33,934 results on '"Boyd, P. A."'
Search Results
2. Informative Input Design for Dynamic Mode Decomposition
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Ott, Joshua, Kochenderfer, Mykel J., and Boyd, Stephen
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Electrical Engineering and Systems Science - Systems and Control - Abstract
Efficiently estimating system dynamics from data is essential for minimizing data collection costs and improving model performance. This work addresses the challenge of designing future control inputs to maximize information gain, thereby improving the efficiency of the system identification process. We propose an approach that integrates informative input design into the Dynamic Mode Decomposition with control (DMDc) framework, which is well-suited for high-dimensional systems. By formulating an approximate convex optimization problem that minimizes the trace of the estimation error covariance matrix, we are able to efficiently reduce uncertainty in the model parameters while respecting constraints on the system states and control inputs. This method outperforms traditional techniques like Pseudo-Random Binary Sequences (PRBS) and orthogonal multisines, which do not adapt to the current system model and often gather redundant information. We validate our approach using aircraft and fluid dynamics simulations to demonstrate the practical applicability and effectiveness of our method. Our results show that strategically planning control inputs based on the current model enhances the accuracy of system identification while requiring less data. Furthermore, we provide our implementation and simulation interfaces as an open-source software package, facilitating further research development and use by industry practitioners.
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- 2024
3. Fitting Multilevel Factor Models
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Parshakova, Tetiana, Hastie, Trevor, and Boyd, Stephen
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Statistics - Machine Learning ,Computer Science - Machine Learning ,Computer Science - Mathematical Software ,Statistics - Computation ,62H12 ,G.4 - Abstract
We examine a special case of the multilevel factor model, with covariance given by multilevel low rank (MLR) matrix~\cite{parshakova2023factor}. We develop a novel, fast implementation of the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm, tailored for multilevel factor models, to maximize the likelihood of the observed data. This method accommodates any hierarchical structure and maintains linear time and storage complexities per iteration. This is achieved through a new efficient technique for computing the inverse of the positive definite MLR matrix. We show that the inverse of an invertible PSD MLR matrix is also an MLR matrix with the same sparsity in factors, and we use the recursive Sherman-Morrison-Woodbury matrix identity to obtain the factors of the inverse. Additionally, we present an algorithm that computes the Cholesky factorization of an expanded matrix with linear time and space complexities, yielding the covariance matrix as its Schur complement. This paper is accompanied by an open-source package that implements the proposed methods.
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- 2024
4. Photometry and spectroscopy of a deep Algol-like minimum of WW Vul in 2016
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Boyd, David
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Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics - Abstract
We report analysis of photometry and spectroscopy of a deep Algol-like minimum of the pre-main-sequence star WW Vul in July and August 2016. This revealed substantial reddening due to absorption by circumstellar material. After dereddening, our spectra of WW Vul were consistent with spectral type A3V throughout the event. H{\alpha} is normally in emission in WW Vul. During the minimum, H{\alpha} emission dropped by ~30% and FWHM of the H{\alpha} line reduced by ~15%., Comment: 6 pages, 8 figures, accepted for publication in Journal of the AAVSO
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- 2024
5. Low Depth Phase Oracle Using a Parallel Piecewise Circuit
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Sun, Zhu, Boyd, Gregory, Cai, Zhenyu, Jnane, Hamza, Koczor, Balint, Meister, Richard, Minko, Romy, Pring, Benjamin, Benjamin, Simon C., and Stamatopoulos, Nikitas
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Quantum Physics - Abstract
We explore the important task of applying a phase $exp(i f(x))$ to a computational basis state $\left| x \right>$. The closely related task of rotating a target qubit by an angle depending on $f(x)$ is also studied. Such operations are key in many quantum subroutines, and often the function $f$ can be well-approximated by a piecewise linear composition. Examples range from the application of diagonal Hamiltonian terms (such as the Coulomb interaction) in grid-based many-body simulation, to derivative pricing algorithms. Here we exploit a parallelisation of the piecewise approach so that all constituent elementary rotations are performed simultaneously, that is, we achieve a total rotation depth of one. Moreover, we explore the use of recursive catalyst 'towers' to implement these elementary rotations efficiently. Depending on the choice of implementation strategy, we find a depth as low as $O(log n + log S)$ for a register of $n$ qubits and a piecewise approximation of $S$ sections. In the limit of multiple repetitions of the oracle, each instance has an $O(S \cdot n)$ T-count.
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- 2024
6. Optical Two-Tone Time Transfer
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Roslund, Jonathan D., Kowligy, Abijith S., Fujita, Junichiro, Ledbetter, Micah P., Rakholia, Akash V., Boyd, Martin M., Abo-Shaeer, Jamil R., and Cingöz, Arman
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Physics - Optics ,Physics - Atomic Physics ,Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors - Abstract
Sub-picosecond timing synchronization can enable future optical timekeeping networks, including coherent phased array radar imaging at GHz levels, intercontinental clock comparisons for the redefinition of the second, chronometric leveling, and synchronization of remote assets, including future satellite-based optical time standards. With optical clocks now operating on mobile platforms, free-space synchronization networks with compatible performance and the ability to operate under platform motion are essential to expand the reach of precision timing. Recently, femtosecond (fs)-level optical time-transfer techniques have been developed that can operate over hundreds of kilometers despite atmospheric turbulence, signal fade, and dropouts. Here we report a two-tone optical time transfer scheme with comparable performance that reduces hardware requirements and can support both fiber and free-space networks. Using this technique, sub-fs synchronization was demonstrated over a $\sim$100 m free-space link for several hours. In addition, the link was used to syntonize two iodine optical clocks and then compare them over four days. The set-up employs an integrated photonics transceiver and telecom-band lasers that are compatible with full photonic integration.
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- 2024
7. Automatic Mitigation of Dynamic Atmospheric Turbulence Using Optical Phase Conjugation for Coherent Free-Space Optical Communications
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Zhou, Huibin, Su, Xinzhou, Duan, Yuxiang, Zuo, Yue, Jiang, Zile, Ramakrishnan, Muralekrishnan, Tepper, Jan, Ziegler, Volker, Boyd, Robert W., Tur, Moshe, and Willner, Alan E.
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Physics - Optics ,Electrical Engineering and Systems Science - Signal Processing - Abstract
Coherent detection can provide enhanced receiver sensitivity and spectral efficiency in free-space optical (FSO) communications. However, turbulence can cause modal power coupling effects on a Gaussian data beam and significantly degrade the mixing efficiency between the data beam and a Gaussian local oscillator (LO) in the coherent detector. Optical phase conjugation (OPC) in a photorefractive crystal can "automatically" mitigate turbulence by: (a) recording a back-propagated turbulence-distorted probe beam, and (b) creating a phase-conjugate beam that has the inverse phase distortion of the medium as the transmitted data beam. However, previously reported crystal-based OPC approaches for FSO links have demonstrated either: (i) a relatively fast response time of 35 ms but at a relatively low data rate (e.g., <1 Mbit/s), or (ii) a relatively high data rate of 2-Gbit/s but at a slow response time (e.g., >60 s). Here, we report an OPC approach for the automatic mitigation of dynamic turbulence that enables both a high data rate (8 Gbit/s) data beam and a rapid (<5 ms) response time. For a similar data rate, this represents a 10,000-fold faster response time than previous reports, thereby enabling mitigation for dynamic effects. In our approach, the transmitted pre-distorted phase-conjugate data beam is generated by four-wave mixing in a GaAs crystal of three input beams: a turbulence-distorted probe beam, a Gaussian reference beam regenerated from the probe beam, and a Gaussian data beam carrying a high-speed data channel. We experimentally demonstrate our approach in an 8-Gbit/s quadrature-phase-shift-keying coherent FSO link through emulated dynamic turbulence. Our results show ~10-dB improvement in the mixing efficiency of the LO with the data beam under dynamic turbulence with a bandwidth of up to ~260 Hz (Greenwood frequency).
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- 2024
8. Mass determination of two Jupiter-sized planets orbiting slightly evolved stars: TOI-2420 b and TOI-2485 b
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Carleo, Ilaria, Barrágan, Oscar, Persson, Carina M., Fridlund, Malcolm, Lam, Kristine W. F., Messina, Sergio, Gandolfi, Davide, Smith, Alexis M. S., Johnson, Marshall C., Cochran, William, Osborn, Hannah L. M., Brahm, Rafael, Ciardi, David R., Collins, Karen A., Everett, Mark E., Giacalone, Steven, Guenther, Eike W., Hatzes, Artie, Hellier, Coel, Kabáth, Jonathan Horner Petr, Korth, Judith, MacQueen, Phillip, Masseron, Thomas, Murgas, Felipe, Nowak, Grzegorz, Rodriguez, Joseph E., Watkins, Cristilyn N., Wittenmyer, Rob, Zhou, George, Ziegler, Carl, Bieryla, Allyson, Boyd, Patricia T., Clark, Catherine A., Dressing, Courtney D., Eastman, Jason D., Eberhardt, Jan, Endl, Michael, Espinoza, Nestor, Fausnaugh, Michael, Guerrero, Natalia M., Henning, Thomas, Hesse, Katharine, Hobson, Melissa J., Howell, Steve B., Jordán, Andrés, Latham, David W., Lund, Michael B., Mireles, Ismael, Narita, Norio, Pinto, Marcelo Tala, Pugh, Teznie, Quinn, Samuel N., Ricker, George, Rodriguez, David R., Rojas, Felipe I., Rose, Mark E., Rudat, Alexander, Sarkis, Paula, Savel, Arjun B., Schlecker, Martin, Schwarz, Richard P., Seager, Sara, Shporer, Avi, Smith, Jeffrey C., Stassun, Keivan G., Stockdale, Chris, Trifonov, Trifon, Vanderspek, Roland, Winn, Joshua N., and Wright, Duncan
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Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics - Abstract
Hot and warm Jupiters might have undergone the same formation and evolution path, but the two populations exhibit different distributions of orbital parameters, challenging our understanding on their actual origin. The present work, which is the results of our warm Jupiters survey carried out with the CHIRON spectrograph within the KESPRINT collaboration, aims to address this challenge by studying two planets that could help bridge the gap between the two populations. We report the confirmation and mass determination of a hot Jupiter (orbital period shorter than 10 days), TOI-2420\,b, and a warm Jupiter, TOI-2485\,b. We performed a joint analysis using a wide variety of spectral and photometric data in order to characterize these planetary systems. We found that TOI-2420\,b has an orbital period of P$_{\rm b}$=5.8 days, a mass of M$_{\rm b}$=0.9 M$_{\rm J}$ and a radius of R$_{\rm b}$=1.3 R$_{\rm J}$, with a planetary density of 0.477 \gc; while TOI-2485\,b has an orbital period of P$_{\rm b}$=11.2 days, a mass of M$_{\rm b}$=2.4 M$_{\rm J}$ and a radius of R$_{\rm b}$=1.1 R$_{\rm J}$ with density 2.36 \gc. With current parameters, the migration history for TOI-2420\,b and TOI-2485\,b is unclear: the high-eccentricity migration scenarios cannot be ruled out, and TOI-2485\,b's characteristics may rather support this scenario.
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- 2024
9. Faculty Mentors' Perceptions: Evidence of Applied Practitioner Research by EdD Candidates
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Jennifer Crystle, Shannon Melideo, Ruth Boyd, and Clara Hauth
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The purpose of this research was to understand faculty mentors' perspectives on the impact of CPED-aligned methodology courses on doctoral students' development as scholarly practitioners. This study was a pilot study and exploratory in nature. Methods included distribution of a survey which included Likert items, as well as open-ended questions. The study presents descriptive statistics and thematic analysis of the survey results. Additionally, exemplar DiPs were analyzed to demonstrate alignment with CPED principles. Findings indicated that faculty mentors perceive that the CPED-aligned methods coursework is having a positive impact on students' learning and development as scholar practitioners. However, areas for growth and continuous improvement were identified. Implications of the research indicate a need for ongoing program assessment and evaluation of the impact of methodological coursework as the institution moves forward in program redesign and improvement. This study also serves as a model for incorporating faculty mentor perspectives in course and program assessment.
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- 2024
10. Training Sports Communicators to Report Concussions Accurately and Responsibly: Evidence from the Concussion Legacy Foundation Media Project Workshops
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Scott Parrott, Andrew C. Billings, Brandon Boyd, Tom Arenberg, and Samantha Bureau
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Concussions are an important issue facing the short- and long-term health of athletes. News media play an important role in shaping public perceptions of concussions. However, such coverage often provides inaccurate information, disinformation, and/or trivializes concussions. To address the problem, the Concussion Legacy Foundation (CLF) provides workshops to teach journalists to responsibly report about concussions during live and post-competition coverage. Spearheaded by journalism instructors, the present study tested the effectiveness of the workshops through an experiment with 90 college journalism students. Students who completed the training showed improvement in scores on a "concussion in sport" literacy exam. They also performed better on the examination than students in a control condition. Results suggest the training is effective and could be standardized for those studying to work in the field of sports journalism.
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- 2024
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11. Interdisciplinary Collaboration to Care for Students Diagnosed with PANDAS: An Education and Referral Intervention
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Tiffany M. Boyd, Susan M. Moyer, and Dawn Lambert
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Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections (PANDAS) is an autoimmune disorder associated with sudden onset of behavior changes. The prevalence of PANDAS is increasing in schools and interdisciplinary collaboration, knowledge, and the use of referrals to the school nurse are important for supporting students. This project sought to provide education on PANDAS to the interdisciplinary school team and implement a referral process for students exhibiting behavior changes. A self-directed online educational intervention was employed. A pretest-posttest design was utilized to assess knowledge before, immediately after, and six-weeks after the educational intervention. A referral log was implemented to track the number of referrals to the school nurse. The final sample size included 19 participants. Mean scores increased from pretest to posttest, and the implementation of a referral system produced 12 new school nurse referrals. Further strategies are needed to enhance interdisciplinary collaboration and support students experiencing health-related issues.
