd Heinemann, K. Rummel, Jonathan Schilling, Torsten Stange, G. Orozco, Christian Brandt, N. Krawczyk, Suguru Masuzaki, Yunfeng Liang, T. Estrada, Wolfgang Biel, J. H. Harris, B. Unterberg, M. Sleczka, M. Marushchenko, R. Lang, N. Rust, J. P. Kallmeyer, Laurie Stephey, P. Aleynikov, E. Blanco, Hans-Stephan Bosch, B. Buttenschön, D. Mellein, B. Shanahan, M. Vervier, M. Yokoyama, C. Suzuki, Seung Gyou Baek, A. Lücke, Felix Schauer, Ya. I. Kolesnichenko, V. Borsuk, Th. Rummel, B. Gonçalves, R. König, H. P. Laqua, G. Ehrke, K. J. McCarthy, Manfred Zilker, Venanzio Giannella, O. P. Ford, E. Flom, S. Murakami, Andreas Schlaich, P. Xanthopoulos, M. Zanini, E. Ascasíbar, C. Nührenberg, A. Carls, H. Viebke, Y. Feng, A. da Molin, H. Hunger, S. Paqay, Y. Wei, M. Blatzheim, M. W. Jakubowski, F. Köster, T. Wauters, J.C. Schmitt, M. Hubeny, P. van Eeten, H. Damm, Joris Fellinger, Gábor Cseh, Christoph Biedermann, G. Claps, L. Rudischhauser, R. Stadler, J. Mittelstaedt, Matteo Zuin, Z. Szökefalvi-Nagy, M. Knaup, Ch. Linsmeier, Francisco Castejón, J. P. Koschinsky, Bernardo B. Carvalho, L. Wegener, C. Guerard, J.M. Hernández Sánchez, B. Mendelevitch, A. Grosman, S. Pingel, Horacio Fernandes, M. Endler, N. Vianello, Jörg Schacht, Anett Spring, Yu Gao, V. Rohde, Samuel Lazerson, J.H. Matthew, W. Kasparek, R. Neu, R. Burhenn, N. Panadero, Jörg Weggen, P.A. Kurz, Walter H. Fietz, R. Schroeder, Andrea Pavone, G. Offermanns, Ryo Yasuhara, P. Sinha, Massimiliano Romé, José Luis Velasco, Carsten Killer, P. Drewelow, X. Han, T. Windisch, Nengchao Wang, Axel Könies, E.M. Edlund, K. P. Hollfeld, K. Aleynikova, Malte Henkel, Detlev Reiter, S. Brezinsek, Z. Huang, Heinz Grote, S. Langish, Matthias Otte, Alessandro Zocco, Daniel Papenfuß, G. Satheeswaran, Monika Kubkowska, S. Obermayer, G. A. Wurden, Carsten Lechte, F. Wagner, M. Gruca, H. Zhang, Olaf Neubauer, Peter Traverso, T. Ngo, V. Bykov, E. Sánchez, Matt Landreman, Dirk Naujoks, I. Vakulchyk, Andreas Langenberg, E. Wang, B. Hein, I. Ksiazek, S. Valet, Mark Cianciosa, G. Schlisio, Taina Kurki-Suonio, Oliver Schmitz, Adnan Ali, F. Reimold, Shinsuke Satake, Luis Vela Vela, C. Slaby, F. Remppel, David Gates, S. Schmuck, B. Roth, Zhirui Wang, Heinrich P. Laqua, F. Schluck, Olaf Grulke, S. Wadle, A. Runov, Manfred Thumm, Florian Effenberg, G. Fuchert, A. Vorköper, M. Banduch, Jonathan T. Green, J. Nührenberg, F. V. Chernyshev, H. Braune, Ewa Pawelec, David Maurer, A. Winter, A. Charl, Hiroshi Kasahara, T. Mizuuchi, D. Zhang, D. Höschen, J. Riemann, Thomas Klinger, W. Leonhardt, S. Sipliä, Katsumi Ida, T. Jesche, G. Pelka, U. Stridde, Riccardo Nocentini, Alexandra M. Freund, P. McNeely, A. Gogoleva, Victoria Winters, V. Szabó, Wolf-Dieter Schneider, D. A. Hartmann, Fabian Wilde, H. Schumacher, J. Howard, A. van Vuuren, J.L. Terry, M. Nagel, C. Hidalgo, Georg Kühner, S. Wolf, Boyd Blackwell, Michael Cole, Barbara Cannas, D. Rondeshagen, P. Hacker, Torsten Bluhm, J. Kacmarczyk, Kunihiro Ogawa, A. Zeitler, I. Yamada, P. Rong, Tamara Andreeva, Hiroshi Yamada, G. Anda, N. Panadero Alvarez, Wilfried Behr, F. Purps, H. Esteban, Dag Hathiramani, R. Bussiahn, David Ennis, A. H. Reiman, D. R. Mikkelsen, M. Borchardt, B. Israeli, M. Grahl, M. Losert, T. Dittmar, E. Pasch, U. Kamionka, Toru Ii Tsujimura, Gabriel G. Plunk, Felix Warmer, Jeremy Lore, F. Durodié, M. Balden, B.J. Peterson, J.P. Bähner, R. Schrittwieser, Morten Stejner, M.J. Cole, S. Zoletnik, Kian Rahbarnia, O. Marchuk, T. Bräuer, M. Hirsch, R. Riedl, W. Figacz, H. Trimino Mora, S. Degenkolbe, H. Greuner, B. Böswirth, B. Schweer, Dorothea Gradic, S. B. Ballinger, S. Ryosuke, B. Missal, Jiawu Zhu, J. H. E. Proll, M. Czerwinski, A. Cappa, B. Wiegel, J. Loizu Cisquella, Per Helander, Sehyun Kwak, S. Marsen, L. Carraro, T. Ilkei, D. Pilopp, Gábor Náfrádi, S. Récsei, M. Houry, A. de la Peña, Yu. Turkin, T.A. Scherer, T. Schröder, A. Galkowski, P. Drews, H. Frerichs, Benedikt Geiger, A. Krämer-Flecken, M. Dibon, L.-G. Böttger, A. Czarnecka, R. Krampitz, J. Wendorf, N. Chaudhary, T. Kremeyer, A. da Silva, R. Kleiber, R. Sakamoto, J.-M. Travere, I. Abramovic, T. Funaba, Andreas Meier, Fabio Pisano, Holger Niemann, Mirko Salewski, R. Brakel, M. Mayer, X. Huang, Stefan Illy, Ph. Mertens, Naoki Kenmochi, F. Köchl, Peter Lang, J. Geiger, Albert Mollén, A. Hölting, T. Barbui, M. Lennartz, T. Szabolics, Hayato Tsuchiya, S. Renard, A. Lorenz, J. Krom, C. D. Beidler, J. Cai, Andreas Dinklage, Anne White, Ye. O. Kazakov, P. Junghanns, W. Spiess, J. M. García Regaña, S. Elgeti, J. W. Coenen, Thomas Sunn Pedersen, C. Li, T. Mönnich, Miklos Porkolab, R. Laube, Burkhard Plaum, A. Benndorf, Michael Kramer, J. Ongena, J. Svensson, Dmitry Moseev, U. Wenzel, Chandra Prakash Dhard, S. Tulipán, M. C. Zarnstorff, M. Sibilia, A. von Stechow, G. M. Weir, H. Maaßberg, U. Höfel, P. Scholz, Alexey Mishchenko, R. C. Wolf, D. Carralero, G. Kocsis, Ivan Calvo, J. Tretter, Didier Chauvin, Y. Li, J. Boscary, A. Puig Sitjes, Fumimichi Sano, Andrey Samartsev, Tamás Szepesi, A. Kirschner, Dirk Nicolai, Francesco Cordella, M. Rack, A. Alonso, G. Czymek, E. R. Scott, M. E. Puiatti, Stefan Kragh Nielsen, M. Vergote, H. Schmitz, H. Jenzsch, Donald A. Spong, K. Czerski, A. Knieps, Arnold Lumsdaine, L. Ryć, M. N. A. Beurskens, Matthias F. Schneider, Simppa Äkäslompolo, Ulrich Neuner, V. Perseo, Jim-Felix Lobsien, Gerd Gantenbein, Roberto Guglielmo Citarella, L. Pacios Rodriguez, L. Vano, S. Bozhenkov, J. W. Oosterbeek, H. Röhlinger, J. P. Knauer, T. Nishizawa, A.H. Wright, M. Jia, A. Goriaev, H. Brand, D. Böckenhoff, H. M. Smith, J. P. Thomas, T. Fornal, J. Baldzuhn, D. Loesser, K. Risse, John Jelonnek, T. Wegner, S. Jablonski, Martina Huber, V. V. Lutsenko, S. Sereda, J. Ölmanns, Tomohiro Morisaki, H. Thomsen, J. A. Alcuson, P. Kornejew, J M Fontdecaba, Kai Jakob Brunner, A. Werner, T. Kobarg, European Commission, University of Greifswald, Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Princeton University, National Institute for Fusion Science, CIEMAT, EURATOM HAS, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Research Center Julich, Australian National University, Eindhoven University of Technology, University of Cagliari, Consorzio RFX, Universidade de Lisboa, CEA Cadarache, St. Petersburg Scientific Centre, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, University of Salerno, ENEA Frascati Research Center, Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion, University of Szczecin, University of Milano-Bicocca, Auburn University, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, University of Stuttgart, Austrian Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Sciences Ukraine, Technical University of Berlin, Opole University of Technology, Fusion and Plasma Physics, University of Maryland College Park, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Kyoto University, Culham Centre for Fusion Energy, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto-yliopisto, and Aalto University
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Technology ,CONFINEMENT ,01 natural sciences ,impurities ,010305 fluids & plasmas ,law.invention ,ECR heating ,Divertor ,DENSITY LIMIT ,law ,Data_FILES ,GeneralLiterature_REFERENCE(e.g.,dictionaries,encyclopedias,glossaries) ,004 Datenverarbeitung ,Informatik ,Physics ,Glow discharge ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Content (measure theory) ,ComputingMethodologies_DOCUMENTANDTEXTPROCESSING ,Electron temperature ,Atomic physics ,ddc:620 ,Stellarator ,Impurities ,Nuclear and High Energy Physics ,Technology and Engineering ,plasma performance ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Atmospheric-pressure plasma ,PHYSICS ,stellarator ,Physics::Plasma Physics ,NBI heating ,0103 physical sciences ,divertor ,010306 general physics ,Helium ,Plasma performance ,turbulence ,Física ,W7-X ,Turbulence ,TheoryofComputation_MATHEMATICALLOGICANDFORMALLANGUAGES ,chemistry ,ddc:004 ,ddc:600 ,Energy (signal processing) ,SYSTEM - Abstract
The optimized superconducting stellarator device Wendelstein 7-X (with major radius , minor radius , and plasma volume) restarted operation after the assembly of a graphite heat shield and 10 inertially cooled island divertor modules. This paper reports on the results from the first high-performance plasma operation. Glow discharge conditioning and ECRH conditioning discharges in helium turned out to be important for density and edge radiation control. Plasma densities of with central electron temperatures were routinely achieved with hydrogen gas fueling, frequently terminated by a radiative collapse. In a first stage, plasma densities up to were reached with hydrogen pellet injection and helium gas fueling. Here, the ions are indirectly heated, and at a central density of a temperature of with was transiently accomplished, which corresponds to with a peak diamagnetic energy of and volume-averaged normalized plasma pressure . The routine access to high plasma densities was opened with boronization of the first wall. After boronization, the oxygen impurity content was reduced by a factor of 10, the carbon impurity content by a factor of 5. The reduced (edge) plasma radiation level gives routinely access to higher densities without radiation collapse, e.g. well above line integrated density and central temperatures at moderate ECRH power. Both X2 and O2 mode ECRH schemes were successfully applied. Core turbulence was measured with a phase contrast imaging diagnostic and suppression of turbulence during pellet injection was observed.
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- 2019
3. Low impact recreational use and biodiversity protection
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Boyd Blackwell and Mauricio Duarte dos Santos
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Geography ,Biodiversity ,Recreational use ,Environmental planning - Published
- 2020
4. Numerical estimate of multi-species ion sound speed of Langmuir probe interpretations in the edge plasmas of Wendelstein 7-X
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D. Zhang, Holger Niemann, M. W. Jakubowski, Philipp Drews, J. Cosfeld, Y. Feng, Boyd Blackwell, and W7-X Team, Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Max Planck Society
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Physics ,Plasma ,Edge (geometry) ,Condensed Matter Physics ,01 natural sciences ,010305 fluids & plasmas ,Ion ,Computational physics ,symbols.namesake ,Speed of sound ,0103 physical sciences ,symbols ,Multi species ,Langmuir probe ,ddc:530 ,Wendelstein 7-X ,010306 general physics - Abstract
The recently modified EMC3-EIRENE code package has been widely applied as an edge-plasmaanalysis tool and resulted in successful validation against various measured trends seen instellarator and tokamak plasma boundaries. It has been shown that the code package applied forWendelstein 7-X (W7-X) discharges in the interpretive mode can assess the impact of impurityeffects on the electron density, measured by a set of Langmuir probes. In particular the spatialquantification of impurities and effects from the effective charge state Zeff and effective massmeff, which are non-trivial to record by diagnostics, were examined. The results showed thatearlier assumptions of the effective charge-state distribution and effective mass for reportedLangmuir probe measurements must be revised. Subsequently, reprocessing these measurementswith code-interpreted spatial profiles of the effective charge state and effective mass led to anoverall improved physical consistency.
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- 2020
5. An empirical analysis of mining costs and mining royalties in Queensland local government
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Boyd Blackwell, Brian Dollery, and Simone Valle de Souza
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Economics and Econometrics ,Public infrastructure ,Natural resource economics ,media_common.quotation_subject ,05 social sciences ,0211 other engineering and technologies ,ComputingMilieux_LEGALASPECTSOFCOMPUTING ,021107 urban & regional planning ,02 engineering and technology ,Metropolitan area ,Tax revenue ,General Energy ,State (polity) ,Local government ,0502 economics and business ,Per capita ,Revenue ,Business ,050207 economics ,Operating expense ,media_common - Abstract
Mining is almost invariably contentious since it not only generates significant income, including tax revenues, but also simultaneously inflicts heavy costs on the inhabitants of the areas in which mining occurs. In terms of Australian state and territory legal regimes, mining royalties accrue to state governments and not to the Local Government Areas (LGAs) in which mining occurs, despite the fact that mining imposes heavy localised costs, especially on local public infrastructure. There is thus a disjunction between the spatial incidence of the benefits and costs of mining, sometimes termed the ‘resource-return mismatch’, especially since mining predominantly takes place in regional, rural and remote areas whereas the bulk of mining royalties are expended in metropolitan centres. Situating our empirical analysis in the institutional milieu of Queensland local government over the period 2011 to 2015, we examine the relationship between the number of mining assessments and per capita operating expenditure of local authorities at the level of LGAs. We find that mining imposes significant costs on local government and there is thus a mismatch between the costs and revenues associated with mining at the local level. We offer various possible remedial policy measures.
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- 2018
6. Underuse of social-ecological systems: A research agenda for addressing challenges to biocultural diversity
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M. S. Krause, T. Ichinose, Boyd Blackwell, Michael R. Willig, Courtney G. Flint, Volker Mauerhofer, and Marianne Penker
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0106 biological sciences ,Biocultural diversity ,Geography, Planning and Development ,Forestry ,Context (language use) ,010501 environmental sciences ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,Ecological systems theory ,010603 evolutionary biology ,01 natural sciences ,Natural resource ,Adaptive management ,Cultural diversity ,Political science ,Planetary boundaries ,Traditional knowledge ,Environmental planning ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Nature and Landscape Conservation - Abstract
Conservation is often operationalized as a minimization of human intervention in nature. However, many social-ecological systems depend on human interventions to maintain characteristics of biological diversity. Therefore, reduced use or full abandonment of such systems can diminish rather than enhance biological diversity and its related cultural diversity (biocultural diversity). We link the definition of “underuse” with the extinction rate used in the planetary boundaries framework to support a more objective use of the term. We execute a structured cross-continental review of underuse in social-ecological systems of regions that contain more affluent countries to frame a global research agenda on underuse. Our working approach delineates causes, consequences, and strategies concerning underuse. Based on this comparative review, we identify causes of underuse that are similar in different continents, including globalization, and demographic or structural change in Europe, Japan and Oceania. Conservation paradigms emphasizing wilderness ideals in policies are characteristic of underuse in North America, whereas post-socialist transformation processes characterize underuse in Eastern Europe. Land abandonment and de-intensification of use are a common result, particularly in marginal and protected areas. Consequences of the loss of biocultural diversity include the loss of ecosystem services, traditional knowledge, or landscape amenities. We identified a pervasive gap in transcontinental comparative research that stymies the development of effective strategies to reduce underuse of biological diversity and thereby maintain related cultural diversity. We advocate for a global research agenda on governance approaches that address the challenges of underuse. Within this agenda, we emphasize the need for an international cross-case synthesis and a trans-continental mapping of state and civil society-based interventions and co-management approaches to re-establish humans as parts of ecological systems. Such comparative work on best practice cases in a real-world context should enhance adaptive management of biocultural diversity and prevent extinction caused by underuse. Thus, this innovative connection between underuse and the planetary boundary extinction rate, along with our new global research agenda on underuse, should initiate much needed support for policy makers and natural resource managers who must decide on appropriate types and levels of human intervention to implement, both inside and outside of protected areas.
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- 2018
7. A square deal? Mining costs, mining royalties and local government in New South Wales, Australia
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Joseph Drew, Brian Dollery, and Boyd Blackwell
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Finance ,Economics and Econometrics ,Government ,Sociology and Political Science ,business.industry ,05 social sciences ,0211 other engineering and technologies ,Public policy ,ComputingMilieux_LEGALASPECTSOFCOMPUTING ,021107 urban & regional planning ,Legislature ,02 engineering and technology ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,Cost burden ,Economy ,Local government ,0502 economics and business ,Square (unit) ,050207 economics ,business ,Law ,Externality - Abstract
Mining operations are often controversial since they can impose significant external costs on the local municipalities and local inhabitants. Under current legislative arrangements in New South Wales (NSW), Australia, local governments are constrained from recouping costs directly from mines by means of increased property taxes on mines due to state-wide limitations on tax increases – known colloquially as the ‘rate-cap’. Moreover, mining royalties are paid directly to the NSW government and not to affected councils. In this paper, set against the background of mining activities in NSW, we estimate the magnitude of costs imposed by mining operations on rural and regional local authorities. We then offer alternative public policy solutions which would enable affected municipalities to recoup some or all of the cost burden placed on them by mining operations in their respective local government areas.
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- 2018
8. Good Gardening for a Perennial Economy: What’s the Optimal Growth Path for a Regional Economy?
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Stuart Mounter, Boyd Blackwell, and Jim McFarlane
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business.industry ,Restructuring ,05 social sciences ,Geography, Planning and Development ,Public policy ,Projections of population growth ,Economy ,Agriculture ,0502 economics and business ,Economics ,Economic base analysis ,050207 economics ,Community development ,business ,Sustainable growth rate ,050203 business & management ,Tourism - Abstract
A key public policy issue in regional economic development is whether governments should act pro-actively with strategies to achieve local economic growth. Using an Australian region, this article presents projections that test a number of such scenarios to establish whether pro-active strategies of investment provide the greatest growth. When developing pro-active strategies for a given region, economic and community development planners typically target specific industries. Key industries can be identified on the basis of high relative employment growth rates and connectivity with other industries. The case region in this analysis, not unlike other regions in Australia and across the globe, has undergone significant restructuring in recent years with a shift in its economic base from agriculture to mining. In light of the shifting nature of the regional and national economies, this article provides a foundation for building planning perspectives for the future of a regional economy using economic and population projections and scenario analyses. These analyses help highlight industrial sectors that should be targeted in the region’s plans. Broader implications for regional economic development and planning generally are also drawn from the case experience. Developing projections for the growth of regional economies is no easy task. The complexities of inter-industry subsector interactions and the distinction between driving and adapting subsectors make formal modelling at the local level challenging and potentially prohibitive in terms of cost. These factors corroborate to make such bottom-up modelling beyond the capacity of most local organizations. By contrast, the approach used in this article is simple but requires care and intuition to bring these various factors together into a coherent set of projections. For the case region, optimal growth is possible provided that employment policy builds job specialization. This means directing strategies away from mining into agriculture and the trade and tourism related sectors, such as wine tourism. The economic base theory and scenario testing techniques used in this article demonstrate and deliver a useful contribution to the literature by exploring which industries contribute most to more diversified and sustainable growth. Through pre-emptive strategies, perennial growth of a regional economy can be achieved.