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- 2024
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12. Interactive Effects of Racism and Racial Centrality on ADHD Symptoms
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Kaylee Boyd, Maryam Ware, and Yara Mekawi
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Objective: Although race-related stress is associated with numerous mental health outcomes, no previous research has examined associations with ADHD symptoms. We examine how such associations differ in Black Americans based on racial identity to allow for more nuanced understandings of racial discrimination's association with ADHD symptoms. Methods: This study asked a sample of Black Americans to answer questionnaires assessing race-related stress, ADHD symptoms, and racial centrality. Results: In predicting ADHD symptoms, we found a positive effect of race-related stress and a negative effect of centrality. At low levels of centrality, the association between ADHD symptoms and race-related stress was stronger than at mean and high levels of centrality. Through additional sub-group analyses we found the interaction effect not replicating in one of our conditions. Conclusion: These results suggest experiences of race-related stress and racial identity are important factors for consideration in the treatment of ADHD symptoms.
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- 2024
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13. Governance for Earth system tipping points – A research agenda
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Milkoreit, Manjana, Boyd, Emily, Constantino, Sara M, Hausner, Vera Helene, Hessen, Dag O, Kääb, Andreas, McLaren, Duncan, Nadeau, Christina, O'Brien, Karen, Parmentier, Frans-Jan, Rotbarth, Ronny, Rødven, Rolf, Treichler, Désirée, Wilson-Rowe, Elana, and Yamineva, Yulia
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Policy and Administration ,Human Society ,Peace ,Justice and Strong Institutions ,Earth system ,Tipping points ,Global governance ,Research agenda ,Principles ,Institutions - Published
- 2024
14. Accounting for Selection Effects in Supernova Cosmology with Simulation-Based Inference and Hierarchical Bayesian Modelling
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Boyd, Benjamin M., Grayling, Matthew, Thorp, Stephen, and Mandel, Kaisey S.
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Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics ,Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics - Abstract
Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) are thermonuclear exploding stars that can be used to put constraints on the nature of our universe. One challenge with population analyses of SNe Ia is Malmquist bias, where we preferentially observe the brighter SNe due to limitations of our telescopes. If untreated, this bias can propagate through to our posteriors on cosmological parameters. In this paper, we develop a novel technique of using a normalising flow to learn the non-analytical likelihood of observing a SN Ia for a given survey from simulations, that is independent of any cosmological model. The learnt likelihood is then used in a hierarchical Bayesian model with Hamiltonian Monte Carlo sampling to put constraints on different sets of cosmological parameters conditioned on the observed data. We verify this technique on toy model simulations finding excellent agreement with analytically-derived posteriors to within $1 \sigma$., Comment: Accepted for the ICML AI for Science Workshop (2024). 13 pages, 5 figures, 2 tables
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- 2024
15. A Partially Pooled NSUM Model: Detailed estimation of CSEM trafficking prevalence in Philippine municipalities
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Nyarko-Agyei, Albert, Moser, Scott, Seymour, Rowland G, Brewster, Ben, Li, Sabrina, Weir, Esther, Landman, Todd, Wyman, Emily, Torres, Christine Belle, Fell, Imogen, and Boyd, Doreen
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Statistics - Applications - Abstract
Effective policy and intervention strategies to combat human trafficking for child sexual exploitation material (CSEM) production require accurate prevalence estimates. Traditional Network Scale Up Method (NSUM) models often necessitate standalone surveys for each geographic region, escalating costs and complexity. This study introduces a partially pooled NSUM model, using a hierarchical Bayesian framework that efficiently aggregates and utilizes data across multiple regions without increasing sample sizes. We developed this model for a novel national survey dataset from the Philippines and we demonstrate its ability to produce detailed municipal-level prevalence estimates of trafficking for CSEM production. Our results not only underscore the model's precision in estimating hidden populations but also highlight its potential for broader application in other areas of social science and public health research, offering significant implications for resource allocation and intervention planning.
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- 2024
16. Interim report for the International Muon Collider Collaboration (IMCC)
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Accettura, C., Adrian, S., Agarwal, R., Ahdida, C., Aimé, C., Aksoy, A., Alberghi, G. L., Alden, S., Amapane, N., Amorim, D., Andreetto, P., Anulli, F., Appleby, R., Apresyan, A., Asadi, P., Mahmoud, M. Attia, Auchmann, B., Back, J., Badea, A., Bae, K. J., Bahng, E. J., Balconi, L., Balli, F., Bandiera, L., Barbagallo, C., Barlow, R., Bartoli, C., Bartosik, N., Barzi, E., Batsch, F., Bauce, M., Begel, M., Berg, J. S., Bersani, A., Bertarelli, A., Bertinelli, F., Bertolin, A., Bhat, P., Bianchi, C., Bianco, M., Bishop, W., Black, K., Boattini, F., Bogacz, A., Bonesini, M., Bordini, B., de Sousa, P. Borges, Bottaro, S., Bottura, L., Boyd, S., Breschi, M., Broggi, F., Brunoldi, M., Buffat, X., Buonincontri, L., Burrows, P. N., Burt, G. C., Buttazzo, D., Caiffi, B., Calatroni, S., Calviani, M., Calzaferri, S., Calzolari, D., Cantone, C., Capdevilla, R., Carli, C., Carrelli, C., Casaburo, F., Casarsa, M., Castelli, L., Catanesi, M. G., Cavallucci, L., Cavoto, G., Celiberto, F. G., Celona, L., Cemmi, A., Ceravolo, S., Cerri, A., Cerutti, F., Cesarini, G., Cesarotti, C., Chancé, A., Charitonidis, N., Chiesa, M., Chiggiato, P., Ciccarella, V. L., Puviani, P. Cioli, Colaleo, A., Colao, F., Collamati, F., Costa, M., Craig, N., Curtin, D., D'Angelo, L., Da Molin, G., Damerau, H., Dasu, S., de Blas, J., De Curtis, S., De Gersem, H., Del Moro, T., Delahaye, J. -P., Denisov, D., Denizli, H., Dermisek, R., Valdor, P. Desiré, Desponds, C., Di Luzio, L., Di Meco, E., Di Petrillo, K. F., Di Sarcina, I., Diociaiuti, E., Dorigo, T., Dreimanis, K., Pree, T. du, Edgecock, T., Fabbri, S., Fabbrichesi, M., Farinon, S., Ferrand, G., Somoza, J. A. Ferreira, Fieg, M., Filthaut, F., Fox, P., Franceschini, R., Ximenes, R. Franqueira, Gallinaro, M., Garcia-Sciveres, M., Garcia-Tabares, L., Gargiulo, R., Garion, C., Garzelli, M. V., Gast, M., Gerber, C. E., Giambastiani, L., Gianelle, A., Gianfelice-Wendt, E., Gibson, S., Gilardoni, S., Giove, D. A., Giovinco, V., Giraldin, C., Glioti, A., Gorzawski, A., Greco, M., Grojean, C., Grudiev, A., Gschwendtner, E., Gueli, E., Guilhaudin, N., Han, C., Han, T., Hauptman, J. M., Herndon, M., Hillier, A. D., Hillman, M., Holmes, T. R., Homiller, S., Jana, S., Jindariani, S., Johannesson, S., Johnson, B., Jones, O. R., Jurj, P. -B., Kahn, Y., Kamath, R., Kario, A., Karpov, I., Kelliher, D., Kilian, W., Kitano, R., Kling, F., Kolehmainen, A., Kong, K. C., Kosse, J., Krintiras, G., Krizka, K., Kumar, N., Kvikne, E., Kyle, R., Laface, E., Lane, K., Latina, A., Lechner, A., Lee, J., Lee, L., Lee, S. W., Lefevre, T., Leonardi, E., Lerner, G., Li, P., Li, Q., Li, T., Li, W., Voti, R. Li, Lindroos, M., Lipton, R., Liu, D., Liu, M., Liu, Z., Lombardi, A., Lomte, S., Long, K., Longo, L., Lorenzo, J., Losito, R., Low, I., Lu, X., Lucchesi, D., Luo, T., Lupato, A., Métral, E., Mękała, K., Ma, Y., Mańczak, J. M., Machida, S., Madlener, T., Magaletti, L., Maggi, M., Durand, H. Mainaud, Maltoni, F., Mandurrino, M., Marchand, C., Mariani, F., Marin, S., Mariotto, S., Martin-Haugh, S., Masullo, M. R., Mauro, G. S., Mazzolari, A., Mele, B., Meloni, F., Meng, X., Mentink, M., Miceli, R., Milas, N., Mohammadi, A., Moll, D., Montella, A., Morandin, M., Morrone, M., Mulder, T., Musenich, R., Nardecchia, M., Nardi, F., Neuffer, D., Newbold, D., Novelli, D., Olvegård, M., Onel, Y., Orestano, D., Osborne, J., Otten, S., Torres, Y. M. Oviedo, Paesani, D., Griso, S. Pagan, Pagani, D., Pal, K., Palmer, M., Pampaloni, A., Panci, P., Pani, P., Papaphilippou, Y., Paparella, R., Paradisi, P., Passeri, A., Pastrone, N., Pellecchia, A., Piccinini, F., Piekarz, H., Pieloni, T., Plouin, J., Portone, A., Potamianos, K., Potdevin, J., Prestemon, S., Puig, T., Qiang, J., Quettier, L., Rabemananjara, T. R., Radicioni, E., Radogna, R., Rago, I. C., Ratkus, A., Resseguie, E., Reuter, J., Ribani, P. L., Riccardi, C., Ricciardi, S., Robens, T., Robert, Y., Roger, C., Rojo, J., Romagnoni, M., Ronald, K., Rosser, B., Rossi, C., Rossi, L., Rozanov, L., Ruhdorfer, M., Ruiz, R., Queiroz, F. S., Saini, S., Sala, F., Salierno, C., Salmi, T., Salvini, P., Salvioni, E., Sammut, N., Santini, C., Saputi, A., Sarra, I., Scarantino, G., Schneider-Muntau, H., Schulte, D., Scifo, J., Sen, T., Senatore, C., Senol, A., Sertore, D., Sestini, L., Rêgo, R. C. Silva, Simone, F. M., Skoufaris, K., Sorbello, G., Sorbi, M., Sorti, S., Soubirou, L., Spataro, D., Stamerra, A., Stapnes, S., Stark, G., Statera, M., Stechauner, B. M., Su, S., Su, W., Sun, X., Sytov, A., Tang, J., Taylor, R., Kate, H. Ten, Testoni, P., Thiele, L. S., Garcia, R. Tomas, Mugglestone, M. Topp, Torims, T., Torre, R., Tortora, L. T., Trifinopoulos, S., Udongwo, S. -A., Vai, I., Valente, R. U., van Rienen, U., van Weelderen, R., Vanwelde, M., Velev, G., Venditti, R., Vendrasco, A., Verna, A., Verweij, A., Verwilligen, P., Villamzar, Y., Vittorio, L., Vitulo, P., Vojskovic, I., Wang, D., Wang, L. -T., Wang, X., Wendt, M., Widorski, M., Wozniak, M., Wu, Y., Wulzer, A., Xie, K., Yang, Y., Yap, Y. C., Yonehara, K., Yoo, H. D., You, Z., Zanetti, M., Zaza, A., Zhang, L., Zhu, R., Zlobin, A., Zuliani, D., and Zurita, J. F.
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Physics - Accelerator Physics ,High Energy Physics - Experiment - Abstract
The International Muon Collider Collaboration (IMCC) [1] was established in 2020 following the recommendations of the European Strategy for Particle Physics (ESPP) and the implementation of the European Strategy for Particle Physics-Accelerator R&D Roadmap by the Laboratory Directors Group [2], hereinafter referred to as the the European LDG roadmap. The Muon Collider Study (MuC) covers the accelerator complex, detectors and physics for a future muon collider. In 2023, European Commission support was obtained for a design study of a muon collider (MuCol) [3]. This project started on 1st March 2023, with work-packages aligned with the overall muon collider studies. In preparation of and during the 2021-22 U.S. Snowmass process, the muon collider project parameters, technical studies and physics performance studies were performed and presented in great detail. Recently, the P5 panel [4] in the U.S. recommended a muon collider R&D, proposed to join the IMCC and envisages that the U.S. should prepare to host a muon collider, calling this their "muon shot". In the past, the U.S. Muon Accelerator Programme (MAP) [5] has been instrumental in studies of concepts and technologies for a muon collider., Comment: This document summarises the International Muon Collider Collaboration (IMCC) progress and status of the Muon Collider R&D programme
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- 2024
17. Fast control of the transverse structure of a light beam using acousto-optic modulators
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Jabbari, Mahdieh Chartab, Li, Cheng, Liu, Xialin, Córdova-Castro, R. Margoth, Braverman, Boris, Upham, Jeremy, and Boyd, Robert W.
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Physics - Optics - Abstract
Fast, reprogrammable control over the transverse structure of light beams plays an essential role in applications such as structured illumination microscopy, optical trapping, and quantum information processing. Existing technologies, such as liquid crystal on silicon spatial light modulators (LCoS-SLMs) and digital micromirror devices (DMDs), suffer from limited refresh rates, low damage thresholds, and high insertion loss. Acousto-optic modulators (AOMs) can resolve the above issues, as they typically handle higher laser power and offer lower insertion loss. By effectively mapping the temporal radio-frequency (RF) waveforms onto the spatial diffraction patterns of the optical field, individual AOMs have been shown to generate one-dimensional (1D) spatial modes at a pixel refresh rate of nearly 20 MHz. We extend this concept to enable fast modulation in a two-dimensional (2D) space using a double-AOM scheme. We demonstrate the generation of 2D Hermite-Gaussian (HG_nm) modes with an average fidelity of 81%, while the highest-order mode generated, HG_53, retains a fidelity of 56%.