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- 2018
9. The viability of remote mining communities: insights from community perceptions and employment impact assessments
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Stuart Robertson, Boyd Blackwell, and James R. McFarlane
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Government ,Economic growth ,Ex-ante ,business.industry ,Impact assessment ,05 social sciences ,Geography, Planning and Development ,0211 other engineering and technologies ,0507 social and economic geography ,021107 urban & regional planning ,02 engineering and technology ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,Human settlement ,Economics ,Closure (psychology) ,business ,050703 geography ,Accommodation ,Futures contract ,Diversity (business) - Abstract
This article examines community perceptions and employment impacts to assess ex ante the post-mining viability of two settlements in remote north-east South Australia. The results reinforce grave concerns over their future viability following mine closure. However, government employees and traditional owners are more optimistic than other groups about community futures beyond mining. Devastatingly, employment impacts represent approximately 80 and 75% (225 & 1616) of jobs and 90 and 80% ($30 m & $164 m) of employment income in the two locations (Leigh Creek, Roxby Downs). These impacts reach beyond mining into other sectors, particularly Public Services and Trade and Accommodation respectively, and further limit economic diversity and opportunity. Building alternative futures in remote locations like these is problematic, though not impossible. Policy responses should reflect differences in perceptions, impact and case-specific contexts: settlements at the end of their life cycles like Leigh Creek...
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- 2017
10. Diversifying Cores but Stagnant Peripheries: Mining and Other Industry Employment Contributions to Development in Local Government Areas of the Northern Territory
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Boyd Blackwell, Andrew M. Fischer, Brian Dollery, and Jim McFarlane
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Economic growth ,Geospatial analysis ,business.industry ,05 social sciences ,0211 other engineering and technologies ,0507 social and economic geography ,Employment growth ,021107 urban & regional planning ,02 engineering and technology ,computer.software_genre ,Private sector ,Agriculture ,Local government ,Economic base analysis ,Business ,Economic geography ,Northern territory ,050703 geography ,General Economics, Econometrics and Finance ,computer - Abstract
The economic structure of local government areas (LGAs) of the Northern Territory (NT) are mapped and analysed using economic base theory. Using a three-stage geospatial visualisation we find that: (i) Mining and agriculture are predominantly providing job concentration in a handful of remote LGAs. (ii) Employment growth is derived from public services, with private sector industries contributing almost equally in most LGAs. (iii) NT LGAs exhibit core-periphery characteristics including vulnerable peripheries, often alongside mature mining operations. (iv) However, mature mining is also found alongside diversified sub-cores, providing a model for more vulnerable LGAs.
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- 2017
11. Tuning of the rotational transform in Wendelstein 7-X
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Yu Gao, Tamara Andreeva, Christoph Biedermann, L. Rudischhauser, Kenneth Hammond, M. Endler, Kian Rahbarnia, Fabio Pisano, R. König, Aleix Puig Sitjes, G. Satheeswaran, Samuel Lazerson, Monica Spolaore, P. Drewelow, Tamás Szepesi, Adnan Ali, S. Klose, Carsten Killer, G. A. Wurden, G. Kocsis, Kai Jakob Brunner, Ulrich Neuner, U. Wenzel, M. W. Jakubowski, Dirk Nicolai, Barbara Cannas, Holger Niemann, J. Geiger, J. P. Knauer, Boyd Blackwell, Olaf Grulke, G. Schlisio, Matthias Mulsow, S. A. Bozhenkov, H. Thomsen, Jonathan Schilling, Matthias Otte, and W7-X Team, Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Max Planck Society
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Physics ,Nuclear and High Energy Physics ,Thesaurus (information retrieval) ,superconducting coils ,Nuclear engineering ,Divertor ,islands ,error fields ,magnetic field ,Condensed Matter Physics ,01 natural sciences ,010305 fluids & plasmas ,law.invention ,Magnetic field ,stellarator ,law ,0103 physical sciences ,divertor ,Wendelstein 7-X ,010306 general physics ,Superconducting Coils ,Stellarator - Abstract
The control of rotational transform in Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X) is key to both the island divertor operation and safety of plasma facing components. The island divenor concept in W7-X relies on an edge flux surface with rotational transform of t = 1 resonating with an intrinsic n/m = 5/5 resonance to form a five lobed island chain. This island chain intersects with divertor plates to give rise to the island divertor. Changes in the relative position of the rational surface and the divertor plates can result in changes in divenor performance, thus the control of the rotational transform is essential to operation of the W7-X device. During the first divertor campaign electromagnetic loads resulted in elastic deformations of the shaped modular stellarator coils. Such deformations made these coils more planar, reducing the vacuum rotational transform, subsequently shifting the t = 1 resonance outward. Unintended plasma wall interactions provided the first clear evidence of this effect during plasma operation. Flux surface measurements were utilized to estimate the correct level of current in the planar coils for correction of t, and found to be around similar to-100 A. Scans the planar coil current for iota correction were performed during plasma operation. These measurements suggest planar coil currents between -250 and similar to 0 A would place the strike lines at the designed distance from the pumping gaps. Divertor Langmuir and upstream probe measurements confirm these estimates along with measurements of divertor neutral gas pressure.
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- 2019
12. First divertor physics studies in Wendelstein 7-X
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Tom Wauters, Daniel Dunai, A. LeViness, Victoria Winters, P. Kornejew, Adnan Ali, U. Wenzel, Fabio Pisano, R. Brakel, J. H. Harris, Ye. O. Kazakov, J. Cosfeld, R. König, M. Krychowiak, M. Sleczka, Hans-Stephan Bosch, T. Ngo, Kenneth Hammond, A. Puig Sitjes, M. Vecsei, G. Kocsis, Yasuhiro Suzuki, Tamás Szepesi, J.C. Schmitt, Matthias Otte, E. Wang, V. Moncada, P. Drewelow, S. Brezinsek, A. Knieps, Suguru Masuzaki, Juri Romazanov, M. Kobayashi, D. Zhang, Joris Fellinger, Oliver Schmitz, J. Oelmann, Boyd Blackwell, T. Kremeyer, Malte Henkel, G. Anda, S. Sereda, B. Schweer, Olaf Neubauer, A. Goriaev, S. A. Bozhenkov, Y. Feng, H. Frerichs, T. Sunn Pedersen, Yu Gao, G. A. Wurden, Dorothea Gradic, O. P. Ford, G. Schlisio, Dag Hathiramani, T. Dittmar, S. Lazerzon, S. Wiesen, S. Zoletnik, Florian Effenberg, J. Baldzuhn, P. Drews, Holger Niemann, J. Geiger, T. Barbui, Andreas Dinklage, J. W. Coenen, A. Kirschner, Carsten Killer, M. Rack, G. Fuchert, J. Cai, Barbara Cannas, M. Endler, Jeremy Lore, Y. Li, M. W. Jakubowski, Marcin Rasinski, C. Li, S. C. Liu, Yunfeng Liang, Christoph Biedermann, L. Rudischhauser, V. Perseo, Max Planck Institut für Plasma Physik and Excellence Cluster, KFKI Research Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics (KFKI-RMKI), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Australian National University, GeoForschungsZentrum (GFZ), Università degli Studi di Cagliari = University of Cagliari (UniCa), Laboratory for Plasma Physics, LPP-ERM/KMS, TEC Partner, Brussels, Belgium, Computer Science and Mathematics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, National Institute for Fusion Science, Toki, Japan, Princeton, Thermadiag, ZA, Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), International Center for Climate and Global Change Research and School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland, Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), and W7-X Team, Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Max Planck Society
- Subjects
Physics ,Nuclear and High Energy Physics ,Divertor ,Nuclear engineering ,Fusion plasma ,Magnetic confinement fusion ,Condensed Matter Physics ,7. Clean energy ,01 natural sciences ,010305 fluids & plasmas ,law.invention ,law ,0103 physical sciences ,ddc:620 ,Wendelstein 7-X ,[PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph] ,010306 general physics ,Training programme ,Stellarator - Abstract
International audience; The Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X) optimized stellarator fusion experiment,which went into operation in 2015, has been operating since 2017 with anun-cooled modular graphite divertor. This allowed first divertor physicsstudies to be performed at pulse energies up to 80 MJ, as opposed to 4MJ in the first operation phase, where five inboard limiters wereinstalled instead of a divertor. This, and a number of other upgrades tothe device capabilities, allowed extension into regimes of higher plasmadensity, heating power, and performance overall, e.g. setting a newstellarator world record triple product. The paper focuses on the firstphysics studies of how the island divertor works. The plasma heat loadsarrive to a very high degree on the divertor plates, with only minorheat loads seen on other components, in particular baffle structuresbuilt in to aid neutral compression. The strike line shapes andlocations change significantly from one magnetic configuration toanother, in very much the same way that codes had predicted they would.Strike-line widths are as large as 10 cm, and the wetted areas alsolarge, up to about 1.5 m2, which bodes well for futureoperation phases. Peak local heat loads onto the divertor were ingeneral benign and project below the 10 MW m?2 limit of thefuture water-cooled divertor when operated with 10 MW of heating power,with the exception of low-density attached operation in the high-iotaconfiguration. The most notable result was the complete (in all 10divertor units) heat-flux detachment obtained at high-density operationin hydrogen.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Enduring value for remote communities from mining: Synthesising production, employment, populations, and reform opportunities
- Author
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Boyd Blackwell and Stuart Robertson
- Subjects
Geography ,Natural resource economics ,0502 economics and business ,05 social sciences ,Value (economics) ,Production (economics) ,050202 agricultural economics & policy ,050207 economics ,Economic system - Published
- 2016
14. From agriculture to mining: The changing economic base of a rural economy and implications for development
- Author
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Boyd Blackwell, Jim McFarlane, Bligh Grant, and Stuart Mounter
- Subjects
Tourism marketing ,Economics and Econometrics ,Economic growth ,Rural economy ,business.industry ,05 social sciences ,Economics, Econometrics and Finance (miscellaneous) ,0211 other engineering and technologies ,021107 urban & regional planning ,02 engineering and technology ,Geography ,Agriculture ,Salient ,0502 economics and business ,Economic base analysis ,Economic geography ,050207 economics ,Leakage (economics) ,business ,Tourism - Abstract
This paper uses economic-base theory and input–output modelling to examine the structure of a regional rural economy in New South Wales, Australia, drawing important policy implications for economic planners. The most salient trend has been a shift in the area’s dependence from agriculture to mining over the recent decade. However, the level of diversity of the region’s industrial composition has altered very little. Mining is also contributing to significant net leakage of employment income from the region. Mining should therefore not necessarily be considered as the key future opportunity for economic development. Instead, a number of industry sectors, particularly those that foster innovation and technology, can be harnessed to drive future regional growth. In addition, a tourism marketing strategy promoting the region’s food, wine and other distinctive attributes should play an integral role in future development planning. These prescriptions are highly transferable to similar rural economies experiencing a shift to mining.