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- 2024
18. Spectroscopic and Photometric Study of the S-type Mira V667 Cassiopeiae and the Carbon Star OR Cephei
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Boyd, David
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Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics - Abstract
We report on spectroscopic and photometric observations of the S-type Mira V667 Cas and the carbon star Mira OR Cep recorded during one pulsation cycle of each star in 2022. Spectra are calibrated in absolute flux using concurrent photometry. We present measurements of V and Ic magnitudes and V-Ic colour index, classify spectra in the revised MK system and investigate how absolute flux in the H-alpha to H-delta emission lines varies with pulsation phase for each star., Comment: 7 pages, 8 figures
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- 2024
19. Targeting influence in a harmonic opinion model
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Boyd, Zachary M., Fraiman, Nicolas, Marzuola, Jeremy L., Mucha, Peter J., and Osting, Braxton
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Computer Science - Social and Information Networks ,Mathematics - Numerical Analysis ,Mathematics - Probability ,35J05, 05C50, 49M41, 65K10 - Abstract
Influence propagation in social networks is a central problem in modern social network analysis, with important societal applications in politics and advertising. A large body of work has focused on cascading models, viral marketing, and finite-horizon diffusion. There is, however, a need for more developed, mathematically principled \emph{adversarial models}, in which multiple, opposed actors strategically select nodes whose influence will maximally sway the crowd to their point of view. In the present work, we develop and analyze such a model based on harmonic functions and linear diffusion. We prove that our general problem is NP-hard and that the objective function is monotone and submodular; consequently, we can greedily approximate the solution within a constant factor. Introducing and analyzing a convex relaxation, we show that the problem can be approximately solved using smooth optimization methods. We illustrate the effectiveness of our approach on a variety of example networks., Comment: 23 pages, 5 figures, comments welcome!!
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- 2024
20. Robust Pareto Design of GaN HEMTs for Millimeter-Wave Applications
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Martinez, Rafael Perez, Boyd, Stephen, and Chowdhury, Srabanti
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Electrical Engineering and Systems Science - Systems and Control - Abstract
This paper introduces a robust Pareto design approach for selecting Gallium Nitride (GaN) High Electron Mobility Transistors (HEMTs), particularly for power amplifier (PA) and low-noise amplifier (LNA) designs in 5G applications. We consider five key design variables and two settings (PAs and LNAs) where we have multiple objectives. We assess designs based on three critical objectives, evaluating each by its worst-case performance across a range of Gate-Source Voltages ($V_{\text{GS}}$). We conduct simulations across a range of $V_{\text{GS}}$ values to ensure a thorough and robust analysis. For PAs, the optimization goals are to maximize the worst-case modulated average output power ($P_{\text{out,avg}}$) and power-added efficiency ($PAE_{\text{avg}}$) while minimizing the worst-case average junction temperature ($T_{\text{j,avg}}$) under a modulated 64-QAM signal stimulus. In contrast, for LNAs, the focus is on maximizing the worst-case maximum oscillation frequency ($f_{\text{max}}$) and Gain, and minimizing the worst-case minimum noise figure ($NF_{\text{min}}$). We utilize a derivative-free optimization method to effectively identify robust Pareto optimal device designs. This approach enhances our comprehension of the trade-off space, facilitating more informed decision-making. Furthermore, this method is general across different applications. Although it does not guarantee a globally optimal design, we demonstrate its effectiveness in GaN device sizing. The primary advantage of this method is that it enables the attainment of near-optimal or even optimal designs with just a fraction of the simulations required for an exhaustive full-grid search.
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- 2024
21. Compact Model Parameter Extraction via Derivative-Free Optimization
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Martinez, Rafael Perez, Iwamoto, Masaya, Woo, Kelly, Bian, Zhengliang, Tinti, Roberto, Boyd, Stephen, and Chowdhury, Srabanti
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Computer Science - Machine Learning ,Electrical Engineering and Systems Science - Systems and Control - Abstract
In this paper, we address the problem of compact model parameter extraction to simultaneously extract tens of parameters via derivative-free optimization. Traditionally, parameter extraction is performed manually by dividing the complete set of parameters into smaller subsets, each targeting different operational regions of the device, a process that can take several days or even weeks. Our approach streamlines this process by employing derivative-free optimization to identify a good parameter set that best fits the compact model without performing an exhaustive number of simulations. We further enhance the optimization process to address critical issues in device modeling by carefully choosing a loss function that evaluates model performance consistently across varying magnitudes by focusing on relative errors (as opposed to absolute errors), prioritizing accuracy in key operational regions of the device above a certain threshold, and reducing sensitivity to outliers. Furthermore, we utilize the concept of train-test split to assess the model fit and avoid overfitting. This is done by fitting 80% of the data and testing the model efficacy with the remaining 20%. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our methodology by successfully modeling two semiconductor devices: a diamond Schottky diode and a GaN-on-SiC HEMT, with the latter involving the ASM-HEMT DC model, which requires simultaneously extracting 35 model parameters to fit the model to the measured data. These examples demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach and showcase the practical benefits of derivative-free optimization in device modeling.
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- 2024
- Full Text
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22. ADVSCORE: A Metric for the Evaluation and Creation of Adversarial Benchmarks
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Sung, Yoo Yeon, Fleisig, Eve, Mondal, Ishani, and Boyd-Graber, Jordan Lee
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Computer Science - Computation and Language - Abstract
Adversarial benchmarks validate model abilities by providing samples that fool models but not humans. However, despite the proliferation of datasets that claim to be adversarial, there does not exist an established metric to evaluate how adversarial these datasets are. To address this lacuna, we introduce ADVSCORE, a metric which quantifies how adversarial and discriminative an adversarial dataset is and exposes the features that make data adversarial. We then use ADVSCORE to underpin a dataset creation pipeline that incentivizes writing a high-quality adversarial dataset. As a proof of concept, we use ADVSCORE to collect an adversarial question answering (QA) dataset, ADVQA, from our pipeline. The high-quality questions in ADVQA surpasses three adversarial benchmarks across domains at fooling several models but not humans. We validate our result based on difficulty estimates from 9,347 human responses on four datasets and predictions from three models. Moreover, ADVSCORE uncovers which adversarial tactics used by human writers fool models (e.g., GPT-4) but not humans. Through ADVSCORE and its analyses, we offer guidance on revealing language model vulnerabilities and producing reliable adversarial examples., Comment: arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:2401.11185
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- 2024
23. A SMART Mnemonic Sounds like 'Glue Tonic': Mixing LLMs with Student Feedback to Make Mnemonic Learning Stick
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Balepur, Nishant, Shu, Matthew, Hoyle, Alexander, Robey, Alison, Feng, Shi, Goldfarb-Tarrant, Seraphina, and Boyd-Graber, Jordan
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Computer Science - Computation and Language - Abstract
Keyword mnemonics are memorable explanations that link new terms to simpler keywords. Prior works generate mnemonics for students, but they do not guide models toward mnemonics students prefer and aid learning. We build SMART, a mnemonic generator trained on feedback from real students learning new terms. To train SMART, we first fine-tune LLaMA-2 on a curated set of user-written mnemonics. We then use LLM alignment to enhance SMART: we deploy mnemonics generated by SMART in a flashcard app to find preferences on mnemonics students favor. We gather 2684 preferences from 45 students across two types: expressed (inferred from ratings) and observed (inferred from student learning), yielding three key findings. First, expressed and observed preferences disagree; what students think is helpful does not fully capture what is truly helpful. Second, Bayesian models can synthesize complementary data from multiple preference types into a single effectiveness signal. SMART is tuned via Direct Preference Optimization on this signal, which we show resolves ties and missing labels in the typical method of pairwise comparisons, augmenting data for LLM output quality gains. Third, mnemonic experts assess SMART as matching GPT-4, at much lower deployment costs, showing the utility of capturing diverse student feedback to align LLMs in education., Comment: In-Progress Preprint
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- 2024
24. High-Dimensional Subspace Expansion Using Classical Shadows
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Boyd, Gregory, Koczor, Bálint, and Cai, Zhenyu
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Quantum Physics - Abstract
We introduce a post-processing technique for classical shadow measurement data that enhances the precision of ground state estimation through high-dimensional subspace expansion; the dimensionality is only limited by the amount of classical post-processing resources rather than by quantum resources. Crucial steps of our approach are the efficient identification of useful observables from shadow data, followed by our regularised subspace expansion that is designed to be numerically stable even when using noisy data. We analytically investigate noise propagation within our method, and upper bound the statistical fluctuations due to the limited number of snapshots in classical shadows. In numerical simulations, our method can achieve a reduction in the energy estimation errors in many cases, sometimes by more than an order of magnitude. We also demonstrate that our performance improvements are robust against both coherent errors (bad initial state) and gate noise in the state-preparation circuits. Furthermore, performance is guaranteed to be at least as good - and in many cases better - than direct energy estimation without using additional quantum resources and the approach is thus a very natural alternative for estimating ground state energies directly from classical shadow data., Comment: 13 pages, 6 figures
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- 2024
25. AUTOHALLUSION: Automatic Generation of Hallucination Benchmarks for Vision-Language Models
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Wu, Xiyang, Guan, Tianrui, Li, Dianqi, Huang, Shuaiyi, Liu, Xiaoyu, Wang, Xijun, Xian, Ruiqi, Shrivastava, Abhinav, Huang, Furong, Boyd-Graber, Jordan Lee, Zhou, Tianyi, and Manocha, Dinesh
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Computer Science - Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition ,Computer Science - Computation and Language - Abstract
Large vision-language models (LVLMs) hallucinate: certain context cues in an image may trigger the language module's overconfident and incorrect reasoning on abnormal or hypothetical objects. Though a few benchmarks have been developed to investigate LVLM hallucinations, they mainly rely on hand-crafted corner cases whose fail patterns may hardly generalize, and finetuning on them could undermine their validity. These motivate us to develop the first automatic benchmark generation approach, AUTOHALLUSION, that harnesses a few principal strategies to create diverse hallucination examples. It probes the language modules in LVLMs for context cues and uses them to synthesize images by: (1) adding objects abnormal to the context cues; (2) for two co-occurring objects, keeping one and excluding the other; or (3) removing objects closely tied to the context cues. It then generates image-based questions whose ground-truth answers contradict the language module's prior. A model has to overcome contextual biases and distractions to reach correct answers, while incorrect or inconsistent answers indicate hallucinations. AUTOHALLUSION enables us to create new benchmarks at the minimum cost and thus overcomes the fragility of hand-crafted benchmarks. It also reveals common failure patterns and reasons, providing key insights to detect, avoid, or control hallucinations. Comprehensive evaluations of top-tier LVLMs, e.g., GPT-4V(ision), Gemini Pro Vision, Claude 3, and LLaVA-1.5, show a 97.7% and 98.7% success rate of hallucination induction on synthetic and real-world datasets of AUTOHALLUSION, paving the way for a long battle against hallucinations.
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- 2024
26. Decay Energy Spectrometry for Improved Nuclear Material Analysis at the IAEA NML
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Kim, G. B., Kavner, A. R. L., Parsons-Davis, T., Friedrich, S., Drury, O. B., Lee, D., Zhang, X., Hines, N., Boyd, S. T. P., Weidenbenner, S., Schreiber, K., Martinson, S., Smith, C., McNeel, D., Salazar, S., Koehler, K., Carpenter, M., Croce, M., Schmidt, D., and Ullom, J.
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Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors ,Nuclear Experiment - Abstract
Decay energy spectrometry (DES) is a novel radiometric technique for high-precision analysis of nuclear materials. DES employs the unique thermal detection physics of cryogenic microcalorimeters with ultra-high energy resolution and 100$\%$ detection efficiency to accomplish high precision decay energy measurements. Low-activity nuclear samples of 1 Bq or less, and without chemical separation, are used to provide elemental and isotopic compositions in a single measurement. Isotopic ratio precisions of 1 ppm - 1,000 ppm (isotope dependent), which is close to that of the mass spectrometry, have been demonstrated in 12-hour DES measurements of ~5 Bq samples of certified reference materials of uranium (U) and plutonium (Pu). DES has very different systematic biases and uncertainties, as well as different sensitivities to nuclides, compared to mass-spectrometry techniques. Therefore, the accuracy and confidence of nuclear material assays can be improved by combining this new technique with existing mass-spectrometry techniques. Commercial-level DES techniques and equipment are being developed for the implementation of DES at the Nuclear Material Laboratory (NML) of International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) to provide complementary measurements to the existing technologies. The paper describes details of DES measurement methods, as well as DES precision and accuracy to U and Pu standard sources to discuss its capability in analysis of nuclear safeguards samples., Comment: This was submitted to 2022 IAEA symposium on nuclear safeguards (https://www.iaea.org/events/sg-2022), and posted at https://media.superevent.com/documents/20221027/668fdac0ee8d895ec6bcf293b1c42e6a/id-145.pdf
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- 2024
27. More Victories, Less Cooperation: Assessing Cicero's Diplomacy Play
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Wongkamjan, Wichayaporn, Gu, Feng, Wang, Yanze, Hermjakob, Ulf, May, Jonathan, Stewart, Brandon M., Kummerfeld, Jonathan K., Peskoff, Denis, and Boyd-Graber, Jordan Lee
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Computer Science - Computation and Language - Abstract
The boardgame Diplomacy is a challenging setting for communicative and cooperative artificial intelligence. The most prominent communicative Diplomacy AI, Cicero, has excellent strategic abilities, exceeding human players. However, the best Diplomacy players master communication, not just tactics, which is why the game has received attention as an AI challenge. This work seeks to understand the degree to which Cicero succeeds at communication. First, we annotate in-game communication with abstract meaning representation to separate in-game tactics from general language. Second, we run two dozen games with humans and Cicero, totaling over 200 human-player hours of competition. While AI can consistently outplay human players, AI-Human communication is still limited because of AI's difficulty with deception and persuasion. This shows that Cicero relies on strategy and has not yet reached the full promise of communicative and cooperative AI.
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- 2024
28. Coherent control of a triangular exchange-only spin qubit
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Acuna, Edwin, Broz, Joseph D., Shyamsundar, Kaushal, Mei, Antonio B., Feeney, Colin P., Smetanka, Valerie, Davis, Tiffany, Lee, Kangmu, Choi, Maxwell D., Boyd, Brydon, Suh, June, Ha, Wonill D., Jennings, Cameron, Pan, Andrew S., Sanchez, Daniel S., Reed, Matthew D., and Petta, Jason R.
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Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics ,Quantum Physics - Abstract
We demonstrate coherent control of a three-electron exchange-only spin qubit with the quantum dots arranged in a close-packed triangular geometry. The device is tuned to confine one electron in each quantum dot, as evidenced by pairwise charge stability diagrams. Time-domain control of the exchange coupling is demonstrated and qubit performance is characterized using blind randomized benchmarking, with an average single-qubit gate fidelity F = 99.84%. The compact triangular device geometry can be readily scaled to larger two-dimensional quantum dot arrays with high connectivity.
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- 2024
29. Strategies to enhance THz harmonic generation combining multilayered, gated, and metamaterial-based architectures
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Maleki, Ali, Heindl, Moritz B., Xin, Yongbao, Boyd, Robert W., Herink, Georg, and Ménard, Jean-Michel
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Physics - Optics ,Physics - Applied Physics - Abstract
Graphene has unique properties paving the way for groundbreaking future applications. Its large optical nonlinearity and ease of integration in devices notably makes it an ideal candidate to become a key component for all-optical switching and frequency conversion applications. In the terahertz (THz) region, various approaches have been independently demonstrated to optimize the nonlinear effects in graphene, addressing a critical limitation arising from the atomically thin interaction length. Here, we demonstrate sample architectures that combine strategies to enhance THz nonlinearities in graphene-based structures. We achieve this by increasing the interaction length through a multilayered design, controlling carrier density with an electrical gate, and modulating the THz field spatial distribution with a metallic metasurface substrate. Our study specifically investigates third harmonic generation (THG) using a table-top high-field THz source. We measure THG enhancement factors exceeding thirty and propose architectures capable of achieving a two-order-of-magnitude increase. These findings highlight the potential of engineered graphene-based samples in advancing THz frequency conversion technologies for signal processing and wireless communication applications., Comment: 13 pages (4 Figures) + 5 pages Supplementary Information (4 Figures)
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- 2024
30. First joint oscillation analysis of Super-Kamiokande atmospheric and T2K accelerator neutrino data
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Super-Kamiokande, collaborations, T2K, Abe, S., Abe, K., Akhlaq, N., Akutsu, R., Alarakia-Charles, H., Ali, A., Hakim, Y. I. Alj, Monsalve, S. Alonso, Amanai, S., Andreopoulos, C., Anthony, L. H. V., Antonova, M., Aoki, S., Apte, K. A., Arai, T., Arihara, T., Arimoto, S., Asada, Y., Asaka, R., Ashida, Y., Atkin, E. T., Babu, N., Barbi, M., Barker, G. J., Barr, G., Barrow, D., Bates, P., Batkiewicz-Kwasniak, M., Beauchêne, A., Berardi, V., Berns, L., Bhadra, S., Bhuiyan, N., Bian, J., Blanchet, A., Blondel, A., Bodur, B., Bolognesi, S., Bordoni, S., Boyd, S. B., Bravar, A., Bronner, C., Bubak, A., Avanzini, M. Buizza, Burton, G. T., Caballero, J. A., Calabria, N. F., Cao, S., Carabadjac, D., Carter, A. J., Cartwright, S. L., Casado, M. P., Catanesi, M. G., Cervera, A., Chakrani, J., Chalumeau, A., Chen, S., Cherdack, D., Choi, K., Chong, P. S., Chvirova, A., Cicerchia, M., Coleman, J., Collazuol, G., Cook, L., Cormier, F., Cudd, A., Dalmazzone, C., Daret, T., Dasgupta, P., Davis, C., Davydov, Yu. I., De Roeck, A., De Rosa, G., Dealtry, T., Delogu, C. C., Densham, C., Dergacheva, A., Dharmapal, R., Di Lodovico, F., Lopez, G. Diaz, Dolan, S., Douqa, D., Doyle, T. A., Drapier, O., Duffy, K. E., Dumarchez, J., Dunne, P., Dygnarowicz, K., D'ago, D., Edwards, R., Eguchi, A., Elias, J., Emery-Schrenk, S., Erofeev, G., Ershova, A., Eurin, G., Fannon, J. E. P., Fedorova, D., Fedotov, S., Feltre, M., Feng, J., Feng, L., Ferlewicz, D., Fernandez, P., Finch, A. J., Aguirre, G. A. Fiorentini, Fiorillo, G., Fitton, M. D., Patiño, J. M. Franco, Friend, M., Fujii, Y., Fujisawa, C., Fujita, S., Fukuda, Y., Furui, Y., Gao, J., Gaur, R., Giampaolo, A., Giannessi, L., Giganti, C., Glagolev, V., Goldsack, A., Gonin, M., Rosa, J. González, Goodman, E. A. G., Gorin, A., Gorshanov, K., Gousy-Leblanc, V., Grassi, M., Griskevich, N. J., Guigue, M., Hadley, D., Haigh, J. T., Han, S., Harada, M., Harris, D. A., Hartz, M., Hasegawa, T., Hassani, S., Hastings, N. C., Hayato, Y., Heitkamp, I., Henaff, D., Hill, J., Hino, Y., Hiraide, K., Hogan, M., Holeczek, J., Holin, A., Holvey, T., Van, N. T. Hong, Honjo, T., Horiuchi, S., Hosokawa, K., Hu, Z., Hu, J., Iacob, F., Ichikawa, A. K., Ieki, K., Ikeda, M., Iovine, N., Ishida, T., Ishino, H., Ishitsuka, M., Ishizuka, T., Ito, H., Itow, Y., Izmaylov, A., Izumiyama, S., Jakkapu, M., Jamieson, B., Jang, M. C., Jang, J. S., Jenkins, S. J., Jesús-Valls, C., Ji, J. Y., Jia, M., Jiang, J., Jonsson, P., Joshi, S., Jung, C. K., Jung, S., Kabirnezhad, M., Kaboth, A. C., Kajita, T., Kakuno, H., Kameda, J., Kanemura, Y., Kaneshima, R., Karpova, S., Kasetti, S. P., Kashiwagi, Y., Kasturi, V. S., Kataoka, Y., Katori, T., Kawamura, Y., Kawaue, M., Kearns, E., Khabibullin, M., Khotjantsev, A., Kikawa, T., Kim, S. B., King, S., Kiseeva, V., Kisiel, J., Kneale, L., Kobayashi, H., Kobayashi, T., Kobayashi, M., Koch, L., Kodama, S., Kolupanova, M., Konaka, A., Kormos, L. L., Koshio, Y., Koto, T., Kowalik, K., Kudenko, Y., Kudo, Y., Kuribayashi, S., Kurjata, R., Kurochka, V., Kutter, T., Kuze, M., Kwon, E., La Commara, M., Labarga, L., Lachat, M., Lachner, K., Lagoda, J., Lakshmi, S. M., LamersJames, M., Langella, A., Laporte, J. -F., Last, D., Latham, N., Laveder, M., Lavitola, L., Lawe, M., Learned, J. G., Lee, Y., Lee, S. H., Silverio, D. Leon, Levorato, S., Lewis, S., Li, X., Li, W., Lin, C., Litchfield, R. P., Liu, S. L., Liu, Y. M., Long, K. R., Longhin, A., Moreno, A. Lopez, Lu, X., Ludovici, L., Lux, T., Machado, L. N., Maekawa, Y., Magaletti, L., Mahn, K., Mahtani, K. K., Malek, M., Mandal, M., Manly, S., Marino, A. D., Martens, K., Marti, Ll., Martin, D. G. R., Martin, J. F., Martin, D., Martini, M., Maruyama, T., Matsubara, T., Matsumoto, R., Mattiazzi, M., Matveev, V., Mauger, C., Mavrokoridis, K., Mazzucato, E., McCauley, N., McElwee, J. M., McFarland, K. S., McGrew, C., McKean, J., Mefodiev, A., Megias, G. D., Mehta, P., Mellet, L., Menjo, H., Metelko, C., Mezzetto, M., Migenda, J., Mijakowski, P., Miki, S., Miller, E., Minamino, A., Mine, S., Mineev, O., Mirabito, J., Miura, M., Bueno, L. Molina, Moon, D. H., Mori, M., Moriyama, S., Morrison, P., Muñoz, A., Mueller, Th. A., Munford, D., Munteanu, L., Nagai, Y., Nagai, K., Nakadaira, T., Nakagiri, K., Nakahata, M., Nakajima, Y., Nakamura, A., Nakamura, K., Nakamura, K. D., Nakamura, T., Nakanishi, F., Nakano, Y., Nakaya, T., Nakayama, S., Nakayoshi, K., Naseby, C. E. R., Ngoc, T. V., Nguyen, V. Q., Nguyen, D. T., Nicholson, M., Niewczas, K., Ninomiya, K., Nishijima, K., Nishimori, S., Nishimura, Y., Noguchi, Y., Nosek, T., Nova, F., Novella, P., Nugent, J. C., Odagawa, T., Okazaki, R., Okazawa, H., Okinaga, W., Okumura, K., Okusawa, T., Ommura, Y., Onda, N., Ospina, N., Osu, L., Oyama, Y., O'Flaherty, M., O'Keeffe, H. M., O'Sullivan, L., Périssé, L., Paganini, P., Palladino, V., Paolone, V., Pari, M., Park, R. G., Parlone, J., Pasternak, J., Payne, D., Penn, G. C., de Perio, P., Pershey, D., Pfaff, M., Pickering, L., Pintaudi, G., Pistillo, C., Pointon, B. W., Popov, B., Yrey, A. Portocarrero, Porwit, K., Posiadala-Zezula, M., Prabhu, Y. S., Prasad, H., Pronost, G., Prouse, N. W., Pupilli, F., Quilain, B., Quyen, P. T., Raaf, J. L., Radermacher, T., Radicioni, E., Radics, B., Ramirez, M. A., Ramsden, R. M., Ratoff, P. N., Reh, M., Riccio, C., Richards, B., Rogly, R., Rondio, E., Roth, S., Roy, N., Rubbia, A., Russo, L., Rychter, A., Saenz, W., Sakai, S., Sakashita, K., Samani, S., Santos, A. D., Sato, Y., Sato, K., Schefke, T., Schloesser, C. M., Scholberg, K., Scott, M., Seiya, Y., Sekiguchi, T., Sekiya, H., Seo, J. W., Sgalaberna, D., Shaikhiev, A., Shi, W., Shiba, H., Shibayama, R., Shigeta, N., Shima, S., Shimamura, R., Shimizu, K., Shinoki, M., Shiozawa, M., Shiraishi, Y., Shvartsman, A., Skrobova, N., Skwarczynski, K., Smy, M. B., Smyczek, D., Sobczyk, J. T., Sobel, H. W., Soler, F. J. P., Sonoda, Y., Speers, A. J., Spina, R., Stroke, Y., Suslov, I. A., Suvorov, S., Suzuki, S., Suzuki, A., Suzuki, S. Y., Suzuki, Y., Sánchez, F., Tada, T., Tada, M., Tairafune, S., Takagi, Y., Takeda, A., Takemoto, Y., Takeuchi, Y., Takhistov, V., Takifuji, K., Tanaka, H., Tanaka, H. K., Tanigawa, H., Taniuchi, N., Tano, T., Tarrant, A., Tashiro, T., Teklu, A., Terada, K., Tereshchenko, V. V., Thamm, N., Thiesse, M. D., Thompson, L. F., Toki, W., Tomiya, T., Touramanis, C., Tsui, K. M., Tsukamoto, T., Tzanov, M., Uchida, Y., Vagins, M. R., Vargas, D., Varghese, M., Vasseur, G., Villa, E., Vinning, W. G. S., Virginet, U., Vladisavljevic, T., Wachala, T., Wakabayashi, D., Wallace, H. T., Walsh, J. G., Walter, C. W., Wan, L., Wang, X., Wang, Y., Wark, D., Wascko, M. O., Watanabe, E., Weber, A., Wendell, R. A., Wester, T., Wilking, M. J., Wilkinson, C., Wilson, S. T., Wilson, J. R., Wood, K., Wret, C., Wu, Y., Xia, J., Xie, Z., Xu, B. D., Xu, Y. -H., Yamamoto, K., Yamamoto, T., Yamauchi, K., Yanagisawa, C., Yang, G., Yang, B. S., Yang, J. Y., Yankelevich, A., Yano, T., Yasutome, K., Yershov, N., Yevarouskaya, U., Yokoyama, M., Yoo, J., Yoshida, T., Yoshida, S., Yoshimoto, Y., Yoshimura, N., Yoshioka, Y., Yu, M., Yu, I., Zaki, R., Zaldivar, B., Zalewska, A., Zalipska, J., Zaremba, K., Zarnecki, G., Zhang, J., Zhang, A. Q., Zhang, B., Zhao, X. Y., Zhong, H., Zhu, T., Ziembicki, M., Zimmerman, E. D., Zito, M., and Zsoldos, S.