- Published
- 2016
15. Are our beaches safe? Quantifying the human health impact of anthropogenic beach litter on people in New Zealand
- Author
-
Mariana Cruz Rodrigues de Campos, Chad L. Hewitt, Linda M. Peters, Cameron McMains, Rebecca J. Sargisson, Boyd Blackwell, and Marnie L. Campbell
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Environmental Engineering ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Adolescent ,Fauna ,010501 environmental sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Bathing Beaches ,Environmental issue ,Young Adult ,Sex Factors ,Global issue ,Marine debris ,Environmental Chemistry ,Humans ,Ecosystem ,Child ,Waste Management and Disposal ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Aged ,Waste Products ,Ecology ,Age Factors ,Infant ,Middle Aged ,Pollution ,Hazard ,Geography ,Child, Preschool ,Litter ,Female ,human activities ,Tourism ,Environmental Monitoring ,New Zealand - Abstract
The environmental, social and cultural importance of beaches permeates human society, yet the risk of human injury associated with increasing exposure to anthropogenic beach litter remains an unknown. While the impact of marine debris and beach litter on marine and coastal fauna and flora is a widely reported global issue, we investigate the impact on human health in New Zealand. Anthropogenic beach litter is ubiquitous, few beaches remain pristine, which consequently influences tourist choices and potentially negatively interacts with humans. Human impacts are not well-investigated, with no quantitative studies of impact but many studies qualitatively inferring impact. New Zealand has a socialised medical system allowing a quantitative, decadal assessment of medical insurance claims to determine patterns and trends across ecosystems and causes. We demonstrate for the first time that anthropogenic beach litter poses a common and pervasive exposure hazard to all ages, with specific risk posed to young children. The New Zealand system allows these hazards to be investigated to determine the true effects and costs across a nation, providing an evidence base for decision-makers to address this ubiquitous environmental issue.
- Published
- 2018
16. Drift effects on W7-X divertor heat and particle fluxes
- Author
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Fabio Pisano, Ulrich Neuner, Barbara Cannas, A. Puig Sitjes, Olaf Grulke, Tamara Andreeva, Matthias Otte, L. Rudischhauser, Yu Gao, Samuel Lazerson, S. Klose, Philipp Drews, Y. Feng, Kian Rahbarnia, G. A. Wurden, P. Drewelow, Carsten Killer, M. W. Jakubowski, Boyd Blackwell, Holger Niemann, J. Geiger, Jonathan Schilling, Kenneth Hammond, Adnan Ali, J. P. Knauer, M. Endler, H. Thomsen, Kai Jakob Brunner, and W7-X Team, Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Max Planck Society
- Subjects
Physics ,Work (thermodynamics) ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Divertor ,Condensed Matter Physics ,01 natural sciences ,Asymmetry ,010305 fluids & plasmas ,Magnetic field ,law.invention ,Geomagnetic reversal ,Nuclear physics ,Nuclear Energy and Engineering ,Heat flux ,Physics::Plasma Physics ,law ,Electric field ,0103 physical sciences ,010306 general physics ,Stellarator ,media_common - Abstract
Classical particle drifts are known to have substantial impacts on fluxes of particles and heat through the edge plasmas in both tokamaks and stellarators. Here we present results from the first dedicated investigation of drift effects in the W7-X stellarator. By comparing similar plasma discharges conducted with a forward- and reverse-directed magnetic field, the impacts of drifts could be isolated through the observation of up-down asymmetries in flux profiles on the divertor targets. In low-density plasmas, the radial locations of the strike lines (i.e. peaks in the target heat flux profiles) exhibited discrepancies of up to 3 cm that reversed upon magnetic field reversal. In addition, asymmetric heat loads were observed in regions of the target that are shadowed by other targets from parallel flux from the core plasma. A comparison of these asymmetric features with the footprints of key topological regions of the edge magnetic field on the divertor suggests that the main driver of the asymmetries at low density is poloidal E × B drift due to radial electric fields in the scrape-off layer and private flux region. In higher-density plasmas, upper and lower targets collected non-ambipolar currents with opposite signs that also inverted upon field reversal. Overall, in these experiments, almost all up-down asymmetry could be attributed to the field reversal and, therefore, field-dependent drifts.
- Published
- 2019
17. Observation of Marfes in the Wendelstein 7-X stellarator with inboard limiters
- Author
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U. Wenzel, Laurie Stephey, Boyd Blackwell, G. Kocsis, Tamás Szepesi, S. Klose, Christoph Biedermann, Oliver Schmitz, R. König, Thomas Sunn Pedersen, J. P. Knauer, J. H. Harris, M. Krychowiak, and W7-X Team, Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Max Planck Society
- Subjects
Physics ,Nuclear and High Energy Physics ,Nuclear engineering ,Condensed Matter Physics ,01 natural sciences ,010305 fluids & plasmas ,law.invention ,law ,0103 physical sciences ,Limiter ,Wendelstein 7-X ,010306 general physics ,Training programme ,Stellarator - Abstract
This work has been carried out within the framework of the EUROfusion Consortium and has received funding from the Euratom research and training programme 2014–2018 under grant agreement No 633053.
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Contributing to sustainable community livelihoods: corporate social responsibility programmes of resource companies
- Author
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Guy M. Robinson, Boyd Blackwell, Jen Cleary, Anne Elizabeth Fordham, Fordham, Anne Elizabeth, Robinson, Guy M, Blackwell, Boyd Dirk, and Cleary, Jen
- Subjects
Sustainable development ,Economic growth ,Resource (biology) ,corporate social responsibility ,sustainable development ,020209 energy ,resource development ,02 engineering and technology ,010501 environmental sciences ,Livelihood ,01 natural sciences ,Sustainable community ,community development ,Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality Management ,Accountability ,Sustainability ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Corporate social responsibility ,Business ,Indigenous affairs ,Community development ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
Many rural communities in Australia are looking to arrest population decline and secure their future viability. This article examines how resource companies contribute towards building sustainable community livelihoods through corporate social responsibility(CSR) programmes. The study uses structuration theory to explore how human agency combines with key structural processes to create CSR with long-term benefits. Data collection includes semistructured interviews with employees from 25 Australian resource companies and relevant stakeholders. The study identifies three main CSR approaches reflecting how companies support community livelihoods: minimalist-financial, shared-value, and corporate citizenship models. These approaches are shaped by company values and culture, effectiveness of CSR policies and human capacity. The study highlights the importance of resource companies developing links with local organisations to facilitate livelihood approaches. Overall, the capacity for rural communities to access long-term opportunities from resource development is highly variable, symptomatic of a broader lack of strategic direction for rural development. Refereed/Peer-reviewed
- Published
- 2018
19. Use of a multiple capital framework to identify improvements in the CSR strategies of Australian resource companies
- Author
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Jen Cleary, Boyd Blackwell, John van Leeuwen, Anne Elizabeth Fordham, Guy M. Robinson, Fordham, Anne Elizabeth, Robinson, Guy M, Cleary, Jen, Dirk Blackwell, Boyd, and Van Leeuwen, John
- Subjects
Strategy and Management ,resource development ,capitals ,010501 environmental sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering ,Resource (project management) ,Asset (economics) ,Industrial organization ,0505 law ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,General Environmental Science ,evaluation ,sustainable development ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,05 social sciences ,Stakeholder ,indigenous affairs ,Natural resource ,community development ,Capital (economics) ,Sustainability ,050501 criminology ,corporate social resonsibility ,Corporate social responsibility ,Business ,Rural australia - Abstract
Multiple capital or asset-based frameworks are a tool to help understand corporate contributions to sustainability. This study applied a six-capitals framework (financial, human, social, natural, built and cultural) to evaluate the local impacts and benefits of resource extraction within rural Australia. Data were captured from 25 resource companies located across three jurisdictions (two states and one territory). The study drew upon the concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR), including incorporating critical perspectives from both companies and stakeholders regarding the capacity of CSR programs to build capitals. This furthered understanding of the linkages between company practice and sustainability, including the capability of high-level strategic CSR to build multiple capitals simultaneously. The study showed that building capitals required strategic, grass-roots and collaborative approaches to CSR either through company programs or resources being divested to external stakeholders. Critical to enabling the building of capitals were well designed and flexible policy instruments at the company, local, regional and broader jurisdictional scales. The study also highlighted the importance of building community and stakeholder social and cultural capitals to underpin CSR programs and linkages to meet local aspirations. Overall, to address regional sustainability concerns, the study emphasized the need to consider CSR at a wider institutional perspective rather than the individual company level. The Australian cases highlighted significant gaps in capacity and therefore limited ability to achieve a net gain in capitals. Refereed/Peer-reviewed
- Published
- 2018
20. Institutional vehicles for place-shaping in remote Australia
- Author
-
Brian Dollery, Bligh Grant, and Boyd Blackwell
- Subjects
Remedial intervention ,Torres strait ,Process (engineering) ,Corporate governance ,Human settlement ,Local government ,Political science ,Political Science and International Relations ,Geography, Planning and Development ,Institutional structure ,Public administration - Abstract
Some communities in remote Australia represent the most impoverished people in the country, with the problem especially acute amongst Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders. Effective remedial intervention is often undermined by the absence of democratically elected, local government institutions. Place-shaping as a developmental process enables local people to become agents of change, and thereby self-determine and shape their places for the future. This paper considers the different institutional structures which could underpin place-shaping in remote settlements. Drawing on a range of governance structures, an emphasis on less traditional entities and polity-forming bodies may better serve the interests of remote people.
- Published
- 2015
21. Mining and other industry contributions to employment leakage in Australia’s Northern Territory
- Author
-
Boyd Blackwell, Jim McFarlane, Brian Dollery, and Andrew M. Fischer
- Subjects
Economic growth ,education.field_of_study ,business.industry ,Geography, Planning and Development ,Population ,Vulnerability ,Agricultural economics ,Manufacturing ,Local government ,Economics ,Revenue ,Economic base analysis ,Residence ,Leakage (economics) ,business ,education - Abstract
Leakage of employment income is a pressing issue in the economic development of regional and remote communities. It can draw income away from regional economies but also inject new revenue from outside. Using Australian Bureau of Statistics 2011 census employment data by place of usual residence and place of work, we identify for all 17 Local Government Areas (LGAs) of the Northern Territory (NT), workers commuting out of and into each LGA. Using summary graphs and geospatial visualizations we find that while there is substantial leakage out of most LGAs there are also gains from those leaving an LGA to work and then returning home with their income. Overall, for most LGAs and all remote LGAs there is net leakage. In contrast, Wagait, Palmerston, Litchfield and Alice Springs experience net gains from work commuting. Core-Periphery staples theory (Carson 2011) helps explain these net gaining LGAs, but cannot be used to consistently explain net leakage or net gain for population centers and nearby periphery LGAs. Darwin, including parts of Unincorporated NT, together act as a net leakage core to surrounding commuter LGAs such as Palmerston, Litchfield and Wagait. Katherine also acts as a net leakage core for surrounding peripheral LGAs despite receiving some offsetting employment income gains through mining. In addition to Katherine, Mining and the supporting Construction industry are also delivering net employment income gains to the core centers of Darwin, Palmerston, and Litchfield from periphery and typically remote LGAs. For remote mining commuters, these core centers offer preferred places to live. In contrast to Darwin and Katherine, Alice Springs acts as an employment income sink drawing on net employment gains from periphery remote LGAs. Our geospatial visualizations also help to identify the leakage vulnerability of remote LGAs dependent on mining like Central Desert and East Arnhem. Of all the remote LGAs, East Arnhem has the highest average net leakage of income across the most diversified distribution of industries, primarily derived from mining and its supporting construction and upstream manufacturing industries. Combined, these factors make East Arnhem particularly vulnerable to mining related downturns. Also, Alice Springs and Coomalie are highly vulnerable to commuting in Business Services and Public and Personal Services respectively. However, these vulnerabilities also cloak hidden flexibilities to deal with job losses during downturns. Undertaking our analysis for a number of census years could help decision makers build scenarios for future economic development and employment.
- Published
- 2015
22. Systemic barriers to wastewater reuse in Australia: some jurisdictional examples
- Author
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Troy F. Gaston, Andrew M. Fischer, Boyd Blackwell, SC Perraton, and Gary D Meyers
- Subjects
Engineering ,education.field_of_study ,Wastewater reuse ,Process (engineering) ,business.industry ,Geography, Planning and Development ,Environmental resource management ,Population ,State government ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,Reuse ,Politics ,Water security ,business ,education - Abstract
This article describes the regulatory framework and assessment process of urban wastewater reuse in two distinct regions of Australia, the Tamar Valley in northern Tasmania and the Hunter region of New South Wales. Relative similarities are evident between human population, water availability and recent necessity for reuse feasibility assessments. In the Hunter, assessments informed a state government led catchment-scale water security strategy. In Launceston, the need for assessments stems from a condition of the environmental permits for individual facilities. Salient institutional, social, economic and political barriers mire the assessment process for, and success of, wastewater reuse. Distinct legal, policy and procedural differences exist between the two cases. Future reuse guidelines should identify the different drivers for wastewater reuse and avoid studies that meet administratively predetermined selection.
- Published
- 2014
23. An overview of thriving through transformation
- Author
-
Boyd Blackwell
- Subjects
Ecological economics ,HC ,Competing interests ,transformation ,Environmental ethics ,multidimensional sustainability ,General Medicine ,remote ,Transformation (music) ,Task (project management) ,Geography ,New england ,Multiple time dimensions ,lcsh:K1-7720 ,Development economics ,Sustainability ,Thriving ,lcsh:Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence ,rural ,local-to-global - Abstract
The articles published in this special issue come from the blind peer review and refinement of papers presented to the biennial conference of the Australia New Zealand Society for Ecological Economics (ANZSEE) held at the University of New England (UNE) in Armidale, New South Wales (NSW), Australia on 19-23 October 2015. All papers jointly contribute to helping transform the human existence toward one that is socially, culturally, environmentally, ecologically, economically and politically sustainable. Transforming our human existence to meet these multiple dimensions of ‘true’ sustainability is a difficult task, balancing potentially competing interests and, inevitably, involving trade-offs between these dimensions.
- Published
- 2017
24. Enduring community value from mining: Measuring the employment impacts of mine closure for remote communities and considering issues for transformation
- Author
-
Boyd Blackwell, Jim McFarlane, and Andrew M. Fischer
- Subjects
Value (ethics) ,Engineering ,business.industry ,remote communities ,Economic sector ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Coal mining ,Context (language use) ,General Medicine ,mine closure ,Civil engineering ,Work (electrical) ,State (polity) ,employment impacts ,Order (exchange) ,lcsh:K1-7720 ,lcsh:Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence ,Element (criminal law) ,HC94-1085 ,business ,Environmental planning ,media_common - Abstract
Tracking and mapping the employment impacts from mine closure forms an important element in planning for the economic transformation of remote communities and delivering enduring value from mining. This paper presents the results from two case studies of the employment impacts from mine closure: 1) the Ranger uranium mine in the Northern Territory and 2) the Leigh Creek coal mine in South Australia. The impacts for both locations are significant and link to a number of supporting industries, particularly construction, but also more broadly across other sectors of the economy. The spatial impacts are principally felt locally, but are also distributed more broadly at regional, state and national scales because of modern-day work commuting practices. Loss of jobs and associated income to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people are also significant. Developing policy options to prepare for managing imminent mine closures in remote locations requires careful analysis of the structure of the local economy, within the context of a globalised world, in order to help identify sustainable transformation opportunities for these remote communities.
- Published
- 2017
25. Corporate social responsibility in resource companies - opportunities for developing positive benefits and lasting legacies
- Author
-
Guy M. Robinson, Anne Elizabeth Fordham, Boyd Blackwell, Fordham, Anne Elizabeth, Robinson, Guy M, and Blackwell, Boyd Dirk
- Subjects
Economics and Econometrics ,Resource (biology) ,Sociology and Political Science ,020209 energy ,resource development ,02 engineering and technology ,010501 environmental sciences ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,enduring community value ,01 natural sciences ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Marketing ,Community development ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Sustainable development ,corporate social responsibility ,business.industry ,Corporate governance ,Stakeholder ,indigenous affairs ,Public relations ,sustainability ,Local community ,community development ,Sustainability ,Corporate social responsibility ,Business ,Law - Abstract
A key aspiration for Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in the resource sector is to leave behind a lasting and positive legacy for local and regional communities, which is referred to here as Enduring Community Value (ECV). This paper examines the capacity of resource companies to create ECV for local communities within three jurisdictions in Australia drawing on perspectives from resource company employees and key stakeholders including individuals and groups in local communities. The capacity to implement ECV was tracked through the planning, governance, implementation and evaluation phases of CSR for companies of different sizes, stage of mining life-cycle and degree of remoteness of mining operations. ECV was found to be a critical value of CSR for resource company employees and stakeholders, providing a common ground for engagement and cooperation. Company employees, also saw ECV as a necessary tool to help navigate the complexities of CSR within a local community context. Personal moral and ethical values of resource employees and stakeholders, including motivations to improve local community outcomes and to achieve sustainability drove the adoption of ECV. This was supported to varying degrees by resource companies’ culture and goals, organisational values of stakeholder organisations, regulatory and legislative frameworks, guidelines and standards. Through the application of Giddens’ structuration theory it was identified that there was a high reliance on human agency to drive outcomes, with a lack of consistent institutional structures and relevant processes being in place. This meant that planning for ECV often occurred late in the mine life-cycle, reducing the potential benefits. Further institutional support, such as through robust planning tools, guidelines and standards and resourced stakeholder forums where lessons, experiences and assessments are shared, could help drive outcomes more clearly toward ECV. The implications of models for CSR and sustainable development perspectives are also presented. Refereed/Peer-reviewed
- Published
- 2017
26. Global Alfvén eigenmodes in the H-1 heliac
- Author
-
Clive Michael, Shaun Haskey, Michael Cole, Boyd Blackwell, George Bowden, Matthew Hole, Axel Könies, and F. Zhao
- Subjects
Physics ,Gyroradius ,FOS: Physical sciences ,Plasma ,Condensed Matter Physics ,7. Clean energy ,01 natural sciences ,Physics - Plasma Physics ,010305 fluids & plasmas ,Computational physics ,Magnetic field ,Plasma Physics (physics.plasm-ph) ,Nuclear Energy and Engineering ,Normal mode ,Physics::Plasma Physics ,Harmonics ,Electric field ,0103 physical sciences ,Magnetohydrodynamics ,010306 general physics ,Marginal stability - Abstract
Recent upgrades in H-1 power supplies have enabled the operation of the H-1 experiment at higher heating powers than previously attainable. A heating power scan in mixed hydrogen/helium plasmas reveals a change in mode activity with increasing heating power. At low power (, 18 pages, 15 figures, submitted 07/04/2017 to Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Mine Lifecycle Planning and Enduring Value for Remote communities
- Author
-
Boyd Blackwell and Stuart Robertson
- Subjects
Engineering ,diversification ,Community engagement ,remote communities ,business.industry ,Environmental resource management ,Diversification (finance) ,General Medicine ,mining ,Town planning ,lifecycle ,Sustainable community ,lcsh:K1-7720 ,lcsh:Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence ,planning ,business ,Social responsibility ,License ,enduring value - Abstract
Mine lifecycle planning is critical to developing enduring value from mining for remote communities. The history of mining is replete with examples of communities being unsustainable post mine closure. The concept of enduring value involves ensuring that a sustainable community will remain following the closure of an associated mine. Since 2003, awareness has increased amongst the International and Australian peak mining bodies for the need to plan for enduring community value. This increased awareness has developed alongside the requirement for mining companies to operate in a socially responsible manner by maintaining a social license to operate. This paper thematically reviews the literature relevant to mine life cycle planning, enduring value, the socio-economic impacts of mining, and mine closure. Conditions required for a community to gain enduring value from mining include: ‘normalisation’ rather than being a ‘closed’ town; the existence of government support and funding; and realised economic diversification opportunities. It is imperative that these conditions are given due consideration 1) in the initial stages of mine and town planning and 2) throughout the life of the mine through ongoing monitoring and community engagement. However, we acknowledge the shortcomings in assuming planning is a panacea and suggest areas for further testing.