- Subjects
High Energy Physics - Experiment - Abstract
The Super-Kamiokande and T2K collaborations present a joint measurement of neutrino oscillation parameters from their atmospheric and beam neutrino data. It uses a common interaction model for events overlapping in neutrino energy and correlated detector systematic uncertainties between the two datasets, which are found to be compatible. Using 3244.4 days of atmospheric data and a beam exposure of $19.7(16.3) \times 10^{20}$ protons on target in (anti)neutrino mode, the analysis finds a 1.9$\sigma$ exclusion of CP-conservation (defined as $J_{CP}=0$) and a preference for the normal mass ordering., Comment: 10 pages, 3 figures
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- 2024
31. Designing and Evaluating Dialogue LLMs for Co-Creative Improvised Theatre
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Branch, Boyd, Mirowski, Piotr, Mathewson, Kory, Ppali, Sophia, and Covaci, Alexandra
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Computer Science - Computation and Language - Abstract
Social robotics researchers are increasingly interested in multi-party trained conversational agents. With a growing demand for real-world evaluations, our study presents Large Language Models (LLMs) deployed in a month-long live show at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe. This case study investigates human improvisers co-creating with conversational agents in a professional theatre setting. We explore the technical capabilities and constraints of on-the-spot multi-party dialogue, providing comprehensive insights from both audience and performer experiences with AI on stage. Our human-in-the-loop methodology underlines the challenges of these LLMs in generating context-relevant responses, stressing the user interface's crucial role. Audience feedback indicates an evolving interest for AI-driven live entertainment, direct human-AI interaction, and a diverse range of expectations about AI's conversational competence and utility as a creativity support tool. Human performers express immense enthusiasm, varied satisfaction, and the evolving public opinion highlights mixed emotions about AI's role in arts., Comment: 13 pages, 7 figures, accepted for publication at the International Conference on Computational Creativity 2024
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- 2024
32. An Exploratory Study of an Online Vaccine Education Program in Middle-School Students to Promote Vaccine Acceptance
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Edward B. Lewin, Dawn M. Bellanti, Courtney C. Boyd, Walter A. Orenstein, and Joseph A. Bellanti
- Abstract
Background: While vaccines have reduced the incidence of vaccine-preventable diseases, vaccine hesitancy threatens the re-emergence of childhood infectious diseases. Purpose: This randomized controlled study evaluated an online vaccine education program to advance vaccine acceptance among middle-school students. Methodology: Study participants were randomly assigned to an intervention group who viewed the VEP videos or to a comparison group who viewed a science-based video unrelated to vaccines. Results: Knowledge scores improved in both groups and more favorable shifts in vaccine-related beliefs and attitudes occurred in the intervention than in the comparison group. Conclusions: This program can be feasibly delivered via an online platform to middle school students, resulting in shifts in vaccine-related knowledge, beliefs and attitudes. Implications: Delivering evidence-based content to instruct about vaccine effectiveness and safety is an area in which school nurses have demonstrated an important role as a resource for patient education to promote vaccine advocacy.
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- 2024
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33. Supporting and Establishing Gender and Sexuality Alliances in Chicago Public Schools
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Makayla Boyd, Heide R. Cygan, Booker Marshall, Derrick Little, and Mallory Bejster
- Abstract
School nurses are uniquely positioned to support lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning/queer (LGBTQ) students. One approach is involvement in Gender and Sexuality Alliances (GSAs). GSAs have been found to improve outcomes for LGBTQ students. The purposes of this quality improvement project were to build infrastructure for GSAs by implementing a GSA Support Plan including a digital resource binder, GSA advisor trainings, and establishment of an Advisor Leadership Committee and increase the number of schools with a GSA. The binder was distributed electronically to 95 advisors. Forty-nine participants attending virtual trainings. A statistically significant increase in all measures of participant confidence occurred between the pre- and post-training surveys. The Advisor Leadership Committee was established. This paper adds to the literature by showing that support for GSAs is important to aiding LGBTQ students. Further, authors suggest ways in which school nurses can harness their expertise to be involved with GSAs.
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- 2024
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34. Bridging Priorities between Naturalistic Developmental Behavioral Interventions for Autism and Educational Practice in Inclusive Early Childhood Education
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Michael Siller, Rebecca Landa, Giacomo Vivanti, Brooke Ingersoll, Allison Jobin, Molly Murphy, Melanie Pellecchia, Brian Boyd, Sophia D'Agostino, Cynthia Zierhut Ursu, Jennifer Stapel-Wax, Sally Fuhrmeister, and Lindee Morgan
- Abstract
Practice guidelines for early childhood education (ECE) and clinical autism interventions (Naturalistic Developmental Behavioral Intervention, NDBI) have emerged separately in history, represent different disciplines, and operate within different service systems in the United States. This article identifies priorities, principles, and practices that are shared across the NDBI and ECE frameworks, unique to each framework but compatible with the other, or in conflict. Both frameworks support converging inclusive ECE models focused on autism in that they are both grounded in responsive relationships, natural learning environments, and strategies to promote children's motivation and active engagement. While compatible in general, each framework extends the other in important ways. For example, NDBI goes beyond the ECE frameworks by focusing on a more fine-grained examination of learning strategies and targets. Opportunities for bridging gaps are identified, including the use of implementation science frameworks to integrate perspectives from different stakeholder groups, supporting the scale-up of inclusion preschools in community settings.
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- 2024
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35. 'Most People Have No Idea What Autism Is': Unpacking Autism Disclosure Using Social Media Analysis
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Chris Edwards, Abigail M. A. Love, Sandra C. Jones, Ru Ying Cai, Boyd Thai Hoang Nguyen, and Vicki Gibbs
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Autism disclosure can be a complicated decision that autistic people experience. Positive outcomes can include feelings of acceptance and support, but negative outcomes can include stigma and discrimination. Although a surge in research on this topic has led to more understanding around autism disclosure, the methodologies used may have limited who was contributing to the conversation and data. To overcome this, we analyzed 3 years (2020-2022) of social media data (Reddit and Twitter) as this was public information that did not rely on researcher data collection. Reflexive thematic analysis of 3121 posts led to the generation of four themes: People do not understand autism (with experiences related to employment, dating, healthcare and mental health), autistic people just want privacy and respect, autistic people can lead us forward and non-autistic people need to assume more responsibility. We discuss how autistic adults experience the impact of society's lack of understanding of autism on a daily basis whether they disclose or not, and that it is everybody's responsibility to challenge negative stereotypes and promote a more inclusive society.
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- 2024
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36. Stepwise Transfer Learning for Expert-level Pediatric Brain Tumor MRI Segmentation in a Limited Data Scenario.
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Boyd, Aidan, Ye, Zezhong, Prabhu, Sanjay, Tjong, Michael, Zha, Yining, Zapaischykova, Anna, Vajapeyam, Sridhar, Catalano, Paul, Hayat, Hasaan, Chopra, Rishi, Liu, Kevin, Nabavizadeh, Ali, Resnick, Adam, Mueller, Sabine, Haas-Kogan, Daphne, Aerts, Hugo, Poussaint, Tina, and Kann, Benjamin
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Deep Learning ,MRI Segmentation ,Pediatric Brain Tumors ,Stepwise Transfer Learning ,Humans ,Child ,Brain Neoplasms ,Magnetic Resonance Imaging ,Male ,Adolescent ,Child ,Preschool ,Retrospective Studies ,Female ,Infant ,Deep Learning ,Young Adult ,Glioma ,Image Interpretation ,Computer-Assisted - Abstract
Purpose To develop, externally test, and evaluate clinical acceptability of a deep learning pediatric brain tumor segmentation model using stepwise transfer learning. Materials and Methods In this retrospective study, the authors leveraged two T2-weighted MRI datasets (May 2001 through December 2015) from a national brain tumor consortium (n = 184; median age, 7 years [range, 1-23 years]; 94 male patients) and a pediatric cancer center (n = 100; median age, 8 years [range, 1-19 years]; 47 male patients) to develop and evaluate deep learning neural networks for pediatric low-grade glioma segmentation using a stepwise transfer learning approach to maximize performance in a limited data scenario. The best model was externally tested on an independent test set and subjected to randomized blinded evaluation by three clinicians, wherein they assessed clinical acceptability of expert- and artificial intelligence (AI)-generated segmentations via 10-point Likert scales and Turing tests. Results The best AI model used in-domain stepwise transfer learning (median Dice score coefficient, 0.88 [IQR, 0.72-0.91] vs 0.812 [IQR, 0.56-0.89] for baseline model; P = .049). With external testing, the AI model yielded excellent accuracy using reference standards from three clinical experts (median Dice similarity coefficients: expert 1, 0.83 [IQR, 0.75-0.90]; expert 2, 0.81 [IQR, 0.70-0.89]; expert 3, 0.81 [IQR, 0.68-0.88]; mean accuracy, 0.82). For clinical benchmarking (n = 100 scans), experts rated AI-based segmentations higher on average compared with other experts (median Likert score, 9 [IQR, 7-9] vs 7 [IQR 7-9]) and rated more AI segmentations as clinically acceptable (80.2% vs 65.4%). Experts correctly predicted the origin of AI segmentations in an average of 26.0% of cases. Conclusion Stepwise transfer learning enabled expert-level automated pediatric brain tumor autosegmentation and volumetric measurement with a high level of clinical acceptability. Keywords: Stepwise Transfer Learning, Pediatric Brain Tumors, MRI Segmentation, Deep Learning Supplemental material is available for this article. © RSNA, 2024.
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- 2024
37. Diet-induced obesity affects influenza disease severity and transmission dynamics in ferrets.
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Meliopoulos, Victoria, Honce, Rebekah, Livingston, Brandi, Hargest, Virginia, Freiden, Pamela, Lazure, Lauren, Brigleb, Pamela, Karlsson, Erik, Sheppard, Heather, Allen, E, Boyd, David, Thomas, Paul, and Schultz-Cherry, Stacey
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Animals ,Ferrets ,Obesity ,Orthomyxoviridae Infections ,Disease Models ,Animal ,Lung ,Severity of Illness Index ,Diet ,Humans ,Virus Shedding ,Influenza ,Human - Abstract
Obesity, and the associated metabolic syndrome, is a risk factor for increased disease severity with a variety of infectious agents, including influenza virus. Yet, the mechanisms are only partially understood. As the number of people, particularly children, living with obesity continues to rise, it is critical to understand the role of host status on disease pathogenesis. In these studies, we use a diet-induced obese ferret model and tools to demonstrate that, like humans, obesity resulted in notable changes to the lung microenvironment, leading to increased clinical disease and viral spread to the lower respiratory tract. The decreased antiviral responses also resulted in obese animals shedding higher infectious virus for a longer period, making them more likely to transmit to contacts. These data suggest that the obese ferret model may be crucial to understanding obesitys impact on influenza disease severity and community transmission and a key tool for therapeutic and intervention development for this high-risk population.
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- 2024
38. The importance of developmental assets in HIV prevention behaviors among young black men who have sex with men (MSM)
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Boyd, Donte T, Harris, Orlando O, Abu-Ba’are, Gamji Rabiu, Nelson, LaRon, and Wilton, Leo
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Biomedical and Clinical Sciences ,Public Health ,Health Sciences ,Human Society ,Clinical Sciences ,Social Work ,Sexually Transmitted Infections ,Clinical Research ,Infectious Diseases ,Health Disparities ,Behavioral and Social Science ,HIV/AIDS ,Prevention ,Sexual and Gender Minorities (SGM/LGBT*) ,Pediatric ,Good Health and Well Being ,Humans ,Male ,HIV Infections ,Young Adult ,Adolescent ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Homosexuality ,Male ,Black or African American ,Adult ,Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis ,HIV Testing ,Social Support - Abstract
Developmental assets are critical to the health and wellbeing of youth. The current study examines the influence of developmental assets on PrEP use and HIV testing among YBMSM ages 18-24. Using a cross-sectional survey of YBMSM (N = 225), this study explored the role of external (e.g., family support, other adult support) and internal (e.g., personal responsibility) assets in explaining HIV prevention behaviors. Participants were recruited from Mechanical Turk (M-Turk) internet-based platform, social media sites, and community-based organizations. A path analysis was conducted to investigate the direct/indirect effects of internal and external assets on PrEP use and HIV testing. Family support (β = 0.40, p
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- 2024
39. A concept for international societally relevant microbiology education and microbiology knowledge promulgation in society.