- Published
- 2014
28. Clustering of periodic multichannel timeseries data with application to plasma fluctuations
- Author
-
Shaun Haskey, Boyd Blackwell, and D. G. Pretty
- Subjects
Waves in plasmas ,Noise (signal processing) ,Feature extraction ,Short-time Fourier transform ,General Physics and Astronomy ,computer.software_genre ,Coincidence ,Hardware and Architecture ,von Mises distribution ,Data mining ,Time series ,Cluster analysis ,Algorithm ,computer ,Mathematics - Abstract
A periodic datamining algorithm has been developed and used to extract distinct plasma fluctuations in multichannel oscillatory timeseries data. The technique uses the Expectation Maximisation algorithm to solve for the maximum likelihood estimates and cluster assignments of a mixture of multivariate independent von Mises distributions (EM-VMM). The performance of the algorithm shows significant benefits when compared to a periodic k-means algorithm and clustering using non-periodic techniques on several artificial datasets and real experimental data. Additionally, a new technique for identifying interesting features in multichannel oscillatory timeseries data is described (STFT-clustering). STFT-clustering identifies the coincidence of spectral features over most channels of a multi-channel array using the averaged short time Fourier transform of the signals. These features are filtered using clustering to remove noise. This method is particularly good at identifying weaker features and complements existing methods of feature extraction. Results from applying the STFT-clustering and EM-VMM algorithm to the extraction and clustering of plasma wave modes in the time series data from a helical magnetic probe array on the H-1NF heliac are presented.
- Published
- 2014
29. H1DS: A new web-based data access system
- Author
-
D. G. Pretty and Boyd Blackwell
- Subjects
business.industry ,Computer science ,Mechanical Engineering ,Modular design ,computer.software_genre ,Extensibility ,Data access ,Nuclear Energy and Engineering ,Scalability ,Computer data storage ,Operating system ,Web application ,General Materials Science ,The Internet ,Web service ,business ,computer ,Civil and Structural Engineering - Abstract
A new data access system, H1DS, has been developed and deployed for the H-1 Heliac at the Australian Plasma Fusion Research Facility. The data system provides access to fusion data via a RESTful web service. With the URL acting as the API to the data system, H1DS provides a scalable and extensible framework which is intuitive to new users, and allows access from any internet connected device. The H1DS framework, originally designed to work with MDSplus, has a modular design which can be extended to provide access to alternative data storage systems.
- Published
- 2014
30. Overview of diagnostic performance and results for the first operation phase in Wendelstein 7-X (invited)
- Author
-
Oliver Schmitz, E. Pasch, S. A. Bozhenkov, O. P. Ford, Ireneusz Książek, J. Svensson, Robert Wolf, M. Endler, R. Burhenn, G. M. Weir, Dirk Naujoks, Florian Effenberg, L. Ryć, M. N. A. Beurskens, Olaf Grulke, T. Sunn Pedersen, G. A. Wurden, S. Marsen, Ulrich Neuner, S. Jablonski, S. C. Liu, T. Fornal, J. Baldzuhn, B. Schweer, Yunfeng Liang, Thomas Klinger, T. Schröder, B. Wiegel, Monika Kubkowska, D. A. Hartmann, Boyd Blackwell, J. P. Knauer, H. Thomsen, A. Dzikowicka, A. O. Marchuk, M. W. Jakubowski, G. Fuchert, H.-J. Hartfuß, Dag Hathiramani, Gábor Cseh, U. Wenzel, A. Adnan, Helmut Schuhmacher, N. A. Pablant, A. Alonso, B. Standley, Philipp Drews, J. Kaczmarczyk, Matthias Otte, T. Kremeyer, Christoph Biedermann, T. Szabolics, P. Kornejew, Hayato Tsuchiya, V. Erckmann, A. Werner, M. Krychowiak, S. Schmuck, N. Krawczyk, Laurie Stephey, D. Zhang, Hans-Stephan Bosch, J. W. Oosterbeek, V. Moncada, J.-M. Travere, B. Buttenschön, H. Neilson, T. Estrada, A. Cappa, A. Krämer-Flecken, Andreas Langenberg, U. Höfel, H. P. Laqua, Samuel Lazerson, T. Bräuer, M. Hirsch, Torsten Stange, R. König, Olaf Neubauer, Wendelstein X Team, B. B. Carvalho, S. Zoletnik, Holger Niemann, Andreas Zimbal, J. Geiger, T. Barbui, A. Lorenz, Andreas Dinklage, Heinke Frerichs, Wolfgang Biel, J. H. Harris, Martin Laux, Wolf-Dieter Schneider, Tamara Andreeva, A. Czarnecka, T. Windisch, S. Klose, H. Trimino Mora, Fabio Pisano, R. Brakel, Tamás Szepesi, G. Kocsis, Kian Rahbarnia, Science and Technology of Nuclear Fusion, and W7-X Team, Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Max Planck Society
- Subjects
Physics ,business.industry ,Plasma parameters ,Instrumentation ,Plasma ,01 natural sciences ,Radiation zone ,010305 fluids & plasmas ,law.invention ,Optics ,law ,0103 physical sciences ,Limiter ,ddc:530 ,Plasma diagnostics ,Wendelstein 7-X ,010306 general physics ,business ,Stellarator - Abstract
Wendelstein 7-X, a superconducting optimized stellarator built in Greifswald/Germany, started its first plasmas with the last closed flux surface (LCFS) defined by 5 uncooled graphite limiters in December 2015. At the end of the 10 weeks long experimental campaign (OP1.1) more than 20 independent diagnostic systems were in operation, allowing detailed studies of many interesting plasma phenomena. For example, fast neutral gas manometers supported by video cameras (including one fast-frame camera with frame rates of tens of kHz) as well as visible cameras with different interference filters, with field of views covering all ten half-modules of the stellarator, discovered a MARFE-like radiation zone on the inboard side of machine module 4. This structure is presumably triggered by an inadvertent plasma-wall interaction in module 4 resulting in a high impurity influx that terminates some discharges by radiation cooling. The main plasma parameters achieved in OP1.1 exceeded predicted values in discharges of a length reaching 6 s. Although OP1.1 is characterized by short pulses, many of the diagnostics are already designed for quasi-steady state operation of 30 min discharges heated at 10 MW of ECRH. An overview of diagnostic performance for OP1.1 is given, including some highlights from the physics campaigns.
- Published
- 2016
31. Radiative edge cooling experiments in Wendelstein 7-X start-up limiter campaign
- Author
-
Holger Niemann, T. Barbui, J. Svensson, M. Krychowiak, Florian Effenberg, R. König, S. C. Liu, M. W. Jakubowski, Yunfeng Liang, Sehyun Kwak, Philipp Drews, Oliver Schmitz, B. Buttenschön, T. Sunn Pedersen, J. Baldzuhn, Boyd Blackwell, D. Zhang, and W7-X Team, Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Max Planck Society
- Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics ,Materials science ,Radiative cooling ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Plasma ,Condensed Matter Physics ,01 natural sciences ,7. Clean energy ,010305 fluids & plasmas ,Coolant ,Neon ,chemistry ,0103 physical sciences ,Radiative transfer ,Limiter ,Electron temperature ,Wendelstein 7-X ,Atomic physics ,010306 general physics - Abstract
Impurity seeding experiments during the start-up limiter campaign of Wendelstein 7-X provide first evidence for a localization effect of the 3D magnetic edge structure on the seeded impurities and their radiation distribution and cooling effect. Moreover, species dependencies have been seen. Nitrogen was observed to cool the entire edge plasma, with a stronger electron temperature reduction measured at the downstream position at the limiter. The radiation was limited at the periphery of the confined region. Both the temperature reduction and the radiation enhancement were directly correlated to the injection of the coolant gas. Mitigation of the limiter heat loads was also measured. Neon was observed to affect also the confined plasma with a long-lasting radiation and a cooling of the entire plasma.
- Published
- 2019
32. Initial damage processes for diamond film exposure to hydrogen plasma
- Author
-
David D. Cohen, Daniel P. Riley, Mihail Ionescu, Mathew C. Guenette, Alec Deslandes, Cormac Corr, Inna Karatchevtseva, Cameron Samuell, and Boyd Blackwell
- Subjects
Materials science ,Hydrogen ,Mechanical Engineering ,Diamond ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Chemical vapor deposition ,Plasma ,engineering.material ,Nuclear Energy and Engineering ,Chemical engineering ,chemistry ,engineering ,Nuclear fusion ,General Materials Science ,Diamond cubic ,Plasma processing ,Plasma-facing material ,Civil and Structural Engineering - Abstract
Diamond is considered to be a possible alternative to other carbon based materials as a plasma facing material in nuclear fusion devices due to its high thermal conductivity and resistance to chemical erosion. In this work CVD diamond films were exposed to hydrogen plasma in the MAGnetized Plasma Interaction Experiment (MAGPIE): a linear plasma device at the Australian National University which simulates plasma conditions relevant to nuclear fusion. Various negative sample stage biases of magnitude less than 500 V were applied to control the energies of impinging ions. Characterisation results from SEM, Raman spectroscopy and ERDA are presented. No measureable quantity of hydrogen retention was observed, this is either due to no incorporation of hydrogen into the diamond structure or due to initial incorporation as a hydrocarbon followed by subsequent etching back into the plasma. A model is presented for the initial stages of diamond erosion in fusion relevant hydrogen plasma that involves chemical erosion of non-diamond material from the surface by hydrogen radicals and damage to the subsurface region from energetic hydrogen ions. These results show that the initial damage processes in this plasma regime are comparable to previous studies of the fundamental processes as reported for less extreme plasma such as in the development of diamond films.
- Published
- 2013
33. Resource Taxation and Remote Aboriginal Expenditure
- Author
-
Brian Dollery and Boyd Blackwell
- Subjects
Good governance ,Direct Payments ,Resource (biology) ,Public economics ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Transparency (graphic) ,Economics ,Public policy ,ComputingMilieux_LEGALASPECTSOFCOMPUTING ,Payment ,General Economics, Econometrics and Finance ,Natural resource ,media_common - Abstract
Resource taxation is a key concern for resource-rich nations. An especially thorny public policy question revolves around how resource taxation translates into benefits for affected communities in which resource extraction occurs. This article considers the international and Australian experience with mineral resource taxes, the types of taxes employed, how they are collected and disbursed, and the extent to which they benefit regional and remote communities. It is argued that direct payments from mining companies to affected communities represent the most efficient form of transfer. However, payments alone will not improve the wellbeing of remote communities, which also require good governance and abundant transparency.
- Published
- 2013
34. Vulnerabilities and adaptation of ports to climate change
- Author
-
Melissa Nursey-Bray, Jeffrey T. Wright, Hilary Pateman, John Francis, Melanie Roome, Ian Rodrigues, Chad L. Hewitt, Boyd Blackwell, Laurie Goldsworthy, Marnie L. Campbell, and Ben Brooks
- Subjects
Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes ,Adaptive capacity ,business.industry ,Geography, Planning and Development ,Environmental resource management ,Vulnerability ,Climate change ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,Term (time) ,Variable (computer science) ,Vulnerability assessment ,business ,Adaptation (computer science) ,General Environmental Science ,Water Science and Technology - Abstract
Climate change is anticipated to have a significant impact on coastal infrastructure, including navigational aids and ports. This paper presents the results of a vulnerability assessment of ports in Australia to climate change. Results reveal variable vulnerability in ports in the short and long term in relation to their exposure to climate change. However, this is offset by inherent adaptive capacity both in current climate change initiatives driven by ports, and in the self-confidence of the industry to be able to adapt. We conclude with a reflection on the implications of these results for future ports analyses.
- Published
- 2013
35. Combining amenity with experience: exploring the hidden capital of a winescape experience
- Author
-
Bligh Grant, James R. McFarlane, Stuart Mounter, and Boyd Blackwell
- Subjects
Consumption (economics) ,Government ,Sport, Leisure & Tourism ,Amenity ,Natural resource economics ,media_common.quotation_subject ,05 social sciences ,Geography, Planning and Development ,Product (business) ,Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality Management ,0502 economics and business ,Economics ,050211 marketing ,Profitability index ,Economic impact analysis ,Prosperity ,Marketing ,050212 sport, leisure & tourism ,Tourism ,media_common - Abstract
© The Author(s) 2016. Industry and government bodies have recommended augmentation of traditional production and marketing techniques as ways of increasing an industry’s profitability. This article values the amenity of the wine industry, a sensory experience that provides an array of opportunities both culturally to the tourist and economically to many regions across the world. Using the wine industry in the Central West region of New South Wales, Australia, we use input–output analysis to assess the economic impacts of this industry and the amenity hidden within. The industry not only provides jobs and commerce supporting local prosperity but also supplies a mixed production and consumption amenity from an agricultural product that meets the tourist’s leisure desire – an amenity that transcends from its origin in the vineyard to its destination at the table.
- Published
- 2016
36. ECCD Experiments Using the Upgraded Launching System in Heliotron J
- Author
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K. Sakamoto, K. Minami, Hiroyuki Okada, Hayao Yoshino, Yuji Nakamura, Ángela Fernández, T. Minami, S. Kishi, A. Cappa, H.Y. Lee, Gen Motojima, Shigeru Konoshima, Shinsuke Ohshima, Fumimichi Sano, K. Masuda, Y. Takabatake, T. Mizuuchi, Kiyoshi Hanatani, Kiyofumi Mukai, Shinji Kobayashi, Satoshi Yamamoto, Boyd Blackwell, Kazunobu Nagasaki, and Yasuo Yoshimura
- Subjects
Physics ,Ray tracing (physics) ,Nuclear magnetic resonance ,law ,Cyclotron ,Perpendicular ,Electron ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Refractive index ,Computational physics ,Bootstrap current ,Gaussian beam ,law.invention - Abstract
Electron cyclotron current drive (ECCD) experiments have been made in Heliotron J by using an upgraded EC launching system. A focused Gaussian beam is injected with the parallel refractive index, N||, ranging from -0.05 to 0.6. Ray tracing calculation shows that the EC power is more localized than that in the previous launching system. In the initial ECCD experiment, the EC injection angle has been successfully scanned as designed. Comparison between perpendicular and oblique launching experiments shows that for standard configuration, the EC current of 1 kA is driven at N� ∼ 0.3 in the Fisch-Boozer direction, and the bootstrap current flows up to 1 kA. A large increase in electron cyclotron emission (ECE) signals has been observed when the EC current was driven. c
- Published
- 2010
37. Geospatial analyses of local economic structures in the rangeland areas of the Northern Territory, South Australia and Western Australia
- Author
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Brian Dollery, Andrew M. Fischer, Boyd Blackwell, and Jim McFarlane
- Subjects
Geospatial analysis ,Ecology ,media_common.quotation_subject ,05 social sciences ,0211 other engineering and technologies ,0507 social and economic geography ,Vulnerability ,021107 urban & regional planning ,02 engineering and technology ,computer.software_genre ,Development policy ,Geography ,State (polity) ,Local government ,Regional science ,Economic base analysis ,Rangeland ,Northern territory ,050703 geography ,computer ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,media_common - Abstract
We examine the economic structure of Australian local government areas in the Northern Territory, South Australia and Western Australia using economic base theory and location quotients. Whereas the economic base approach is long established, in this paper we extend the three-staged geospatial visualisation method of Blackwell et al. (2017) to two additional state jurisdictions. Focusing on the economic structure of rangeland local government areas, we find that these vary significantly, implying that no single generic development policy is likely to be effective, but rather these need to be crafted individually. We demonstrate that geospatial visualisations of employment location quotients can identify local economic vulnerability as well as opportunity.
- Published
- 2018
38. The Marginal Values of Lifesavers and Lifeguards to Beach Users in Australia and the United States
- Author
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Boyd Blackwell and Clement A. Tisdell
- Subjects
Economics and Econometrics ,Public economics ,Applied economics ,Economic framework ,Project commissioning ,Economics, Econometrics and Finance (miscellaneous) ,Social benefits ,jel:H40 ,jel:L31 ,Willingness to pay ,willingness to pay, lifesaving, lifeguarding, rivalry, shared goods ,Political science ,jel:Q26 ,Snob ,Marketing ,Rivalry ,Bandwagon effect - Abstract
We estimate the marginal benefits of increasing lifesavers and lifeguards for beach users in Australia and the United States. Visits, income, education, age, distance from a patrol, and willingness to swim on an unpatrolled beach explain willingness to pay but rivalry does not; snob and bandwagon effects prevail. By comparing benefits with costs, the levels of lifeguards and lifesavers in Australia were found to be underprovided, consistent with shared good theory. Increasing services provides greater net benefits to users but replacing volunteer lifesavers with paid lifeguards may not because volunteering brings broader social benefits.
- Published
- 2010
39. Helicon antenna radiation patterns in a high-density hydrogen linear plasma device
- Author
-
Boyd Blackwell, P. A. Piotrowicz, and Juan Caneses
- Subjects
010302 applied physics ,Physics ,Hydrogen ,Antenna radiation patterns ,Plane wave ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Near and far field ,Plasma ,Condensed Matter Physics ,01 natural sciences ,010305 fluids & plasmas ,Helicon ,chemistry ,0103 physical sciences ,Group velocity ,Antenna (radio) ,Atomic physics - Abstract
Antenna radiation patterns in the vicinity of a helicon antenna are investigated in hydrogen plasmas produced in the MAGPIE linear plasma device. Using a uniform cold-plasma full-wave code, we model the wave physics in MAGPIE and find good agreement with experimental wave measurements. We show for the first time which antenna elements in a helicon device couple most strongly to the plasma and discuss the physical mechanism that determines this effect. Helicon wavefields in the near field of the antenna are best described in terms of the group velocity and ray direction, while far from the antenna, helicon wavefields behave like plane waves and are best described in terms of eigen-modes. In addition, we present recent 2D axis-symmetric full-wave simulations of the 120 kW helicon source in ProtoMPEX [Rapp et al., IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 44(12), 3456–3464 (2016); Caughman et al., J. Vac. Sci. Technol. Vac. Surf. Films 35, 03E114 (2017); and Goulding et al., Fusion Sci. Technol. 72(4), 588–594 (2017)] ( n e ∼...
- Published
- 2017
40. The Value of Recreational Surfing to Society
- Author
-
Marc L. Miller, Boyd Blackwell, and Neil Lazarow
- Subjects
Amenity ,Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality Management ,Geography, Planning and Development ,Social impact ,Coastal planning ,Nonmarket forces ,Environmental impact assessment ,Sociology ,Marketing ,Recreation ,Socioeconomic status ,Valuation (finance) - Abstract
This article comments briefly on the origins of surfing and its growth through the 20th century, discusses the growth of participation in surfing, and then uses a range of social science techniques including observed market expenditure and nonmarket valuation to describe the socioeconomic value of surfing at various locations. The findings demonstrate the significant economic, social, and cultural importance of surfing amenity, the need to clearly articulate and measure changes in recreational amenity, and the need to consider any negative impacts on surf breaks and the natural environment that may occur as a result of development, coastal planning, and protection works. © 2009 Cognizant Comm. Corp.
- Published
- 2008
41. The Value of a Recreational Beach Visit: an Application to Mooloolaba Beach and Comparisons With Other Outdoor Recreation Sites**This paper does not necessarily reflect the views of the NCME or AMC
- Author
-
Boyd Blackwell
- Subjects
Service (business) ,Economics and Econometrics ,Project commissioning ,business.industry ,Range (biology) ,Economics, Econometrics and Finance (miscellaneous) ,Environmental resource management ,Economic surplus ,Goods and services ,Geography ,Value (economics) ,Natural resource management ,business ,Recreation - Abstract
Beaches and foreshores worldwide offer a broad range of goods and services to coastal communities and economies. One service, beach recreation, provides considerable benefits to most Australians. This paper represents the first Australian attempt to value a recreational visit to surf beaches within the local urban setting of Mooloolaba beach, Sunshine Coast, Queensland using a truncated negative binomial individual travel cost model. Income, on-site and off-site travel expenditure and time, party size, and employment status helped to explain visits. The consumer surplus estimates provided in this paper are within the bounds of the international literature. The passive-use values of beaches are higher than those of national parks or forests. Assessing beach non-use values is an area for future research.