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Timmis, Kenneth, Hallsworth, John, McGenity, Terry, Armstrong, Rachel, Colom, María, Karahan, Zeynep, Chavarría, Max, Bernal, Patricia, Boyd, Eric, Ramos, Juan, Kaltenpoth, Martin, Pruzzo, Carla, Clarke, Gerard, López-Garcia, Purificación, Yakimov, Michail, Perlmutter, Jessamyn, Greening, Chris, Verstraete, Willy, Nunes, Olga, Kotsyurbenko, Oleg, Nikel, Pablo, Scavone, Paola, Häggblom, Max, Lavigne, Rob, Le Roux, Frédérique, Timmis, James, Parro, Victor, Michán, Carmen, García, José, Casadevall, Arturo, Payne, Shelley, Frey, Joachim, Koren, Omry, Prosser, James, Lahti, Leo, Lal, Rup, Anand, Shailly, Sood, Utkarsh, Offre, Pierre, Bryce, Casey, Mswaka, Allen, Jores, Jörg, Kaçar, Betül, Blank, Lars, Maaßen, Nicole, Pope, Phillip, Banciu, Horia, Armitage, Judith, Lee, Sang, Wang, Fengping, Makhalanyane, Thulani, Wood, Thomas, Vasiljevic, Branka, Soberón, Mario, Udaondo, Zulema, Rojo, Fernando, Tamang, Jyoti, Giraud, Tatiana, Ropars, Jeanne, Ezeji, Thaddeus, Müller, Volker, Danbara, Hirofume, Averhoff, Beate, Sessitsch, Angela, Partida-Martínez, Laila, Huang, Wei, Molin, Søren, Junier, Pilar, Amils, Ricardo, Wu, Xiao-Lei, Ron, Eliora, Erten, Huseyin, de Martinis, Elaine, Rapoport, Alexander, Öpik, Maarja, Pokatong, W, Stairs, Courtney, Amoozegar, Mohammad, Serna, Jéssica, Eloe-Fadrosh, Emiley, and Gilbert, Jack
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International Microbiology Literacy Initiative (IMiLI) ,critical‐systems thinking ,curriculum change ,democratisation of microbiology knowledge ,global citizenship ,lifelong learning ,microbial technologies ,societal inequalities ,sustainability‐sustainable development goals ,Microbiology ,Humans ,Biotechnology - Abstract
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: Microbes are all pervasive in their distribution and influence on the functioning and well-being of humans, life in general and the planet. Microbially-based technologies contribute hugely to the supply of important goods and services we depend upon, such as the provision of food, medicines and clean water. They also offer mechanisms and strategies to mitigate and solve a wide range of problems and crises facing humanity at all levels, including those encapsulated in the sustainable development goals (SDGs) formulated by the United Nations. For example, microbial technologies can contribute in multiple ways to decarbonisation and hence confronting global warming, provide sanitation and clean water to the billions of people lacking them, improve soil fertility and hence food production and develop vaccines and other medicines to reduce and in some cases eliminate deadly infections. They are the foundation of biotechnology, an increasingly important and growing business sector and source of employment, and the centre of the bioeconomy, Green Deal, etc. But, because microbes are largely invisible, they are not familiar to most people, so opportunities they offer to effectively prevent and solve problems are often missed by decision-makers, with the negative consequences this entrains. To correct this lack of vital knowledge, the International Microbiology Literacy Initiative-the IMiLI-is recruiting from the global microbiology community and making freely available, teaching resources for a curriculum in societally relevant microbiology that can be used at all levels of learning. Its goal is the development of a society that is literate in relevant microbiology and, as a consequence, able to take full advantage of the potential of microbes and minimise the consequences of their negative activities. In addition to teaching about microbes, almost every lesson discusses the influence they have on sustainability and the SDGs and their ability to solve pressing problems of societal inequalities. The curriculum thus teaches about sustainability, societal needs and global citizenship. The lessons also reveal the impacts microbes and their activities have on our daily lives at the personal, family, community, national and global levels and their relevance for decisions at all levels. And, because effective, evidence-based decisions require not only relevant information but also critical and systems thinking, the resources also teach about these key generic aspects of deliberation. The IMiLI teaching resources are learner-centric, not academic microbiology-centric and deal with the microbiology of everyday issues. These span topics as diverse as owning and caring for a companion animal, the vast range of everyday foods that are produced via microbial processes, impressive geological formations created by microbes, childhood illnesses and how they are managed and how to reduce waste and pollution. They also leverage the exceptional excitement of exploration and discovery that typifies much progress in microbiology to capture the interest, inspire and motivate educators and learners alike. The IMiLI is establishing Regional Centres to translate the teaching resources into regional languages and adapt them to regional cultures, and to promote their use and assist educators employing them. Two of these are now operational. The Regional Centres constitute the interface between resource creators and educators-learners. As such, they will collect and analyse feedback from the end-users and transmit this to the resource creators so that teaching materials can be improved and refined, and new resources added in response to demand: educators and learners will thereby be directly involved in evolution of the teaching resources. The interactions between educators-learners and resource creators mediated by the Regional Centres will establish dynamic and synergistic relationships-a global societally relevant microbiology education ecosystem-in which creators also become learners, teaching resources are optimised and all players/stakeholders are empowered and their motivation increased. The IMiLI concept thus embraces the principle of teaching societally relevant microbiology embedded in the wider context of societal, biosphere and planetary needs, inequalities, the range of crises that confront us and the need for improved decisioning, which should ultimately lead to better citizenship and a humanity that is more sustainable and resilient. ABSTRACT: The biosphere of planet Earth is a microbial world: a vast reactor of countless microbially driven chemical transformations and energy transfers that push and pull many planetary geochemical processes, including the cycling of the elements of life, mitigate or amplify climate change (e.g., Nature Reviews Microbiology, 2019, 17, 569) and impact the well-being and activities of all organisms, including humans. Microbes are both our ancestors and creators of the planetary chemistry that allowed us to evolve (e.g., Lifes engines: How microbes made earth habitable, 2023). To understand how the biosphere functions, how humans can influence its development and live more sustainably with the other organisms sharing it, we need to understand the microbes. In a recent editorial (Environmental Microbiology, 2019, 21, 1513), we advocated for improved microbiology literacy in society. Our concept of microbiology literacy is not based on knowledge of the academic subject of microbiology, with its multitude of component topics, plus the growing number of additional topics from other disciplines that become vitally important elements of current microbiology. Rather it is focused on microbial activities that impact us-individuals/communities/nations/the human world-and the biosphere and that are key to reaching informed decisions on a multitude of issues that regularly confront us, ranging from personal issues to crises of global importance. In other words, it is knowledge and understanding essential for adulthood and the transition to it, knowledge and understanding that must be acquired early in life in school. The 2019 Editorial marked the launch of the International Microbiology Literacy Initiative, the IMiLI. HERE, WE PRESENT: our concept of how microbiology literacy may be achieved and the rationale underpinning it; the type of teaching resources being created to realise the concept and the framing of microbial activities treated in these resources in the context of sustainability, societal needs and responsibilities and decision-making; and the key role of Regional Centres that will translate the teaching resources into local languages, adapt them according to local cultural needs, interface with regional educators and develop and serve as hubs of microbiology literacy education networks. The topics featuring in teaching resources are learner-centric and have been selected for their inherent relevance, interest and ability to excite and engage. Importantly, the resources coherently integrate and emphasise the overarching issues of sustainability, stewardship and critical thinking and the pervasive interdependencies of processes. More broadly, the concept emphasises how the multifarious applications of microbial activities can be leveraged to promote human/animal, plant, environmental and planetary health, improve social equity, alleviate humanitarian deficits and causes of conflicts among peoples and increase understanding between peoples (Microbial Biotechnology, 2023, 16(6), 1091-1111). Importantly, although the primary target of the freely available (CC BY-NC 4.0) IMiLI teaching resources is schoolchildren and their educators, they and the teaching philosophy are intended for all ages, abilities and cultural spectra of learners worldwide: in university education, lifelong learning, curiosity-driven, web-based knowledge acquisition and public outreach. The IMiLI teaching resources aim to promote development of a global microbiology education ecosystem that democratises microbiology knowledge.
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- 2024
40. Prepectoral versus Subpectoral Breast Reconstruction after Nipple-sparing Mastectomy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
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Nolan, Ian, Farajzadeh, Matthew, Bekisz, Jonathan, Boyd, Carter, Gibson, Ella, and Salibian, Ara
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BACKGROUND: Implant-based breast reconstruction after nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) presents unique benefits and challenges. The literature has compared outcomes among total submuscular (TSM), dual-plane (DP), and prepectoral (PP) planes; however, a dedicated meta-analysis relevant to NSM is lacking. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review of studies on immediate breast reconstruction after NSM using TSM, DP, or PP prosthesis placement in PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases. In total, 1317 unique articles were identified, of which 49 were included in the systematic review and six met inclusion criteria for meta-analysis. Pooled descriptive outcomes were analyzed for each cohort for all 49 studies. Fixed-effects meta-analytic methods were used to compare PP with subpectoral (TSM and DP) reconstructions. RESULTS: A total of 1432 TSM, 1546 DP, and 1668 PP reconstructions were identified for descriptive analysis. Demographics were similar between cohorts. Pooled descriptive outcomes demonstrated overall similar rates of reconstructive failure (3.3%-5.1%) as well as capsular contracture (0%-3.9%) among cohorts. Fixed-effects meta-analysis of six comparative studies demonstrated a significantly lower rate of mastectomy flap necrosis in the PP cohort compared with the subpectoral cohort (relative risk 0.24, 95% confidence interval [0.08-0.74]). All other consistently reported outcomes, including, hematoma, seroma, infection, mastectomy flap necrosis, nipple -areola complex necrosis, and explantation were comparable. CONCLUSIONS: A systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis demonstrated the safety of immediate prepectoral breast reconstruction after NSM, compared with submuscular techniques. Submuscular reconstruction had a higher risk of mastectomy flap necrosis, though potentially influenced by selection bias.
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- 2024
41. Laser cooling $^{88}$Sr to microkelvin temperature with an integrated-photonics system
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Ferdinand, Andrew R., Luo, Zheng, Jammi, Sindhu, Newman, Zachary, Spektor, Grisha, Koksal, Okan, Patel, Parth B., Sheredy, Daniel, Lunden, William, Rakholia, Akash, Briles, Travis C., Zhu, Wenqi, Boyd, Martin M., Agrawal, Amit, and Papp, Scott B.
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Physics - Atomic Physics ,Quantum Physics - Abstract
We report on experiments generating a magneto-optical trap (MOT) of 88-strontium ($^{88}$Sr) atoms at microkelvin temperature, using integrated-photonics devices. With metasurface optics integrated on a fused-silica substrate, we generate six-beam, circularly polarized, counter-propagating MOTs on the blue broad-line, 461 nm, and red narrow-line, 689 nm, Sr cooling transitions without bulk optics. By use of a diverging beam configuration, we create up to 10 mm diameter MOT beams at the trapping location. To frequency stabilize and linewidth narrow the cooling lasers, we use fiber-packaged, integrated nonlinear waveguides to spectrally broaden a frequency comb. The ultra-coherent supercontinuum of the waveguides covers 650 nm to 2500 nm, enabling phase locks of the cooling lasers to hertz level linewidth. Our work highlights the possibility to simplify the preparation of an ultracold 88Sr gas for an optical-lattice clock with photonic devices. By implementing a timing sequence for control of the MOT lasers and the quadrupole magnetic-field gradient, we collect atoms directly from a thermal beam into the blue MOT and continuously cool into a red MOT with dynamic detuning and intensity control. There, the red MOT temperature is as low as $2~{\mu}$K and the overall transfer efficiency up to 16%. We characterize this sequence, including an intermediate red MOT with modulated detuning. Our experiments demonstrate an integrated photonics system capable of cooling alkaline-earth gases to microkelvin temperature with sufficient transfer efficiencies for adoption in scalable optical clocks and quantum sensors., Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures
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- 2024
42. Moduli spaces of 3-manifolds with boundary are finite
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Boyd, Rachael, Bregman, Corey, and Steinebrunner, Jan
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Mathematics - Geometric Topology ,Mathematics - Algebraic Topology ,57T20, 58D29 (primary), 57M50, 55R40, 57S05, 58D05 (secondary) - Abstract
We study the classifying space B Diff(M) of the diffeomorphism group of a connected, compact, orientable 3-manifold M. In the case that M is reducible we build a contractible space parametrising the systems of reducing spheres. We use this to prove that if M has non-empty boundary, then B Diff(M rel boundary) has the homotopy type of a finite CW complex. This was conjectured by Kontsevich and appears on the Kirby problem list as Problem 3.48. As a consequence, we are able to show that for every compact, orientable 3-manifold M, B Diff(M) has finite type., Comment: 58 pages, 6 figures
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- 2024
43. A Multiwavelength Survey of Nearby M dwarfs: Optical and Near-Ultraviolet Flares and Activity with Contemporaneous TESS, Kepler/K2, \textit{Swift}, and HST Observations
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Paudel, Rishi R., Barclay, Thomas, Youngblood, Allison, Quintana, Elisa V., Schlieder, Joshua E., Vega, Laura D., Gilbert, Emily A., Osten, Rachel A., Peacock, Sarah, Tristan, Isaiah I., Feliz, Dax L., Boyd, Patricia T., Davenport, James R. A., Huber, Daniel, Kowalski, Adam F., Monsue, Teresa A., and Silverstein, Michele L.