- Published
- 2007
42. Observation of Magnetohydrodynamic Instabilities in Heliotron J Plasmas
- Author
-
N. Nakajima, Shinichi Kobayashi, Yuki Torii, C. Nührenberg, Shinya Watanabe, Tohru Mizuuchi, Gen Motojima, Yuji Nakamura, Fumimichi Sano, S. Yamamoto, Katsumi Kondo, Hiroyuki Okada, Boyd Blackwell, Kazunobu Nagasaki, and Yasuhiro Suzuki
- Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics ,020209 energy ,Cyclotron ,02 engineering and technology ,01 natural sciences ,Instability ,Electron cyclotron resonance ,010305 fluids & plasmas ,law.invention ,Nuclear physics ,Physics::Plasma Physics ,law ,0103 physical sciences ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,General Materials Science ,Magnetohydrodynamic drive ,Civil and Structural Engineering ,Physics ,Mechanical Engineering ,Magnetic confinement fusion ,Plasma ,Nuclear Energy and Engineering ,Physics::Space Physics ,Atomic physics ,Magnetohydrodynamics ,Stellarator - Abstract
Two kinds of magnetohydrodynamics instability are observed in electron cyclotron heating and neutral beam injection-heated Heliotron J plasmas. One is the pressure-driven interchange modes with m =...
- Published
- 2007
43. A supersonic gas injection system for fuelling and probing fusion plasmas
- Author
-
Mattias Abelsson, Scott Collis, John Howard, Ben Powell, Peter Carlsson, and Boyd Blackwell
- Subjects
Jet (fluid) ,Chemistry ,Nozzle ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Vacuum chamber ,Supersonic speed ,Plasma ,Atomic physics ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Choked flow ,Plenum space ,Helium - Abstract
The large gas reservoir surrounding the H-1NF plasma leads to difficulties in achieving the density control required to maximize the plasma temperature. We have designed and tested an alternative fuelling system which uses a double conical nozzle to generate a directed flow of particles into the plasma without adding to the gas inventory in the rest of the vacuum vessel. By using a closed plenum at a programmable pressure and a piezo-electric valve, the particle flux can be dynamically changed in a controlled and quantitative manner. Measurements of the gas jet using constant temperature hot wire anemometry show that, for plenum pressures between 500 and 1000 Torr, the particle injection rate (helium) ranges between 2 × 1020 and 4 × 1020 s−1 with half-cone angles between 5° and 20°. The system has been installed on the H-1NF device and first plasma results indicate localized gas injection consistent with test tank anemometry measurements.
- Published
- 2006
44. Ion Detachment in the Helicon Double-Layer Thruster Exhaust Beam
- Author
-
Fernando N. Gesto, Christine Charles, Boyd Blackwell, and Rod Boswell
- Subjects
Physics ,Ion beam ,Mechanical Engineering ,Aerospace Engineering ,Variable Specific Impulse Magnetoplasma Rocket ,Radius ,Curvature ,Magnetic field ,Fuel Technology ,Helicon ,Space and Planetary Science ,Cylindrical coordinate system ,Atomic physics ,Beam (structure) - Abstract
This study is devoted to simulating the orbits of the ions in the supersonic beam observed experimentally in the laboratory development of the helicon double-layer thruster. Given the cylindrical symmetry of the problem, the particle orbits are generated in cylindrical coordinates (r, Φ, z), thereby enabling the analysis of magnetic detachment (in which the particles free themselves from the magnetic field of the source) to be confined to the analysis of the curvature of trajectories on the (r, z) plane. Because the trajectory of a magnetized particle in space is helical, detachment can be established if the curvature of r(z) on the (r, z) plane asymptotically approaches zero. The simulation shows that the detachment surface is a paraboloid opening in the direction of the expanding magnetic field, with its base along the radial (r) axis oscillating around the axial value z 0.38 m. The radius of the ion-beam detachment surface is in agreement with laboratory measurements of the beam density profile in the detachment region.
- Published
- 2006
45. Measurements and modeling of ion and neutral distribution functions in a partially ionized magnetically confined argon plasma
- Author
-
Clive Michael, Boyd Blackwell, and John Howard
- Subjects
Physics ,Argon ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Plasma ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Spectral line ,Ion ,Distribution function ,chemistry ,Physics::Plasma Physics ,Ionization ,Plasma diagnostics ,Atomic physics ,Doppler broadening - Abstract
The influence of ion-neutral collisions on the ion and neutral distribution functions is studied in low field (
- Published
- 2004
46. Fluctuations and stability of plasmas in the H-1NF heliac
- Author
-
D. G. Pretty, Boyd Blackwell, J. H. Harris, Scott Collis, Horst Punzmann, John Howard, Michael Shats, W. M. Solomon, Clive Michael, and Hua Xia
- Subjects
Physics ,Nuclear and High Energy Physics ,Gyroradius ,Magnetic confinement fusion ,Radius ,Plasma ,Condensed Matter Physics ,law.invention ,Helicon ,H-1NF ,Physics::Plasma Physics ,law ,Atomic physics ,Plasma stability ,Stellarator - Abstract
The H-1NF heliac is a medium-sized heliac stellarator experiment with major radius R = 1 m, and average plasma minor radius a = 0.15–0.2 m. Its ‘flexible-heliac’ coil set permits precise variation in the value and shape of the rotational transform (ι) profile, with regions of both positive and negative shear. Operation at low fields ( B< 0. 2T ) with argon plasmas heated by helicon waves produces plasmas that have large ion Larmor radii (ρi/a ∼ 0.4) and show confinement transitions at low power like those in the edge of large devices, yielding fundamental measurements concerning electric fields and zonal flows. At a higher field (0.5 T), precise rotational transform scans with H–He plasmas heated by ICRF show resonant equilibrium and stability phenomena which depend on the value of the rotational transform at the radius of zero shear.
- Published
- 2004
47. Studies of resonantly produced plasmas in the H-1NF heliac using a far-infrared scanning interferometer
- Author
-
Boyd Blackwell, John Howard, George B. Warr, D. G. Pretty, Clive Michael, Scott Collis, and J. H. Harris
- Subjects
Materials science ,Cyclotron ,Plasma ,Computational physics ,law.invention ,Ion ,Interferometry ,H-1NF ,Far infrared ,Physics::Plasma Physics ,law ,Astronomical interferometer ,Plasma diagnostics ,Atomic physics ,Instrumentation - Abstract
The H-1NF heliac regularly operates using the ion cyclotron range of frequencies at 0.5 T to produce plasmas with a mixture of hydrogen and helium gases. Due to the complex three-dimensional structure of the magnetic fluxsurfaces, these plasmas require sophisticated diagnostic systems, with good spatial coverage, to extract meaningful physical information. This article presents a study of the dependence of the plasma density profile on resonant heating conditions and magnetic configuration, using a far-infrared scanning interferometer. Recent modifications to the system and data that illustrate the performance of the interferometer will be discussed.
- Published
- 2003
48. Observations on water distribution in soybean seed during hydration processes using nuclear magnetic resonance imaging
- Author
-
L. N. Pietrzak, J. Frégeau-Reid, Boyd Blackwell, and B. Chatson
- Subjects
Nuclear magnetic resonance ,Germination ,food and beverages ,Imbibition ,Plant Science ,Horticulture ,Biology ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,Plant tissue ,Water entry - Abstract
Water in seeds plays an important role not only in physiological but also in chemical processes. In addition to the requirements of water for germination, seeds of legumes used for human consumption require hydration to prepare them for cooking. The site of water entry, however, and its movement during imbibition in legumes and particularly in soybean is still not clear. One of the best and most precise methods of tracing water movement in plant tissue is nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging. In our study, we applied NMR imaging to reveal the water distribution in soybean seeds during the first 24 h of hydration. It has been found that hydration during this period is a multistage process. Water enters the seed through the micropyle and hilum and the concentration of water there is very high during the entire imbibition process. Inside the seed, water first fills the voids between cotyledons, and between the cotyledons and the seed coat. Water then enters the embryonic axis, and from it, is distributed into cotyledons. The highest water concentration after 24 h of imbibition was observed in the embryonic axis. The external part of the cotyledons was hydrated at a slower rate than the internal tissue. Key words: Soybean, Glycine max L., nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, water imbibition, water distribution
- Published
- 2002
49. Iterative optimization of auxiliary coils for stellarators
- Author
-
J. H. Harris, B. McMillan, and Boyd Blackwell
- Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics ,Approximation theory ,Optimality criterion ,Iterative method ,Computer science ,Direct method ,Magnetic confinement fusion ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Topology ,law.invention ,Nuclear magnetic resonance ,law ,Electromagnetic coil ,Engineering design process ,Stellarator - Abstract
A direct method is described for finding optimal coils, and `flexibility' coils are presented which have been determined by this method. The method proceeds straight to a coil design from the required vacuum magnetic configuration parameters for the desired plasma, rather than producing an intermediate `surface current' description. This allows engineering requirements to be faithfully reproduced. The method has been applied by implementing a perturbative vacuum rotational transform evaluator as an optimality criterion. The speed of this evaluation step allows a thorough exploration of the set of possible coil trajectories and permits a high degree of confidence in the optimality of the best candidate. It is shown that the flexible heliac winding is very near optimal for rotational transform generation.
- Published
- 2002
50. B2.5-Eirene modeling of radial transport in the MAGPIE linear plasma device
- Author
-
Cormac Corr, Juan Caneses, Larry W Owen, John Canik, Juergen Rapp, Jeremy Lore, Boyd Blackwell, and Xavier Bonnin
- Subjects
education.field_of_study ,Ambipolar diffusion ,Chemistry ,Population ,Plasma ,Condensed Matter Physics ,01 natural sciences ,Charged particle ,010305 fluids & plasmas ,symbols.namesake ,Helicon ,Physics::Plasma Physics ,0103 physical sciences ,symbols ,Pinch ,Electron temperature ,Langmuir probe ,Atomic physics ,010306 general physics ,education - Abstract
Radial transport in helicon heated hydrogen plasmas in the MAGnetized Plasma Interaction Experiment (MAGPIE) is studied with the B2.5-Eirene (SOLPS5.0) code. Radial distributions of plasma density, temperature and ambipolar potential are computed for several magnetic field configurations and compared to double Langmuir probe measurements. Evidence for an unmagnetized ion population is seen in the requirement for a convective pinch term in the continuity equation in order to fit the centrally peaked density profile data. The measured slightly hollow electron temperature profiles are reproduced with combinations of on-axis and edge heating which can be interpreted as helicon and Trivelpiece–Gould wave absorption, respectively. Pressure gradient driven radial charged particle diffusion is chosen to describe the diffusive particle flux since the hollowness of the temperature profiles assists the establishment of on-axis density peaking.
- Published
- 2017
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