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Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics ,Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics - Abstract
We present a comprehensive multiwavelength investigation into flares and activity in nearby M~dwarf stars. We leverage the most extensive contemporaneous dataset obtained through the Transiting Exoplanet Sky Survey (TESS), Kepler/K2, the Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory (\textit{Swift}), and the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), spanning the optical and near-ultraviolet (NUV) regimes. In total, we observed 213 NUV flares on 24 nearby M dwarfs, with $\sim$27\% of them having detected optical counterparts, and found that all optical flares had NUV counterparts. We explore NUV/optical energy fractionation in M dwarf flares. Our findings reveal a slight decrease in the ratio of optical to NUV energies with increasing NUV energies, a trend in agreement with prior investigations on G-K stars' flares at higher energies. Our analysis yields an average NUV fraction of flaring time for M0-M3 dwarfs of 2.1\%, while for M4-M6 dwarfs, it is 5\%. We present an empirical relationship between NUV and optical flare energies and compare to predictions from radiative-hydrodynamic and blackbody models. We conducted a comparison of the flare frequency distribution (FFDs) of NUV and optical flares, revealing the FFDs of both NUV and optical flares exhibit comparable slopes across all spectral subtypes. NUV flares on stars affect the atmospheric chemistry, the radiation environment, and the overall potential to sustain life on any exoplanets they host. We find that early and mid-M dwarfs (M0-M5) have the potential to generate NUV flares capable of initiating abiogenesis., Comment: 41 pages, 22 figures, Accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal
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- 2024
44. Combined Pre-Supernova Alert System with Kamland and Super-Kamiokande
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KamLAND, Collaborations, Super-Kamiokande, Abe, Seisho, Eizuka, Minori, Futagi, Sawako, Gando, Azusa, Gando, Yoshihito, Goto, Shun, Hachiya, Takahiko, Hata, Kazumi, Ichimura, Koichi, Ieki, Sei, Ikeda, Haruo, Inoue, Kunio, Ishidoshiro, Koji, Kamei, Yuto, Kawada, Nanami, Kishimoto, Yasuhiro, Koga, Masayuki, Kurasawa, Maho, Mitsui, Tadao, Miyake, Haruhiko, Morita, Daisuke, Nakahata, Takeshi, Nakajima, Rika, Nakamura, Kengo, Nakamura, Rikuo, Nakamura, Ryo, Nakane, Jun, Ozaki, Hideyoshi, Saito, Keita, Sakai, Taichi, Shimizu, Itaru, Shirai, Junpei, Shiraishi, Kensuke, Shoji, Ryunosuke, Suzuki, Atsuto, Takeuchi, Atsuto, Tamae, Kyoko, Watanabe, Hiroko, Watanabe, Kazuho, Yoshida, Sei, Umehara, Saori, Fushimi, Ken-Ichi, Kotera, Kenta, Urano, Yusuke, Berger, Bruce E., Fujikawa, Brian K., Larned, John G., Maricic, Jelena, Fu, Zhenghao, Smolsky, Joseph, Winslow, Lindley A., Efremenko, Yuri, Karwowski, Hugon J., Markoff, Diane M., Tornow, Werner, Dell'Oro, Stefano, O'Donnell, Thomas, Detwiler, Jason A., Enomoto, Sanshiro, Decowski, Michal P., Weerman, Kelly M., Grant, Christopher, Song, Hasung, Li, Aobo, Axani, Spencer N., Garcia, Miles, Abe, Ko, Bronner, Christophe, Hayato, Yoshinari, Hiraide, Katsuki, Hosokawa, Keishi, Ieki, Kei, Ikeda, Motoyasu, Kameda, June, Kanemura, Yuki, Kaneshima, Ryota, Kashiwagi, Yuri, Kataoka, Yousuke, Miki, Shintaro, Mine, Shunichi, Miura, Makoto, Moriyama, Shigetaka, Nakahata, Masayuki, Nakano, Yuuki, Nakayama, Shoei, Noguchi, Yohei, Sato, Kazufumi, Sekiya, Hiroyuki, Shiba, Hayato, Shimizu, Kotaro, Shiozawa, Masato, Sonoda, Yutaro, Suzuki, Yoichiro, Takeda, Atsushi, Takemoto, Yasuhiro, Tanaka, Hidekazu K., Yano, Takatomi, Han, Seungho, Kajita, Takaaki, Okumura, Kimihiro, Tashiro, Takuya, Tomiya, Takuya, Wang, Xubin, Yoshida, Shunsuke, Fernandez, Pablo, Labarga, Luis, Ospina, Nataly, Zaldivar, Bryan, Pointon, Barry W., Kearns, Edward, Raaf, Jennifer L., Wan, Linyan, Wester, Thomas, Bian, Jianming, Griskevich, Jeff, Smy, Michael B., Sobel, Henry W., Takhistov, Volodymyr, Yankelevich, Alejandro, Hill, James, Jang, MinCheol, Lee, Seonghak, Moon, DongHo, Park, RyeongGyoon, Bodur, Baran, Scholberg, Kate, Walter, Chris W., Beauchêne, Antoine, Drapier, Olivier, Giampaolo, Alberto, Mueller, Thomas A., Santos, Andrew D., Paganini, Pascal, Quilain, Benjamin, Rogly, Rudolph, Nakamura, Taku, Jang, Jee-Seung, Machado, Lucas N., Learned, John G., Choi, Koun, Iovine, Nadege, Cao, Son V., Anthony, Lauren H. V., Martin, Daniel G. R., Prouse, Nick W., Scott, Mark, Uchida, Yoshi, Berardi, Vincenzo, Calabria, Nicola F., Catanesi, M. G., Radicioni, Emilio, Langella, Aurora, de Rosa, Gianfranca, Collazuol, Gianmaria, Feltre, Matteo, Iacob, Fabio, Mattiazzi, Marco, Ludovici, Lucio, Gonin, Michel, Périssé, Lorenzo, Pronost, Guillaume, Fujisawa, Chiori, Horiuchi, Shogo, Kobayashi, Misaki, Liu, Yu-Ming, Maekawa, Yuto, Nishimura, Yasuhiro, Okazaki, Reo, Akutsu, Ryosuke, Friend, Megan, Hasegawa, Takuya, Ishida, Taku, Kobayashi, Takashi, Jakkapu, Mahesh, Matsubara, Tsunayuki, Nakadaira, Takeshi, Nakamura, Kenzo, Oyama, Yuichi, Sakashita, Ken, Sekiguchi, Tetsuro, Tsukamoto, Toshifumi, Yrey, Antoniosk Portocarrero, Bhuiyan, Nahid, Burton, George T., Di Lodovico, Francesca, Gao, Joanna, Goldsack, Alexander, Katori, Teppei, Migenda, Jost, Ramsden, Rory M., Xie, Zhenxiong, Zsoldos, Stephane, Suzuki, Atsumu T., Takagi, Yusuke, Takeuchi, Yasuo, Zhong, Haiwen, Feng, Jiahui, Feng, Li-Cheng, Hu, Jianrun, Hu, Zhuojun, Kawaue, Masaki, Kikawa, Tatsuya, Mori, Masamitsu, Nakaya, Tsuyoshi, Wendell, Roger A., Yasutome, Kenji, Jenkins, Sam J., McCauley, Neil K., Mehta, Pruthvi, Tarrant, Adam, Wilking, Mike J., Fukuda, Yoshiyuki, Itow, Yoshitaka, Menjo, Hiroaki, Ninomiya, Kotaro, Yoshioka, Yushi, Lagoda, Justyna, Mandal, Maitrayee, Mijakowski, Piotr, Prabhu, Yashwanth S., Zalipska, Joanna, Jia, Mo, Jiang, Junjie, Shi, Wei, Yanagisawa, Chiaki, Harada, Masayuki, Hino, Yota, Ishino, Hirokazu, Koshio, Yusuke, Nakanishi, Fumi, Sakai, Seiya, Tada, Tomoaki, Tano, Tomohiro, Ishizuka, Takeharu, Barr, Giles, Barrow, Daniel, Cook, Laurence, Samani, Soniya, Wark, David, Holin, Anna, Nova, Federico, Jung, Seunghyun, Yang, Byeongsu, Yang, JeongYeol, Yoo, Jonghee, Fannon, Jack E. P., Kneale, Liz, Malek, Matthew, McElwee, Jordan M., Thiesse, Matthew D., Thompson, Lee F., Wilson, Stephen T., Okazawa, Hiroko, Mohan, Lakshmi S., Kim, SooBong, Kwon, Eunhyang, Seo, Ji-Woong, Yu, Intae, Ichikawa, Atsuko K., Nakamura, Kiseki D., Tairafune, Seidai, Nishijima, Kyoshi, Eguchi, Aoi, Nakagiri, Kota, Nakajima, Yasuhiro, Shima, Shizuka, Taniuchi, Natsumi, Watanabe, Eiichiro, Yokoyama, Masashi, de Perio, Patrick, Fujita, Saki, Jesus-Valls, Cesar, Martens, Kai, Tsui, Ka M., Vagins, Mark R., Xia, Junjie, Izumiyama, Shota, Kuze, Masahiro, Matsumoto, Ryo, Terada, Kotaro, Asaka, Ryusei, Ishitsuka, Masaki, Ito, Hiroshi, Ommura, Yuga, Shigeta, Natsuki, Shinoki, Masataka, Yamauchi, Koki, Yoshida, Tsukasa, Gaur, Rhea, Gousy-Leblan, Vincent, Hartz, Mark, Konaka, Akira, Li, Xiaoyue, Chen, Shaomin, Xu, Benda, Zhang, Aiqiang, Zhang, Bin, Posiadala-Zezula, Magdalena, Boyd, Steven B., Edwards, Rory, Hadley, David, Nicholson, Matthew, O'Flaherty, Marcus, Richards, Benjamin, Ali, Ajmi, Jamieson, Blair, Amanai, Shogo, Marti-Magro, Lluis, Minamino, Akihiro, Shibayama, Ryo, and Suzuki, Serina
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High Energy Physics - Experiment ,Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena ,Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors - Abstract
Preceding a core-collapse supernova, various processes produce an increasing amount of neutrinos of all flavors characterized by mounting energies from the interior of massive stars. Among them, the electron antineutrinos are potentially detectable by terrestrial neutrino experiments such as KamLAND and Super-Kamiokande via inverse beta decay interactions. Once these pre-supernova neutrinos are observed, an early warning of the upcoming core-collapse supernova can be provided. In light of this, KamLAND and Super-Kamiokande, both located in the Kamioka mine in Japan, have been monitoring pre-supernova neutrinos since 2015 and 2021, respectively. Recently, we performed a joint study between KamLAND and Super-Kamiokande on pre-supernova neutrino detection. A pre-supernova alert system combining the KamLAND detector and the Super-Kamiokande detector was developed and put into operation, which can provide a supernova alert to the astrophysics community. Fully leveraging the complementary properties of these two detectors, the combined alert is expected to resolve a pre-supernova neutrino signal from a 15 M$_{\odot}$ star within 510 pc of the Earth, at a significance level corresponding to a false alarm rate of no more than 1 per century. For a Betelgeuse-like model with optimistic parameters, it can provide early warnings up to 12 hours in advance., Comment: Resubmitted to ApJ. 22 pages, 16 figures, for more information about the combined pre-supernova alert system, see https://www.lowbg.org/presnalarm/
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- 2024
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45. Development of a data overflow protection system for Super-Kamiokande to maximize data from nearby supernovae
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Mori, M., Abe, K., Hayato, Y., Hiraide, K., Hosokawa, K., Ieki, K., Ikeda, M., Kameda, J., Kanemura, Y., Kaneshima, R., Kashiwagi, Y., Kataoka, Y., Miki, S., Mine, S., Miura, M., Moriyama, S., Nakano, Y., Nakahata, M., Nakayama, S., Noguchi, Y., Okamoto, K., Sato, K., Sekiya, H., Shiba, H., Shimizu, K., Shiozawa, M., Sonoda, Y., Suzuki, Y., Takeda, A., Takemoto, Y., Takenaka, A., Tanaka, H., Watanabe, S., Yano, T., Han, S., Kajita, T., Okumura, K., Tashiro, T., Tomiya, T., Wang, X., Yoshida, S., Megias, G. D., Fernandez, P., Labarga, L., Ospina, N., Zaldivar, B., Pointon, B. W., Kearns, E., Raaf, J. L., Wan, L., Wester, T., Bian, J., Griskevich, N. J., Locke, S., Smy, M. B., Sobel, H. W., Takhistov, V., Yankelevich, A., Hill, J., Jang, M. C., Lee, S. H., Moon, D. H., Park, R. G., Bodur, B., Scholberg, K., Walter, C. W., Beauchene, A., Drapier, O., Giampaolo, A., Mueller, Th. A., Santos, A. D., Paganini, P., Quilain, B., Rogly, R., Ishizuka, T., Nakamura, T., Jang, J. S., Learned, J. G., Choi, K., Iovine, N., Cao, S., Anthony, L. H. V., Martin, D., Scott, M., Sztuc, A. A., Uchida, Y., Berardi, V., Catanesi, M. G., Radicioni, E., Calabria, N. F., Langella, A., Machado, L. N., De Rosa, G., Collazuol, G., Iacob, F., Lamoureux, M., Mattiazzi, M., Ludovici, L., Gonin, M., Perisse, L., Pronost, G., Fujisawa, C., Maekawa, Y., Nishimura, Y., Okazaki, R., Akutsu, R., Friend, M., Hasegawa, T., Ishida, T., Kobayashi, T., Jakkapu, M., Matsubara, T., Nakadaira, T., Nakamura, K., Oyama, Y., Sakashita, K., Sekiguchi, T., Tsukamoto, T., Bhuiyan, N., Burton, G. T., Edwards, R., Di Lodovico, F., Gao, J., Goldsack, A., Katori, T., Migenda, J., Ramsden, R. M., Xie, Z., Zsoldos, S., Kotsar, Y., Ozaki, H., Suzuki, A. T., Takagi, Y., Takeuchi, Y., Zhong, H., Bronner, C., Feng, J., Hu, J. R., Hu, Z., Kawaune, M., Kikawa, T., LiCheng, F., Nakaya, T., Wendell, R. A., Yasutome, K., Jenkins, S. J., McCauley, N., Mehta, P., Tarant, A., Fukuda, Y., Itow, Y., Menjo, H., Ninomiya, K., Yoshioka, Y., Lagoda, J., Lakshmi, S. M., Mandal, M., Mijakowski, P., Prabhu, Y. S., Zalipska, J., Jia, M., Jiang, J., Jung, C. K., Shi, W., Wilking, M. J., Yanagisawa, C., Harada, M., Hino, Y., Ishino, H., Kitagawa, H., Koshio, Y., Nakanishi, F., Sakai, S., Tada, T., Tano, T., Barr, G., Barrow, D., Cook, L., Samani, S., Wark, D., Holin, A., Nova, F., Jung, S., Yang, B. S., Yang, J. Y., Yoo, J., Fannon, J. E. P., Kneale, L., Malek, M., McElwee, J. M., Thiesse, M. D., Thompson, L. F., Wilson, S., Okazawa, H., Kim, S. B., Kwon, E., Seo, J. W., Yu, I., Ichikawa, A. K., Nakamura, K. D., Tairafune, S., Nishijima, K., Eguchi, A., Nakagiri, K., Nakajima, Y., Shima, S., Taniuchi, N., Watanabe, E., Yokoyama, M., de Perio, P., Fujita, S., Martens, K., Tsui, K. M., Vagins, M. R., Valls, C. J., Xia, J., Kuze, M., Izumiyama, S., Ishitsuka, M., Ito, H., Kinoshita, T., Matsumoto, R., Ommura, Y., Shigeta, N., Shinoki, M., Suganuma, T., Yamauchi, K., Yoshida, T., Martin, J. F., Tanaka, H. A., Towstego, T., Gaur, R., Gousy-Leblanc, V., Hartz, M., Konaka, A., Li, X., Prouse, N. W., Chen, S., Xu, B. D., Zhang, B., Posiadala-Zezula, M., Boyd, S. B., Hadley, D., Nicholson, M., Flaherty, M. O', Richards, B., Ali, A., Jamieson, B., Amanai, S., Marti, Ll., Minamino, A., Pintaudi, G., Sano, S., Suzuki, S., and Wada, K.
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Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics ,Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena ,Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics ,High Energy Physics - Experiment - Abstract
Neutrinos from very nearby supernovae, such as Betelgeuse, are expected to generate more than ten million events over 10\,s in Super-Kamokande (SK). At such large event rates, the buffers of the SK analog-to-digital conversion board (QBEE) will overflow, causing random loss of data that is critical for understanding the dynamics of the supernova explosion mechanism. In order to solve this problem, two new DAQ modules were developed to aid in the observation of very nearby supernovae. The first of these, the SN module, is designed to save only the number of hit PMTs during a supernova burst and the second, the Veto module, prescales the high rate neutrino events to prevent the QBEE from overflowing based on information from the SN module. In the event of a very nearby supernova, these modules allow SK to reconstruct the time evolution of the neutrino event rate from beginning to end using both QBEE and SN module data. This paper presents the development and testing of these modules together with an analysis of supernova-like data generated with a flashing laser diode. We demonstrate that the Veto module successfully prevents DAQ overflows for Betelgeuse-like supernovae as well as the long-term stability of the new modules. During normal running the Veto module is found to issue DAQ vetos a few times per month resulting in a total dead time less than 1\,ms, and does not influence ordinary operations. Additionally, using simulation data we find that supernovae closer than 800~pc will trigger Veto module resulting in a prescaling of the observed neutrino data., Comment: 28 pages, 18 figures. Submitted to PTEP
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- 2024
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46. Exponentially Weighted Moving Models
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Luxenberg, Eric and Boyd, Stephen
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Statistics - Computation ,Electrical Engineering and Systems Science - Signal Processing ,Mathematics - Optimization and Control ,Quantitative Finance - Computational Finance ,Statistics - Machine Learning - Abstract
An exponentially weighted moving model (EWMM) for a vector time series fits a new data model each time period, based on an exponentially fading loss function on past observed data. The well known and widely used exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) is a special case that estimates the mean using a square loss function. For quadratic loss functions EWMMs can be fit using a simple recursion that updates the parameters of a quadratic function. For other loss functions, the entire past history must be stored, and the fitting problem grows in size as time increases. We propose a general method for computing an approximation of EWMM, which requires storing only a window of a fixed number of past samples, and uses an additional quadratic term to approximate the loss associated with the data before the window. This approximate EWMM relies on convex optimization, and solves problems that do not grow with time. We compare the estimates produced by our approximation with the estimates from the exact EWMM method.
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- 2024
47. Anomaly Detection and Approximate Similarity Searches of Transients in Real-time Data Streams
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Aleo, P. D., Engel, A. W., Narayan, G., Angus, C. R., Malanchev, K., Auchettl, K., Baldassare, V. F., Berres, A., de Boer, T. J. L., Boyd, B. M., Chambers, K. C., Davis, K. W., Esquivel, N., Farias, D., Foley, R. J., Gagliano, A., Gall, C., Gao, H., Gomez, S., Grayling, M., Jones, D. O., Lin, C. -C., Magnier, E. A., Mandel, K. S., Matheson, T., Raimundo, S. I., Shah, V. G., Soraisam, M. D., de Soto, K. M., Vicencio, S., Villar, V. A., and Wainscoat, R. J.
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Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena ,Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics - Abstract
We present LAISS (Lightcurve Anomaly Identification and Similarity Search), an automated pipeline to detect anomalous astrophysical transients in real-time data streams. We deploy our anomaly detection model on the nightly ZTF Alert Stream via the ANTARES broker, identifying a manageable $\sim$1-5 candidates per night for expert vetting and coordinating follow-up observations. Our method leverages statistical light-curve and contextual host-galaxy features within a random forest classifier, tagging transients of rare classes (spectroscopic anomalies), of uncommon host-galaxy environments (contextual anomalies), and of peculiar or interaction-powered phenomena (behavioral anomalies). Moreover, we demonstrate the power of a low-latency ($\sim$ms) approximate similarity search method to find transient analogs with similar light-curve evolution and host-galaxy environments. We use analogs for data-driven discovery, characterization, (re-)classification, and imputation in retrospective and real-time searches. To date we have identified $\sim$50 previously known and previously missed rare transients from real-time and retrospective searches, including but not limited to: SLSNe, TDEs, SNe IIn, SNe IIb, SNe Ia-CSM, SNe Ia-91bg-like, SNe Ib, SNe Ic, SNe Ic-BL, and M31 novae. Lastly, we report the discovery of 325 total transients, all observed between 2018-2021 and absent from public catalogs ($\sim$1% of all ZTF Astronomical Transient reports to the Transient Name Server through 2021). These methods enable a systematic approach to finding the "needle in the haystack" in large-volume data streams. Because of its integration with the ANTARES broker, LAISS is built to detect exciting transients in Rubin data., Comment: 44 pages (68 pages with Appendix), 15 figures, accepted to ApJ
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- 2024
48. A Neuro-Symbolic Approach to Monitoring Salt Content in Food
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Tayal, Anuja, Di Eugenio, Barbara, Salunke, Devika, Boyd, Andrew D., Dickens, Carolyn A, Abril, Eulalia P, Garcia-Bedoya, Olga, and Allen-Meares, Paula G
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Computer Science - Computation and Language ,Computer Science - Symbolic Computation - Abstract
We propose a dialogue system that enables heart failure patients to inquire about salt content in foods and help them monitor and reduce salt intake. Addressing the lack of specific datasets for food-based salt content inquiries, we develop a template-based conversational dataset. The dataset is structured to ask clarification questions to identify food items and their salt content. Our findings indicate that while fine-tuning transformer-based models on the dataset yields limited performance, the integration of Neuro-Symbolic Rules significantly enhances the system's performance. Our experiments show that by integrating neuro-symbolic rules, our system achieves an improvement in joint goal accuracy of over 20% across different data sizes compared to naively fine-tuning transformer-based models., Comment: Accepted in CL4Health workshop in LREC-COLING'24
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- 2024
49. First Measurement of the $\nu_e$ and $\nu_\mu$ Interaction Cross Sections at the LHC with FASER's Emulsion Detector
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FASER Collaboration, Abraham, Roshan Mammen, Anders, John, Antel, Claire, Ariga, Akitaka, Ariga, Tomoko, Atkinson, Jeremy, Bernlochner, Florian U., Boeckh, Tobias, Boyd, Jamie, Brenner, Lydia, Burger, Angela, Cadoux, Franck, Cardella, Roberto, Casper, David W., Cavanagh, Charlotte, Chen, Xin, Coccaro, Andrea, Debieux, Stephane, D'Onofrio, Monica, Desai, Ansh, Dmitrievsky, Sergey, Eley, Sinead, Favre, Yannick, Fellers, Deion, Feng, Jonathan L., Fenoglio, Carlo Alberto, Ferrere, Didier, Fieg, Max, Filali, Wissal, Fujimori, Haruhi, Garabaglu, Ali, Gibson, Stephen, Gonzalez-Sevilla, Sergio, Gornushkin, Yuri, Gwilliam, Carl, Hayakawa, Daiki, Hsu, Shih-Chieh, Hu, Zhen, Iacobucci, Giuseppe, Inada, Tomohiro, Iodice, Luca, Jakobsen, Sune, Joos, Hans, Kajomovitz, Enrique, Kanai, Takumi, Kawahara, Hiroaki, Keyken, Alex, Kling, Felix, Kock, Daniela, Kontaxakis, Pantelis, Kose, Umut, Kotitsa, Rafaella, Kuehn, Susanne, Kugathasan, Thanushan, Lefebvre, Helena, Levinson, Lorne, Li, Ke, Liu, Jinfeng, Lutz, Margaret S., MacDonald, Jack, Magliocca, Chiara, Martinelli, Fulvio, McCoy, Lawson, McFayden, Josh, Medina, Andrea Pizarro, Milanesio, Matteo, Moretti, Theo, Munker, Magdalena, Nakamura, Mitsuhiro, Nakano, Toshiyuki, Neuhaus, Friedemann, Nevay, Laurie, Nonaka, Motoya, Okui, Kazuaki, Ohashi, Ken, Otono, Hidetoshi, Pang, Hao, Paolozzi, Lorenzo, Petersen, Brian, Prim, Markus, Queitsch-Maitland, Michaela, Rokujo, Hiroki, Ruiz-Choliz, Elisa, Rubbia, André, Sabater-Iglesias, Jorge, Sato, Osamu, Scampoli, Paola, Schmieden, Kristof, Schott, Matthias, Sfyrla, Anna, Shamim, Mansoora, Shively, Savannah, Takubo, Yosuke, Tarannum, Noshin, Theiner, Ondrej, Torrence, Eric, Vasina, Svetlana, Vormwald, Benedikt, Wang, Di, Wang, Yuxiao, Welch, Eli, Zahorec, Samuel, Zambito, Stefano, and Zhang, Shunliang
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High Energy Physics - Experiment ,High Energy Physics - Phenomenology ,Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors - Abstract
This paper presents the first results of the study of high-energy electron and muon neutrino charged-current interactions in the FASER$\nu$ emulsion/tungsten detector of the FASER experiment at the LHC. A subset of the FASER$\nu$ volume, which corresponds to a target mass of 128.6~kg, was exposed to neutrinos from the LHC $pp$ collisions with a centre-of-mass energy of 13.6~TeV and an integrated luminosity of 9.5 fb$^{-1}$. Applying stringent selections requiring electrons with reconstructed energy above 200~GeV, four electron neutrino interaction candidate events are observed with an expected background of $0.025^{+0.015}_{-0.010}$, leading to a statistical significance of 5.2$\sigma$. This is the first direct observation of electron neutrino interactions at a particle collider. Eight muon neutrino interaction candidate events are also detected, with an expected background of $0.22^{+0.09}_{-0.07}$, leading to a statistical significance of 5.7$\sigma$. The signal events include neutrinos with energies in the TeV range, the highest-energy electron and muon neutrinos ever detected from an artificial source. The energy-independent part of the interaction cross section per nucleon is measured over an energy range of 560--1740 GeV (520--1760 GeV) for $\nu_e$ ($\nu_{\mu}$) to be $(1.2_{-0.7}^{+0.8}) \times 10^{-38}~\mathrm{cm}^{2}\,\mathrm{GeV}^{-1}$ ($(0.5\pm0.2) \times 10^{-38}~\mathrm{cm}^{2}\,\mathrm{GeV}^{-1}$), consistent with Standard Model predictions. These are the first measurements of neutrino interaction cross sections in those energy ranges.
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- 2024
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50. Intervalence Plasmons in Boron-Doped Diamond
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Bhattacharya, Souvik, Boyd, Jonathan, Reichardt, Sven, Talebi, Amir Hossein, Maccaferri, Nicolò, Shenderova, Olga, Wirtz, Ludger, Strangi, Giuseppe, and Sankaran, R. Mohan
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Condensed Matter - Materials Science ,Physics - Optics - Abstract
Doped semiconductors are capable of exhibiting metallic-like properties ranging from superconductivity to tunable localized surface plasmon resonances. Diamond is a wide-bandgap semiconductor that is rendered electronically active by incorporating a hole dopant, boron. While the effects of boron doping on the electronic band structure of diamond are well-studied, any link between charge carriers and plasmons, which could facilitate optical applications, has never been shown. Here, we report intervalence plasmons in boron-doped diamond, defined as collective electronic excitations between the valence subbands, opened up by the presence of holes. Evidence for these low energy excitations is provided by scanning transmission electron microscope-valence electron energy loss spectroscopy and photoinduced force infrared spectroscopy. The measured loss and absorbance spectra are subsequently reproduced by first-principles calculations based on the contribution of intervalence band transitions to the dielectric function. Remarkably, the calculations also reveal that the real part of the dielectric function exhibits a resonance characteristic of metallicity (narrow-banded negative values of the dielectric function). The energy of the zero-crossing and the position of the loss peak are found to coincide, and both increase with the carrier density. Our results provide insight into a new mechanism for inducing plasmon-like behavior in doped semiconductors from intervalence band transitions, and the possibility of attaining such properties in diamond, a key emerging material for biomedical and quantum information technologies.
- Published
- 2024
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